Chapter20/21Animalia

Shale and fossil: ©Michael Melford/National Geographic Stock

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GrabaTaxonomySheet

LearningObjectives• Aconfidentscientistwillknowallfivekingdomsoflifeandexemplarsofeach

• AconfidentscientistwillknowallmajorcharacteristicswithintheKingdomAnimalia

• Aconfidentscientistcanexplainwheretheendo,ecto,andmesodermderivefromduringcleavageandgastrulationandwhateachembryoniclayermakes.

• AconfidentscientistcancompareandcontrastProtostomesandDeuterostomesandnametheanimalphylafromeachGastrulapathway

• Aconfidentscientistcancharacterizeeachphylumbasedoffgivenmajorcharacteristics

5KingdomClassificationSystem

• KingdomMonera• Bacteria&Bluegreenalgae

• KingdomProtista• Algae&Protozoa

• KingdomFungi• Slimemolds&truefungi

• KingdomPlantae• KingdomAnimalia

4reasonswhystudytheanimalkingdom

1) Basisforotherscientificandprofessionalfields• Allthesefieldsareresponsibleforimproving/guardingthehealthorourpets,environment,andus

– Ex.Medicine,dentistry,teaching,agriculture,conservation

4reasonswhystudytheanimalkingdom

(2)Animalsareusedforscientificresearch• Alargepartofwhatweknowaboutgeneticshascomefromusingfruitflies

• Ourunderstandingofphysiologyandsurgeryhavebeengainedbyusinganimals

• Newdrugsaretestedonmiceandvariousanimals• W/outsuchexperimentationtherewouldbenoprotectionagainstrabies,smallpox,typhoid,diphtheriaandmanyotherdiseases

4reasonswhystudytheanimalkingdom

(3)Animalsserveasanimportantsourceoffoodandotherproducts• AlmosteveryphylumofanimalsandclassoflargeranimalscontainafewspeciesthatreachourtableEx.Snails,mussels,oysters,lobster,ants,shrimp,fish,turtle,frogs,birds,andmammals

• Other(non-edible)productsincludesponges,coral,pears,honey,silk,feathers,furs,andleather

4reasonswhystudytheanimalkingdom

(4) Someanimalsmaycausediseaseorarepoisonoustohumans– Someflatwormsandroundwormsareparasitesofhumansandsomejellyfish,scorpions,spiders,fishandsnakesarepoisonoustoman

ImportantCharacteristicsofAnimalKingdom

1. Allanimalsaremulticellular,eukaryotic,and hetertrophic (obtainenergybyfeeding)

2. Mostanimalsexhibitallfourdivisionsoflabor-Cells– tissues– organs– systems

ImportantCharacteristicsofAnimalKingdom

3.Mostanimalsaremotilebutsomearesessile(ex.sponges)

4.Mostreproducesexuallywithatypicallifespanincludingspermandeggmergingtoformazygote thatdevelopsintoanembryothatdevelopsintoalarvae thatmaturesintoanadult

WhatIsanAnimal?

Section21.1

Animalsarediverse,yettheyallhavefeaturesincommon:• Multicellularbodies• Eukaryoticcellsthatlackcellwalls• Heterotrophicbyingestion• Blastula (hollowball)stageofdevelopment• Cellsbindtoextracellularmatrix(thinkcellularglue)

Owl and scorpion: © Digital Vision/PunchStock

WhatIsanAnimal?

Section21.1

Mostanimalsareinvertebrates,whichlackbackbones.Ascorpionisaninvertebrate.

Muchfeweranimalsarevertebrates,whichhavebackbones.However,vertebratesmaybemorefamiliar,sincetheyincludemammals,amphibians,reptiles,andfish.

Owl and scorpion: © Digital Vision/PunchStock

AnimalLifeBeganinWater

Section21.1

Thefirstanimalsarosefromaquaticprotistsabout570millionyearsago.

Figure21.1

AnimalLifeBeganinWater

Section21.1 Figure21.1

ManyanimalphylaoriginatedduringtheCambrianexplosion.

ClickerQuestion#1

Whatcombinationofcharacteristicsdoallanimalsshare?

A. multicellular,eukaryotic,heterotrophicB. unicellular,eukaryotic,heterotrophicC. multicellular,prokaryotic,autotrophicD. multicellular,eukaryotic,autotrophicE. unicellular,prokaryotic,autotrophic

Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF

ClickerQuestion#1

Whatcombinationofcharacteristicsdoallanimalsshare?

A. multicellular,eukaryotic,heterotrophicB. unicellular,eukaryotic,heterotrophicC. multicellular,prokaryotic,autotrophicD. multicellular,eukaryotic,autotrophicE. unicellular,prokaryotic,autotrophic

Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1 Figure21.2

Animalsareclassifiedintoninemajorphyla.

Section21.1

Thefirstbranchingpointinanimaltaxonomydistinguishesacladewithtruetissuesfromacladewithnotruetissues.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.2

Section21.1

Inparazoans (sponges),cellsdonotinteracttoprovidespecificfunctions,sospongesdonothavetruetissues.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.2

Section21.1

Eumetazoansdohavetruetissues.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.2

Remember”Eu”equatestotrue

Section21.1

Thesecondbranchingpointdistinguishesradiallysymmetricalfrombilaterallysymmetricalanimals.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.2

Section21.1 Figure21.3

Anorganismhasradialsymmetryifanyplanepassingthroughthebodyfromthemouthtotheoppositeendcreatesmirrorimages.

Radialsymmetry Bilateralsymmetry

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1 Figure21.3

Anorganismhasbilateralsymmetryifonlyoneplanecandividetheanimalintomirrorimages.

Radialsymmetry Bilateralsymmetry

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1 Figure21.3

Radialsymmetry Bilateralsymmetry

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Bilaterallysymmetricalanimalshaveaheadandatailend.Thisbodyplanselectsforcephalization:sensoryorgansandabrainareontheheadend.

ClickerQuestion#2

Howmanyofthefollowinganimalshavebilateralsymmetry?

A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourE. five

Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF

ClickerQuestion#2

Howmanyofthefollowinganimalshavebilateralsymmetry?

A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourE. five

Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF

Section21.1

Thesamebranchingpointalsodistinguishesanimalswithtwoembryonicgermlayersfromanimalswiththree.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.2

Section21.1 Figure21.4

Inallphylaexceptforsponges,theembryonicballofcellscalledablastulafoldsinonitself,formingagastrula.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake

Section21.1 Figure21.4

Insomeanimals,thegastrulaonlydevelopstwotissuelayers(endodermandectoderm).

Inothers,athirdtissuelayer(mesoderm)develops.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake

Section21.1 Figure21.4

• Ectodermdevelopsintotheskinandnervoussystem.• Endodermbecomesthedigestivetract.• Mesodermgivesrisetothemuscles,respiratory,circulatory

andskeletalsystem.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake

Knowlayersandwhateachdevelop

into

Section21.1

Embryonicdevelopmentalsodeterminesthethirdbranchingpoint.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.2

Section21.1 Figure21.4

Ifthefirstindentionofthegastruladevelopsintothemouth,theorganismisaprotostome.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Becomesmouth

Gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake

Remember“proto”means1st and“stome”meansopening/mouth

Section21.1 Figure21.4

Ifitdevelopsintotheanus,theorganismisadeuterostome.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Becomesanus

Gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake

Remember“deutoero”means2nd

Section21.1

Thebodycavity,organizationofthedigestivetract,andsegmentationalsocharacterizeanimals.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.2

Section21.1 Figure21.5

Abilaterallysymmetricalanimalmayhaveacoelom,apseudocoelom,ornocoelom.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1 Figure21.5

Acoelomisabodycavitysurroundedonallsidesbymesoderm.Thisisnotthesameasthedigestivecavitywhichisderivedfromtheblastopore.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1 Figure21.5

Apseudocoelomissurroundedononesidebymesodermandtheothersidebyendoderm.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1 Figure21.5

Somebilaterallysymmetricalanimalslackabodycavity.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1 Figure21.6

Animalshaveanincompletedigestivetractifthemouthbothtakesinfoodandejectswastes.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1

Animalshaveacompletedigestivetractiffoodpassesinonedirectionfrommouthtoanus.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Section21.1

Someanimalshavesegmentation,likethismillipede.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.7Millipede: ©Don Farrall/Getty Images RF

Section21.1

Segmentedbodiesaremoreflexibleandhavemorepotentialfordeveloping

specializedbodypartsthanunsegmentedbodies.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.7Millipede: ©Don Farrall/Getty Images RF

Section21.1

Animalsarealsoclassifiedbythepresenceorabsenceofalarvalstage.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.8

Section21.1

Animalswithdirectdevelopment resembleadultsintheirjuvenilestage.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.8

Section21.1

Animalswithindirectdevelopment havealarvalstagethatdoesnotresembletheadultform.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.8

Section21.1

Thelarvaundergoesmetamorphosisasitmaturesintoanadult.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.8

Section21.1

Differentcombinationsofthesequalitiescharacterizeeachphylum.

HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?

Figure21.2

ClickerQuestion#3

WhichtypeofanimaldoesNOTgothroughthissequenceinitsearlydevelopment?

A. seastarB. sharkC. snailD. spongeE. flatworm

Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF; early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake

ClickerQuestion#3

WhichtypeofanimaldoesNOTgothroughthissequenceinitsearlydevelopment?

A. seastarB. sharkC. snailD. spongeE. flatworm

Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF; early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake

21.1MasteringConcepts

Whatfeatureswereusedtobuildtheanimalphylogenetictree?

Shale and fossil: ©Michael Melford/National Geographic Stock