3 May 2012 KIN TRC MY TNH Computer Architecture Nguyn Kim Khnh,
PhD. in Computer Engineering B mn K thut my tnh Vin Cng ngh thng
tin v Truyn thng School of Information and Communication Technology
(SoICT) IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 23 May 20122 Contact DCEs
Office:322-C1 SoICTs Office:320-C1 Mobile:091-358-5533 e-mail:
[email protected] May 2012 NKK-HUT 33 May 20123 Gii
thiu hc phn M s:IT3030 Khi lng:3(3-1-0-6) i tng tham d: Sinh vin i
hc cc ngnh cng ngh thng tin t hc k 4. iu kin hc phn: Hc phn hc
trc:IT1010 (THC) nh gi: TN/BT/KT(0,3)- T(0,7) IT30303 May 2012
NKK-HUT 43 May 20124 Mc tiu hc phn Gii thiu cc kin thc c bn v kin
trc my tnh, bao gm: kin trc tp lnh v t chc ca my tnh, cng nh cc vn
c bn trong thit k mt h thng my tnh. Sinh vin c kh nng nh gi c hiu
nng ca cc h my tnh, khai thc v s dng hiu qu cc loi my tnh v c kh
nng tip cn pht trin cc h my tnh nhng phc v cc mc ch chuyn
dng.IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 53 May 20125 Ti liu tham kho chnh 1.
William Stallings - Computer Organization and Architecture
Designing for Performance 2009 (8th edition) 2. David A. Patterson
& John L. Hennessy - Computer Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interface 2009 (4th edition) 3. Behrooz Parhami -
Computer Architecture: From Microprocessors to Supercomputers -
2005IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 63 May 20126 Ti liu tham kho ...
IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 73 May 20127 Ni dung hc phn Chng 1. Gii
thiu chung Chng 2. C bn v logic s Chng 3. H thng my tnh Chng 4. Kin
trc tp lnh Chng 5. S hc my tnh Chng 6. B x l Chng 7. B nh Chng 8.
Vo-ra Chng 9. Kin trc my tnh tin tin IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 83
May 20128 Kin trc my tnh Chng 1 GII THIU CHUNG Nguyn Kim Khnh Trng
i hc Bch khoa H Ni IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 93 May 20129 1.1. My
tnh v phn loi 1.2. Kin trc my tnh1.3. S pht trin ca my tnh 1.4. Hiu
nng my tnh Ni dungIT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 103 May 201210 My tnh
(Computer) l thit b in t thc hin cc cng vic sau: Nhn thng tin vo, X
l thng tin theo dy cc lnh c nh sn bn trong, a thng tin ra. Dy cc
lnh nm trong b nh yu cu my tnh thc hin cng vic c th gi l chng trnh
(program) My tnh hot ng theo chng trnh. 1.1. My tnh v phn loi my
tnh My tnh IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 113 May 201211 My tnh ....
Cc thit b vo(Input Devices)B nh chnh(Main Memory)Cc thit b
ra(Output Devices)B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit) IT30303
May 2012 NKK-HUT 123 May 201212 Phn loi truyn thng: My vi tnh
(Microcomputers) My tnh nh (Minicomputers) My tnh ln (Mainframe
Computers) Siu my tnh (Supercomputers) Phn loi my tnh IT30303 May
2012 NKK-HUT 133 May 201213 Theo Hennessy/Patterson: My tnh bn
(Desktop Computers) My ch (Server Computers) My tnh nhng (Embedded
Computers) Phn loi my tnh hin i IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 143 May
201214 L loi my tnh a nng a dng phn mm 1981 IBM gii thiu my tnh
IBM-PC s dng b x l Intel 8088 1984 Apple a ra Macintosh s dng b x l
Motorola 68000 Gi thnh: hng trm n hng nghn USD My tnh bn IT30303
May 2012 NKK-HUT 153 May 201215 Thc cht l my phc v Dng trong mng
theo m hnh Client/Server (Khch hng/Ngi phc v) Tc v hiu nng tnh ton
cao Dung lng b nh ln tin cy cao Gi thnh: hng nghn n hng chc triu
USD.My ch (Servers)IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 163 May 201216 L my tnh
t n trong mt thit b khc iu khin thit b lm vic c thit k chuyn dng V
d: in thoi di ng My nh s B iu khin trong TV, my git, Router b nh
tuyn trn mng Gi thnh: vi USD n hng trm nghn USD.My tnh nhng
(Embedded Computers) IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 173 May 201217 1.2.
Kin trc my tnh nh ngha trc y v kin trc my tnh: Cch nhn logic ca my
tnh t ngi lp trnh (hardware/software interface) Kin trc tp lnh
(Instruction Set Architecture ISA) L nh ngha hp IT30303 May 2012
NKK-HUT 183 May 201218 nh ngha ca Hennessy/ Patterson Kin trc my
tnh bao gm: Kin trc tp lnh (Instruction Set Architecture): nghin cu
my tnh theo cch nhn ca ngi lp trnh (hardware/software interface). T
chc my tnh (Computer Organization): nghin cu thit k my tnh mc
cao,chng hn nh h thng nh, cu trc bus, thit k bn trong CPU. Phn cng
(Hardware): nghin cu thit k logic chi tit v cng ngh ng gi ca my
tnh. Kin trc tp lnh thay i chm, t chc v phn cng my tnh thay i rt
nhanh. IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 193 May 201219 Kin trc tp lnh Kin
trc tp lnh ca my tnh bao gm: Tp lnh: tp hp cc chui s nh phn m ho
cho cc thao tc m my tnh c th thc hin Cc kiu d liu: cc kiu d liu m
my tnh c th x lIT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 203 May 201220 Cu trc c bn
ca my tnh CPUB nh chnhBus lin kt h thngVo-raIT30303 May 2012
NKK-HUT 213 May 201221 B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit): iu
khin hot ng ca my tnh v x l d liu. B nh chnh (Main Memory): Cha cc
chng trnh v d liu ang c s dng. Vo ra (Input/Output): Trao i thng
tin gia my tnh vi bn ngoi. Bus lin kt h thng (System
Interconnection Bus): Kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia cc thnh phn vi
nhau. Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 223 May
201222 M hnh phn lp ca my tnh
Cc ng dngCc phn mm trung gianH iu hnhPhn cngNg- i s dngNg- ilp
trnhNg- i thit k HH Phn cng (Hardware): h thng vt l ca my tnh. Phn
mm (Software): cc chng trnh v d liu. IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 233
May 201223 1.3. S pht trin ca ca my tnh Cc th h my tnh Th h th nht:
My tnh dng n in t chn khng (1950s) Th h th hai: My tnh dng
transistor (1960s) Th h th ba: My tnh dng vi mch SSI, MSI v LSI
(1970s) Th h th t: My tnh dng vi mchVLSI (1980s) Th h th nm: My tnh
dng vi mchULSI, SoC (1990s) IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 243 May 201224
ENIAC- My tnh in t u tin Electronic Numerical Intergator And
Computer D n ca B Quc phng M Do John Mauchly v John Presper Eckert
i hc Pennsylvania thit k. Bt u t nm 1943, hon thnh nm 1946 My tnh
dng n in t IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 253 May 201225 Nng 30 tn 18000
n in t v 1500 rle 5000 php cng/giy X l theo s thp phn B nh ch lu tr
d liu Lp trnh bng cch thit lp v tr ca cc chuyn mch v cc cp ni.ENIAC
IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 263 May 201226 l my tnh IAS: Princeton
Institute for Advanced Studies c bt u t 1947, hon thnh1952 My tnh
von Neumann Do John von Neumann thit k c xy dng theo tng chng trnh
c lu tr (stored-program concept) ca von Neumann/Turing (1945)
IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 273 May 201227 Bao gm cc thnh phn: n v iu
khin, n v s hc v logic (ALU), b nh chnh v cc thit b vo-ra. B nh
chnh cha chng trnh v d liu B nh chnh c nh a ch theo tng ngn nh,
khng ph thuc vo ni dung ca n. ALU thc hin cc php ton vi s nh phn n
v iu khin nhn lnh t b nh, gii m v thc hin lnh mt cch tun t. n v iu
khin iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b vo-ra Tr thnh m hnh c bn ca my
tnhc im chnh ca my tnh IAS IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 283 May 201228
Cc my tnh thng mi ra i 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly ComputerCorporation
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) 1950s - UNIVAC II Nhanh hn
B nh ln hn IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 293 May 201229 Hng IBM IBM -
International Business Machine 1953 - IBM 701 My tnh lu tr chng
trnh u tin ca IBM S dng cho tnh ton khoa hc 1955 IBM 702 Cc ng dng
thng mi IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 303 May 201230 My tnh PDP-1 ca DEC
(Digital Equipment Corporation) my tnh mini u tin IBM 7000 Hng trm
nghn php cng trong mt giy. Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao ra i. My tnh
dng transistor IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 313 May 201231 Vi mch
(Integrated Circuit - IC): nhiu transistor v cc phn t khc c tch hp
trn mt chip bn dn. SSI (Small Scale Integration) MSI (Medium Scale
Integration) LSI (Large Scale Integration) VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration) (th h th t) ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) (th h
th nm) SoC (System on Chip) Siu my tnh xut hin: CRAY-1, VAX B vi x
l (microprocessor) ra i B vi x l u tin Intel 4004 (1971). My tnh
dng vi mch SSI, MSI v LSI IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 323 May 201232
Lut Moore Gordon Moore ngi ng sng lp Intel S transistors trn chip s
gp i sau 18 thng Gi thnh ca chip hu nh khng thay i Mt cao hn, do vy
ng dn ngn hn Kch thc nh hn dn ti phc tp tng ln in nng tiu th t hn H
thng c t cc chip lin kt vi nhau, do tng tin cy IT30303 May 2012
NKK-HUT 333 May 201233 IBM 360 Family v PDP-11 (1973) IT30303 May
2012 NKK-HUT 343 May 201234 VAX-11, Micro VAX, CRAY-1 IT30303 May
2012 NKK-HUT 353 May 201235 Cc sn phm chnh ca cng ngh VLSI/ULSI: B
vi x l (Microprocessor): CPU c ch to trn mt chip. Vi mch iu khin
tng hp (Chipset): mt hoc mt vi vi mch thc hin c nhiu chc nng iu
khin v ni ghp. B nh bn dn (Semiconductor Memory): ROM, RAM Cc b vi
iu khin (Microcontroller): my tnh chuyn dng c ch to trn 1 chip. My
tnh dng vi mch VLSI/ULSI IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 363 May 201236 S
pht trin ca b vi x l 1971: b vi x l 4-bit Intel 4004 1972-1977: cc
b x l 8-bit 1978-1984: cc b x l 16-bit Khong t 1985: cc b x l
32-bit Khong t 2000: cc b x l 64-bit T 2006: cc b x l a li
(multicores): IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT My tnh ngy nay Clusters
Massive Cluster Gigabit Ethernet Robots Routers Cars Sensor Nets
Refrigerators 37IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 1.4. Hiu nng my tnh nh
ngha hiu nng: Performance = 1/Execution Time My tnh X nhanh hn my Y
n ln n = =X YY Xtime Execution time Executione Performanc e
Performanc V d: Thi gian chy chng trnh: 10s trn my A, 15s trn my B
Execution TimeB / Execution TimeA = 15s / 10s = 1.5 Vy my A nhanh
hn my B 1.5 ln 38IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT Xung nhp ca CPU Hot ng ca
CPU c iu khin bi xung nhp c tn s xc nh Clock (cycles) Data transfer
and computation Update state Clock period Chu k xung nhp (Clock
period): thi gian ca mt chu k: VD: 250ps = 0.25ns = 2501012s Tn s
xung nhp (Clock frequency hay Clock rate): s chu k trong 1 giy: VD:
4.0GHz = 4000MHz = 4.0109Hz 39IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT Thi gian CPU
Hiu nng c tng ln bng cch: Gim s chu k xung nhp Tng tn s xung nhp
(Clock Rate) Rate ClockCycles Clock CPUTime Cycle Clock Cycles
Clock CPU Time CPU= =40IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT V d My tnh A: 2GHz
clock, 10s CPU time My tnh B 6s CPU time S chu k xung nhp ca B =
1.2 x S chu k xung nhp ca A Xc nh tn s xung nhp ca my B? 4GHz6s10
246s10 20 1.2Rate Clock10 20 2GHz 10sRate Clock Time CPU Cycles
Clock6sCycles Clock 1.2Time CPUCycles ClockRate Clock9 9B9A A
AABBB== = = = == =41IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT S lnh v s chu k trn mt
lnh S lnh ca chng trnh: IC (Instruction Count): c xc nh bi chng
trnh, kin trc tp lnh v chng trnh dch S chu k trn mt lnh: CPI
(Cycles per Instruction) CPI trung bnh: c xc nh bi phn cng CPU Cc
lnh khc nhau c CPI khc nhau Rate ClockCPI Count n InstructioTime
Cycle Clock CPI Count n Instructio Time CPUn Instructio per Cycles
Count n Instructio Cycles Clock= = =42IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT V d
My tnh A: Cycle Time = 250ps, CPI = 2.0 My tnh B: Cycle Time =
500ps, CPI = 1.2 Cng kin trc tp lnh (ISA) My no nhanh hn v nhanh hn
bao nhiu ? 1.2500ps I600ps IATime CPUBTime CPU600ps I 500ps 1.2
IBTime CycleBCPI Count n InstructioBTime CPU500ps I 250ps 2.0
IATime CycleACPI Count n InstructioATime CPU== = = = = = =A nhanh
hn ln 43IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT Chi tit hn v CPI Nu loi lnh khc
nhau c s chu k khc nhau = =n1 ii i) Count n Instructio (CPI Cycles
Clock CPI trung bnh: =|.|
\| = =n1 iiiCount n InstructioCount n InstructioCPICount n
InstructioCycles ClockCPI44IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT V d Cho bng ch
ra cc dy lnh s dng cc lnh thuc cc loi A, B, C Loi lnhABC CPI theo
loi lnh123 IC trong dy lnh 1212 IC trong dy lnh 2411 Dy lnh 1: IC =
5 Clock Cycles = 21 + 12 + 23 = 10 Avg. CPI = 10/5 = 2.0 Dy lnh 2:
IC = 6 Clock Cycles = 41 + 12 + 13 = 9 Avg. CPI = 9/6 = 1.5
45IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT Tm tt v Hiu nng Hiu nng ph thuc vo: Thut
ton: nh hng ti IC, c th c CPI Ngn ng lp trnh: nh hng ti IC, CPI
Chng trnh dch: nh hng ti IC, CPI Kin trc tp lnh: nh hng ti IC, CPI,
Tc cycle ClockSecondsn Instructiocycles ClockProgramns
InstructioTime CPU =46IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT MIPS nh l thc o hiu
nng MIPS: Millions of Instructions Per Second (S triu lnh trn 1
giy) 66610 CPIrate Clock10rate ClockCPI count n Instructiocount n
Instructio10 time Executioncount n InstructioMIPS===47 610 MIPSrate
ClockCPI=IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 483 May 201248 V d Tnh MIPS ca b
x l vi: clock rate = 2GHz v CPI = 4 0.5ns 2ns 1 chu k = 1/(2x109) =
0,5ns CPI = 4 1 lnh = 4x0,5ns = 2ns Vy b x l thc hin c 500MIPS
IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT 493 May 201249 V dTnh CPI ca b x l vi:
clock rate = 1GHz v 400 MIPS? 1ns 4x108 lnh thc hin trong 1s 1 lnh
thc hin trong 1/(4x108)s = 2,5ns CPI = 2,5 IT30303 May 2012 NKK-HUT
503 May 201250 MFLOPS Millions of Floating Point Operations per
Second (S triu php ton s du phy ng trn mt giy) GFLOPS109 TFLOPS1012
610 time Executionoperations point floating ExecutedMFLOPS=IT30303
May 2012 NKK-HUT 513 May 201251 Ht chng 1 IT30303 May 2012
