Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol

Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 2Excavation Report 2009-2013:

Stratigraphy and Architecture(Areas B, C, D, E)

Yosef Garfinkel, Saar Ganor, and Michael G. Hasel

Edited by: Martin G. Klingbeil

Institute of ArchaeologySouthern Adventist University

Israel ExplorationSociety

Institute of ArchaeologyThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 2Excavation Report 2009-2013:

Stratigraphy and ArchitectureExcavation Report 2009-2013:

Stratigraphy and ArchitectureExcavation Report 2009-2013:

(Areas B, C, D, E)



Institute of ArchaeologyInstitute of ArchaeologySouthern Adventist UniversitySouthern Adventist University

Israel ExplorationIsrael ExplorationSocietySociety

Institute of ArchaeologyInstitute of ArchaeologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 2

Excavation Report 2009-2013:Stratigraphy and Architecture

(Areas B, C, D, E)



Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 2

Excavation Report 2009-2013:Stratigraphy and Architecture

(Areas B, C, D, E)



With Contributions by:

Scott Anderson, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Michael Dant, Yoav Farhi, Michael Freikman, Ayelet Gilboa, Shimon Ilani, Soo Keum Ji, Hoo-Goo Kang, Kyle Keimer, Nava Panitz-Cohen,

Alexander Pechuro, Clemente Perez García, Daniel Perez, Dean Scott, Katharina Streit

Square Supervisor Reports by:

Anna Lee Beagle, Sang-Yeup Chang, Haggai Cohen Klonymus, Ethan Fichter, Adam Fraser, Leif Harald Fredheim, Peter Hagyo-Kovacs, Heather Holloway, Kyle Keimer, Igor Kreimerman,

Donn Leatherman, Kenneth Mathews, Joshua McGraw, Justo Morales, Ahiad Ovadia, Kenny Phillips, Lucas Simonds, Amanda Thompson, Celeste Voigt, Travis Wichman,

Alexander Wiegemann, Joel Willis, Peter Zilberg

Institute of Archaeology Southern Adventist University

Israel Exploration Society

Institute of Archaeology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Jerusalem 2014

Front cover: Khirbet Qeiyafa at the end of the 2013 excavation season (Sky View)

Back cover: Iron Age IIA Cypro-Geometric Bichrome Ware barrel juglet (Clara Amit)

© 2014 by the Israel Exploration Society and the Khirbet Qeiyafa Expedition

ISBN: 978-965-221-096-8

Printed by Old City Press, Jerusalem

To Benjamin (Bini) EisenTo Burton and Dorothy Keppler

For their vision and encouragement which made this publication possible

Foreword

The Khirbet Qeiyafa Archaeological Project was conducted over a period of seven years, from 2007 to 2013. It was initiated with a two–week pilot sea-son in the summer of 2007. Each subsequent sum-mer, from 2008-2011, a six–week field season has been conducted at the site. In 2012–2013, when we started to conclude the project, a four–week field season was conducted each summer. One of the ma-jor problems with archaeological projects, in Israel as well as around the world, is the long delay in the publication of the excavated data and interpreta-tions. As a result, other specialists in the field often wait and are unable to incorporate the new infor-mation from neighboring sites in the assessment of their own excavation results. This leads to iso-lationism and an inability to conduct comparative studies. We have decided on a different course of action. After the first two excavation seasons a final report was published, without waiting until the end of the project (Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 1 [2009]). As we worked on a relatively small scale one volume was sufficient to include the entire relevant data.

At the end of the field work we began to orga-nize the final excavation report for the other five excavation seasons, 2009–2013. So much data ac-cumulated in these five seasons that we decided to organize the publication in several separate vol-umes. This present volume – Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 2 – deals with Areas B, C, D, and E, and reports on (1) an overview of the methodology, (2) descrip-tions of the database and survey work conducted at the site, (3) the field observations, (4) a detailed ac-count of the stratigraphy, and (5) the architecture of the relevant areas. In addition, relevant aspects of dating are included, presenting the radiometric de-terminations, coins, a local group of pottery known as “Black Juglets” and Cypriot pottery.

Some argue that the fortified city of the early tenth century BCE should be affiliated with Iron IB. For this reason we included the “Black Juglets” and Cypriot pottery which are clear markers of Iron II.

The third volume (Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 3), which is in an advanced stage of preparation, will present the field data on the other excavated parts of the site, Areas A, F and W. This volume will in-clude a final discussion of the relevant phases of occupation at Khirbet Qeiyafa: Late Chalcolithic, Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age IIA, Late Persian–Early Hellenistic, Late Second Temple, and Late

Roman–Byzantine periods. Two of these periods have significant importance and are emphasized in the report: the Iron Age IIA and the Late Persian–Early Hellenistic period.

The fourth planned volume (Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 4), deals with aspects of art, cult, and epigra-phy; reporting specifically on the discovery of three sanctuaries or cult rooms in Areas C and D. The fifth report volume (Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 5), will present the assemblage of ca. 600 coins uncovered at the site. The sixth report volume (Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 6), will present an analysis of the Iron Age IIA ce-ramic assemblage of the site. The last reports for the 2009–2013 excavation seasons (Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 7–8), will present the various find categories: metal objects, stone tools, animal bones and the like from all the areas. The meticulous study of these very rich assemblages will require much more time than the aspects presented in the earlier volumes. We see no reason to delay the presentation and final analysis of our findings , simply because other as-pects are still under study. Thus we have organized the publication according to a simple principle: the first data which has been analyzed is published first. In this way, the number of the volumes will not af-fect the order of the publication.

The fieldwork, analysis of the data uncovered, and the publications all required extensive financial support, which was obtained by various founda-tions, organizations, and individuals, as specified in the acknowledgements. The editors would par-ticularly like to express their deep appreciation to the supporting institutions that made this excava-tion possible: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Southern Adventist University, and the Israel Ex-ploration Society. The Israel Antiquities Authority granted licenses for the project and assisted in the processing and storage of finds under the director-ship of the late Shuka Dorfman. We appreciate the opportunity to further the understanding of the pe-riods of history represented at Khirbet Qeiyafa. Fi-nally, our gratitude is extended to the foundations, organizations, and individual supporters who un-derstood the significance of this small but important site for the early history of Judah and the Kingdom of David. It was your generosity that enabled us to carry out the project from the beginning to the end.


2010 Excavation season: Southern Adventist University team.

2012 Excavation season: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem team.

Contents

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIIIList of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII

Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1: The 2009–2013 Excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Yosef Garfinkel, Saar Ganor, and Michael G. Hasel1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2. Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3. The Archaeology of Large Horizontal Exposure and Stratigraphic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4. Methodological Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5. Settlement History of Khirbet Qeiyafa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chapter 2: Survey Recording Techniques and GIS Georeferencing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Daniel M. Perez, Scot Anderson, Michael Dant, and Dean A. Scott2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.2. Topographic Surveying Methods and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.3. Recording Techniques: GIS Georeferencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.4. Conclusions and Reflections on the 2009–2011 Survey in Area D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Chapter 3: Technology Software and Processes at Khirbet Qeiyafa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Scot Anderson and Michael Dant3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.2. Computer-based Data-collection in Archaeology Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.3. Technology Team Roles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.4. Equipment Requirements and Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.5. Processes and Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.6. State of the Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.7. Conclusions and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Chapter 4: A Possible Explanation for the Name “Qeiyafa” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Shimon IIani

Chapter 5: Area D Formation Processes and Construction Events through Re-usage of Iron Age Structures in Hellenistic Architecture: An Application of Harris Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Daniel M. Perez5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.2. Description of Area D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.3. Discussion of the Formation Processes and Construction Phases in Area D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465.4. The Systemic Context in Area D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535.5. Conclusion: Proposed Chronological Sequence in Light of Analysis of Area D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Part II: The Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa

Chapter 6: Area B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Hoo-Goo Kang6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616.2. The Stratigraphy of Area B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616.3. The Architecture of the Hellenistic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666.4. The Architecture of the Iron Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Chapter 7: Area C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Michael Freikman and Yosef Garfinkel7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937.2. The Settlement Sequence of Area C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967.3. The Late Persian–Early Hellenistic (Stratum III) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017.4. The Iron Age IIA (Stratum IV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287.5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Chapter 8: Area D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Michael G. Hasel8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2278.2. The Stratigraphy of Area D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2288.3. The Architecture of Area D in the Roman–Byzantine Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2368.4. The Architecture of Area D in the Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2418.5. The Architecture of the Iron Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2768.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Chapter 9: Area E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Hoo-Goo Kang9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3099.2. The Settlement Sequence of Area E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3109.3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Chapter 10: The Olive Press Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Michael G. Hasel10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31910.2. Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31910.3. Historical Context and Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32410.4. Comparative Studies: Iron Age Olive Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32510.5. Comparative Studies: Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Olive Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32910.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Chapter 11: Iron Age Stone Quarries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Kyle H. Keimer11.1. Introduction: Quarrying Activity in Qeiyafa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33311.2. Method of Quarrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33311.3. Volume and Time Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33811.4. Quarry Parallels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

11.5. Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34011.6. Textual references to quarrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34111.7. Implications for Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34211.8. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Chapter 12: Architectural Study of the Ottoman Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Alexander Pechuro12.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34712.2. The Fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34812.3. The Internal Arrangement of the Courtyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34912.4. The Cave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35312.5. The House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35612.6. The Pathway Connecting the Farm Buildings with the Opening in the Peripheral Wall . . . . . . . 35812.7. Platform Built Against the Peripheral Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36012.8. Conclusions of the Architectural Study and the Historical Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Part III: Dating Aspects

Chapter 13: Radiometric Dating of the Iron Age City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Yosef Garfinkel and Katharina Streit13.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36713.2. The Radiometric Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36713.3. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Chapter 14: A Preliminary Report on the Coins and Selected Small Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Yoav Farhi14.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37514.2. Summary Tables of the Coins Found in Areas B, C, D and E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37514.3. Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Period Coins and Rare Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38314.4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Chapter 15: Cypriot Ceramic Imports at Khirbet Qeiyafa: Provenience, Chronology and Significance . . . 391 Ayelet Gilboa and Paula Waiman-Barak15.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39115.2. Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39215.3. The Qeiyafa Juglets in Perspective: A Succinct Summary of Early Cypro-Geometric Exports to the Southern Levant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39415.4. Chronological Implications for Stratum IV and for the Iron Age Chronology Dilemma . . . . . . . 39715.5. Cultural Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

Chapter 16: The Black Juglets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Anat Cohen-Weinberger and Nava Panitz-Cohen16.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40316.2. Black Juglets: Typology, Technology and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40316.3. The Black Juglets from Khirbet Qeiyafa: Typology, Chronology and Provenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40516.4. Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Part IV: Detailed Field Observations

Chapter 17: Area B – Square Supervisors’ Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Hoo-Goo Kang et al.17.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41717.2. Square Supervisor’s Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Chapter 18: Area C – Square Supervisors’ Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Yosef Garfinkel et al.18.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43318.2. Square Supervisor’s Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Chapter 19: Area D – Square Supervisors’ Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Michael G. Hasel, Clemente Perez Garcia, et al.19.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51119.2. Square Supervisor’s Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Chapter 20: Area E – Square Supervisors’ Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Hoo-Goo Kang and Soo Keum Ji20.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55720.2. Square Supervisor’s Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

Appendices

Appendix 1: Area B – List of Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Hoo-Goo Kang

Appendix 2: Area C – List of Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Yosef Garfinkel

Appendix 3: Area D – List of Loci and Locus Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Michael G. Hasel

Appendix 4: Area E – List of Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Yosef Garfinkel and Hoo-Goo Kang

577

Appendix 3 Area D–List of Loci and Locus Descriptions

Michael G. Hasel and Clemente Perez Garcia

The locus summaries of Area D are compiled from the CIRC database developed by the School of Comput-ing, Southern Adventist University (Chapter 3) and provide the raw data of the excavation. A table with the loci in the order in which they were opened referencing the squares in which they were assigned appears at the beginning of this appendix. Following the table, the locus summaries are reproduced by square in the order that they were opened within the square. They are further subdivided by earth, installation, and architectural loci. Each locus includes a list of pottery buckets with their reading and objects. The pottery reading abbreviations are as follows: Predom=type predominant; C=Chalcolithic; MB= Middle Bronze; LB= Late Bronze; IA=Iron Age IIA; EP=Early Persian; H=Late Persian–Early Hellenistic; R=Roman; ER=Early Roman; LR=Late Roman; RB=Roman–Byzantine; I=Islamic; M=Mamluk. The raw data reproduced here is synthesized by phases and architectural units in Chapter 8 with the stratigraphic summaries in Chapter 19. The data originated from each square supervisor’s entries into the CIRC database as well as their field notebooks. It has been edited to provide some measure of uniformity, but each supervisor’s style and mode of expression are still recognizable.

Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square2000 S32 2036 T32 2072 R29 2108 S32 2145 R292001 T32 2037 S32 2073 T31 2109 S32 2146 R292002 S31 2038 T32 2074 S31 2110 S32 2147 S322003 T31 2039 S32 2075 S32 2111 S32 2148 S322004 S31 2040 T32 2076 T31 2112 S32 2149 T322005 S32 2041 S32 2077 T31 2113 S32 2150 R302006 T32 2042 S32 2078 T31 2114 S29 2151 R322007 T32 2043 S32 2079 R29 2115 S31 2152 R322008 T31 2044 S31 2080 T31 2116 T30 2153 T312009 T31 2045 S32 2081 T31 2117 R29 2154 T322010 S32 2046 T32 2082 S30 2118 T30 2155 R302011 S31 2047 T32 2083 T31 2119 T30 2156 R292012 S32 2048 S32 2084 T31 2120 T30 2157 R322013 T32 2049 S32 2085 T31 2121 R30 2158 R32

578 Michael G. Hasel and Clemente Perez Garcia

Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square2014 S31 2050 S32 2086 T31 2123 R32 2159 R322015 T32 2051 T32 2087 T31 2124 R32 2160 R302016 T32 2052 R30 2088 S32 2125 S29 2161 R322017 S31 2053 T30 2089 S29 2126 S32 2162 R322018 S32 2054 T31 2090 T32 2127 R32 2163 T302019 T32 2055 S31 2091 S32 2128 S32 2164 R302020 T32 2056 R29 2092 R30 2129 S32 2165 R302021 T32 2057 S30 2093 S29 2130 T29 2166 R322022 T31 2058 S29 2094 S29 2131 S32 2167 R322023 T32 2059 T32 2095 S29 2132 S30 2168 S302024 S32 2060 T32 2096 S32 2133 S32 2169 R302025 S32 2061 R29 2097 S31 2134 S31 2170 U/V30-

312026 S31 2062 S29 2098 T31 2135 S32 2171 T292027 T31 2063 T32 2099 S32 2136 S30 2172 T302028 T31 2064 S29 2100 T32 2137 S30 2173 S322029 S31 2065 S32 2101 S30 2138 T31 2174 T292030 T31 2066 T32 2102 R29 2139 S32 2175 S302031 S32 2067 R30 2103 R29 2140 T29 2176 S302032 S32 2068 T30 2104 R29 2141 T29 2177 T302033 T33 2069 T30 2105 R29 2142 T29 2178 S312034 T32 2070 T32 2106 T30 2143 S32 2179 S302035 T31 2071 S29 2107 R30 2144 S32 2180 T322181 S30 2230 W29 2279 DCAVE2 2328 V31 2377 X312182 S32 2231 W30 2280 DCAVE1 2329 X30 2378 V312183 T30 2232 U29 2281 DCAVE1 2330 X30 2379 U312184 S30 2233 S30 2282 W30 2331 X31 2380 X312185 S30 2234 U30 2283 U31 2332 X31 2381 X312186 S30 2235 U31 2284 U30 2333 W31 2382 X312187 T30 2236 U31 2285 U29 2334 W31 2383 V312188 S30 2237 U30 2286 W30 2335 U32 2384 U322189 S32 2238 W29 2287 U31 2336 X31 2385 X292190 S31 2239 W29 2288 U31 2337 X31 2386 X292191 T32 2240 W29 2289 V29 2338 V31 2387 X302192 T32 2241 W29 2290 DCAVE1 2339 W31 2388 W312193 S30 2242 S30 2291 V30 2340 W31 2389 W312194 S31 2243 V30 2292 V29 2341 W31 2390 W312195 U31 2244 W29 2293 U29 2342 U32 2391 U322196 W30 2245 U31 2294 U29 2343 X31 2392 U322197 U30 2246 U31 2295 U29 2344 X29 2393 U322198 W29 2247 U31 2296 W29 2345 W31 2394 V31

Appendix 4: Area D – List of Loci and Locus Descriptions 579

Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square2199 S31 2248 U31 2297 U30 2346 W31 2395 X292200 U31 2249 U31 2298 W30 2347 U32 2396 X312201 U31 2250 U31 2299 W30 2348 U32 2397 W312202 U31 2251 DCAVE1 2300 V30 2349 U32 2398 Y312203 S31 2252 V29 2301 V30 2350 U32 2399 X302204 V30 2253 W30 2302 T30 2351 U32 2400 X302205 U29 2254 V29 2303 V30 2352 X30 2401 X302206 U31 2255 V29 2304 T30 2353 X30 2402 W312207 U30 2256 DCAVE1 2305 U31 2354 X30 2403 W312208 W29 2257 W29 2306 V29 2355 V31 2404 V312209 W29 2258 V30 2307 W30 2356 W31 2405 W312210 W30 2259 V30 2308 U31 2357 U32 2406 X312211 W30 2260 U30 2309 W29 2358 U32 2407 U322212 W30 2261 DCAVE2 2310 U31 2359 V31 2408 Y312213 V30 2262 DCAVE1 2311 U31 2360 W31 2409 Y312214 V30 2263 W30 2312 U31 2361 X29 2410 Y312215 U31 2264 V30 2313 U30 2362 W31 2411 X302216 V29 2265 V30 2314 T29 2363 X31 2412 X292217 W29 2266 W30 2315 W30 2364 X31 2413 Y292218 W29 2267 U30 2316 X30 2365 V31 2414 X292219 S30 2268 U31 2317 X31 2366 U32 2415 V312220 S30 2269 U31 2318 329 2367 U32 2416 X302221 U31 2270 U31 2319 V31 2368 W31 2417 X292222 W30 2271 DCAVE1 2320 W31 2369 W31 2418 W312223 W30 2272 DCAVE1 2321 U32 2370 W31 2419 W312224 W30 2273 U31 2322 X31 2371 U32 2420 W312225 U31 2274 U31 2323 U32 2372 T30 2421 V312226 W29 2275 W30 2324 X29 2373 U30 2422 U322227 W29 2276 W30 2325 X29 2374 V31 2423 V312228 W29 2277 U31 2326 V31 2375 X30 2424 W312229 W29 2278 DCAVE2 2327 V31 2376 X29 2425 V312426 U32 2451 X30 2476 Y31 2501 W32 2526 W312427 X31 2452 Y29 2477 Y29 2502 Y31 2527 X322428 V31 2453 X30 2478 V32 2503 Y30 2528 U322429 U32 2454 Y30 2479 Y29 2504 X29 2529 Y312430 W31 2455 W31 2480 X31 2505 Y31 2530 Y302431 X30 2456 W31 2481 Y30 2506 W32 2531 Y302432 W31 2457 V32 2482 V32 2507 Y30 2532 Y312433 Y29 2458 Y29 2483 Y30 2508 Y31 2533 Y312434 X31 2459 X31 2484 Y30 2509 Y31 2534 Y302435 Y31 2460 U31 2485 Y29 2510 W32 2535 X31


Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square Locus Square2436 Y31 2461 Y30 2486 Y31 2511 X32 2536 Y302437 Y31 2462 X30 2487 W32 2512 Y31 2537 Y302438 Y31 2463 Y31 2488 W32 2513 Y31 2538 U322439 Y31 2464 Y31 2489 Y30 2514 Y31 2539 W312440 X30 2465 X30 2490 X30 2515 Y32 2540 W312441 X31 2466 X30 2491 X32 2516 Y30 2541 W312442 Y31 2467 X31 2492 X31 2517 X30 2542 U322443 V32 2468 Y29 2493 X32 2518 Y30 2543 X312444 V32 2469 V32 2494 W32 2519 Y30 2544 X312445 X30 2470 X31 2495 Y31 2520 X32 2545 Deleted2446 Y29 2471 V32 2496 Y31 2521 W31 2546 Y312447 X30 2472 W31 2497 X31 2522 W32 2547 U322448 Y31 2473 X31 2498 W32 2523 Y31 2548 DCAVE1 2449 Y31 2474 X31 2499 Y30 2524 DCAVE22450 X30 2475 V32 2500 Y31 2525 DCAVE2

Square R29Earth Locus

Locus 2056. Topsoil, D2056, consisted of loose, loam-silty loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 light brown in color. Inclusions included random pebbles (2 per 25 cm) and cobbles (2 per 25 cm; predominantly in the eastern portion of the square). Topsoil D2056 was found across the entire area of the square measuring 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width. Top levels were 323.003 (NW), 323.567 (NE), 323.27 (C), 323.121 (SW), and 323.353 (SE). Bottom levels were 322.847 (NW), 323.069 (NE), 322.881 (SW), and 322.889 (SE). At the clos-ing of D2056 it extended 2.0 m in length and 2.0 m in width over the NW corner of the square. It sealed against Wall D2061 at the east balk. It was over D2072 in the eastern 1 m of the square and D2079 in the middle east-west 2 m It was over and seals against Wall D2104 near the west balk. It was over Topsoil D2102 to the west of Wall D2014 and over D2105 to the east of Wall D2104.

Pottery Objects#3193: IA, H, RB Flint Sherd: #3201#3220: IA (Predom), H, RB Glass Scatter: #3202#3246: IA, H, RB Glass: #3221, #3252#3286: IA, H, RB Shoe Nail: #3230 Coin (Late Roman, 450–550 CE): #3231

Locus 2072. Debris, D2072, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. A few small boulders (40 cm average) found in an irregular line approximately 1.0 m from the east balk and were used to demarcate the locus from Debris D2079. Top level was 323.946 (C). Bottom levels were 322.715 (S) and 322.796 (N). Debris D2072 sealed against and was under Debris D2061 and Topsoil D2056, was


contiguous to Topsoil D2056 and Debris D2103, equaled to Debris D2079, and was over Bedrock D2117 in the northern half of the locus.

Pottery#3247: Empty bucket#3287: IA#3324: IA

Locus 2079. Debris, D2079, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. Inclu-sions included small cobbles (12/25cm) over most of the locus. Debris D2079 measured 2.0 m in width and 4 m in length. Top levels were 323.104, 323.106, 323.15, 323.104, and 323.182. Bottom levels were 322.663 (SE), 322.660 (SW), 322.647 (W), and 322.599 (N). Debris D2079 was under Topsoil D2056, over Debris D2103 and Bedrock D2117, and equaled to D2072.

Pottery Objects #3263: IA, H, RB Coin (Constantine I, 330–335 CE): #3262 #3301: IA, H, RB Coin (Constantius II, 348–350 CE): #3269 #3323: IA, H Bronze Fragments: #3302, #3306

Locus 2102. Topsoil, D2102, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 light brown in color. Inclusions in-

cluded random pebbles (2 per 25 cm) and cobbles (2 per 25 cm). Top levels were 322.707 (N) and 322.606 (S). Topsoil D2102 was under Topsoil D2056, sealed against Wall D2104, and over Bedrock D2117.

Pottery#3335: IA, RB

Locus 2103. Debris, D2103, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. There were no inclusions of any note within the locus. Debris D2130 measured 2.5 m in length and 1.0 m in width over the southeastern section of the square. Top levels were 322.663 (S), 322.660 (S), 322.647 (W), 322.599 (N), 322.796 (NE), and 322.715 (SE). Debris D2103 was under Debris D2079, equaled to Debris D2072, Debris D2079, contiguous to Topsoil D2105 and over Bedrock D2117.

Locus 2105. Topsoil D2105, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 light brown in soil. Inclusions included random pebbles (2 per 25 cm) and cobbles (2 per 25 cm). Topsoil D2105 covered the central 1.50 m in length and 2.50 m in width over the northern half of the square. Top levels were 322.705 (SE), 322.652 (SW), 322.710 (NW), 322.700 (NE), and 322.730 (E). Topsoil D2105 was under and equal to Topsoil D2056, sealed against Wall D2104, contiguous to Debris D2103, and over Bedrock D2117.

Locus 2145. Debris, D2145, consisted of crumbly, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Debris D2145 sloped at a 5° with a downslope direction of 270°. Top level was 323.917 (NE). Bottom level was 322.809 (NW). Debris D2145 was contiguous to Topsoil D2056, Debris D2079, and Topsoil D2105.

Pottery#3439: IA, H, RB#3440: RB

Locus 2117. Bedrock, D2117, appeared in the northeast and southern sections of the square. Bedrock D2117 is under Wall D2061, D2072, D2079, D2102, D2103, Wall D2104, and D2105

Architectural LocusLocus 2061. Wall, D2061, ran into the east balk and consisted of a single row of small, dry-laid, unfaced boulders


(25–50 cm) preserved to one course resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was boulder and chink. Wall D2061 was leaning 11.5° to the west. It lay to the east outside the large Late Persian–Early Hellenistic building. Top levels were 323.303 (NE), 323.28 (C), and 323.226 (SE). Wall D2061 was sealed against by Topsoil D2056, Debris D2072, and over Bedrock D2117.

Pottery#3373: IA

Locus 2104. Wall, D2104, was the eastern Wall of Courtyard B in Building D200 and consisted two rows of free-stand-ing, dry-laid, unfaced boulders with chink rubble debris of one or two courses. Wall D2104 measured 3.50 m in length, 0.8–0.9 m in width, and 0.311–0.339 m in height. Wall D2104 was orientated on a course of 350–170°. Top levels were 323.021 (N), 322.882 (C), and 322.991 (S). Wall D2104 was under Topsoil D2056, sealed against by Topsoil D2102, Topsoil D2105, and over Bedrock D2117.

Earth LocusLocus 2052. Topsoil, D2052, extended over the entire 4.0 x 4.0 m square. It consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil,

with pebble-size material, 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown in color. Debris D2052 sloped at a 3.27° with a downslope direction of 315° from the northwest corner toward the southeast corner. Top levels were 323.086 (SE), 322.912 (NE), 322.857 (NW), and 322.913 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.892 (SE), 322.85 (NE), 322.854 (NW), and 322.929 (SW). Topsoil D2052 covered Debris D2067.

Pottery#3188: IA, H, RB#3218: IA, H, RB

Locus 2067. Debris, D2067, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The cobble size material was found mostly in the eastern side of the locus. Debris D2067 sloped at a 1.13° with a downslope direction of 314° from the southwest corner toward northeast corner. Top levels were 322.892 (SE), 322.85 (NE), 322.854 (NW) and 322.929 (SW). Debris D2067 began as a locus 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width and later was reduced to 4.0 x 2.0 m in the western half of the square. The bottom levels were 322.37 (SME), 322.312 (NME), 322.395 (NW), and 322.346 (SW). De-bris D2067 was under Topsoil D2052, and above Debris D2122 and Rubble Debris D2092. Debris D2067 sealed against Rubble Debris D2092 and Debris D2107.

Pottery Objects#3225: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 5th Century CE): #3251#3239: IA, H, RB Bronze Pin: #3271#3316: IA(4), H, RB Brass Pendent: #3272#3354: H, RB Coin (Tiberias Pontius Pilate, 30 CE): #3299 Shoe Nail: #3300 Coin (Philistia, mid-4th century BCE): #3325 Iron Tip: #3361

Locus 2092. Debris, D2092, consisted with sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, 10YR 4/3 dark brown in color. The soil’s compactness was crumbly, dry and a level 2 in hardness. The cobbles were mainly in the eastern side of Debris D2092. The cobbles are believed to be rubble from the Late Persian–Early Hellenis-tic building Wall D2104 in Square R29. Debris D2092 sloped at a 65° with a downslope direction of 198° from south towards the north. Top levels were 322.551 (SMW), 322.578 (SE), 322.597 (NE), and 322.552 (NMW). Bottom levels were 322.352 (SMW), 322.327 (SE), 322.326 (NE), and 322.400 (NMW). Debris D2092 was under Debris D2067, over Debris D2107, and sealed against by Debris D2067.

Square R30


Pottery Objects#3331: IA, H, RB Pin: #3337 Shoe Nail: #3338

Locus 2107. Debris, D2107, consisted of loam to silty-loam soil, pebble and cobble material, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and was level 2 in hardness. Debris D2107 sloped at a 1.06° with a downslope direction of 194° from southwestern corner to the northeastern corner. Top levels were 322.400 (SMW), 322.327 (SE), 322.326 (NE), and 322.352 (NMW). Bottom levels are 322.112 (SMW), 322.161 (SE), 322.163 (NE), and 322.140 (NMW). Debris D2107 was under Debris D2092 and sealed against by Debris D2067.

Pottery#3342: IA, H#3355: IA, H, RB#3369: IA

Locus 2122. Debris, D2122, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, pebble and nari pocket material, 10YR 5/4 yellow-ish brown in color. Soil compactness was friable and was a level 2 in hardness. Nari pockets were layered only in the north section of Debris D2122. Debris D2122 sloped at a 1.15° with a downslope direction of 274° from west to east of the locus. Top levels were 322.346 (SMW), 322.370 (SE), 322.312 (NE), and 322.395 (NMW). Bottom levels were 322.036 (SMW), 322.043 (SE), 322.063 (NE), and 322.037 (NMW). Debris D2122 was under Debris D2067.

Pottery#3378: IA, H#3413: H

Locus 2150. Debris, D2150, in the east balk consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The compactness of the soil was crumbly. Debris D2150 sloped at a 2.49° with a downslope direction of 163° from north to south. Top levels were 322.912 (S) and 323.086 (N). Bottom levels were 322.274 (SW), 322.561 (SE), 322.368 (NE), and 322.295 (NW). Debris D2150 sealed against Debris D2052, D2067, D2092, and D2107.

Pottery Objects#3453: IA, H, RB Remain of Metal Industry: #3457 Grinding Stone: #3464 Coin (Late Roman, ca. 380 CE): #3474

Locus 2155. Debris, D2155, in the north balk consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobbles, 10YR 4/4 dark yellow-ish brown in color. The cobbles were found toward the bottom and east side of the locus. Debris D2155 sloped at a 0.79° with a downslope direction of 75° from west to east. Top levels were 322.857 (E) and 322.912 (W). Bottom levels were 322.368 (E) and 321.828 (W). Debris D2155 was above Debris D2160 and sealed against Debris D2052, D2067, D2092, D2107, and D2122.

Pottery Objects#3469: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 450–550 CE): #3473#3478: H, RB Bronze Piece: #3493

Locus 2160. Debris, D2160, in the north balk consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil and 10YR 5/2 grayish brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2160 sloped at a 7.69° with a downslope direction of 256° from east to west. Top levels were 322.368 (E) and 321.828 (W). Bottom levels were 322.368 (E) and 321.749 (W). Debris D2160 was under Debris D2155 and sealed against Debris D2122.


Pottery Objects#3483: H Bronze Earring: #3484

Locus 2164. Surface, D2164, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and a level 2 on hardness. Surface D2164 sloped at a 7.11° with a downslope direction of 187°. The cobbles were the only material removed from this locus to expose flat line pottery. Top and bottom levels were 322.561 (SW), 322.561 (SE), 322.368 (NE), and 322.274 (NW). Surface D2164 was under Debris D2107.

Pottery#3489: IA, H#3521: IA, H (Predom)#3956: IA, H

Locus 2165. Debris, D2165, in the west balk consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was crumbly and a level 1 in hardness. Debris D2165 sloped at a 0.8° with a downslope direction of 352°. Top levels were 322.913 (S) and 322.857 (N). Bottom levels were 321.749 (SW), 321.849 (SE), 321.828 (NE), and 321.8 (NW). Debris D2165 sealed against Debris D2160, D2052, D2155, D2122, and D2067.

Pottery#3492: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2169. Debris, D2169, in the west balk consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, nari pockets, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown. The nari pockets were only found in the northern section of the locus. The soil’s com-pactness was friable and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2169 sloped at 2.43° with a downslope direction of 257°. Top levels were 321.8 (NW), 321.749 (SW), 321.849 (SE), and 321.828 (NE). Bottom levels were 321.589 (SE), 321.471 (SW), 321.526 (NW) and 321.675 (NE). Debris D2169 was under Debris D2122 and D2165.

Pottery Objects#3519: IA, H Metal object: #3573#3595: IA, H

Earth LocusLocus 2123. Debris, D2123, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color, and loose in hardness and

compactness. Debris D2123 measured 1.56 m in length, 0.90 m in width, and 1.07–1.18 m in depth. De-bris D2123 contained a moderate amount of small-to-large cobblestone inclusions randomly distributed throughout locus. Top levels were 321.339 (W) and 321.422 (E). Bottom levels were 320.274 (W) and 320.247 (E). Debris D2123 was over Debris D2151, and sealed against Wall B218 and Wall B315.


Locus 2124. Debris, D2124, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color, and loose in hardness and compactness. Debris D2124 measured 2.6 m in length, 1.6 m in width, and 0.35–0.52 m in depth. Top levels were 321.394 (NW), 321.387 (SW), 321.404 (SE), and 321.356 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.871 (NW), 320.907 (SW), 321.031 (SE), and 321.007 (NE). Debris D2124 was over Debris D2127, and sealed against Wall B218 and Wall B315.

Square R32


Pottery#3380: IA, H

Locus 2127 (2152). Debris, D2127, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and loose and friable in hardness and compactness. Debris D2127 measured 2.6 m in length, 1.6 m in width, and 0.07–0.11 m in depth. Top levels were 320.871 (NW), 320.907 (SW), 321.031 (SE), and 321.007 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.765 (NW), 320.836 (SW), 320.946 (SE), and 320.895 (NE). Debris D2127 was under Debris D2124, over Debris D2158 and D2159, and sealed against Wall B218 and Wall B315.

Pottery#3456: IA, H

Locus 2151. Debris, D2151, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and average uncompacted and loose in hardness and compactness. Debris D2151 measured 1.5 m in length, 0.90 m in width, and 0.18–0.36 m in depth. Top levels were 320.274 (W) and 320.247 (E). Bottom levels were 319.916 (W) and 320.066 (E). Debris D2151 was under Debris D2123, over Debris D2157, and sealed against Wall B218 and Wall B315.

Pottery#3455: MB, IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2157. Debris, D2157, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 brown in color, and loose in hardness and com-pactness. Debris D2157 measured 1.50 m in length, 0.90 m in width, and 0.41–0.47 m in depth. Top levels were 319.916 (W) and 320.066 (E). Bottom levels were 319.503 (W) and 319.593 (E). Debris D2157 was under Debris D2151, over Debris D2161, over Installation D2162, cut by Installation D2162, and sealed against Wall B218, and Wall B315.


Locus 2158 (2159). Debris, D2158, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown in color, and average, uncompacted and crumbly in hardness and compactness. Debris D2158 measured 2.6 m in length, 1.6 m in width, and 0.02–0.12 m in depth. Top levels were 320.765 (NW), 320.836 (SW), 320.824 (Mid. S), 320.791 (Mid. N), 320.946 (SE), and 320.895. Bottom levels were 320.740 (NW), 320.714 (SW), 320.840 (Mid. S), 320.767 (Mid. N), 320.897 (SE), and 320.897 (NE). Debris D2158 was under Debris D2152, over Surface D2166, and sealed against Wall B218 and Wall B315.

Pottery#3475: H#3476: H

Locus 2161. Debris, D2161, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and loose in hardness and compactness. Debris D2161 measured 1.15 m in length, 0.72 m in width, and 0.16–0.25 m in depth. Top levels were 319.815 (W), 319.885 (S), and 319.849 (E). Bottom levels were 319.602 (W), 319.638 (S), and 319.687 (S).

Pottery#3485: H

Locus 2166. Surface, D2166, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and average uncompacted and crumbly in hardness and compactness. Surface D2166 measured 2.60 m in length, 1.55 m in width, and 0.10–0.55 m in depth. Top levels were 320.740 (NW), 320.714 (SW), 320.897 (SE), and 320.897 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.190 (NW), 320.176 (SW), 320.775 (SE), and 320.790 (NE). Surface D2166 was


under Debris D2158, over Debris D2173 and contiguous to Pavement D2167.

Pottery#3498: EP, H

Locus 2173. Debris, D2173, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, crumbly com-pactness and the hardness was average: uncompacted. Debris D2173 measures 2.60 m in length, 1.55 m in width. The top levers were 320.190 (NW), 320.176 (SW), 320.775 (SE), and 320.790 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.413 (NW), 320.378 (SW), 320.587 (SE), and 320.617 (NE). Debris D2173 was under Surface D2166.

Pottery#3548: IA, H

Installation LocusLocus 2162. Installation, D2162, was a circular feature found south of Wall B218 (south gate wall) and west of the in-

ner casemate Wall B315 in R32. Installation D2162 consisted of medium-size cobblestones and consisted of a single course of stones. Installation D2162 measured 1.12 m in length, 065–0.78 m in width, and 0.28–0.50 m in height. Installation D2162 was under Debris D2157 and sealed against by Debris D2157 and Debris D2161.

Locus 2167. Pavement, D2167, consisted of dry, cobble surface, and rubbly. Pavement D2167 measured 1.50 m in length, and 0.70 m in width. Pavement D2167 was contiguous with Surface D2166, under Debris D2158, over Debris 2173.

S29

Earth LocusLocus 2058. Topsoil, D2058, consisted of loose, silty-loam soil, and 2.5YR 6/2 light brown gray in color. There was a

random distribution of pebbles (2 mm–6 cm) and cobbles (6–25 cm) throughout the locus. The locus ex-tended over the western half of the square and was 4.0 m in length, 2.0 m in width and between 0.11–0.41 m in depth. Top levels were 323.588 (SE), 323.378 (NE), 323.172 (NW), 323.273 (SW), and 323.273 (C). Bottom levels were 323.273 (SE), 323.193 (NE), 323.132. Topsoil D2058 was over Debris D2064 and Wall D2062.

Pottery Objects#3196: IA, H, RB Pin for Clasp: #3134#3243: IA, H, RB Coin (John Hyrcanus I, 129–104 BCE): #3179#3340: IA, H (Predom) Nail: #3185 Coin (Late Roman, first half of 5th century BCE): #3197 Shoe Nail: #3206 Flint: #3223

Locus 2064. Debris, D2064, consisted of uncompact, dry, silty soil, 10YR 6/3 pale brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2cm–6 cm), cobbles (6–25 cm), and small to medium size boulders (0.25–0.50 cm). Debris D2064 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.22 m in width, and 0.77 m in depth. Top levels were 323.131 (NW), 323.155 (NE), 323.332 (SW), and 323.289 (SE). Bottom levels were 322.848 (NW), 322.284 (NE), 322.515 (SE), and 323.066 (SW). Debris D2064 was under Topsoil D2058 and sealed against Wall D2062 and Wall D2114.

Square S29


Pottery Objects#3217: IA, H Monolith: #3535#3283: H#3318: H, RB#3362: H, RB

Locus 2071. Debris, D2071, consisted of uncompact, dry, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color. It measured 4.0 m in length, 2.37 m in width, and 0.19–0.51 m in depth. Inclusions included a random distribution of a few pebbles (2–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm). Top levels were 323.162 (NW), 323.394 (NE), 323.590 (SE), and 323.450 (SW). Bottom levels were 323.108 (NW), 323.123 (NE), 323.332 (SE), and 323.289 (SW). Debris D2071 was over Surface D2093, Debris D2095, Bedrock D2094, sealed against Wall D2062 and contiguous with Debris D2125.

Pottery Objects#3216: IA, H Coin (balk; Ptolemy I, 295–283 BCE): #3248#3243: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 335–341 CE): #3261#3274: H, RB? Bronze Bracelet: #3326#3282: IA, H#3317: IA, H

Locus 2093. Surface, D2093, was in the eastern half of the square and consisted of crumbly, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Intrusions included nari pockets and possible plaster. Surface D2093 measured 0.40 m in length, 0.40 m in width, and 0.04 m in depth. Top levels were 323.100 (E), 323.090 (S), 323.103 (W), and 323.103 (C). Surface D2093 was under Debris D2071 and over Debris D2095 and Bedrock D2094.

Pottery#3303: IA

Locus 2094. Bedrock, D2094 was exposed in the southwestern corner, sloping towards the west. Top levels were 322.848 (NW), 323.080 (NE), 323.297 (SE), and 323.066 (SW). Bedrock D2094 was under Debris D2071, Debris D2095, Debris D2064, Wall D2062, and Wall D2094.

Pottery#3304: IA

Locus 2095. Debris, D2095, consisted of loose, dry, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Cobbles were included among the inclusions found in the locus. It measured 1.37 m in length, 0.70 m in width, and 0.55 m in depth. Top levels were not taken. Bottom levels were 322.832 (N), 322.938 (S), and 322.558 (E). Debris D2095 was under Surface D2093, over Bedrock D2094, and sealed against Wall D2062 and Wall D21224.

Pottery#3309: IA, H#3322: IA

Locus 2125. Debris, D2125, consisted of loose, dry, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. In-clusions included a random distribution of pebbles (2–6cm). Debris D2125 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Top and bottom levels were 323.006 (NW) and 322.994 (NE). Debris D2125 was contigu-ous to Debris D2064 and Debris D2071 and cut by Wall D2062.

Pottery#3385: IA, H, RB DOK


Architectural LocusLocus 2062. Wall, D2062, was the eastern wall continuation of Courtyard B in Building D200 and was constructed

of boulder and chink, unfaced limestone. The wall was built on bedrock and ran from north to south at a slight angle to avoid the opening into D Cave to the west. It consisted of one course of stones at the northern end and three courses where the wall ends on the southern end. Wall D2062 is 2–3 stones wide with the stones averaging 40–45 cm. It measured 3.15 m in length 0.53–0.83 m in width and 0.15–0.76 m in height and has an orientation of 358°. Top levels were 323.380, 323.310, 323.166, and 323.322. Wall D2062 was under Topsoil D2058, over Bedrock D2094, and sealed against Debris D2064, Debris D2071, and Debris D2095.

Locus 2114. Wall, D2114 (D2141), was the eastern wall continuation of Courtyard B in Building D200 after a break in the architecture between Wall D2062. Wall D2114 was likewise constructed of boulder and chink, unfaced limestone. It consisted of two courses of 1–2 rows of stones averaging 0.45–0.70 min size. Wall D2114 was 0.70 m in length, 0.70 m in width, and 0.47–0.56 m in height. Top levels were 323.107, 323.075, 323.051, and 323.018. Wall D2114 was under Debris D2064, sealed against by Debris D2095, and over Bedrock D2094.

S30

Earth LocusLocus 2057. Topsoil, D2057, consisted of loose, loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Inclusions comprise of

pebbles and cobbles randomly throughout the locus. The direction of slope is 319°, the depth is 0.348 m and the dimensions are 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width. Top levels were 322.975 (NW), 323.034 (NE), 323.035 (C), 323.031 (SW), and 323.327 (SE). Bottom levels were 322.648 (NW), 322.821 (NE), 322.709 (C), 322.819 (SW), and 323.149 (SE). Topsoil D2057 was above Debris D2082.

Pottery Objects #3194: IA, H, RB Coin (Theodosius I, 383–395 CE): #3180#3215: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, first half of 5th century CE): #3198#3240: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 450–550 CE): #3264#3280: IA, H, RB Roman Glass: #3205 Roman Glass: #3234 Metal Piece: #3210

Locus 2082. Debris, D2082, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/4 brown in color. Inclusions included cobbles and boulders throughout the locus. The direction of slope is 319°, the depth is 0.44 m, and the dimensions are 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width. Top levels were 322.648 (NW), 322.812 (NE), 322.709 (C), 322.819 (SW), and 323.149 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.692 (NW), 322.657 (NE), 322.519 (C), 321.819 (SW), and 322.371 (SE). Debris D2082 was above Debris D2102, Debris D2136, Debris D2137, Installation D2185, Wall D2186, Debris D2168, and above Debris D2082.

Pottery Objects#3267: IA, RB Metal Pin: #3273#3281: IA, H, RB Worked Flint: #3291, #3328, #3347, and #3372#3312: IA, H, RB Glass: #3296#3356: IA, H, RB Roman Glass: #3345 and #3465#3377: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 450–550 CE): #3376#3415: IA, H, RB Small Iron Rod: #3383#3447: IA, H, RB Shell: #3390#3479: H, RB Loom Weight: #3397 Coin (Late Roman, 450–550 CE): #3396

Square S30


Locus 2101. Debris, D2101, consists of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/2 dark greyish brown in color. Inclusions comprise of continuous nari pockets, cobbles, and boulders. The direction of slope was 238°, the depth 0.146 m, and the dimensions were 1.0 m in length and 0.70 m in width. Top levels were 322.646 (NW), 322.657 (NE), 322.592 (C), 322.511 (SW), and 322.565 (SE). Bottom levels were 322.569 (NW), 322.767 (NE), 322.462 (SW), and 322.571 (SE). Debris D2101 was under Debris D2082.

Pottery#3368: IA, H

Locus 2136. Debris, D2136, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/4 brown in color. Inclusions consisted of cobbles and boulders. The direction of slope was 291°, the depth was 0.868 m, and the dimensions were 2.30 m in length and 1.50 m in width. Top levels were 322.194 (NW), 322.289 (NE), 322.287 (C), and 322.271 (S). Bottom levels were 321.882 (E), 321.854 (S), 321.503 (N), and 321.602 (W). Debris D2136 was under Debris D2082, sealed against Installation D2185, Wall D2132, and over Debris D2188.

Pottery Objects#3423: IA, H, RB Earring: #3430#3448: IA, H, RB Piece of Metal: #3431, #3466, #3467, and #3468#3480: IA, H, RB#3514: H, RB

Locus 2137. Debris, D2137, consisted of loose, dry, loom silty-loam soil, 7.5YR 4/4 brown in color. Inclusions consist-ed of cobbles and boulders. The direction of slope was 190°, the depth was 0.724 m, and the dimensions were 3.30 m in length and 0.70 m in width. Top levels were 322.326 (NW), 322.273 (NE), 322.408 (C), 322.202 (SW), and 323.320 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.649 (S), 321.631 (C), and 321.684 (N). Debris L3137 was under Debris D2082 and sealed against Installation D2185, Wall D2186, and Wall D2132.

Pottery Objects#3424: IA, H, RB Roman Glass: #3432 and #3522#3449: MB?, H, RB#3481: RB#3515: IA, H, RB

Locus 2168. Debris, D2168, consisted of loose, dry, loam silty-loam soil, 7.5YR 4/4 brown in color. Inclusions con-sisted of cobbles and boulders. The direction of slope is 319°, the depth is 0.115 m, and the dimensions are 4.0 m in length and 0.89 m in width. Top levels were 321.692 (NW), 321.664 (NE), 321.750 (C), and 321.583 (N). Debris D2168 was under Debris D2082 and sealed against Wall D2186.

Pottery #3513: H, RB#3558: IA, H#3613: IA

Locus 2175. Debris, D2175, was excavated in the north balk. It consisted of loose, dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color. The direction of slope was 266° and the dimensions were 5.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.163 m in depth. Top levels were 323.131 (E) and 322.952 (W). Bottom levels were 322.952 (W) and 322.968 (E). Debris D2175 was over Debris D2175 and contiguous to Debris D2057.

Pottery Objects#3544: IA, H, RB Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #3554#3580: IA, H, ER Piece of Metal: #3569#3557: IA, H Curved Metal Rod: #3572


Locus 2176. Debris, D2176, was excavated in the north balk. It consisted of loose, dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color. The direction of slope was 172°, and the dimensions were 5.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, 0.151 m in depth. Top levels were 323.109 (N) and 323.217 (S). Bottom level was 322.968 (N). Debris D2176 was over Debris D2179 and contiguous to Debris D2057.

Pottery Objects#3545: IA, H, RB Piece of Metal: #3553#3556: H Shoe Nail: #3555 Metal Ring: #3562 Nail: #3570

Locus 2188. Debris, D2188, consisted of loose, dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 light brown in color. Inclusions comprise of boulders. The direction of slope was 291°, the depth was 0.071 m, and the dimensions were 3.0 m in length and 2.0 m in width. Top levels were321.882 (E), 321.845 (S), 321.503 (W), 321.656 (N), and 321.602 (C). Bottom levels were 321.432 (E), 321.614 (W), 321.584 (S), 321.447 (C), and 321.578 (N). Debris D2188 was under Debris D2136, over Debris D2193, and sealed against Wall D2132 and Installation D2185.

Pottery Objects#3579: IA, H, RB Coin (Constantius II, 350–355 CE): #3582#3596: H, RB

Locus 2193. Debris, D2193, consisted of loose, dry, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 light brown in color. Inclusions consisted of boulders. The direction of slope was 291°, depth was 0.635 m, and the dimensions were 3.0 m in length and 2.0 m in width. Top levels were 321.432 (W), 321.584 (S), 321.477 (C), and 321.578 (N). Bottom levels were 320.832 (N), 320.821 (E), 320.777 (C), and 320.897 (S). Debris D2193 was under Debris D2188 and sealed against Installation D2185 and Wall D2132.

Pottery Objects#3607: RB Roman Glass: #3617 and #3687#3625: IA, H, RB Flint: #3688#3670: IA, H, ER, B Pivot Stone: #3690#3708: IA, H Coin (Late Roman, late 4th–5th century CE): #3747#3745: IA, H, RB

Locus 2233. Debris, D2233, consisted of friable, moist, loam silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/4 brown in color. Inclusions consisted of cobbles and boulders. The direction of slope was 350°, the depth was 0.139 m, and the dimen-sions were 1.90 m in length and 1.40 m in width. Top levels were 320.897 (NW), 320.832 (NE), 320.777 (SW), and 320.821 (SE). Bottom levels were 320.855 (N), 320.658 (E), 321.111 (S), 320.896 (W), and 320.691 (C). Debris D2233 was under Debris D2193 and sealed against Wall D2132.

Pottery Objects#3750: H, RB Coin (Julian II, 360–363 CE): #3777 Grinding Stone: #3771

Architectural LocusLocus 2132. Wall, D2132, was built as a retaining wall to the south of the opening to D Cave and also served as part

of the southern wall separating Courtyard B in Building D200 from Room B1. Wall D2132 consisted of 5–7 courses and 1–2 rows of limestone. It is comprised of 85% small boulder and 15% cobbles. Wall D2132 was dry-laid and unhewn with no facing and the construction was boulder and chink. It measured 3.20 m in length, 0.58–1 m in width, and 0.45–1.85 m in height with an orientation of 276°. Top levels were 322.781 (NW), 322.696 (NE), 322.800 (SW), and 322.791 (SE). Bottom levels were 320.824 (W), 321.105 (C), and 321.501 (E). Wall D2132 was under debris D2057, cut Debris D2082, Debris D2136,


Debris D2137, Debris D2188, and Debris D2193, and was abutted by Wall D2186.

Pottery#3416: H

Locus 2186. Wall, D2186, was built in a curve around the opening of D Cave and consisted of 1 course and 2 rows of limestone. It is comprised of 90% small boulders and 10% cobbles. Wall D2186 was dry-laid and unhewn with no facing. The construction was boulder and chink. It measured 7.23 m in length, 0.30–0.80 m in width, and 0.30–0.60 m in height with an orientation of 70°. Top level was 322.339 (N), 322.165 (C), and 322.810 (S). Bottom levels were 322.531 (S), 321.696 (C), and 321.867 (N). Wall D2186 was under Debris D2082, cut Debris D2137 and Debris D2168 and abutted Wall D2132.

Locus 2242. Wall, D2242, consisted of 1 course and 1 row of limestone. Wall D2242 comprised of small boulders. It was dry-laid and with no facing. The construction was boulder and chink. It measured 1.30 m in length, 0.20–0.30 m in width, and 0.20–0.30 m in height with an orientation of 170°. Top levels were 320.955 (NW), 320.953 (NE), 320.880 (SE), and 320.993 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.883 (S) and 320.743 (N). Wall D2242 was under Debris D2193 and cut Debris D2233.

Installation LocusLocus 2185. Installation, D2185, consisted of 1 course and 1 row of limestone and earth. The installation was dry-laid,

unhewn, and curvilinear. It measured 1.50 m in length, 0.40–0.60 m in width, and 0.20–0.40 m in height, and its orientation was 178°. Top levels were 322.334 (N), 322.248 (S), and 322.248 (E). Bottom levels were 321.763 (N), 321.516 (C), and 321.489 (S). Installation D2185 was under Debris D2082, cut Debris D2136, Debris D2188, Debris D2193, and abutted Wall D2132.

Pottery#3755: IA, H, R

S31

Earth Locus Locus 2002. Topsoil, D2002, consisted of silty loam 10YR 5/3 brown in color with an average of 4 pebbles and 2

cobbles per bucket. Topsoil D2002 formed an L-shape layer along the north and east side of Square S31, extending about one and a half m inward from the north and east balks. The soil became somewhat more compact at a depth of about 10 cm below the natural surface but was otherwise undifferentiated from the surface soil. Moderate amount of potsherds were found in Topsoil T2002, representing all major periods from Iron Age IIA through the Islamic period. A single Roman shoe nail was discovered. Top levels were 322.613 (NW), 323.036 (NE), and 322.946 (SE). Bottom levels were 322.399 (NW), 322.621 (NE), and 322.719 (SE). Topsoil D2202 was above Debris D2004, Debris D2011, Wall D2017, and Debris D2026.

Pottery Objects#3001: IA, H Roman Shoe Nail: #3020#3011: IA, H, RB, I#3023: RB#3037: H, RB

Locus 2004. Debris, D2004, consisted of large to medium size cobbles in a matrix of silty loam 10YR 5/3 brown in color. It covered two-thirds of Square S31. Removal of Topsoil D2002 revealed Debris D2004 to be a gen-tly sloping locus consisting of cobble inclusions with its highest point about 1.50 m from the south balk and slightly less than 1.0 m from the west balk. Top levels were 322.424 (SW) and 322.725 (C). Bottom levels were 322.057 (SW) and 322.102 (C). Debris D2004 was under Topsoil D2002, over Debris D2026,

Square S31


and sealed against Wall D2017.

Pottery Objects#3002: IA, H, RB Nail: #3024 and #308#3038: IA, RB Glass Fragment: #3030, #3043, and #3044#3046: IA, H, RB Iron Fragment: #3051#3064: IA, H, RB Basalt Fragment: #3069#3079: IA, H, RB

Locus 2011. Debris, D2011, consisted of silty loam 10YR 6/3 pale brown in color covered a narrow strip along the north side of Square S31. It was distinguished from topsoil by a slight change of color and by a row of stones, Wall D2017, which was exposed to the south of Debris D2011 by the removal of Topsoil D2002. Unlike cobble Debris D2004 which lay on the south side of Wall D2017, Debris D2011 contained no cobble and few pebbles, especially at the west end of the locus. At the east end of the locus, a small pocket of cobble Debris D2014, very similar to D2004 was found below Topsoil D2002 and Debris D2011, but most of the cobble debris seems to have been restricted to the south of this area by Wall D2017. Since D2011 was excavated from west to east, cobble Debris D2014 was not identified until much of D2011 had been removed. Top levels were 322.399 (W) and 322.621 (E). Debris D2011 was under Topsoil D2002 and Debris D2014, sealed against Wall D2017, and Debris D2026.

Pottery Objects#3045: IA, H, RB Roman Glass Fragment: #3076#3068: IA, H, RB#3095: IA, H, RB

Locus 2014. Debris, D2014, was a small pocket of large cobble and pebble, identical in consistency of material to De-bris D2004, of which it should probably be regarded as an outlier. The soil was 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Top level was 322.621. Debris D2014 was under Topsoil D2002 and over Debris D2011.

Pottery Objects#3056: IA H, RB, I Iron Fragment: #3057

Locus 2026 (2029, 2055, and 2097). Debris, D2026, consisted of silty loam 10YR 4/3 brown in color, extending over most of the square. Debris D2026 lacked the large cobble of Debris D2004, which lay just over it. Bones were found infrequently and only in the lowest level. Top levels were 322.057 (SW), 322.390 (NW), 322.587 (NE), and 322.273 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.539 (SE) and 321.447 (SW). Debris D2026 was under Debris D2004, Wall D2017, and Debris D2011. Excavation of Debris D2026 was halted before bedrock was reached in most of the locus.

Pottery Objects#3088: IA, H Nail: #3089. #3258#3096: IA, H, RB Glass Fragment: #3090. #3205#3135: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 5th–early 6th century CE): #3121#3140: IA, H, RB Bronze Decoration: #3130#3103: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, first half of 5th century CE): #3198#3122: H, RB Metal Fragment: #3210, #3259, and #3260#3191: IA, H, RB Flint Microlith: #3223#3192: IA, H, RB Lead Ornament: #3265#3194: IA, H, RB Broken Ballista: #3270#3214: IA, H, RB Coin (Philistia, mid-4th century BCE): #3327#3244: IA, H Worked Stone Weight?: #3384#3292: IA, H#3319: IA, H


#3358: IA, H

Locus 2115. Debris, D2115, was excavated between the south end of Wall D2044 and the north end of Wall D2008 above Threshold D2199 leading down into Room B3. It was comprised of irregular stone and 10YR 6/3 grayish brown soil. Debris D2115 was 0.90 m in width and 0.70 m in length. The secondary debris was removed by the excavation director and very little pottery was recovered. The few sherds found were all from the Late Persian–Early Hellenistic period. Top levels were 321.742 (NW), 321.252 (NE), 321.217 (SE), and 321.081 (SW). Debris D2115 was located between Wall D2044 and Wall D2008 and is sealed against by Debris D2026.

Pottery#3590: H

Locus 2134. Debris, D2134, formed the part of the north balk of Square S31 which remained in place until the be-ginning of the 2010 season. It consisted of 10YR 6/3 in color, closely resembling Debris D2026 which adjoins it. Top levels were 321.790 (NW), 321.847 (SE), and 321.583 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.155 (NW), 321.417 (E). Debris D2134 was contiguous to Debris D2026.

Pottery Objects#3419: IA, H Coin (Ptolemy II, 276/5 BCE): #3426 Coin (Ptolemy I, 294–283 BCE): #3427

Locus 2178. Debris, D2178, was the upper layer of the east balk of Square S31 and consisted of silty loam 10YR 5/3 brown in color with extensive inclusions of cobbles and pebbles. It measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width, and 0.50 m in depth. Top levels were 322.946 (S) and 323.036 (N). Bottom levels were 322.363 (S) and 322.506 (N). Debris D2178 was over Debris D2190.

Pottery#3547: IA, H, RB#3587: IA, H

Locus 2190. Debris, D2190, was the final level in the east balk and consisted of silty loam 10YR 5/3 brown in color soil. It measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width, and 0.38 m in depth. Top levels were 322.363 (S) and 322.506 (N). Bottom levels were 321.980 (N) and 322.041 (S). Debris D2190 was under Debris D2178 and over Debris D2203.

Pottery Objects#3584: H, RB Nail: #3585#3600: IA, H, RB

Locus 2203 (2194). Debris, D2203, consisted of silty loam 10YR 5/3 brown in color soil. Top levels were 321.980 (N) and 322.041 (S). Bottom levels were 321.481 (N) and 321.761 (S). Debris D2203 was under Debris D2190 and sealed against Debris D2026.

Pottery Objects#3609: H Coin (Yehud, mid-4th century BCE): #3628#3613: IA Coin (Constantius II, 351–361 CE): #3629#3624: IA, H Basalt Grinding Stone: #3653#3639: IA, H#3643: IA#3659: IA#3660: IA#3676: IA


#3677: IA#3679: IA

Architectural LocusLocus 2017. Wall, D2017, consisted of a single row of small boulders extending through Square S31 from the east

balk to the west balk. This was a single course of unhewn, dry-laid and unchinked boulders about 3.80 m in length and 0.40 m–0.60 m in width. The difference in the stone inclusions between Debris D2004, south of Wall D2017 and Debris D2011, north of Wall D2017 suggests that this was a terrace wall or a retaining wall intended to separate the cobble debris from the less stony soil. Top levels were 322.719 (W) and 322.424 (E). Wall D2017 was under Topsoil D2002 and sealed against by Debris D2004 and Debris D2011 and over Debris D2029.

Pottery#3095: H, RB#3074: IA, RB

Locus 2044. Wall, D2044 (B256), was the southern wall of Courtyard B in Building D200 and consisted of boulder and chink construction of unhewn, dry-laid limestone boulders and large cobble, chinked with cobble and large pebbles, lying at an orientation of 355 degrees. Wall D2044 measured 4.10 m in length and 0.90 m–0.70 m in width, and 1.45 m in height. Examination of the west side of Wall D2044 in Square S32 showed that Wall D2044 was preserved to a greater height. Top levels were 321.585 (NW), 321.734 (NE), 321.656 (SE), and 321.742 (SW). Wall D2044 was under Debris D2004, sealed against by Debris D2026, and cut by Doorway D2115.

Pottery#3332: IA, H

Locus 2074. Wall, D2074 (B265), was built as a doubling reinforcement of Wall D2044 and consisted of large cobble and small boulder in a matrix of 10YR 5/2 grayish brown and silty loam soil. Like Wall D2044, Wall D2074 consisted entirely of unhewn, dry-laid limestone. Wall D2074 measured 2.25 m in length and 0.76 m–0.65 m in width, and 0.42 m in height. Top levels were 321.645 (NW), 321.612 (NE), 321.331 (SE), and 321.425 (SW). Wall D2074 was under Debris D2004, sealed against Wall D2044, and was sealed against by Debris D2026.

Pottery#3293: IA, H, RB#3359: IA, H#3441: IA, H

Locus 2199. Threshold, D2199, consisted of two moderate-sized unhewn limestone boulders, dry-laid at the bottom of the doorway between Walls D2044 and D2008 forming a two-level step down into Room B3. It measured 0.90 m in length and 0.70 m in width. Top levels were 320.865 (NW) 321.252 (NE), 321.217 (SE), and 321.081 (SW). Threshold D2199 was under Debris D2115, abutted Wall D2044 and Wall D2008, and sealed against Debris D2026.

S32

Earth LocusLocus 2000. Topsoil, D2000, consisted of dry, loose, loam silty-loam, 10YR 5/3 brown in color soil. It measured 4.0 m

in length and 4.19 m in width, and 0.17 m–0.57 m in depth. It included pebbles and cobbles unevenly dis-tributed throughout the locus. Top levels were 322.193 (SE), 321.803 (SW), 322.325 (NE), and 321.919 (NW). Bottom levels were 322.014 (SE), 321.573 (SW), 321.846 (NE), and 321.558 (NW).Topsoil D2000

Square S32


was over Debris D2018, Topsoil D2010, Wall D2031 and Debris D2032.

Pottery Objects#3000: MB, IA, H, R, RB Roman Glass: #3005 and #3007#3014: IA, H, RB Metal: #3017#3021: IA, H, RB Shoe Nail: #3025#3031: IA, H, RB Bronze piece: #3026#3048: IA, H, RB, Ottoman Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, ca. 103–80 BCE): #3027 Coin (Yehud, mid 4th century BCE): #3055 Coin (Late Roman, late 4th-century CE): #3060

Locus 2010. Topsoil, D2010, consisted of dry, loam silty-loam, loose, and 10YR 6/3 pale brown soil. Topsoil D2010 measured 0.94 m in length, 1.06 m in width and 0.10 m in depth. Top level was 322.126 (SE). Bottom level was 322.024 (SE). Topsoil was under Topsoil D2000, over Debris D2025, D2037, D2041 and con-tiguous to Topsoil D2000 and Debris D2012.

Pottery#3035: H, RB

Locus 2012. Debris, D2012, consisted of dry, friable, loam silty-loam and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. It measured 4 m in length, 0.30 m in width, and between 0.40 m and 0.68 m in depth. Top levels were 321.919 (NW) and 322.193 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.511 (NW) and 321.474 (SW). Debris D2012 was over Debris D2018, D2039, and Wall D2042, equals to Topsoil D2000, contiguous to Topsoil D2000 and D2010, and sealed against Wall D2005.

Pottery Objects#3049: IA, H, RB Piece of Iron: #3061 Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #3058

Locus 2018. Debris, D2018, consisted of loose, moist, loam silty-loam, and 10YR 4/3 brown soil. It measured 4.0 m in length, 1.46 m in width, and between 0.88–1.0 m in depth. Top levels were 321.468 (SW), 321.573 (SE), 321.550 (NW), and 321.558 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.493 (SW), 320.554 (SE), 320.670 (NW), and 320.625 (NE). Debris D2018 was under Debris D2012, over Debris D2039 and L3041, contiguous to Debris D2032, and sealed against Walls D2031 and D2005.

Pottery Objects#3065: IA, H, RB Semi complete vessel: #3138#3106: IA, H, RB Basalt grinding stone: #3177#3110: H#3141: IA, H

Locus 2025. Debris, D2025, consisted of crumbly, moist, sandy clay loam, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown soil. It measured 3.75 m in length, between 1.5–2.0 m in width, and 0.88 m–1.11 m in depth. Debris D2025 appears to be a large collapse from Wall 2031. Top levels were 321.846 (NE), 322.014 (SE), 321.693 (NW), and 321.752 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.832 (NE), 320.902 (SE), 320.809 (NW), and 320.858 (SW). Debris D2025 was under Topsoil D2000 and D2010, over Debris D2037, equal to Debris D2032, contiguous to Debris D2018 and D2032, and sealed against Wall D2031.

Pottery Objects#3080: H, RB Stone Basin: #3136#3111: IA, H

Locus 2032. Debris, D2032, consisted of crumbly, moist, sand clay loam, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. It measured 0.87 m


in length, 1.20 m in width and 1.01–1.10 m in depth. Debris D2032 was the debris found in the doorway of the casemate. Top levels were 321.529 (NE), 321.534 (NW), 321.530 (C), 321.595 (SE), and 321.526 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.513 (NE), 320.434 (NW), 320.520 (C), 320.500 (SE), and 320.445 (SW). Debris D2032 was under Topsoil D2000, over Debris D2045, equal to Debris D2025, contiguous to De-bris D2025, D2018, D2037, D2039, and sealed against Wall D2031.

Pottery Objects#3117: IA, H Coin (Ptolemy I, 305–295 BCE): #3158#3156: N/A

Locus 2037. Debris, D2037, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam, and 10YR 4/3 brown soil. It measured 3.80 m in length, 0.95 m in width, and 0.23 m–0.29 m in depth. Debris D2037 contained cobbles throughout the en-tire locus. Top levels were 320.832 (NE), 320.809 (NW), 320.878 (C), 320.902 (SE), and 320.858 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.561 (NE), 320.517 (NW), 320.608 (C), 320.667 (SE), and 320.626 (SW). Debris D2037 was under Topsoil D2000, D2010, and Debris D2025, over Debris D2041, contiguous to debris D2032 and D2039, and sealed against Wall D2031.

Pottery#3137: H#3142: IA, H

Locus 2039. Debris, D2039, consisted of loose, moist, loam silty-loam, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown soil. It measured 2.66 m in length and 1.66 m in width. Debris D2039 contained pebbles and cobbles throughout the entire locus. Top levels were 320.624 (NE), 320.670 (NW), 320493 (SW), 320.554 (SE), and 320.566 (C). Bottom levels were 320.321 (NE), 320.292 (NW), 320.118 (SW), 320.220 (SE), and 320.197 (C). Debris D2039 was under Debris D2018 and D2012, contiguous to Debris D2032, and sealed against Walls D2031 and D2042.

Pottery#3146: IA, H#3157: IA, H

Locus 2041. Debris, D2041, consisted of firm, moist, loam silty-loam, and 5YR 3/4 dark reddish brown soil. It con-tained pebbles and cobbles throughout the entire locus. It measured 3.80 m in length, 0.95 m in width, and 0.03–0.21 m in depth. Debris D2041 is the small layer that is just above bedrock to the east of Wall D2031. Top levels were 320.561 (NE), 320.517 (NW), 320.626 (SW), 320.667 (SE), and 320.608 (C). Bottom levels were 320.423 (NE), 320.483 (NW), 320.438 (SW), 320.457 (SE), and 320.419 (C). Debris D2041 was under Debris D2037, over Debris D2043, and sealed against Wall D2031.

Pottery#3147: **Missing

Locus 2043. Debris, D2043, consisted of gravelly, moist, loam silty-loam, and 5YR 3/3 dark reddish brown soil. It mea-sured 3.80 m in length, and 0.95 m in width. Debris D2043 contained cobbles throughout the entire locus. Top levels were 320.423 (NE), 320.483 (NW), 320.153 (SW), 320.397 (SE), and 320.419 (C). Bottom levels were 320.240 (NE), 320.297 (NW), 320.153 (SW) 320.397 (SE), and 320.465 (C). Debris D2043 was under Debris D2041, equal to Debris D2041, and sealed against Wall D2031.

Pottery#3153: IA (Predom), H, MB?#3173: MB (cooking pot), IA, H

Locus 2045. Debris, D2045, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam, and 10YR 6/3 pale brown soil. It measured 1.0 m in


length and 1.42 m in width. Top levels were 320.531 (NE), 320.434 (NW), 320.445 (SW), 320.500 (SE), and 320.520 (C). Bottom levels were 320.268 (NE), 320.293 (NW), 320.405 (SW), and 320.194 (SE). Debris D2045 was under Debris D2032 and sealed against Wall D2031.

Pottery Objects#3162: IA Chalice: #3164

Locus 2049 (2110). Topsoil, D2049, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color, beaten and firm in hardness and compactness. Topsoil D2049 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 1.05–1.14 m in depth. Top levels were 322.325 (N) and 322.193 (S). Bottom levels were 321.185 (N) and 321.136 (S). Topsoil D2049 was above Debris D2113, contiguous to Debris D2050, sealed against the top portion of Installation 2135.

Pottery Objects#3204: IA, H Grinding Stones: #3208 and #3364#3208: IA, H, RB Ballista: #3219#3213: IA, H, RB Roof Roller: #3366#3363: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2050 (2111). Topsoil, D2050, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color, and beaten and firm in hardness and compactness. Topsoil D2050 measured 5.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.63–1.16 m in depth. Top levels were 322.325 (E), 322.059 (C), and 321.919 (W). Bottom levels were 321.158 (E), 320.915 (C), and 321.290 (W). Topsoil D2050 was above Debris D2088, over Debris 2112, and contigu-ous to Debris D2049.

Pottery Objects#3209: IA, H, RB Iron Nail: #3367#3365: IA, H

Locus 2065. Debris, D2065, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 6/3 pale brown in color, and loose in hardness and compactness. Debris D2065 measured 1.52 m in length, 1.02 m in width, and 0.15–0.23 m in depth. Debris D2065 contained a significant amount of medium-to-large cobblestone inclusions randomly dis-tributed throughout the locus. Top levels were 320.127 (W) and 320.236 (E). Bottom levels were 320.019 (W) and 320.158 (E). Debris D2065 was under Debris D2039, over Debris D2075, and sealed against Wall D2005, D2182, D2042, and D2048.

Pottery#3222: IA, H#3245: IA (Predom), H

Locus 2075. Debris, D2075, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color, and loose in hardness and compactness. Debris D2075 measured 1.57 m in length, 1.01 m in width, and 0.20–0.31 m in depth. De-bris D2075 contained a minimal amount of large cobblestone inclusions randomly distributed in the locus. Top levels were 319.977 (W) and 320.008 (E). Bottom levels were 319.776 (W) and 319.695 (E). Debris D2075 was under Debris D2065, over Bedrock D2091, and sealed against Wall D2005, D2182, D2042, and D2048.

Pottery Objects#3253: IA, H Grinding Stone: #3257#3276: H

Locus 2088. Debris, D2088, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 in color, and loose in hardness and compact-ness. Debris D2088 measured 1.62 m in length, 1.12 m in width, and 0.31–0.56 m in depth. Debris D2088


contained a moderate amount of medium-to-large cobblestone inclusions randomly distributed throughout the locus. Top levels were 321.357 (NW), 321.290 (SW), 321.452 (SE), and 321.493 (NE). Bottom levels were 321.040 (NW), 321.009 (SW), 320.988 (SE), and 320.935 (NE). Debris D2088 was under Debris D2050, over Debris D2096, and sealed against Wall D2005 and D2031.

Pottery#3291: IA, H

Locus 2091. Bedrock, D2091, was under Debris D2075 and Debris D2144 in between the casemates Wall D2005 and D2031.

Locus 2096 (2099, 2109). Debris, D2096 consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and average uncompacted and crumbly in hardness and compactness. Debris D2096 measured 1.62 m in length, 0.95 m in length, and 0.89–1.03 m in depth. Debris D2096 contained a significant amount of medium-to-large cobblestone and small boulder inclusions randomly distributed throughout the locus. Debris D2096 was changed to D2099, and D2099 subsequently to D2109, because of slight changes in soil consistency and the appearance of flat-laying pottery. Despite these minor variations no surface was found, therefore Debris D2096 equaled D2099 and D2109. Top levels were 321.040 (NW), 321.009 (SW), 320.988 (SE), and 320.935 (NE). Bottom levels were 319.978 (W) and 320.095 (E).Debris D2096 was under Debris D2088, over Debris D2144, and sealed against Wall D2005 and D2031.

Pottery Objects#3313: IA (1), H (Predom) Iron Slag: #3344

Locus 2108. Bedrock, D2108, was under Debris D2043, Debris D2148, and Debris D2147.

Locus 2112. Debris, D2112, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color, and loose in hardness and com-pactness. Debris D2112 measured 2.6 m in length, 1.3 m in width, and 0.04–0.16 m in depth. Top levels were 321.079 (NW), 320.915 (SW), 321.158 (SE), and 321.099 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.918 (NW), 320.870 (SW), 320.992 (SE), and 321.042 (NE). Debris D2112 was under Debris D2050, over Debris D2126, contiguous to Debris D2113, and sealed against Wall D2031, Installation D2135, and Wall D2074.

Pottery Objects#3370: H Flint Blade: #3411 Coin (Yehud, late 4th century BCE): #3382

Locus 2113. Debris, D2113, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color, and loose in hardness and com-pactness. Debris D2113 measured 3.7 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.07–0.25 m in depth. Top levels were 321.185 (NW), 321.119 (SW), 321.059 (SE), and 321.136 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.935 (NW), 320.886 (SW), 320.993 (SE), and 320.950 (NE). Debris D2113 was under Debris D2110, over Debris D2128, contiguous to Debris D2112, and sealed against Wall D2074 in S31.

Pottery#3371: H, RB

Locus 2126. Debris, D2126, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color, and average un-compacted and crumbly in hardness and compactness. Debris D2126 measured 2.60 m in length, 1.10 m in width, and 0.46–0.58 m in depth. Top levels were 320.918 (NW), 320.087 (SW), 320.992 (SE), 321.042 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.455 (NW), 320.532 (SW), 320.443 (SE), 320.539 (NE). Debris D2126 was under Debris D2112, over Surface D2131, contiguous to Debris D2128, and sealed against Wall D2031, Installation D2135 and Wall D2074 in S31.

Pottery


#3392: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2128. Debris, D2128, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and average uncompacted and crumbly in hardness and compactness. Debris D2128 measured 3.70 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.06–0.23 m in depth. Top levels were 320.935 (NW), 320.886 (SW), 320.993 (SE), and 320.950 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.871 (NW), 320.723 (SW), 320.764 (SE), and 320.851 (NE). Debris D2128 was under Debris D2113, over Surface D2133, contiguous to Debris D2126, and sealed against Wall D2074 in S31.


Locus 2129. Debris, D2129, consisted of moist, silty-loam, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color, and average uncom-pacted and crumbly in hardness and compactness. Debris D2129 measured 2.05 m in length, 1.58 in width, and 0.16–0.30 m in depth. Debris D2129 contained a moderate amount of small-to-large cob-blestone inclusions randomly distributed throughout the locus. Top levels were 320.276 (NW), 320.305 (SW), 320.290 (SE), 320.251 (NE). Bottom levels were 319.978 (NW), 320.016 (SW), 320.065 (SE), and 320.095 (NE). Debris D2129 was under Debris D2039, over Debris D2144, and sealed against Wall D2005, D2031, and D2048.

Pottery#3394: EP, H#3422: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2131. Surface, D2131, consisted of moist, silty-loam was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and beaten and friable in hardness and compactness. Surface D2131 measured 2.60 m in length, 1.10 m in width, and 0.07–0.28 m in depth. Surface D2131 contained a moderate amount of ash pockets and charcoal (es-pecially to the east of the locus) and a significant amount of flat-lying pottery on the surface. Top levels were 320.455 (NW), 320.532 (SW), 320.443 (SE), and 320.539 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.224 (NW), 320.252 (SW), 320.355 (SE), and 320.474 (NE). Surface D2131 was under Debris D2126, over Surface D2143, contiguous to Surface D2133, and sealed against Wall D2031

Pottery Objects#3401: IA, H (Predom) Spindle Whorl: #3404#3418: H

Locus 2133. Surface, D2133, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and beaten and firm in hardness and compactness. Surface D2133 measured 3.70 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.36–0.50 m in depth. Surface D2133 contained a moderate amount of ash pockets and charcoal (espe-cially in the north and south ends) and minimal amount of flat-lying pottery on the surface. Top levels were 320.871 (NW), 320.723 (SW), 320.764 (SE), and 320.851 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.510 (NW), 320.229 (SW), 320.288 (SE), and 320.362 (NE). Surface D2133 was under Debris D2128, over Debris D2139, contiguous to Surface D2131, and sealed against Wall D2074 in S31.


Locus 2139. Debris, D2139, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 3/2 very dark greyish brown in color, and aver-age uncompacted and loose in hardness and compactness. Debris D2139 measured 3.70 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.03–0.30 m in depth. The darker, greyish soil may be explained by an abundance of ash


pockets. Top levels were 320.510 (NW), 320.229 (SW), 320.288 (SE), and 320.362 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.209 (NW), 320.191 (SW), 320.198 (SE), and 320.290 (NE). Debris D2139 was under Surface D2133, over Debris D2148, contiguous to Surface D2143, and sealed against Wall D2074 in S31.

Pottery#3429: IA, EP, H (Predom)

Locus 2143. Surface, D2143 consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 3/2 very dark greyish brown in color, and beaten and firm in hardness and compactness. Surface D2143 measured 2.60 m in length, 1.10 m in width, and 0.02–0.17 m in depth. It is unclear whether 2143 is a continuation of Surface 2131 or a different floor altogether. The darker, greyish soil may be explained by an abundance of ash pockets and charcoal. Top levels were 320.224 (NW), 320.252 (SW), 320.355 (SE), and 320.474 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.209 (NW), 320.219 (SW), 320.258 (SE), and 320.306 (NE). Surface D2143 was under Surface D2131, over Debris D2147, contiguous to Debris D2139, and sealed against Wall D2031.

Pottery#3437: IA (1), H

Locus 2144. Debris, D2144, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color, and loose in hard-ness and compactness. Debris D2144 measured 3.0 m in length, 1.55 in width, and 0.12–0.48 m in depth. Debris D2144 contained a moderate amount of small-to-large cobblestone inclusions randomly distrib-uted throughout the locus. Top levels were 319.978 (NW), 320.016 (SW), 320.065 (SE), and 320.095 (NE). Bottom levels were 319.497 (NW), 319.825 (SW), 319.752 (SE), and 319.979 (NE). Debris D2144 was under Debris D2129, under Debris D2109, over Bedrock D2091, and sealed against Wall D2005, D2031, and D2048.

Pottery#3438: IA#3943: IA (Predom), H

Locus 2147. Debris, D2147, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 7.5YR 4/4 brown in color, and beaten and friable in hardness and compactness. Debris D2147 measured 2.60 m in length and 1.10 m in width. This layer is primarily composed of terra rosa material mixed with debris sitting right on bedrock. Top levels were 320.209 (NW), 320.219 (SW), 320.258 (SE), and 320.306 (NE). Debris D2147 was under Surface D2143, over Bedrock D2108, contiguous to Debris D2148, and sealed against Surface D2031.

Pottery#3532: IA

Locus 2148. Debris, D2148, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 7.5YR 3/3 dark yellowish brown in color, and beaten and friable in hardness and compactness. Debris D2148 measured 3.70 m in length and 1.0 m in width. This layer is primarily composed of terra rosa material mixed with debris sitting right on bedrock. Top levels were 320.209 (NW), 320.191 (SW), 320.198 (SE), and 320.290 (NE). Debris D2148 was under Debris D2139, over Bedrock D2108, contiguous to Debris D2147, and sealed against Wall D2074 in Square S31.


Installation LocusLocus 2135. Installation, D2135, was a box-like feature constructed of three erect stones facing each other and abutting


a wall that functions as the fourth side of the box. The stones were boulder size and semi-hewn to have one (mostly) flat side. The stones were not fitted in such a way to seal the soil inside of the installation, thus the material inside the installation was identical to the material outside. Installation D2135 measured 0.77 m in length, 0.63–0.70 m in width, and 0.38–0.47 in height. Top levels were 321.232, 321.121, and 321.200. Installation D2135 was under Debris D2050, over Surface D2131, and abutting Wall D2074 in S31.

Architectural LocusLocus 2182. Threshold, D2182, was the threshold leading into the first casemate room south of the western gate and

consisted of 3–4 courses tall of limestone boulders and its purpose was to level the entryway with Bedrock D2108. About one fourth of the stones were semi-hewn and the top (threshold) stone had a flat, smooth surface. Wall D2182 was 0.75 m long, 0.26–0.47 m wide, and 0.66–0.88 m in high. Wall D2182 was un-der Debris D2045, over Bedrock D2091, abutted Wall D2031, and was sealed against by Debris D2039, D2065, and D2075.

Locus 2005. Wall, D2005, was the upper outer periphery wall constructed immediately above the Iron Age IIA outer casemate wall and consisted of 2 rows of limestone boulders dry-laid and unhewn. It measure 3.76 m in length, between 1.50 m and 1.65 m in width. Top levels were 321.321 (N) and 321.085 (S). Wall D2005 sealed against by Debris D2012 and bonded to Wall D2042.

Locus 2031. Wall, D2031 (B315), was the inner casemate wall of the first casemate south of the western gate and consisted of 4–5 courses and 2 rows of unhewn and dry-laid limestone boulders. It measured 3.90 m in length, between 1.25 m and 1.45 m in width, and between 1.31 m and 1.67 m in height. Only half of the partial superstructure was preserved of the inner casemate wall. Top levels were 321.689 (NE), 321.646 (NW), 321.288 (SW), 321.622 (SE), and 321.682 (C). Wall D2031 was under Topsoil D2000, cuts Topsoil D2000, and cut by Debris D2032.

Locus 2042. Wall, D2042, was the closing wall of the first casemate room south of the western gate and consisted of 2 rows of dry-laid and unhewn limestone boulders. It measured 1.25 m in length and between 1.35 m and 1.45 m in width. Top levels were 321.125 (NE), 321.134 (NW), 321.168 (SW), 321.158 (SE), and 321.073 (C). Wall D2042 was under Debris D2018, abutted Wall D2005, and bonded to Wall D2031.

Locus D2048. Wall, D2048, was a dividing wall placed inside the first casemate room south of the western gate in the Late Persian–Early Hellenistic period and consisted of one row of stacked, small to medium limestone boulders. Top levels were 320.591 (NW), 320.591 (NE), and 320.633 (C). Wall D2048 was under Debris D2039, cut Debris D2039, and abutted Walls D2031 and D2005.

T29

Earth LocusLocus 2130. Topsoil, D2130, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions

included random pebbles (2 per 25 cm) and cobbles (2 per 25 cm). Debris D2130 was found across the entire area of the square and measured 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width. Top levels were 323.403 (NW), 323.545 (NE), 323.499 (C), 323.528 (SW), and 323.941 (SE). Bottom levels were 323.311 (NW), 323.453 (NE), 323.414 (C), 323.285 (SW), and 323.378 (SE). Debris D2130 was closed with the discovery of Wall D2141. Debris D2130 sealed against top of Wall D2141 and Wall D2146 near the western balk. Debris D2130 was over Debris D2140 in the western 0.70 m of the square north of Wall D2146, and Debris D2142 in the eastern 2.0 m and southern 1.0 m

Pottery Objects#3399: IA, H Bronze Pin: #3407Bronze Fragment: #3409

Square T29


Locus 2140. Topsoil, D2140, was the continuation of D2130 on the west side of Wall D2141. It consists of loose, loam silty-loam soil 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included random pebbles (30 per 25 cm). Debris D2140 measured 0.70 m in length and 2.0 m in width and was situated between Wall D2141 and the west balk to a depth of 0.90 m. Top Levels were 323.453 (N) and 323.179 (S). Bottom levels were 322.409 (N) and 322.389 (S). Debris D2140 was under Topsoil D2130, sealed against Wall D2141 and Wall D2146, and was contiguous to Debris D2171.

Pottery Objects#3435: H Coin (Roman or Late Roman; 1st century BCE–#3450: IA, H 1st century CE, or 5th century CE?): #3433

Locus 2142. Debris, D2142, was the continuation of Debris D2130 on the east side of Wall D2141. It consists of loose, loam silty-loam soil 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included random pebbles (30 per 25 cm). Debris D2140 was found in the area between Wall D2141 and the east balk and Wall D2146 and the south balk to a depth of 0.84 m. Top levels were 323.292 (SE), 323.266 (NE), 323.208 (NW), and 323.194 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.584 (SW), 322.717 (NW), and 322.655 (NE). Debris D2142 was under Topsoil D2130, sealed against D2141 and D2146, equaled Debris D2156, was contiguous to Debris D2171, was over Bedrock D2174 in the eastern half of the square, and over Threshold D2314.

Pottery Objects#3436: IA, H (Predom) Metal Spoon: #3434#3451: IA, H (Predom) Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 104/3–80/79 BCE): #3440#3458: IA, H Ballista: #3461#3477: IA, H Roman Medallion: #3463 Lead Piece: #3471 Iron Ring: #3537

Locus 2156. Debris, D2156 was located on the west side of Wall D2141 and was excavated to bring the level of the area next to Wall D2141 even with the bedrock. It consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil 10YR 5/3 yellow-ish brown with no inclusions. A section of small flat lying cobbles were found at the level of the bedrock. Debris D2140 was found in the area between Wall D2141 and the east bedrock. Top levels were 322.909 (N), 322.89 (S). Bottom levels were 322.591 (N), 322.687 (S). Debris D2156 seals against Wall D2141, is under Debris D2142, and over Bedrock D2174.

Pottery#3470: IA, H

Locus 2171. Debris, D2171, was the north balk of Square T29 and was removed as a single locus. It consists of loose, loam silty-loam soil 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included pebble and cobble through-out the square. It measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width. Debris D2171 was contiguous to Debris 2130, Debris 2140, Debris 2142, and Debris 2156, and sealed against Wall D2141 as it continues into Square S29.

Pottery Objects#3525: IA, H, RB Bronze Arrowhead: #3528

Locus 2174. Bedrock, D2174, was exposed in the eastern area of the square. Bedrock D2174 was under Debris D2140, Wall D2141, Debris D2142, and Debris D2156.

Architectural Locus Locus 2141. Wall, D2141 (D2114), was the eastern wall continuation of Courtyard B in Building D200 after a break in


the architecture between Wall D2062 and Wall D2141/2114 and consisted of two rows of small, dry-laid, unfaced boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to two courses resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was dry-laid boulder and chink. Wall D2141 was found to be 2.49 m in length and 0.78 to 0.59 m in width with an orientation of 355 degrees. Wall D2141 had a downward slope of 3 degrees to the south along its orientation. Top levels of the wall were 323.308 (N) and 323.179 (S). Wall D2141 abutted Wall D2146, was sealed against by Debris D2140 on the West and Debris D2142 and Debris D2156 on the east, and was over Bedrock D2174.

Locus 2146. Wall, D2146, abutted Wall D2141 at a right angle to form the northern wall of Room B1 in Building D200. It consisted of two rows of small, dry-laid, unfaced boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to three to four courses resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was dry-laid boulder and chink. Wall D2146 was found to be 1.80 m in length and 0.59 m in width on an orientation of 265 degrees. Top levels of the wall were 323.245 (E) and 323.339 (S). Wall D2146 was abutted by Wall D2141 and Threshold D2314, was sealed against by Debris D2140 on the west and Debris D2142 on the east, and was over Bedrock D2174.

Locus 2314. Threshold, D2314, was found after the removal of the north balk of Square U29 exposed where the south-ern stones of the threshold joined Wall D2232 located in the balk. It consisted of two rows of dry laid, unhewn limestone cobbles and extended to the north to meet Wall D2146. It measured 1.25 m in length and 0.75–0.55 m in width with an orientation of 345 degrees. Threshold D2314 was under Debris D2142 and abuts Wall D2146.

T30

Earth Locus Locus 2053. Topsoil, D2053, consisted of loose, sandy clay-loam soil, and 5YR 3/2 light brown in color. It measured

4.0 m in length by 4.0 m in width with a 5.57° of downslope direction and 315° of slope. Top levels were 323.01 (NW), 323.272 (NE), 323.067 (SE), 323.236 (SW), and 323.177 (C). Bottom levels were 322.776 (NW), 323.026 (NE), 323.067 (SE), and 322.864 (SW). Topsoil D2053 was over Debris D2068 and De-bris D2069.

Pottery Objects#3189: IA, H, RB Bronze Pin: #3199#3212: IA, H, RB Coin (under Claudius: Antonius Felix, 54 CE): #3200 Glass Rim: #3207

Locus 2068. Debris, D2068, consisted of rubbly, sandy clay-loam soil, and 5YR 3/2 light brown in color. It measured 4.0 m in length by 2.65 m in width with small and large stone inclusions randomly through the locus. Top levels were 322.821 (NW), 323.026 (NE), 323.06 (SE), and 322.916 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.894 (NE), 322.041 (SE), and 321.823 (SW). Debris D2068 was under Topsoil D2053, contiguous to Debris D2069, and over Surface D2120, Wall D2106, and Wall D2119.

Pottery#3228: H, RB#3241: IA, H#3277: IA, H, ER#3310: IA, H#3350: IA, H

Locus 2069. Debris, D2069, consisted of friable, sandy clay-loam soil, and 5YR 4/3 light brown in color. It measured 4.0 m in length by 1.35 m in width with cobble inclusions throughout most of the locus. Top levels were 322.776 (NW), 322.665 (NE), 322.916 (SE), and 322.864 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.929 (NW), 321.935 (NE), 322.055 (SE), and 322.162 (SW). Debris D2069 was under Topsoil D2053, over Surface

Square T30


D2116 and Wall D2106, and contiguous to Debris D2068.

Pottery#3229: IA, H, RB#3242: IA, H, RB#3278: IA, H, RB#3311: IA, H#3349: IA, H

Locus 2116. Surface, D2116, consisted of firm, sandy clay-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/3 dark brown in color. It measured 4.0 m in length by 1.10 m in width with no inclusions found within the locus. Top levels were 321.929 (NW), 321.935 (NE), 322.055 (SE), and 322.162 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.677 (NW), 321.724 (NE), 321.981 (SE), and 321.857 (SW). Surface D2116 was under Debris D2069, abutted by Wall D2118, abut-ted Wall D2106, and contiguous to Debris D2120.

Pottery Objects#3388: IA, H Bronze Piece: #3955#3395: H#3420: IA, H, I#3520: H#3599: H

Locus 2120. Surface, D2120, consisted of firm, sandy clay-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/4 dark brown in color. It measured 2.65 m in length by 2.3 m in width with no inclusions found throughout the locus. Top levels were 321.894 (NE), 322.041 (SE), and 321.823 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.666 (NW), 321.766 (NE), 321.892 (SE), and 321.724 (SW). Surface D2120 was under Debris D2068, abutted Wall D2106 and Wall D2119, con-tiguous to Surface D2116.

Pottery Objects#3375: H Balista: #3445#3389: IA, H Flint: #3446#3421: IA, H#3443: H#3583: IA, H (Predom)#3597: IA, H

Locus 2172. Debris, D2172, was excavated in the east balk. It consisted of friable, sandy clay-loam soil, and 5YR 3/2 light brown in color. Top levels were 323.272 (NE) and 323.400 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.677 (SE) and 321.766 (SE). Debris D2172 was contiguous to Topsoil D2053, Debris D2068, and Surface D2116, Surface D2120, and Surface D2183.

Pottery Objects#3526: IA, H (Predom) Coin (Late Roman, first half of 5th century CE): #3533#3549: IA, H, ER Coin (John Hyrcanus I, 129–104 BCE): #3534 Pillar Base: #3539

Locus 2177. Debris, D2177, was excavated in the north balk. It consisted of friable, sandy clay-loam soil, and 5YR 3/2 light brown in color. Top levels were 321.010 (NW), 323.272 (NE), 321.766 (NW), and 321.981 (SW). Debris D2177 was contiguous to Topsoil D2053, Debris D2068, Debris D2069, Wall D2119, Wall D2118, Debris D2184, Debris D2187, Surface D2116, Surface D2120, and Surface D2183.

Pottery#3546: IA, H, RB


Locus 2183. Surface, D2183, consisted of friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/3 light brown in color. Bottom levels were 322.076 (NW), 322.238 (NE), 322.097 (SE), and 322.122 (SW). Surface D2183 was under Debris D2172 and contiguous with Surface D2120.

Pottery Objects#3565: H Stone Bowl: #3592#3576: H Balista: #3616, #3618, and #3637#3598: IA, H Stone Vessel with Ring Design: #3621#3626: IA, H (Predom) Grinding Stone: #3622

Locus 2184. Debris, D2184, consisted of friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/3 light brown in color. Bottom levels were 321.766 (SE) and 321.666 (SW). Debris D2184 was under Debris D2177, over D2120, and abutted by Wall D2119, and Wall D2118.


Locus 2187. Debris, D2187, consisted of friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/3 light brown in color. Bottom levels were 321.666 (SE) and 321.677 (SW). Debris D2187 was under Debris D2177, abutted to Debris D2118, and contiguous to Debris D2116.

Pottery#3571: IA, H#3577: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2304. Debris, D2304, consisted of firm, sandy clay-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 light brown in color. It measured 0.42 m in length and 0.81 m in width. Top levels were 322.151 (N), 322.215 (E), 322.217 (S), 322.099 (W), and 322.179 (C). Debris D2304 was under Debris D2068 and over Installation D2302.

Pottery#3933: EP, H

Architectural LocusLocus 2106. Wall, D2106 (D2146), was the southern wall of Room B1 in Building D200 and consisted mainly of medi-

um to larger sized limestone boulders built in a boulder and chink method. It ran west to east and measured 2.46 m in length, 0.73 m in width, and 0.70 m in height. It contained two rows while having from two to three courses. Top levels were 321.880 (NW), 322.645 (NE), 322.250 (SE), and 322.249 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.867 (NW), 321.892 (NE), and 321.908 (SW). Wall D2106 was under Debris D2068 and abutted Surface D2116 and Surface D2120.

Pottery#3348: IA, H

Locus 2118. Wall, D2118, was composed of medium sized limestone boulders in a vague boulder and chink method. It ran from south to north curving right and measured 2.50 m in length and 0.45 m in width. It consisted of one row with three courses. Bottom levels were 321.724 (NE) and 321.666 (SW). Wall D2118 was under Debris D2069 and abutted Surface D2116 and Surface D2120.

Pottery Objects#3381: IA, H Bronze Pin: #3387


Locus 2119. Wall, D2119, abutted Wall D2132 and divided Room B1 in Building D200 into two parts. It consisted of medium to large sized limestone boulders with a noted boulder and chink method. The door post stone was huge standing above the rest of the preserved wall which ran north to south and measured 1.13 m in length, 0.48 m in width, and 0.63 m in height. Wall D2119 consisted of one row and four courses. Top levels were 322.711 (NW), 322.711 (NE), 322.714 (SE), and 322.701 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.076 (NE) and 321.766 (SW). Wall D2119 was under Debris D2068 and contiguous to Surface D2120 and Surface D2183.

Installation LocusLocus 2302. Tabun, D2302, was found under the east balk. It was constructed with ceramic ware in a circular design

and was 0.84 m in length, 0.42–0.81 m in width, and 0.10–0.16 m in height. Top levels were 322.151 (N), 322.215 (E), 322.217 (S), 322.099 (W), and 322.179 (C). Tabun D2302 was under Debris D2068 and over Surface D2116.

T31

Earth Locus Locus 2003. Topsoil, D2003, consisted of loam silty-loam, rubbly, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. Topsoil D2003 con-

tained pebble and cobble inclusions throughout the entire square. The locus measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in width, and between 0.10 m and 0.15 m in depth. Top levels were 322.526 (NE), 322.556 (NW), 322.609 (SE), 322.535 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.401 (NE), 322.03 (NW), 322.079 (SE), 322.413 (SW). Topsoil D2003 was over Debris D2009.

Pottery Objects#3004: H, RB Fibula #3028#3013: MB (cooking pot), IA Nail #3029 (thumbprint), H, RB #3022: IA, H (Predom), RB

Locus 2009. Debris, D2009, consisted of loam silty-loam, rubbly, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. Debris D2009 con-tained extensive cobble inclusions (8–10 cobbles per basket) throughout the entire locus which measured 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width. Top levels were 322.401 (NE), 322.03 (NW), 322.079 (SE), 322.413 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.791 (NE), 322.037 (NW), 321.717 (SE), 321.990 (SW). Debris D2009 is under Topsoil D2003 and over Debris D2022 and abuts Wall D2008.

Pottery Objects#3032: IA, H, RB Nail #3033#3047: IA, H, RB Bronze piece #3034#3053: IA, H, RB Glass #3052 Bronze piece #3053 Nail #3054 Earing #3059 Nail #3066 Bronze clip #3070 Fibula #3071

Locus 2022. Debris, D2022, consisted of loam silty-loam, rubbly, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. Debris D2022 con-tained significantly less cobble inclusions (4–6 cobbles per basket) throughout the entire locus than the previous locus, Debris D2009. Debris D2022 measured 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width and about 0.30 to 0.50 m in depth. Top levels were 321.791 (NE), 322.037 (NW), 321.717 (SE), 321.990 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.264 (NE), 321.356 (NW), 321.565 (SE), 321.595 (SW), 321.502 (C). Debris D2022 is

Square T31


under Debris D2009 and over Debris D2035 and abuts Wall D2008.

Pottery Objects#3075: IA, H (Predom) Bronze clip #3084#3077: H Coin (Ptolemy II, 275–260 BCE): #3085#3094: H (Predom) Coin (Ptolemy I, 294–283 BCE): #3097#3113: H Bronze clip #3105 Nail (from balk) #3123

Locus 2035 (2027). Debris, D2035, consists of 10% boulders and is 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Debris material was ex-cavated as a probe in the southern section of the square in order to excavate and remove Tabun D2030. The probe measured 1.0 m in width x 2.0 m in length. Top levels were 321.264 (NE), 321.595 (SE), 321.356 (NW), 321.565 (SW). Debris D2035 (2027) is under Debris D2022 and abuts against Wall D2008.

Pottery Objects#3126: H Balista #3151#3150: MB II, IA, H (1)

Locus 2054. Debris, D2054, consists of crumbly, uncompacted, sandy-loam, and 10YR 4/3 light brown in color. It covers the center, 3 m to the east and 1 m toward the west of Wall D2008. Top levels were 321.647 (SW), 321.593 (SE), 321.302 (NW), 321.326 (NE), and 321.367 (C). Bottom levels were 321.355 (SW), 321.12 (NW), 321.258 (NE), and 321.356 (SE). Debris D2054 abutted Debris D2035 to the north.

Pottery Objects#3190: H Bronze and Iron Pieces: #3182 Grinding Stone: #3233 Iron Piece: #3235

Locus 2077. Debris, D2077, consisted of very silty-sand material with 7.5YR 3/3 dark brown in color. Material was found inside semicircular Silo D2076. Top level was 321.072 (C). Bottom level was 320.76 (C). Debris D2077 was 1.5 m wide and 1.1 m length and 1m deep and was located in the lower southeast corner of Square T31 and sealed up against D2076, D2073, D2008 and under D2054.


Locus 2078. Debris, D2078, consisted of loose material with 7.5 YR 4/6 dark brown in color, and was found in the southeast corner inside Installation D2081. It spanned 1.0 m in width and 0.7 m in length. The top level was 320.923 (C). Bottom level was 320.813 (C). Debris D2078 sealed against Wall D2073 and Tabun D2081 and under Debris D2054.


Locus 2083. Debris, D2083, located in the center of the southeast section of the square consisted of loose, sandy clay-loam silt with 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Top level was 321.027 (C). Bottom level was 320.901 (C). Debris D2083 was 1.2 m in width and 0.80 m in length, was under Debris D2054 and sealed against Wall D2084 and Tabun D2081.

Pottery#3294: IA, H


Locus 2086. Debris, D2086, consisted of loose material with 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris D2086 was between Wall D2085, D2008 and Debris D2153. Debris D2086 measured 1.10 m in length, 0.6 m in width, and 0.31 m in depth. Top level was 320.998 (C). Bottom level was 320.767 (C). Debris D2086 sealed against Walls D2085, D2008, and Debris D2153 and under Debris D2054.

Pottery Objects#3266: H Iron Knife: #3305#3290: H

Locus 2087. Debris, D2087, consisting of loose, dry sand, 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris D2087 was 1.40 m in length and 0.40 m in width and located between Wall D2084 and Debris D2153. Top level was 321.14 (C). Bot-tom level was 320.944 (C). Debris D2087 sealed against Wall D2084 and Debris D2153 and under Debris D2054.

Pottery #3268: H#3298: H

Locus 2098. Surface, D2098, consisted of firm sandy-silty clay loam material with 10YR 4/3 dark brown in color and was partially plastered. Surface D2098 was found on the southern section of the square. It measured ap-proximately 3.0 m in length and 2.0 m in width. Top elevations were 320.83 (SE), 320.736 (NE), 320.778 (NW), and 320.891 (SW). After terra rosa debris was found under the plaster excavation stopped. Bottom levels were 320.845 (SE), 320.733 (NE), 320.573 (NW), and 320.686 (SW). Surface D2098 was under Debris D2077, Debris D2078, Pit D2076 and Tabun D2081.


Locus 2138. Debris, D2138, was the debris of the north balk excavated as one locus and consisted of loose, dry, sandy-loam material with 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The material was 50% sub-angular and 50% sub-round. Debris D2138 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Top levels were 321.843 (NW) and 321.638 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.525 (NW), and 321.596 (SE). Debris D2138 was above Wall D2153 and equaled to Debris D2054. The majority of the debris was removed mechanically.

ObjectsMetal Object?: #3494Coin (Yehud, mid-4th century BCE): #3428

Locus 2163. Debris, D2163, was the debris of the east balk excavated as one locus and consisted of small cobble stone at the top and sandy-clay loam 7.5YR 4/3 dark brown in color. Top levels were 322.954 (NW) and 323.048 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.638 (SE), 321.842 (SW), 321.55 (NE), and 321.789 (NW). Debris D2163 was equal to Debris D2054.

Pottery Objects#3488: IA, H (Predom), RB Coin (Late Roman, 337–340 CE): #3487 Bronze Piece: #3490

Architectural LocusLocus 2008. Wall, D2008, enclosed the eastern part of Room B2 and Courtyard B of Building D200 and consisted of 2

adjacent rows and 6 courses were found on the western portion of the square. Wall D2008 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width and up to 2.1 m in height. The wall was made of 90% small boulders, 10%


medium boulders, and cobblestone debris. Unhewn and unfaced materials were used for Wall D2008. Wall D2008 was dry-laid. Top levels were 322.265 (NW), 322.427 (NE), 322.588 (SE), and 322.308 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.767 (NE), 320.573 (CE), and 320.686 (SE). Wall D2008 abutted Wall D2085, sealed against Debris D2086 and Debris D2077, contiguous to Wall D2073, and abutted by Pit D2076.

Locus 2073. Wall, D2073, was the southern wall of Room B2 in Building D200 and consisted of 2 adjacent rows and 3 courses ran east to west on the southern part of the square. Wall D2073 measured 3.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. The wall was made of 90% small boulders, 5% medium boulders, and 5% cobblestone debris. All boulders and stones were unhewn, unfaced, and were dry-laid. Top levels were 322.114 (SW), 322.085 (SW), 321.344 (SE), and 321.411 (SE). Bottom levels were 320.845 (NE) and 320.686 (NW). Wall D2073 abutted Wall D2008 and abutted by Silo D2076 and Tabun D2081.

Locus 2084. Wall, D2084, was located in the center of Room B2 in Building D200 and may have been an earlier wall. It consisted of 2 rows and 3 courses that ran from east to west on the northeastern corner of the square. Wall D2084 measured 1.0 m in length and 1.30 m in width. Wall D2084 was made of 90% small boulders and 10% medium boulders, which were unhewn and unfaced, and was dry-laid. Top levels were 321.269 (SW), 321.275 (NW), 321.238 (SE), and 321.269 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.944 (SW) and 320.733 (NE). Wall D2084 was sealed against by Debris D2083, D2087 and under earth Debris D2054.

Locus 2085. Wall, D2085, was located in the center of Room B2 in Building D200 and may have been an earlier wall. It consisted of 2 rows and 3 courses, measured 1.10 m in length, 0.80 m in width, and 0.50 m in height. Wall D2085 ran east to west on the northwestern corner of the square. Wall D2085 was made of 90% small boulders and 10% medium boulders, which were unhewn and unfaced, and dry-laid. Top levels were 321.553 (SW), 321.481 (NW), 321.51 (NE), and 321.598 (SE). Bottom levels were 320.767 (NW) and 320.573 (SW). Wall D2085 was sealed against by Debris D2086, abutted Wall D2008, and under Debris D2054.

Locus 2153. Wall, D2153, consisted of 2 rows and 3 courses of limestone that ran east to west in the north balk into the adjacent Square S31. Wall D2153 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.80–1.0 m in height. Wall D2153 was made of 20% cobble stone debris and 80% small boulders, which were unhewn, un-faced and dry-laid. Top levels were 321.599 (NW), 321.596 (SW), and 321.525 (NE). Bottom levels were 320.767 (SW), and 320.944 (SE). Wall D2153 was sealed against by Debris D2086 and D2087, under Debris D2138, and abutted Wall D2008.

Installation LocusLocus 2030. Tabun, D2030, was of circular plan and constructed with an outer layer of ceramic pottery sherds lined

with unfired clay tabun material in the interior. The north to south diameter was 0.72 m and the east to west diameter was 0.62 m. Tabun D2030 was preserved to a height of 0.35 to 0.40 m and sat directly on soil. Tabun D2030 was under Debris D2022, inside Installation D2081, against Debris D2078, and abuts Wall D2073.

Pottery#3104: H#3125: H#3163: H#3165: IA (1), H (Predom)#3166: H#3168: H#3171: H#3172: H

Locus 2076. Installation, D2076, was a silo installation built of limestone and semicircular in dimension, 1.50 m in


width, 1.10 m in length, and 0.70 m in depth. Top levels were 321.453 (W), 321.337 (NW), and 321.563 (E). Pit D2076 abutted Walls D2073 and D2008 and Debris D2077 and under Debris D2054.

Locus 2081. Installation, D2081, was an installation built of limestone around Tabun D2030 in a semicircular dimen-sion, 0.80 m in length, 0.90 m in width, and 0.50 m in height. Top levels were 321.331 (SE), 321.15 (W), and 321.316 (NE). Installation D2081 was sealed against by Debris D2083 and Debris D2078, abutted Wall D2073, and was under Debris D2054.

T32

Earth LocusLocus 2001. Topsoil, D2001, consisted of loam silty-loam, rubbly, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. Topsoil D2001 con-

tained pebble and cobble inclusions throughout the entire square. The locus measured 4.0 m in length, 3.50 m in width, and between 0.30 m and 0.40 m in depth. Top levels were 321.904 (NW), 322.333 (NE), 322.256 (SE), 321.802 (SW), and 321.994 (C). Bottom levels were 321.556 (NW), 321.891 (NE), 321.850 (SE), 321.498 (SW), and 321.625 (C). Topsoil D2001 was over Debris D2013 and D2015, cut by Instal-lation D2007, and sealed against Wall D2006.

Pottery Objects#3008: MB, IA, RB Flint Blade: #3010#3012: MB, IA, H, RB Flint Point: #3015#3019: IA, H, RB Glass: #3016#3036: IA, H, RB, I (?) Bronze Pin: #3040 Coin (Late Roman, 5th century CE): #3041

Locus 2013. Debris, D2013, consisted of loam silty-loam, loose, rubbly, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown soil. The locus mea-sured 4.0 m in length and 2.30 m in width. This was collapsed debris that included pebble and cobble in-clusions throughout the locus. Debris D2013 was found to the west of the square. Top levels were 321.556 (NW), 321.625 (SE), and 321.498 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.290 (NW), 321.071 (NE), 321.276 (SE), and 321.313 (SW). Debris D2013 was under Topsoil D2001, over Debris D2016, and sealed against Wall D2006.

Pottery Objects#3042: MB (Intrusive), IA, H, RB Glass Rim: #3050#3072: IA, H, RB

Locus 2015. Debris, D2015, was located consisted of loam silty-loam, loose, rubbly, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. The locus measured 4.0 m in length and between 1.0 m and 1.50 m in width. It included pebble and cobble inclusions throughout the locus. Large flat stones were uncovered on the western side of the locus. Top levels were 321.891 (NE), 321.850 (SE), and 321.674 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.006 (NE), 321.414 (SE), and 321.474 (SW). Debris D2015 was under Topsoil D2001, over Surface D2034, and sealed against Wall D2023, Debris D2019, and Balk 2051.

Pottery Objects#3078: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 364–375 CE): #3081#3109: H

Locus 2016. Debris, D2016, consisted of loam silty-loam, loose, dry, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown soil. The locus mea-sured 3.50 m in length and 1.0 m in width. This was a burnt debris layer included pebble inclusions throughout the locus. Soil was darker than Debris D2013 and corresponded with burnt layer on top of Casemate Wall D2038. Top levels were 321.290 (NW), 321.389 (NE), and 321.276 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.017 (NW), 321.071 (NE), 321.226 (SE), and 321.094 (SW). Possible burn layer D2016 was

Square T32


under Debris D2013, over Debris D2021, and sealed against Walls D2006, D2023, and D2020.

Pottery Objects#3062: IA, H, RB Bronze Piece: #3067

Locus 2019. Debris, D2019, consisted of loam silty-loam, loose, dry, rubbly, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. The locus mea-sured 1.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. It included pebble and cobble inclusions and some boulders that are believed to have been part of Wall D2020 or Wall D2023. Top levels were 321.148 (NW), 321.124 (NE), 321.119 (SE), and 321.087 (NW). Bottom levels were 320.427 (NW), 320.251 (NE), 320.352 (SE), and 320.339 (SW). Debris D2019 was under Debris D2013, over Threshold D2046 and Retaining stones D2047.

Pottery Objects#3083: MB, H Basalt Grinding Stone: #3132#3108: H#3119: Not Kept#3144: H

Locus 2021. Debris, D2021, consisted of loam silty-loam, loose, dry, rubbly, and 10YR 4/3 brown soil. It measured 3.50 m in length and between 1.0 m and 2.0 m in width. This locus contained a large amount of rubble, which included pebble and cobble inclusions throughout the entire locus with no specific pattern. Top levels were 321.017 (NW), 321.071 (NE), 321.226 (SE), 321.094 (SW), and 321.127 (C). Bottom levels were 319.933 (NW), 319.876 (NE), 319.803 (SE), 319.785 (SW), and 319.855 (C). Debris D2021 was under possible burn layer D2016, over Surface D2040, and sealed against Walls D2006, D2023 and D2020.

Pottery #3087: IA (intrusive), H#3107: IA (intrusive), H#3116: H#3120: IA, H#3149: IA, H#3161: IA, H#3169: IA, H

Locus 2034. Surface, D2034, consisted of loam silty-loam, firm, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. It measured 4.0 m in length and 1.50 m in width. It contained a large amount of flat-lying pottery sherds. This locus might be the surface of the Late Persian–Early Hellenistic occupancy. Top levels were 320.956 (NW), 320.906 (NE), 320.321.414 (SE), and 321.474 (CW). No bottom elevations were taken, only a 5 cm pass exca-vated. Surface D2034 was under Debris D2015, over Surface D2036, and sealed against Wall D2023 and Balk D2051.

Pottery Objects#3115: H Mortar: #3124#3118: H Tabun Fragments: #3118

Locus 2036. Debris, D2036, consisted of firm, rubbly, moist, and 10YR 5/2 greyish brown soil. The locus measured 4.0 m in length and 1.50 m in width. It contained a nari pocket inclusion. It still contained similar pottery material as Surface D2034, however the soil is different. Top levels were 320.906 (NW), 320.956 (NE), 321.364 (SE) and 320.424 (C). No bottom levels were taken; instead progress levels were taken for the 2009 season. Progress levels were 320.644 (NW), 320.700 (NE), 320.696 (SE), and 320.733 (SW). Debris D2036 was under Surface D2034 and sealed against Wall D2023 and Balk D2051.

Pottery Objects


#3134: IA (1 intrusive), H Coin (Alexander III [posthumous], 311–305 BCE): #3131#3145: IA, H

Locus 2040. Surface, D2040, was located in the southern half of the casemate room and consisted of loam silty-loam, loose, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. It measured 3.50 m in length and 2.0 m in width. Surface D2040 was littered with flat-lying pottery; once all the pottery was removed a 10 cm pass was excavated to retrieve all of the floor material. Top levels were 319.876 (NW), 319.876 (NE), 319.803 (SE), 319.785 (SW), and 319.855 (C). Bottom levels were 319.694 (NW), 319.631 (NE), 319.637 (SE), 319.603 (SW), and 319.624 (C). Surface D2040 was under Debris D2021 and sealed against Walls D2038, D2023, and D2020 and Threshold D2046.

Pottery Objects#3143: IA Metal Piece: #3178#3154: IA, H (1 intrusive)#3159/3160: IA#3170: IA#3175: IA

Locus 2051. Debris, D2051, was the layer of the northeast and east balks excavated as one locus and consisted of loam silty-loam, rubbly, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil. Balk Debris D2051 contained pebble and cobble inclu-sions throughout the entire square and was excavated from topsoil. The locus was the eastern balk and measured 4.50 m in length, 1.20 m in width, and between 0.80 m and 1.10 m in depth. Top levels were 322.208 (NE), 322.218 (N), 322.103 (C), and 322.085 (NW). Bottom levels were 321.272 (NW), 321.686 (NE), 321.520 (SE), 321.686 (SW). Balk Debris D2051 was over Debris D2059 and Wall D2008, and sealed against Wall D2008 and Wall D2023/D2031.

Pottery Objects#3186: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 450–550 BCE): #3224#3191: IA, H, RB#3249: IA, H, RB

Locus 2059. Balk Debris, D2059, was in the eastern balk and consisted of loam silty-loam, loose, rubbly, dry, and 10YR 5/3 brown soil and contained boulder-size limestone collapse. It measured 4.50 m in length, 1.20 m in width, and between 0.30 m and 0.40 m in depth. Top levels were 321.272 (NW), 321.686 (NE), 321.520 (SE), and 321.686 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.923 (N) and 321.041 (S). Debris D2059 was under Debris D2051 and equaled Debris 2015 excavated in 2009. It sealed against Wall D2008 and Wall D2023/D2031.

Pottery Objects#3320: IA, H (Predom) Cosmetic Spoon: #3406#3352: IA (3), H Millstone (half): #3410#3400: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2060. Debris, D2060, was in the northern balk and consisted of crumbly, dry, loam silty-loam, and 5YR 5/2 red-dish grey soil. It contained pebbles inclusions throughout the entire locus. Balk Debris D2060 measured 1.10 m in length, 1.40 m in width, and 0.60 m in depth. Top levels were 321.105 (NW), 321.000 (NE), 320.976 (SE), and 321.200 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.346 (NW), 320.393 (NE), 320.319 (SE), and 320.198 (SW). Debris D2060 was over Surfaces D2063 and D2070.

Pottery#3195: IA, H, w/IA Floor (Restore)

Locus 2063. Surface, D2063, was in the northern balk in the casemate room and consisted of crumbly, dry, loam silty-


loam, and 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish grey soil. It measured 1.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Top levels were 320.346 (NW), 320.393 (NE), 320.319 (SE), and 320.198 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.292 (NW), 320.302 (NE), 320.373 (SE), and 320.346 (SW). Surface D2063 was under Balk Debris D2060 and sealed against Wall D2042, Wall D2038 and Wall D2023/D2031.

Pottery#3211: H, R

Locus 2066. Possible surface, D2066, was located centrally in the casemate room and consisted of crumbly, dry, loam silty-loam, and 7.5YR 6/3 light brown soil. Top levels were 320.021 (NW), 319.974 (NE), 319.759 (SE), and 319.661 (SW). Surface D2066 was contiguous to Surface D2040 and over Debris D2090.

Pottery#3226: IA, RB #3237: IA, H #3284: IA, H?

Locus 2070. Debris/Surface, D2070, consisted of compacted, dry, loam silty-loam, and 5YR 4/3 reddish brown soil. The locus measured 1.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width and 0.60 m in depth. Top levels were 320.292 (NW), 320.302 (NE), 320.373 (SE), and 320.294 (SW). Bottom levels were 319.791 (NW), 319.780 (NE), 319.750 (SE), and 319.697 (SW). Debris D2070 was under Surface D2063 and abutted possible Surface D2066 and sealed against Wall D2006 and Wall D2023/D2031.

Pottery#3232: IA (burnished)#3238: 0 diagnostic#3285: Reading Missing#3307: Restorable vessel ?? Reading missing#3308: with 3285 and 3307 Reading missing#3314: IA (1), H (Predom)

Locus 2090. Debris, D2090, was located in the southern half of the casemate room and consisted of crumbly, dry, loam silty-loam, and 5YR 6/8 reddish yellow soil. The locus measured 3.60 m in length, 1.40 m in width, and 0.30 m in depth. It contained some cobbles inclusions that were random throughout the entire locus. Top levels were 322.764 (NW), 321.404 (NE), 322.696 (SE), and 322.793 (SW). Bottom levels were 319.429 (NW), 319.330 (NE), 319.429 (SE), and 319.287 (SW). Debris D2090 was under Debris D2066 and sealed against Wall D2006 and Wall D2023/D2031.

Pottery#3295: H#3351: IA, H#3374: IA, H

Locus 2149. Possible floor, D2149, was located to the east of inner casemate Wall D2023 and consisted of sand-sandy loam and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown soil. Possible floor D2149 was under Debris D2059 and sealed against Wall D2008 and Wall D2538.

Pottery Objects#3452: IA, H Iron Slag #3460#3482: H

Locus 2154. Surface, D2154, consisted of firm, dry, and sand- sandy-loam soil throughout the entire locus. The surface contained ash and several restorable Late Persian–Early Hellenistic vessels. Top levels were 320.749


(NW), 320.750 (SE), and 320.786 (SW). Surface D2154 was under D2149 and Debris D2059 and sealed against Wall D2008 and Wall D2538.

Pottery Objects#3462: IA Coin (Yehud, mid-4th century BCE): #3552#3495: IA, H (Predom)#3497: IA, H#3501: H (cooking pot restore)#3523: IA, H (restore)#3536: IA (Predom), H (2)#3550: H

Locus 2180. Debris, D2180, consisted of friable, moist, sand-sandy loam, and 10YR 6/3 pale brown soil. The locus measured 5.0 m in length and 2.0 m in width.

Pottery#3551: IA, H#3568: IA (predom), H#3601: IA, H

Locus 2191. Wall cleaning, D2191, consisted of loose and sand-sandy loam soil.


Architectural LocusLocus 2006. Wall, D2006, was the later rebuild of the outer periphery wall above Wall D2038 and consisted of unhewn

limestone, which were dry-laid with boulder and chink and most of the partial superstructure was pre-served. Bottom levels were 321.000 (NW), 321.524 (NE), 321.280 (SE), 320.785 (SW), and 320.961 (C). Wall D2006 was over Wall D2038, abutted Debris D2001, D2013, D1016, and D2021, and was abutted by Wall D2020.

Pottery Objects#3003: MB, IA, H, RB Shell: #3009#3006: IA, H, RB Coin (Constantine I, 317 CE): #3114#3101: MB (possible intrusion), H, RB

Locus 2020. Wall, D2020, was the southern wall of the second casemate room south of the western gate and consisted of unhewn medium and large limestone boulders, which were dry-laid, constructed with boulder and chink and most of the partial superstructure was preserved. It contained 1 row and 5 courses and measured 2.60 m in length and 1.67 m in height. The width was not taken because part of the wall was still in the balk. Top levels were 321.338 (W), 321.565 (C), and 321.447 (E). Wall D2020 was under Debris D201, abutted Walls D2006 and D2038, and was sealed against by Debris D2021, D2040, and D2019.

Locus 2023. Wall, D2023, was the inner casemate wall and ran into the north balk and consisted of medium and large limestone boulders, which were dry-laid, freestanding, constructed with boulder and chink, and most of the partial superstructure was preserved. It contained 2 rows, between 2 to 5 courses, and measured 2.50 m in length and 1.10 m in width. It appeared partially robbed out at the top western side of it. Top levels were 320.981 (NW), 321.808 (NE), 321.705 (SE) and 321.458 (SW). Wall D2023 was under Topsoil D2001 and Debris D2013, it abutted Debris D2051, and sealed against by Debris D2016, D2019 D2021, D2040, D2015, D2034, and D2036.


Locus 2038. Wall, D2038, consisted of medium and large limestone boulders, which were dry-laid, unfaced, free stand-ing, and most of the partial superstructure was preserved. In contained 2 rows, 4 courses, and measured 4.0 m in length and 1.50 m in width. Wall D2028 was the Iron Age IIA outer casemate constructed with larger stone than later Wall D2006. Top levels were 321.00 (NW), 321.524 (NE), 321.280 (SE), 320.785 (SW), and 320.961 (C). Wall D2038 was under Wall D2006, abutted Wall D2020, and sealed against by Debris D2021 and Debris D2040.

Locus 2046. Threshold, D2046, consisted of 2 large limestone boulders in a row next to each other. They measured 0.75 m in length, 0.50 m in width, and 0.08-.25 m in depth. Top levels were 320.423 (N) and 320.250 (S). Threshold D2046 was under Debris D2019 and abutted by Debris D2021.

Locus 2047. Wall, D2047, was a retaining wall in the threshold and consisted of small boulders placed side by side. The wall measured 0.90 m in length, 0.13 m in width, and 0.36 m in depth. Stones were upright in the doorway. Top levels were 320.638 (N), 320.753 (C), and 320.733 (S). Retaining wall D2047 was under Debris D2019, abutted by Debris D2036, and sealed against Walls D2023 and D2020.

Installation LocusLocus 2007. Pit, D2007, consisted of earth and stone in an oval plan. The soil was 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown and

loose. It measured 1.32 m in length and 0.97 m in width. Due to the circular nature of the change in soil, this was interpreted as a possible pit. No pottery was found lying on the bottom. Top levels were 321.841 (NW), 321.849 (NE), 321.818 (SE), and 321.721 (NE). Bottom levels were 321.717 (NW), 321.758 (NE), 321674 (SE), and 321.625 (SW). Pit D2007 cut Topsoil D2001 and was over Debris D2013 and D2015.

Pottery#3039: MB, Hel, RB

Locus 2100. Installation, D2100, was a circular plaster installation found just centimeters away from the large Late Persian–Early Hellenistic storage jar found upside down in Debris/Surface D2070. It measured 0.35 m in length, 0.35 m in width, and 0.10 m in height. It is believed that the installation served as the stand for the large Late Persian–Early Hellenistic storage jar. Top level was 319.835 (C) and bottom level was 319.752 (C). Installation D2100 cut possible Surface D2070.

Pottery#3333: H

Locus 2192. Installation, D2192, was located in Room B3 extending out from Wall D2008 and consisted of a rounded, plastered, water installation placed immediately into the bedrock in the floor. The installation was built with stones and a plaster lining. It measured 0.55 m in length and 0.50 m in width. Installation D2192 was under Possible floor D2149 and Debris D2059, on Surface D2154 and sealed against Wall D2008 and Wall D2538.

Pottery#3588: H

U29

Earth LocusLocus 2205. Topsoil, D2205, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Topsoil D2205 covered the

entire square and measured 4.0 m in width and 4.0 m in length. Top levels were 323.208 (NW), 323.309 (NE), 323.275 (SE), and 323.075 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.348 (NW), 322.452 (NE), 322.487 (SE), and 321.879 (SW). Topsoil was over Wall D2232, Wall D2293, and Wall D2294.

Square U29


Pottery Objects#3650: IA, H, RB Bronze Object: #3699#3667: IA, H, ER, RB Clay Weight: #3720#3707: IA, H Byzantine Glass Handle: #3721#3736: IA, H (Predom) Iron Nail: #3723#3788: IA (Predom), H Iron Fragment: #3749#3808: IA, H

Locus 2285. Debris, D2285, was found in the North balk, it consisted of loose, dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Top levels were 323.119 (W) and 323.218 (E). Bottom levels were 322.977 (W) and 322.519 (E). Debris D2285 was over Wall D2295.

Objects Pottery#3904: IA, H (Predom), RB Shell: #3926#3925: IA, H (Predom) Coin (Yehud, mid-4th century BCE): #3930

Architectural LocusLocus 2232. Wall, D2232, was the continuation of the eastern wall of Building D200 south of Threshold D2314 and

consisted of single course of large cobbles and small boulders about 1.25 m in width. It had an orientation of 360° and projected about 2.20 m south from the center of the north balk. Top levels were 322.971.971 (NW), 322.946 (NE), 322.945 (SE), and 322.885 (SW). Wall D2232 was under Debris D2205, over Wall D2293, and was abutted by Wall D2294.

Pottery Objects#3752: H Iron Fragment: #3749

Locus 2293. Wall, D2293, was the earlier Iron Age IIA wall under the eastern Wall D2232 of Building D200 and consisted of limestone cobble and small boulders with an orientation of 180° from the north balk. Wall D2293 was wider and apparently older than Wall D2232, which overlies it. Wall D2293 measured 2.75 m in length and 1.80 m in width. Top levels were 322.537 (NW), 322.720 (NE), 322.780 (SE), and 322.168 (SW). Wall D2293 was under Debris D2205 and Wall D2232.

Locus 2294. Wall, D2294, was an east-west wall perpendicular to Wall D2232 and formed the northern boundary of Room A1. It consisted of two rows of small limestone boulders with a 90° angle and its orientation was 270° into the west balk. Wall D2294 was approximately 1.0 m in length and 0.45 m in width. Top levels were 322.334 (NW), 322.564 (SE), and 322.364 (SW). Wall D2294 was under Debris D2205 and abutted Wall D2232.

Locus 2295. Wall, D2295, was an east-west wall perpendicular to Wall D2232 and formed the southern boundary of Room A1. It consisted of two irregular rows of small limestone boulders with an orientation at 90° in the West balk. Wall D2295 measured 4.0 m in length and 0.80 m in width. It was surrounded by a large num-ber of collapse stones. Top levels were 322.977 (NW), 323.219 (SE), and 323.210 (SW). Wall D2295 was under Debris D2285 and abutted Wall D2232.

U30

Earth LocusLocus 2197. Topsoil, D2197, consisted of loose, loam-silty loam soil 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions

included random pebbles (15 per 25 cm) and cobbles (5 per 25 cm). Debris D2197 was found across the entire area of the square measuring 4.0 m long and 4.0 m wide. Top levels were 322.999 (NW), 323.324 (NE), 323.856 (C), 322.773 (SW), and 323.006 (SE). Bottom levels were 323.311 (NW), 323.453 (NE),

Square U30


323.414 (C), 323.285 (SW), and 323.378 (SE). Debris D2197 was closed with the finding of Bedrock D2237. It was cut by Ash D2207, over Debris D2234 and Bedrock D2237, and contiguous to Debris D2267 and Debris D2284.

Pottery Objects#3612: IA, H, RB Bronze Slag: #3631 and #3682#3636: IA, H, RB Boot Hobnail: #3632#3665: IA, H, RB Coin (Hasmonean, 129–80/79 BCE): #3633#3709: IA, H Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #3647#3743: IA, H, ER Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #3649 Iron Ring: #3648 Bronze Slag: #3682 Fibula Pin: #3693

Locus 2207. Debris, D2207, was an ash layer found in the southeastern corner of the square. It consisted of loose, loam-silty loam soil 10YR 2/2 black in color with no inclusions. Debris D2207 was found in the 1.0 m by 1.0 m area in the corner of the south and east balks. Top Levels were 322.620 (SE), 322.469 (SW) 322.335 (NW), and 322.558 (NE). Bottom levels were 322.285 (SE), 322.287 (SW) 322.209 (NW), and 322.257 (NE). Debris D2207 cut Debris D2197.

Pottery#3680: H, RB

Locus 2234. Debris, D2234, was the continuation of Debris D2197 to the west of exposed Bedrock D2237. It consisted of loose, loam-silty loam soil 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included random pebbles (15 per 25 cm). Debris D2234 was found in the area between Bedrock D2237 and the west balk to a depth of 0.84 m. Top levels were 321.801 (SE), 321.726 (NE), 321.759 (NW), and 321.861 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.4934 (SE), 321.465 (NE), 321.458 (NW), and 321.465 (SW). Debris D2234 is under Debris D2197, over Bedrock D2237, sealed against Wall D2260, and was contiguous to Debris D2267.

Pottery Objects#3757: IA, H (Predom), ER Stone Bowl: #3819#3780: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2267. Debris, D2267, was the north balk debris removed as a single stratum and consisted of loose, loam-silty loam soil 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included many pebble, cobble, and boulder. Top levels were 323.185 (E) and 323.378 (W). Bottom levels were 321.433 (E) and 321.808 (W). Debris D2267 was contiguous to Debris 2197 and Debris 2234, and over Bedrock D2237.

Pottery Object#3824: IA, H, RB Boot Nail: #3883#3863: IA (4), H, RB (1)

Locus 2284. Debris, D2284, was the east balk debris removed as a single stratum and consisted of loose, loam-silty loam soil 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included many pebble and cobble. Top levels were 323.398 (N) and 323.034 (S). Bottom levels were 321.808 (N) and 321.877 (S). Debris D2284 was contiguous to Debris D2197 and over Bedrock D2237.

Pottery#3879: IA, H (Predom)#3910: IA, H

Locus 2373. Debris, D2373, was inside Tabun D2297 and was excavated in the 2011 season. The debris consisted of


loam-silty loam soil, 10YR 4/3 dark yellowish brown in color with few stone inclusions. Top levels were 322.273 (N), 322.243 (E), 322.357 (S), 322.304 (W), and 322.306 (C). Bottom level was 321. (C). Tabun Debris D2297 was over Bedrock D2237 and sealed against by Debris D2284.

Pottery#4116: H

Locus 2237. Bedrock, D2237, appeared in the northern, eastern, and southwestern corner of the square. Bedrock D2237 was under Debris D2197, Debris D2234, and Wall D2260.

Architectural LocusLocus 2260. Wall, D2260, consisted of a single row of small, dry-laid, unfaced boulders (25–50 cm, 20%), and cobbles

(6–25cm, 80%) preserved in a single course resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was dry-laid. Wall D2260 was 2.50 m in length and 0.50 m in width on an orientation of 355 degrees. Top levels were 321.245 (N), 321. (C), and 321.339 (S). Wall D2260 was sealed against by Debris D2234 and was over Bedrock D2237.

Installation LocusLocus 2297. Tabun, D2297, was of circular plan and constructed with an outer layer ceramic pottery sherds lined with

unfired clay in the interior. The north to south diameter was 0.85 m and the east to west diameter was 0.80 m. Tabun D2297 was preserved to a height of 0.35 to 0.40 m and sat directly on bedrock. Top eleva-tions were 322.273 (N), 322.243 (E), 322.357 (S), 322.304 (W), and 322.306 (C). Tabun D2297 was over Bedrock D2237 and sealed against by Debris D2284.

U31

Earth LocusLocus 2195. Topsoil, D2195, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, pebble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in

color. The soil’s compactness was loose and a level 0 in hardness. Topsoil D2195 sloped at 7.46° with a downslope direction of 226° from NE corner to SW corner. Top levels were 322.92 (NE), 322.655 (SE), 322.180 (SW), and 322.441 (NW). Bottom levels were 322.164 (NW), 322.609 (NE), 322.326 (SE), and 322.114 (SW). Topsoil D2195 was over Debris D2200, D2202 and Wall D2201.

Pottery Objects#3610: IA, H, RB Shoe Nail: #3619 Flint: #3620

Locus 2200. Debris, D2200, consisted of sandy to sandy loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The majority of the locus consisted of cobbles. The soil’s compactness was loose and a level 0 in hardness. Debris D2200 sloped at a 4.04° with a downslope direction of 229° from NE to SW corner. Top levels were 322.34 (NW), 322.609 (NE), 322.326 (SE), and 322.301 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.752 (NW), 321.828 (NE), 321.766 (SE), and 321.678 (SW).Debris D2200 was over Debris D2215, under Topsoil D2195, and sealed against Wall D2201.

Pottery Objects#3634: IA, H Metal Tweezers: #3655#3663: IA, H Brass Plate: #3671

Locus 2202. Debris, D2202, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, pebbles-size material, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color. The soil’s compactness was loose and a level 1 in hardness. Debris D2202 sloped at a 1.39° with

Square U31


a downslope direction of 206° from NE corner to SE corner. Top levels were 322.164 (NW), 322.215 (NE), 322.2 (SE), and 322.114 (SW). Bottom level were 321.552 (NW), 321.698 (NE), 321.714 (SE), and 321.681 (SW). Debris D2202 was over Debris D2206, under Topsoil D2195, and sealed against Wall D2201.

ObjectsBronze Pin: #3714Pottery#3635: IA, H, RB#3664: H

Locus 2206. Debris, D2206, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobbles-size material, boulders-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The boulder-size material found in the locus is believed to be fallen stones from Wall D2201. The soil’s compactness was loose and a level 0 in hardness. Debris D2206 sloped at a 2.23° with a downslope direction of 182° from SE corner to NW corner. Top levels were 321.552 (NW), 321.698 (NE), 321.714 (SE), and 321.681 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.557 (NW), 321.544 (NE), 321.454 (SE), and 321.464 (SW). Debris D2206 was over Debris D2225, under Debris D2202, and sealed against Wall D2201.


Locus 2215. Debris, D2215, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellow-ish brown in color. The soil’s compactness was loose and a level 0 in hardness. Debris D2215 sloped at a 2.56° with a downslope direction of 276° from east to west. Top levels were 321.752 (NW), 321.828 (NE), 321.766 (SE), and 321.678 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.496 (NW), 321.527 (NE), 321.59 (SE), and 321.551 (SW). Debris D2215 was over Debris D2221, under Debris D2200, and sealed against Wall D2201.

Pottery Objects#3701: IA, H Coin (Philistia, mid 4th–century BCE): #3712 Piece of Sickle Blade: #3713

Locus 2221. Debris, D2221, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2221 sloped at a 1.24° with a downslope direction of 350° from SE corner to NW corner. Top levels were 321.496 (NW), 321.527 (NE), 321.59 (SE), and 321.551 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.313 (NW), 321.531 (NE), 321.436 (SE), and 321.396 (SW). Debris D2221 was over Debris D2235, Debris D2236 and Pit D2245, under Debris D2215, and sealed against Wall D2201.


Locus 2225. Debris, D2225, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, boulder-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2225 sloped at a 1.47° with a downslope direction of 150° from NW corner to SE corner. Top levels were 321.557 (NW), 321.544 (NE), 321.454 (SE), and 321.464 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.056 (NW), 321.141 (NE), 321.148 (SE), and 321.181 (SW). Debris D2225 was over Wall D2247, Wall D2249, Debris D2246, Debris D2248, and Debris D2250, under Debris D2206, and sealed against Wall D2201.



Locus 2235. Debris, D2235, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compact-ness was loose and a level 0 in hardness. Debris D2235 sloped at a 1.53° with a downslope direction of 78° from south to north. Top levels were 321.286 (NW), 321.377 (NE), 321.354 (SE), and 321.393 (SW). Bottom level was 320.92 (Center). Debris D2235 was under Debris D2221 and sealed against Pit D2245 and Wall D2201.

Pottery#3781: H (clean)#3815: H (clean)

Locus 2236. Debris, D2236, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobbles-size material, boulder-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2236 sloped at a 2.19° with a downslope direction of 181° from north to south. Top levels were 321.519 (NW), 321.441 (NE), 321.404 (SE), and 321.366 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.816 (NW), 321.076 (NE), 321.259 (SE), and 321.11 (SW). Debris D2236 was under Debris D2221 and sealed against Wall D2221.

Pottery Objects#3782: H (clean) Mortar Stone: #3795 and #3842#3828: IA (1), H (Predom) Grinding Stone: #3838#3853: H Stone Bowl Piece: #3841 Piece of Stone Vessel: #3845 and #3868

Locus 2246. Debris, D2246, consisted in sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was crumbly and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2246 sloped at a 1.9° with a downslope direction of 232° from NE corner to SW corner. Top levels were 321.056 (NW), 321.141 (NE), 321.079 (SE), and 321.008 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.956 (NW), 321.036 (NE), 320.927 (SE), and 320.911 (SW). Debris D2246 was under Debris D2225, over Debris D2268, and sealed against Wall D2201 and Wall D2247.


Locus 2248. Debris, D2248, consisted in sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was crumbly and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2248 sloped at a 2.5° with a downslope direction of 272° from west to east. Top levels were 321.148 (NW), 321.131 (NE), 321.116 (SE), and 321.192 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.917 (NW), 320.938 (NE), 320.947 (SE), and 320.88 (SW). Debris D2248 was under Debris D2225, over Debris D2269, and sealed against Wall D2201, Wall D2247, and Wall D2249.

Pottery#3778: H (clean)#3784: IA, H (Predom), Restorable#3814: H, Restorable

Locus 2250. Debris, D2250, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, boulder-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was crumbly and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2250 sloped at a 1.79° with a downslope direction of 41° from SW corner to NE corner. Top levels were 321.152 (NW), 321.117 (NE), 321.148 (SE), and 321.181 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.876 (NW), 320.953 (NE), 320.900 (SE), and 320.862 (SW). Debris D2250 was under Debris D2225, over Debris D2270, and sealed against Wall D2201 and Wall D2249.

Pottery


#3785: H (clean)

Locus 2268. Debris, D2268, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was crumbly and a level of 2 in hardness. Debris D2268 sloped at a 3.57° with a downslope direction of 232° from SW corner to NE corner. Top levels were 320.956 (NW), 321.036 (NE), 320.927 (SE) and 320.911 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.74 (NW), 320.793 (NE), 320.764 (SE), and 320.698 (SW). Debris D2268 was under Debris D2246, over Debris D2274, and sealed against Wall D2201 and Wall D2247.

Pottery Objects#3825: H (clean) Sling Stone: #3825

Locus 2269. Debris, D2269, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2269 sloped at a 1.66° with a downslope direction of 81° from west to east. Top levels were 320.843 (NW), 320.798 (NE), 320.821 (SE), and 320.822 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.756 (NW), 320.718 (NE), 320.744 (SE), and 320.796 (SW). Debris D2269 was under Debris D2248 and sealed against Wall D2201, Wall D2247, and Wall D2249.

Pottery Objects#3826: H (clean) Stone Mortar: #3870#3850: H (clean)

Locus 2270. Debris, D2270, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was loose and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2270 sloped at a 2.56° with a downslope direction of 238° from NE corner to SW corner. Top levels were 320.876 (NW), 320.953 (NE), 320.900 (SE), and 320.862 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.872 (NW), 320.764 (NE), 320.772 (SE), and 320.820 (SW). Debris D2270 was under Debris D2250, over Debris D2273, and sealed against Wall D2201 and Wall D2249.

Pottery Objects#3827: IA (4), H (Predom) Balista: #3834

Locus 2273. Debris, D2273, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and a level 2 in hardness. Debris D2273 sloped at a 1.54° with a downslope direction of 98° from the western corner to the eastern corner. Top levels were 320.872 (NW), 320.764 (NE), 320.772 (SE), and 320.820 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.659 (NW), 320.757 (NE), 320.715 (SE), and 320.658 (SW). Debris D2273 was under Debris D2270, over Surface D2277, and sealed against Wall D2201 and Wall D2249.

Pottery#3840: IA (spout), H (Predom)

Locus 2274. Debris, D2274, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was friable and level 2 in hardness. Debris D2274 sloped at a 1.36° with a downslope direction of 232° from NE corner to SW corner. Top levels were 320.740 (NW), 320.793 (NE), 320.764 (SE), 320.698 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.635 (NW), 320.587 (NE), 320.648 (SE), and 320.678 (SW). Debris D2274 was over Bedrock D2283, under Debris D2268, and sealed against Wall D2201 and Wall D2247.

Pottery#3849: IA, H


Locus 2277. Surface, D2277, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil and 10YR 4/3 brown in color .The soil’s compact-ness was firm and a level 4 in hardness. Surface D2277 sloped at a 1.41° with a downslope direction of 232° from NE corner to SW corner. Top level were 320.659 (NW), 320.757 (NE), 320.715 (SE), and 320.658 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.651 (NW), 320.760 (NE), 320.701 (SE), and 320.654 (SW). Sur-face D2277 was under Debris D2273 and sealed against Wall D2201 and Wall D2249.

Pottery#3848: IA (clean)

Locus 2283. Bedrock, D2283, covered about 90% of the northwestern corner of the square. Bedrock D2283 sloped at a 1.3° with a downslope direction of 41° from SW corner to NE corner. Top levels were 320.635 (NW), 320.587 (NE), 320.648 (SE), and 320.678 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.582 (NW), 320.592 (NE), 320.656 (SE), and 320.675 (SW). Bedrock D2283 was under D2274 and sealed against wall loci D2201 and D2247.

Pottery#3875: IA (clean)

Locus 2287. Debris, D2287, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was crumbly and level 2 in hardness. Debris D2287 sloped at a 0.63° with a downslope direction of 179° from north to south. Top levels were 322.78 (N) and 322.736 (S). Bottom levels were 321.410 (NW), 321.482 (NE), 321.497 (SE) and 321.316 (SW). Debris D2287 was over Pav-ing Stones D2312 and sealed against Debris D2200, Debris D2221, Debris D2215, Debris D2236, and Debris D2195.


Locus 2288. Debris, D2288, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, cobble-size material, boulder-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil’s compactness was crumbly and level 2 in hardness. Debris D2288 was the debris part of the North balk. Debris D2288 sloped at a 7.94° with a downslope direction of 268° from east to west. Top levels were 322.505 (E) and 323.063 (W). Bottom levels were 321.527 (E) and 321.647 (W). Debris D2288 was over Tabun D2305 and Tabun Stones D2310 and sealed against Topsoil D2195, Debris D2200, Wall D2201, Debris D2202, Debris D2215, Debris D2206, Debris D2221, Debris D2225, Debris D2236, Pit D2245, Debris D2246, and Debris D2268.

Pottery Objects#3816: IA, H, ER Coin (Philistia, mid-4th century BCE): #3906#3892: IA, H, RB

Locus 2308. Debris, D2308, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, boulder-size material, cobble-size material, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris D2308 was the debris blocking the opening in Wall D2201. The soil’s compactness was loose and level 0 in hardness. Debris D2308 sloped at a 0.5° at a downslope direction of 172° from east to west. Top levels were 322.364 (W) and 322.329 (E). Bottom levels were 320.860 (NW), 321.045 (NE), 321.067 (SE), and 320.873 (SW). Debris D2308 was under Topsoil D2195, over Threshold D2311, and sealed against Debris D2200, Wall D2201, Debris D2206, Debris D2215, Debris D2221, Debris D2225, Debris D2236, Debris D2250, Debris D2270, Debris D2273, and Debris D2277.

Architectural LocusLocus 2201. Wall, D2201, was the east wall of Courtyard A in Building D200 and consisted of 1 to 2 rows, 5 to 7

courses of cobble-size, small boulder, and medium boulder limestone. Wall D2201 was 100% unhewn and


100% dry-laid. Wall D2201 ran north to south in the center of the square. Wall D2201 measured 6.65 m in length, a width of 0.45 to 0.96 m, a height of 1.38 to 1.92 m, and its orientation was 172°. Wall D2201’s half partial superstructure was preserved. Top levels were 322.287 (NW), 322.493 (NE), 322.364 (SE), and 322.329 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.816 (NW), 321.110 (NE), 320,759 (SE), and 320.726 (SW). Wall D2201 was under Topsoil D2195, abutted by Wall D2247, Wall D2249 and Threshold D2311, sealed against by Debris loci D2200, D2202, D2206, D2215, D2221, D2225, D2236, D2245, D2246, D2248, D2250, D2268, D2269, D2270, D2273, D2274, D2277, D2283, and D2308.

Pottery#3678: IA, EP, H (Predom)#3702: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2247. Wall, D2247, was the north wall of a silo installation built against Wall D2201 and consisted of 1 row, 2 to 3 courses of small boulder size limestone. Wall D2247 was 100% unhewn and 100% dry-laid. Wall D2247 was in the western side of the square running west to east, measuring 1.58 m in length, 0.37–0.57 m in width, and 0.57–1.36 m in height, and its orientation is 267°. Wall D2247 contains a large Pillar D2547 measuring 1.36 m in height. Wall D2247’s partial foundation was only preserved. Top levels were 321.079 (NW), 321.008 (NE), 321.148 (SE), and 321.131 (SW). Bottom levels were 320,655 (NW), 320.669 (NE), 320.742 (SE), and 320.717 (SW). Wall D2247 was under Debris D2225, abutted Wall D2201, and sealed against Debris loci D2246, D2248, D2268, D2269, D2274, and D2283.

Locus 2249. Wall, D2249, was the south wall of a silo installation built against Wall D2201 and consisted of 1 row, 2 to 3 courses of small boulder size limestone. Wall D2249 was 100% unhewn and 100% dry-laid. Wall D2249 was parallel to Wall D2247 in the western side of square U31 running from west to east , measur-ing 1.58 m in length, with a width of 0.32 to 0.43 m, a height of 0.52 to 0.72 m, and its orientation at 267°. Wall D2249’s partial foundation was only preserved. Top levels were 321.116 (NW), 321.192 (NE), 321.152 (SE), and 321.117 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.749 (NW), 320.794 (NE), 320.677 (SE), and 320.760 (SW). Wall D2249 was under Debris D2225, abutted Wall D2201, and sealed against by Debris loci D2248, D2250, D2269, D2270, D2273, D2274, D2277, and D2283.

Installation LocusLocus 2245. Pit, D2245, was found in the northwest corner of Debris D2236 to the east of Wall D2201 and consisted of

a semicircular shape outlined with small boulder-size limestone unhewn rock. It was comprised of sandy to sandy-loam soil 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Pit D2245 measured 0.45 m in length, 0.25–0.35 m in width, and 0.53 m in depth. Top levels were 321.286 (NW), 321,377 (NE), 321.354 (SE), and 321.393 (SW). Bottom level was 320.920 (C). Pit D2245 was under Debris D2221, abutted Wall D2201, and was sealed against by Debris D2235 and Debris D2236.

Locus 2305. Tabun, D2305, was found in the north balk and was circular in shape and outlined by 15% ceramic and 85% mudbrick. Tabun D2305 measured 0.78 m in length, 0.74-.82 m in width, and 0.05–0.10 m in depth. Top levels were 321.428 (NW), 321.407 (NE), 321.435 (SE), 321.383 (SW), and 321.414 (C). The bottom levels of the locus were not reached when excavation halted. Tabun D2305 was under Debris D2288 and sealed against by Installation D2310.

Locus 2310. Installation, D2310, was a circular installation found under the north balk and consisted of small boulder size limestone, which encircled Tabun D2305. Installation D2310, measured 0.81 m in length, between 0.83 and 0.91 m in width, and 0.07 to 0.10 m in depth. Top levels were 321.457 (NW), 321.452 (NE), 321.445 (SE), and 321.381 (SW). Installation D2310 was under Debris D2288 and sealed against Tabun D2305.

Locus 2311. Threshold, D2311, was found in the doorway of Wall D2201 to the south of the square, consisting of 100%


limestone. Threshold D2311 measured 0.30 m in length, 0.25 m in width, and 0.15 m in depth. Top levels were 321.206 (NW), 321.229 (NE), 321.213 (SE), and 321.220 (SW). Threshold D2311 was under Debris D2308, abutted Wall D2201 to the north and Wall D2238 to the south, and was sealed against by Debris D2236.

Locus 2312. Pavement, D2312, was rectangular and was found under the east balk. It consisted of 20% earth and 80% limestone. Pavement D2312 measured 3.80 m in length, between 0.80 and 1.05 m in width, and between 0.15 and 0.20 m in depth. Top levels were 321.410 (NW), 321.482 (NE), 321.497 (SE), and 321.316 (SW). Pavement D2312 was under Debris D2287 and sealed against Debris D2236.

U32

Earth LocusLocus 2321. Topsoil, D2321, covered the entire 4.0 x 2.01 m area of the square. It consisted of sandy to sandy-loam

soil, with pebble and cobble size material, 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Topsoil D2321 sloped at a 6.11° with a downslope direction of 220° from the northeast corner toward the southwestern corner. Top levels were 322.080 (NW), 322.415 (NE), 322.265 (SE), and 322.046 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.026 (NW), 322.265 (NE), 322.146 (SE), and 321.936 (SW). Topsoil D2321 was over Debris D2067 and contiguous to Debris D2422.

Pottery#3969: IA, H, R, RB#4069: IA, H, RB

Locus 2323. Debris, D2323, covered the entire square. It consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil, with pebble and cobble size material, 10YR 3/2 very dark greyish brown in color. Debris D2323 sloped at a 4.4° with a downslope direction of 220° from the northeast corner toward the southwestern corner. Top levels were 322.026 (NW), 322.265 (NE), 322.146 (SE), and 321.936 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.916 (NW), 321.978 (NE), 321.861 (SE), 321.830 (SW), and 321.869 (C). Debris D2323 was under Topsoil D2321, over Debris D2335 and contiguous to Debris D2422.

Pottery Objects#3972: IA, H, RB Flint: #3986 and #3988#4071: IA, H, RB Bronze Piece: #4072 Bronze Pin Head: #4077

Locus 2335. Debris, D2335, covered the entire square. It consisted of sandy to sandy-loam, average uncompacted and crumbly soil with pebble and cobble size material randomly scattered throughout the locus. Debris D2335 sloped at a 4.55° with a downslope direction of 204° from the northeastern corner towards the southeastern corner. Top levers were 321.916 (NW), 321.978 (NE), 321.861 (SE), 321.830 (SW), and 321.869 (C). Bottom levers were 321.551 (NW), 321.551 (NE), 321.613 (SE), 321.575 (SW) and 321.638 (C). Debris D2335 was over Debris D2342, under Debris D2323, and contiguous to Debris D2422.

Pottery Objects#3999: IA, H, RB Bronze Needle: #4007#4013: IA, H, RB Loom Weight: #4023#4082: H, RB

Locus 2342. Debris, D2342, covered the entire square. It consisted of sandy to sandy-loam, average uncompacted and crumbly soil with pebble and cobble size material randomly scattered throughout the locus. Soil consisted of 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris D2342 sloped at a 9.21° with a downslope direction of 270° from the northeastern corner to the northwestern corner. Top levels were 321.551 (NW), 321.877 (NE), 321.613

Square U32


(SE), 321.575 (SW), and 321.638 (C). Bottom levels were 321.505 (NW), 321.511 (NE), 321.494 (SE), and 321.419 (SW). Debris D2342 was over Wall D2357, Wall D2348, Inner Casemate D2358, Debris D2347, under Debris D2335, and contiguous to Debris D2422 and Debris D2426.

Pottery#4036: H

Locus 2347 (2349, 2350, 2351, 2366, 2367). A stone debris layer, D2347, covered most of the square. It consisted of sand to sandy-loam, loose layer, with cobbles and boulder-size material randomly scattered throughout the locus. Soil consisted of 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris D2347 sloped at a 1.25° with a downslope direction of 220° from the northeastern corner to the southwestern corner. Top levels were 321.505 (NW), 321.511 (NE), 321.494 (SE), 321.419 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.871 (NW), 320.906 (NE), 320.920(SE), and 320.880 (SW). Debris D2347 was over Debris 2371, under Debris D2342, contiguous to Debris D2426, and sealed against Wall D2348, Wall D2357, Inner Casemate D2358, and Doorway Debris D2528.

Pottery Objects#4058: H Bronze Needle: #4102#4096: IA, H#4113: IA, H

Locus 2371. Debris, D2371, covered most of the square. It consisted of sand to sandy-loam soil, with pebbles, cobbles, and boulders material randomly throughout the locus. Debris D2371 consist of 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color. Debris D2371 sloped at a 0.66° with a down slope direction of 16° from the southeastern corner to the northwestern corner. Top levels were 320.871 (NW), 320.906 (NE), 320.920 (SE), and 320.880 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.744(NW), 320.865 (NE), 320.849 (SE), 320.814 (SW), and 320.773 (C). Debris D2371 was under Debris D2347, over Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Surface D2384, contiguous to De-bris D2426, and sealed against Wall D2348, Wall D2357, and Inner Casemate D2358.


Locus 2384. Surface, D2384, ran throughout the entire square. Surface D2384 consisted of loam to silty-loam soil, with very firm compacted soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Surface D2384 sloped at a 4° with a down slope direction of 355° from northeastern corner to the northwestern corner. This was the Late Persian–Early Hellenistic surface of the northern part of Room A4. Top levels were 320.744 (NW), 320.865 (NE), 320.849 (SE), 320.814 (SW), and 320.773 (C). Bottom levels were 320.633 (NW), 320.818 (NE), 320.803 (SE), 320.783 (SW). Surface D2384 was under Debris D2371, over Control locus D2391 and Control lo-cus D2392, cut by Threshold D2392, and sealed against Wall D2348, Wall D2357, Inner Casemate D2358, Debris D2426, and Doorway Debris D2528.


Locus 2391. Debris, D2391, was a control locus found in the southern section of the square. Control locus D2391 con-sisted of loam to silty-loam soil, average friable compactness, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Control locus D2391 sloped at a 1.21° with a down slope direction of 16° from the southeastern corner to the northwest-ern corner. Top levels were 320.736 (NW), 320.741 (NE), 320.803 (SE), and 320.783 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.685 (SE) and 320.712 (SW). Control locus D2391 was under the Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Surface D2384 and sealed against Threshold D2392, Inner Casemate D2358, and Doorway Debris D2528.

Pottery Objects


#4186: IA, H Blue Bead: #4205#4216: IA, H Game Stone/Stone Weight: #4226

Locus 2393. Debris, D2393, was a control locus excavated north of Wall D2348. Debris D2393 consist of loam to silty-loam, average friable soil and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris D2393 sloped at 6.2° with a down slope direction of 268° from northeastern corner towards the northwestern corner. Top levels were 320.633 (NW), 320.818 (NE), 320.804 (SE), and 320.697 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.615 (NW) and 320.712 (NE). Debris D2393 was under Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Surface D2384, over Iron Age IIA Sur-face D2407, contiguous to Debris D2426, and sealed against Threshold D2392 and inner casemate Wall D2358.

Pottery#4195: IA, H

Locus 2407. Surface, D2407, dated to the Iron IIA period and ran through the entire square. Iron Age IIA Surface D2407 consist of loam to silty-loam, firm, beaten soil, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color. Surface D2407 sloped at a 3.2° with a down slop direction of 266° from northeastern corner to the northwestern corner. Top and bottom levels were 320.615 (NW), 320.712 (NE), 320.685 (SE), and 320.712 (NW). Surface D2407 was under Debris D2393, Debris D2392, and Threshold D2391, it sealed against inner casemate Wall D2358 and Doorway Debris D2528, and is contiguous to Surface D2429.

Pottery#4246: IA

Locus 2422. Topsoil, D2422, consisted of loose, sandy to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color removed from the north balk. Topsoil D2422 also contained a mixture of pebbles, cobbles and boulders throughout the entire locus. Topsoil D2422 sloped at a 4.7° with a down slope direction of 272° from the east to the west. Top levels were 322.080 (W) and 320.415 (E). Bottom levels were 322.077 (NW), 322.297 (NE), 321.105 (SE), and 320.969 (SW). Topsoil D2422 was over Debris D2426 and contiguous to Topsoil D2321, Debris D2323, Debris D2335, and Debris D2342.

Pottery Objects#4287: IA, H Coin (Valens, 364–375 CE): #4289 Coin (Ptolemy I, 323–283 BCE): #4291

Locus 2426 . Debris, D2426, was excavated in the lower section of the north balk. Debris D2426 consist of average uncompacted, sandy to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Small and medium size limestone boulders were randomly scattered throughout the locus. Debris D2426 sloped at a 15° with a down slope direction of 179° from northwestern corner to southeastern corner. Top levels were 322.077 (NW), 321.297 (NE), 321.105 (SE), and 320.969 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.632 (NW), 320.831 (NE), 320.802 (SE), and 320.682 (SW). Debris D2426 was under Debris D2422, over Surface D2429, contigu-ous to Debris D2347, Debris D2393 and Debris D2371, and sealed against inner casemate Wall D2358, Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Surface D2384, and Wall D2538.

Pottery Objects#4301: IA, H Balista: #4307#4308: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2429. Surface, D2429, was the lower section part of the north balk. Surface D2429 consisted of very firm, loam to silty-loam soil, pebble size material and 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color. Surface D2429 sloped at a 7° with a down slope direction of 271° from the northeastern corner to the northwestern corner. Top and bottom levels were 320.632 (NW), 320.831 (NE), 320.802 (SE), and 320.682 (SW). Surface D2429 was under Debris D2426, contiguous to Debris D2407 and sealed against Wall D2538 and inner casemate Wall


D2358.

Pottery#4320: IA (Predom), H

Locus 2528. Debris, D2528, was excavated in the doorway of the inner casemate Wall D2358 and consisted of loose, sandy to sandy-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Debris D2528 consisted of 85% of cobbles, small and medium limestone boulders. Debris D2528 sloped at a 1° with a down slope direc-tion of 272° from east to west. Top levels were 321.400 (NW), 321.430 (NE), 320.436 (SE), and 320.405 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.670 (NW), 320.700 (NE), 320.706 (SE), and 320.675 (SW). Debris D2528 was under Debris D2342, sealed against inner casemate D2358, and sealed against by Debris D2347, Debris D2371, Surface D2384, and Debris D2391.

Pottery#4682: H

Architectural LocusLocus 2348. Wall, D2348, was in the northeastern section of the square continuing from U31’s Wall D2247. It consisted

of 4 courses of small and medium limestone boulders and ended in an upright post stone on the other side of Pillar D2547. Wall D2348 was unfaced, 100% unhewn and 100% dry-laid. Wall D2348 measured 0.54 m in length, 0.45 m to 0.53 m in width and 0.8 m in height. Wall D2348’s partial superstructure was only preserved. Top level was 321.807 (C). Wall D2348 was over Iron Age IIA Surface D2407, under Debris D2342, sealed against by Debris D2347, Debris D2371, Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Surface D2384, and abutted Pillar D2547.

Locus 2357. Wall, D2357, ran north to south on the east side of the square, situated between Wall D2247 and Wall D2249 and formed the eastern boundary of the silo installation in Room A4, and consisted of 1 row and 3 courses of small and medium limestone boulders. It was unfaced, 100% unhewn and 100% dry-laid. Wall D2357 measured 1.43 m in length, 0.39 m to 0.42 m in width, and 0.82 m to 1.42 m in height. Wall D2357’s partial superstructure was only preserved. Top levels were 321.563 (N), 321.554 (C), and 321.547 (S). Wall D2357 was under Debris D2342, abutted Pillar Stone D2547, and sealed against by Debris D2347, Debris D2371, and Surface D2384.

Locus 2358. Wall, D2358, was the inner casemate city wall of the Iron IIA period and consisted of 2 to 3 rows and 2 to 3 courses of medium to large limestone boulders. It was unfaced, 30% semi-hewn, 70% unhewn, and dry-laid. Wall D2358 ran north to south on the western side of the square, measuring 4.54 m in length, 0.96 m to 0.99 m in width, and 0.92 m to 0.73 m in height. Inner casemate D2358’s partial superstructure was only preserved. Top levels were 321.398 (NW), 321.332 (NE), 321.436 (SE), and 321.405 (SW). Wall D2358 was under Debris D2342, sealed against by Debris D2426, Doorway Debris D2528, Debris D2347, Debris D2371, Surface D2384, Debris D2391, Debris D2393, and Surface D2407, and it was abutted by Wall D2538 and Threshold D2392.

Pottery#4147: H

Locus 2392. Threshold, D2392, was part of the Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Surface D2384. Threshold D2392 con-sisted of 3 stones running east to west, north of Wall D2348. Threshold D2392 measured 1.57 m in length, 0.21 m to 0.25 m in width and 0.15 m to 0.18 m in height. Top levels were 320.790 (W) and 320.929 (E). Threshold D2392 was under Debris D2371, over Iron Age IIA Surface D2407, cut Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Surface D2384, abutted Inner Casemate Wall D2358 and Wall D2348, and sealed against De-bris D2391 and Debris D2393.


Locus 2538. Wall, D2538, was found in the north balk and consisted of single row and 3 to 4 courses of cobbles, small and medium limestone boulders. Wall D2538 was unfaced, 100% unhewn, and 100% dry-laid. Wall D2538 ran east to west measuring 4.6 m in length, 0.60 m to 0.67 m in width, and 0.95 m to 1.30 m in height. Wall D2538’s partial superstructure was only preserved. Top levels were 321.371 (W), 321.883 (C), and 322.113 (E). Wall D2538 sealed against by Debris D2426, Surface D2429, and abutted Inner Casemate Wall D2358.

Locus 2547. Roof pillar, D2547, was found between squares U31 and U32 in the center of the Late Persian–Early Hel-lenistic room A4. Roof Pillar D2547 consisted of one large limestone boulder that was worked. Roof Pillar D2547 measured 0.45 m in length, 0.48 m in width, and 1.46 m in height. Top level was 322.127 (C). Roof Pillar D2547 was under Debris D2335 and abutted by Wall D2357 and Wall D2348.

V29

Earth LocusLocus 2216. Topsoil, D2216, consisted of sandy clay loam silt was 10YR 4/3 light brown in color. It was beaten and

firm in consistency. Top levels were 323.048 (NW), 323.415 (NE), 323.371 (SE), 323.082 (SW), and 323.237 (C). Bottom levels were 323.045 (NW), 323.212 (NE), 323.061 (SE), and 322.957 (SW). Topsoil D2216 was over Debris D2252 and Debris D2254, over Wall D2255, Wall D2306, and Wall D2292, and contiguous to Debris D2289.

Pottery Objects#3703: IA, H Coin (Late Roman, 364–375 CE): #3730#3744: IA, H, RB Nail: #3748 Bronze Pin: #3768 Coin (Hasmonean, 129–80/79 BCE): #3769 Worked Flint: #3770

Locus 2252. Debris, D2252, consisted of sandy loam was 10YR 3/3, brown in color. Debris D2252 covered the eastern section of the square. Debris D2252 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.60 m in width, and 0.40–0.50 m in depth. Top levels were 322.916 (NW), 323.013 (NE), 322.986 (SE), and 322.874 (SW). Bottom were 322.491 (NW), 322.571 (NE), 322.514 (SE), and 322.46 (SW). Debris D2252 is under Topsoil D2216 and sealed against Wall D2255.

Pottery#3780: IA, H (Predom)#3812: IA, H#3856: IA, H

Locus 2254. Debris, D2254, consisted of sandy loam was 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris D2254 covered the west-ern section of the square. Debris D2254 measured 3.20 m in length, 1.20 m in width, and 0.75–1.10 m in depth. Top levels were 322.777 (NW), 322.900 (NE), 322.788 (SE), and 322.715 (SW); Bottom levels were 321.799 (NW), 321.760 (NE), 321.943 (SE), and 321.913 (SW). Debris D2254 was under Topsoil D2216 and seals against Wall D2255 and Wall D2292.

Pottery Objects#3792: IA, H (Predom) Bronze Object: #3867#3813: IA, H, (Predom) Grinding Stone: #3817#3847: IA, Restorable Coin (Ptolemy I, 294–283 BCE): #3846#3857: IA, H (Predom) Bronze Piece: #3796#3887: H (clean)

Square V29


Locus 2289. Debris, D2289, mainly consisted of loose dry sand was found in the north balk. Debris D2289 was 5.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Top levels were 321.955 (W), 322.524 (C), and 322.59 (E). Bottom levels were 322.569 (W), 322.642 (C), 322.066 (E).Debris D2289 was over Wall D2306, Wall D2255 and equaled Topsoil D2216, Debris D2252, and Debris D2254.


Architectural LocusLocus 2255. Wall, D2255, covered 1/3 of the center of square and was the east wall of Building D200. Wall D2255

consisted of 90% small boulders and 10% pebbles. Wall D2255 was unfaced, unhewn, and it was dry-laid. Wall D2255 contained 3–4 rows and 3–4 courses. It was 4.0 m in length, 1.0–2.0 m in width, and 0.75–0.90 m in height. Top levels were 322.463 (NW), 322.580 (NE), 322.704 (SE), and 322.596 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.596 (NW), 321.760 (NE), 321.491 (SE), 322.460 (SW), and 321.943 (C). Wall D2255 was sealed against by Debris D2252, Debris D2254, under Topsoil D2216, and bonded to Wall D2292; Wall D2292 was contemporaneous with and appears to be built together with Wall D2255.

Locus 2306. Wall, D2306, was found in the north balk and formed the northern border of Room A3. Wall D2306 con-sisted of 90% small boulders and 10% pebbles/cobbles. Wall D2306 was unfaced, unhewn, and it was dry-laid. Wall D2306 contains 2 rows and 2 courses. Wall D2306 was 0.59 m in length, 0.24–0.27 m in width, and 0.04–0.17 m in height. Top levels were 322.169 (NW), 322.172 (NE), 322.174 (SE), and 322.180 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.936 (NW), 322.099 (NE), 321.753 (SE), and 321.874 (SW). Wall D2306 abutted Wall D2255, sealed against by Debris D2254, and under Debris D2289.

Locus 2292. Wall, D2292, was found in the southeast corner of the square and formed the southeastern corner of Build-ing D200. Wall D2292 consists of 90% small boulders and 10% pebbles; the mortar was dry-laid. Wall D2292 consisted of 2 rows and 2 courses. It was 1.25 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.65–0.80 m in height. Top levels were 322.463 (NW), 322.580 (NE), 322.704 (SE), and 322.596 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.913 (SW) and 321.943 (SE). Wall D2292 was sealed against by Debris D2254, under Topsoil D2216, and bonded to Wall D2255. Wall D2292 appeared to be contemporaneous to and built together with Wall D2255.

V30

Earth LocusLocus 2204 (2214). Topsoil, D2204, consisted of sandy to sandy-loam soil and 7.5YR 5/3 light brown in color. Topsoil

D2204 measured 4.0 m in length by 4.0 m in width with a downslope direction of 270° and a 5° of slope. Top levels were 322.759 (NW), 322.953 (NE), 322.989 (SE), 322.757 (SW), and 322.863 (C). Bottom levels were 321.773 (NW), 322.006 (NE), 322.008 (SE), and 321.845 (SW). Topsoil D2204 was over Debris D2259, Debris D2213, Surface D2243, Installation D2258 and Bedrock D2300, and equaled to Debris D2214.

Pottery Objects#3640: IA, H, RB Shoe Nail: #3652#3668: IA, H Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #3672, #3695: H Coin (under Tiberias, Pontius Pilate, 30 CE): #3683#3704: IA, H (Predom) Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #3731#3735: IA, H Coin (under Tiberias, Valerius Gratus, 18 CE): #3751 Bronze Arrow Tip: #3691 Metal Piece: #3694 Bronze Ring: #3799

Square V30


Coin (Ptolemy I or II, 305–246 BCE): #3760 Coin (Ptolemy I, 294–283 BCE): #3763

Locus 2213. Debris, D2213, was an ash layer found in the north east corner of square V30 measuring 0.90 m in length by 0.30 m in width with 10YR 3/2 dark black in color. Top levels were 322.469 (NW), 322.506 (NE), 322.533 (SE), and 322.433 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.362 (NW), 322.254 (NE), 322.420 (SE), and 322.402 (SW). Debris D2213 was under Topsoil D2204.

Pottery#3689: H

Locus 2243. Surface, D2243, consisted of hard, sandy clay-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/3 brown in color. It measured 4.0 m in length by 4.0 m in width. Top levels were 321.773 (NW), 322.006 (NE), 322.008 (SE), and 321.845 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.718 (NW), 321.706 (NE), 321.744 (SE), and 321.710 (SW). Surface D2243 was under Topsoil D2204, over Bedrock D2300, and abutted Installation D2258.

Pottery#3775: H#3789: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2259. Debris, D2259, was the debris inside the bedrock Installation D2204 and consisted of firm, sandy clay-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 light brown in color. It measured 1.17 m in length by 1.12 m in width. Top levels were 321.921 (NE) and 321.930 (SW). Bottom level was 321.754 (SE). Debris D2259 was inside Instal-lation D2258 and under Topsoil D2204.


Locus 2264. Debris, D2264, was the debris excavated as one locus in the north balk. It consisted of loose, sandy clay-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 light brown in color. Top levels were 322.745 (NW), and 323.003 (NE). Bottom levels were 321.685 (NW), and 321.924 (NE). Debris D2264 was contiguous to Topsoil D2204, Ash layer D2213, and Surface D2243.

Pottery Objects#3820: IA, H (Predom), R DOK Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #3829 Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #3836 Bronze Piece: #3832 Nail: #3837

Locus 2265. Debris, D2265, was the debris excavated as one locus in the East balk. It consisted of friable, sandy clay-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 light brown in color. Top levels were 323.022 (NE) and 322.982 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.909 (NE) and 321.829 (SE). Debris D2265 was over Wall D2301 and contiguous to De-bris D2204, Ash Layer D2213, Surface D2243, and Bedrock D2300.

Pottery Objects#3896: IA, H, RB Bronze Piece: #3929 Coin (Athens, 353–295 BCE): #3934 Silver Metal?: #3938

Locus 2300. Bedrock, D2300, was exposed throughout the southern half of Square V30, the south-central area of Courtyard A in Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Building D200. It measured 4.22 m in length and 2.21 m in width. Part of Bedrock D2300, immediately adjacent to Wall D2275, was carved into Installation D2258.


Locus 2303. Surface, D2303, consisted of firm, sandy clay-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/4 light brown in color. It measured 2.94 m in length and 0.73 m in width. Top levels were 321.839 (NE) and 321.802 (SE). Surface D2303 was under Debris D2265, contiguous to Surface D2243, and abutted Wall D2301.

Pottery#3935: H

Installation LocusLocus 2258. Installation, D2258, was a circular installation carved into Bedrock D2300, with plaster overlay. It mea-

sured 1.17 m in length, 0.68 to 1.12 m in width, and 0.12 and 0.25 m in height. Top levels were 321.921 (NW) and 321.930 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.744 (NW) and 321.710 (SW). Installation D2258 was abutted by Surface D2243, under Debris D2259, Topsoil D2204, and contiguous to Bedrock D2300.

Architectural LocusLocus 2301. Wall, D2301, was the western wall of Room A3 in Building D200 and consisted of one to two courses of

medium sized limestone boulders with a noted boulder and chink style. Wall D2301 ran north to south and measured 2.49 m in length, 0.48 m width, and varied between 0.25 and 0.53 m in height. Top levels were 322.039 (NW), 322.047 (NE), 322.330 (SE), and 322.321 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.839 (NE) and 321.802 (SE). Wall D2301 abutted by Surface D2243 and under Debris D2265.

V31

Earth LocusLocus 2319. Topsoil, D2319, consisted of loose loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 light brown in color. Inclusions includ-

ed random pebbles and cobbles. Topsoil D2319 was found across the entire area of the square measuring 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width. Top levels were 322.101 (NW), 322.627 (NE), 322.383 (SE), 322.115 (SW), and 322.319 (C). Bottom levels were 322.073 (NW), 322.41(NE), 322.33 (SE), and 322.054 (SW). Topsoil D2319 was over Debris D2326, Debris D2327, and Debris D2328.


Locus 2326 (2404). Debris, D2326, consisted of firm moist loam silty-loam soil 10YR 5/3 light brown in color. Inclu-sions included a large numbers of pebble stone. Debris D2326 was established in the eastern portion of the square after the top of Wall D2338 was discovered. Debris D2326 measured 4.0 m long north to south and ranged from 1.40 m in the north to 1.10 m in the south in width. Top levels were 322.369 (NW), 322.410 (NE), 322.330 (SE), and 322.266 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.306 (NW), 321.378 (NE), 321.415 (SE), and 321.330 (SW). Debris D2326 was under Topsoil D2319, contiguous to Debris D2327, sealed against Wall D2338, contiguous to and equaled Debris D2421, and Debris D2423, and over Bedrock D2415.

Pottery Objects#3984: IA, H, RB Roman Shoe Nail: #3994#4021: IA, H Coin (Yehud, late 4th century BCE): #4039#4089: IA, H, I Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 80/79 BCE): #4124#4121: IA, H Bronze Spatula: #4129#4123: IA, H Persian Coin (Philistia, mid-4th century BCE): #4130#4217: IA, H Iron Age IIA Bead: #4233#4234: IA, H#4255: IA, H

Square V31


Locus 2327. Debris, D2327, was established as a control measure on top of Wall D2338. It consisted of dry friable loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3; brown, with pebble and cobble stone inclusions. Debris D2327 measured 4.0 m in length and 0.80 m in width. Top levels were 322.276 (NW), 322.369 (NE), 322.266 (SE), and 322.127 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.105 (NW), 322.255 (NE), 322.299 (SE), and 322.037 (SW). Debris D2327 was under Topsoil D2319, contiguous to Debris D2326, contiguous and equal to Debris D2328 and Debris D2425, and over and sealed against Wall D2338.


Locus 2328. Debris, D2328, consisted of dry friable loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, with pebble and cobble stone inclusions. Debris D2328 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.80 m in width in the north and 2.30 m in width in the south. Top levels were 322.073 (NW), 322.276 (NE), 322.127 (SE), and 322.054 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.649 (NW), 321.836 (NE), 321.786 (SE), and 321.580 (SW). Debris D2328 was under Topsoil D2319, contiguous and equal to Debris D2327 and Debris D2425, sealed against Wall D2338, and above Debris D2355.

Pottery Objects#3985: IA, H, RB Pigment Fragment: #4000#4020: IA, H, RB Glass Fragments: #4005, #4033, and #4045.#4062: IA, H (Predom) Lead Fragment: #4048 Late Persian–Early Hellenistic Ring?: #4075

Locus 2355 (2359, 2365, 2374, and 2378). Debris layer, D2328, consisted of dry friable loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, with pebble and cobble stone and boulder inclusions. Debris D2355 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.80 m in width in the north and 2.30 m in width in the south. Top elevations were 321.649 (NW), 321.836 (NE), 321.786 (SE), and 321.580 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.862 (NW), 320.909 (NE), 320.927 (SE), and 320.828 (SW). Debris D2355 is under Debris D2328, sealed against Wall D2338, contiguous with and equal to Debris D2425, and over Bedrock D2383.

Pottery Objects#4070: IA, H, RB Flint Blade: #4079#4090: IA, H, RB Roof Roller: #4139#4122: IA, H Basalt Grinding Stone: #4182#4151: IA, H Coin (Philistia, mid-4th century BCE): #4190#4179: IA, H#4152: H

Locus 2383 (2415). Bedrock, D2383, appeared in the southern and northeastern sections of the square. Bedrock D2383 was under Wall D2338, Debris D2355 and Debris D2326.

ObjectsBasalt Grinding Stones: #4173 and #4182

Locus 2394. Surface, D2394, consisted of very firm, dry, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/4 light brown in color. The locus measured 4.0 m in length and 1.80 m in width in the north and 1.40 m width in the south. Top levels were 320.862 (NW), 320.909 (NE), 320.827 (E1), 320.899 (E2), 320.908 (E3), 320.918 (E4), 320.927 (SE), and 320.828 (SW). Surface D2394 was under Debris D2355, over Bedrock D2383, and seals against Wall D2338.

Pottery#4180: H


Locus 2421. Debris, D2421, was excavated as one locus in the east balk and consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color, and with many pebble and cobble inclusions. Top levels were 322.627 (N) and 322.383 (S). Bottom levels were 321.367 (N), 321.366 (C), and 321.618 (S). Debris D2421 was equal and contiguous to Debris D2326 and Debris D2423.

Pottery Objects#4288: IA, H (Predom) Pin: #4290#4318: IA, H Iron Blade: #4293#4317: H Bronze Needle: #4303 Metal Fragment: #4305 Basalt Grinding Stone: #4325

Locus 2423. Debris, D2423, was excavated as one locus in layer in the eastern side of the north balk and consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color, and with many pebble and cobble inclu-sions. Top level was 322.627. Bottom level was 321.367. Debris D2423 was equal and contiguous to Debris D2326 and Debris D2421.

Pottery Objects#4292: IA, H Chalcolithic Blade: #4329#4319: IA, H Coin (Arcadius, 395–408 CE): #4353

Locus 2425. Debris, D2425, was excavated as one locus in the western section of the north balk and consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color and with many pebble, cobble, and boulder inclusions. Top level was 322.184. Bottom level was 320.864. Debris D2425 was equal and contiguous to Debris D2327 and Debris D2328.

Pottery#4296: IA, H#4332: IA, H (Predom)#4358: H

Architectural LocusLocus 2338. Wall, D2338, consisted of two free-standing rows, dry-laid, unfaced boulders with chink rubble debris of

four and five courses. Wall D2338 measured 4.30 m in length, 0.80 to 0.95 m in width, and 1.02 to 1.25 m in height. Wall D2338 was orientated on a course of 5–185 degrees. Top levels were 322.105 (N), 322.299 (S). Wall D2338 was under D2327, sealed against by Debris D2328 and Debris D2355 on the west and Debris D2326 to the east, and was over Bedrock D2383.

V32

Earth LocusLocus 2443. Topsoil, D2443, consisted of loose loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 light brown with random pebbles and

cobbles inclusions. Topsoil D2443 was found across the entire excavated area of the square measuring 4.0 m in length and 1.90 m in width in the north and 1.45 m in width to the south. Top levels were 322.080 (NW), 322.415 (NE), 322.265 (SE), and 322.046 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.845 (NW), 322.163 (NE), 322.053 (SE), and 321.908 (SW). Topsoil D2443 was over Debris D2444.

Pottery#4374: Chalcolithic, IA, H, RB, I

Locus 2444. Debris, D2444, consisted of dry friable loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and with pebble and

Square V32


cobble stone inclusions. Debris D2444 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.90 m in width to the north to 1.45 m in width to the south. Top levels were 321.845 (NW), 322.163 (NE), 322.053 (SE), and 321.908 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.633 (NW), 321.747 (NE), 321.654 (SE), and 321.675 (SW). Debris D2444 was under Topsoil D2443, contiguous and equal to Debris D2478.

Pottery Objects#4375: IA, H, RB Bronze Needle: #4393#4403: IA, H, R, RB Coin (Trajan Decius, 249–250 CE): #4412 Coin (Trajan Decius, 249–250 CE): #4413 Roman Glass: #4419

Locus 2457. Debris, D2457, consisted of dry friable loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and with pebble and cobble stone and boulder inclusions. Debris D2457 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.2 m in width to the north and 0.80 m in width to the south. Top levels were 321.633 (NW), 321.747 (NE), 321.654 (SE), and 321.675 (SW). Bottom levels were 320.768 (NW), 320.784 (NE), 320.827 (SE), and 320.725 (SW). Debris D2457 was under Debris D2444, sealed against Wall D2475, contiguous with and equal to Debris D2478, and over Debris D2471.

Pottery Objects#4423: IA, H Bronze Needle: #4430#4450: IA, H (Predom) Silver Ring: #4454#4470: H

Locus 2471 (2482). Debris, D2471, consisted of loose loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 light yellow brown in color, and with random pebble debris. Debris D2471 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.20 m in width to the north and 0.80 m in width to the south. Top levels were 320.768 (NW), 320.784 (NE), 320.827 (SE), and 320.725 (SW). Debris D2471 was under Debris D2457, sealed against Wall D2475.

Pottery Objects#4505: IA, H Basalt Grinding Stone: #4509#4534: H, RB Bronze Fibula: #4521 Coin (Ptolemy II, 285–275 BCE): #4533

Locus 2478. Debris, D2478, was excavated as one locus in the north balk and consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and with pebble, cobble, and boulder inclusions. Top levels were 322.18 (E) and 321.97 (W). Bottom levels were. Debris D2478 was equal and contiguous to Debris D2444 and Debris D2457.

ObjectsPiece of Basalt Grinding: #4531Pottery#4526: IA, H

Architectural LocusLocus 2475. Wall, D2475, was the Inner Casemate city wall and consisted of two rows of free-standing, dry-laid, un-

faced boulders with chink rubble debris of four and five courses. Wall D2475 measured 5.0 m long, varied from 0.85 to 1.05 m in width, and between 0.65 to 0.95 m in height. Wall D2475 was orientated on a course of 350–170 degrees. Top levels were 321.522 (N) and 322.660 (S). Wall D2475 was under Debris D2444, sealed against by Debris D2457.

Pottery Objects#4521: IA, H Glass: #4635


W29

Earth LocusLocus 2198. Topsoil, D2198, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color, and very firm in hardness

and firm compactness. Topsoil D2198 extended over the surface of the square and thus measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in width, and 0.3–0.45 m in depth. Top levels were 323.051 (NW), 323.225 (NE), 323.154 (C), 323.402 (SE), and 323.222 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.720 (NW), 322.918 (NE), 322.851 (C), 322.95 (SE), and 322.846 (SW). Topsoil D2198 was over Debris D2208 and Debris D2209.

Pottery#3614: IA, H, RB#3627: IA, H, RB#3662: IA, H, RB

Locus 2208. Debris, D2208, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil was 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color, and average uncom-pacted in hardness and crumbly in compactness. Debris D2208 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.50 m in width, and 0.07–0.16 m in depth. Top levels were 322.720 (NW), 322.822 (NE), 322.895 (SE) and 322.846 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.725 (NW), 322.725 (NE), 322.783 (SE) and 322.681 (SW). Debris 2208 was above Debris D2217, Debris D2230, Installation D2229, contiguous to Debris D2209, and under Topsoil D2198.

Pottery#3673: IA, H DOK

Locus 2209. Debris, D2209, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color, and very firm in hard-ness and firm compactness. Debris D2209 measured 4.0 m in length, 2.5 m in width, and 0.04–0.11 m in depth. Top levels were 322.895 (NW), 322.918 (NE), 322.950 (SE), and 322.895 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.725 (NW), 322.884 (NE), 323.008 (SE), and 322.783 (SW). Debris D2209 was over Debris D2217, Debris D2218, Debris D2230, Installation D2229, contiguous to Debris D2208, and under Topsoil D2198.

Pottery#3674: IA, H

Locus 2217. Debris, D2217, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and loose in hardness and crumbly in compactness. Debris D2217 had a large amount of pebble debris scattered ran-domly throughout the locus. Debris D2217 measured 4.0 m in length, 2.60 m in width, and 0.04–0.08 m in depth. Top levels were 322.656 (NW), 322.749 (NE), 322.840 (SE) and 322.681 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.602 (NW), 322.704 (NE), 322.729 (SE) and 322.611 (SW). Debris D2217 was over Instillation D2257, Debris D2226, contiguous to Debris D2218, under Debris D2209 and Debris D2208.


Locus 2218. Debris, D2218, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color, and very firm in hard-ness and gravelly in compactness. It contained a lot of small pebble inclusions measuring 0.002–0.06 m. Debris D2218 measured 4.0 m in length, and 1.40 m in width, and 0.01–0.12 m in depth. Top levels were 322.749 (NW), 322.884 (NE), 323.008 (SE) and 322.840 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.704 (NW), 322.873 (NE), 322.873 (SE) and 322.729 (SW). Debris D2218 was contiguous to Debris D2217, sealed against Surface D2230, under Debris D2209, Debris D2226.

Pottery#3711: IA, H

Square W29


Locus 2226. Debris, D2226, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and average uncompacted in hardness and crumbly in compactness. Debris D2226 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.55 m in width and 0.123–0.318 m in depth. Top levels were 322.722 (NW), 322.751 (NE), 322.642 (SE) and 322.651 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.404 (NW), 322.568 (NE), 322.873 (SE) and 322.509 (SW). Debris D2226 was contiguous to Debris D2230, sealed against Instillations D2257, Installation D2229, under Debris D2217 and Debris D2218.

Pottery#3740: IA (Predom), H#3761: IA (Predom), H

Locus 2227. Debris, D2227, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color and loose layer in hardness and loose in compactness. Debris D2227 measured 1.70 m in length and 1.25 m in width and 0.243–0.457 m in depth. Top levels were 322.534 (NW), 322.540 (NE), 322.575 (SE) and 322.533 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.291 (NW), 322.219 (NE), 322.118 (SE) and 322.276 (SW). Debris D2227 sealed against Instal-lation D2257, under Debris D2217.

Pottery#3741: H#3852: IA

Locus 2228. Debris, D2228, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil was 10YR 4/3 brown in color and average uncompacted in hardness and friable in compactness. Debris D2228 measured 1.62 m in length and 0.60 m in width and 0.08–0.26 m in depth. Top levels were 322.589 (W) and 322.701 (E). Bottom levels were 322.508 (W) and 322.444 (E). Debris D2228 sealed against Installation D2229, under Debris D2208, and Debris D2209.

Pottery#3742: H

Locus 2239. Debris, D2239, consisted of dry, sandy-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and average beaten in hardness and crumbly in compactness. Debris D2239 contained a small amount of pebble in-clusions randomly distributed. It measured 0.35 m in length, 0.35 m in width, and 0.08 m in depth. Top level was 322.401. Bottom level was 322.316. Debris D2239 sealed against Installation D2238 and under Debris D2226.

Pottery#3766: IA#3844: N/A

Locus 2241. Debris, D2241, consisted of dry, sandy-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and average beaten in hardness and crumbly in compactness. Debris D2241 measured 0.40 m in length, 0.25 m in width, and 0.07 m deep. Top level was 322.540. Bottom level was 322.469. Debris D2241 sealed against Installation D2240 and under Debris D2226.

Pottery#3767: N/A

Locus 2244. Debris, D2244, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 6/3 pale brown in color, and average uncompacted in hardness and crumbly in compactness. Debris D2244 measured 1.60 m in length, 0.56 m in width, and 0.08–0.15 m deep. Top levels were 322.508 (W) and 322.444 (E). Bottom levels were 322.351 (W) and 322.364 (E). Debris D2244 sealed against Installation D2229 and under Debris D2228.


Pottery#3776: H#3843: IA, H#3948: IA, H

Locus 2309. Debris, D2309, consisted of moist, silty-loam soil, 10YR 3/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and aver-age uncompacted in hardness and friable in compactness. Top levels were 322.356 (NW), 322.277 (NE), 322.484 (SE), and 322.175 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.306 (NW), 322.227 (NE), 322.484 (SE), and 322.125 (SW). Debris D2309 was under Installation D2257, Debris D2227 and Debris D2226.


Installation LocusLocus 2229. Installation, D2229, was made up of medium size cobbles and consisted of two courses of stones. Instal-

lation D2229 measured 1.75 m in length and 0.33–0.82 m in width. Installation D2229 was under Debris D2208, Debris D2209, sealed against Debris D2217, D2226, D2228, and abutted by Installation D2238 and D2240.

Locus 2238. Installation, D2238, was a circular feature located south of Installation D2229 and was to the east of Instal-lation D2240. Installation D2238 was made up of medium size cobblestones and consisted of one course of stones. Installation D2238 was lime plastered. It measured 0.80 m in length, 0.80 m in width. Installa-tion D2238 was under Debris D2208 and Debris D2209 and abutted Installation D2229.

Locus 2240. Installation, D2240, a circular feature was located south of Installation D2229 and directly east of the West balk. Installation D2240 was made up of medium size cobblestones and consisted of one course of stones. Installation D2240 was lime plastered. It measured 0.90 m in length, 0.50 m in width. Installation D2240 was under Debris D2208 and 2209 and abutted Installation D2229.

Locus 2257. Installation, D2257, was a circular feature next to the west balk of W29 with part of the installation in the balk. Installation D2257 was made up of medium size cobblestones and consisted of two courses of stones. It measured 1.75 m in length and 0.90 m in width. Installation D2257 was under Debris D2217, sealed against by Debris D2226 and Debris D2227, and over Debris D2309.

Architectural LocusLocus 2230. Wall, D2230, ran diagonally from the SW corner of the bedrock on the east half of the square. Wall D2230

was made up of a single course of medium size cobblestones. Wall D2230 measured 0.80 m in length, 0.61 m in width, and 0.09–0.18 m in depth. Top level was 322.763. Wall D2230 was under Debris 2208 and Debris 2209 and sealed against by Debris 2218 and Debris 2226.

W30

Earth LocusLocus 2196. Topsoil, D2196, consisted of dry, loose, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. It included inclu-

sions of cobbles and nari pockets. Topsoil spread throughout the entire square 4.0 m by 4.0 m and 0.42–0.64 m depth. Top levels were 322.771 (NW), 323.010 (NE), 323.123 (SE), 322.919 (SW), and 322.859 (C). Bottom levels were 322.346 (NW), 322.468 (NE), 322.479 (SE), 322.432 (SW), and 322.346 (C). Topsoil D2196 was over Debris D2211, Debris D2210, and Wall D2212

Square W30


Pottery Objects#3611: IA, H, RB Roman Glass: #3615#3638: IA, H, RB Metal Hook: #3646#3666: IA, H Piece of Lead: #3684

Locus 2210 (2231). Debris, D2210, consisted of firm, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. In-clusions included pebbles and cobbles throughout the locus in no specific pattern. Debris D2210 measured 4.0 m in length, 0.96 m in width, and 0.31–0.63 m in depth. Top levels were 322.463 (NW), 322.418 (NE), 322.479 (SE), and 322.419 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.830 (NW), 321.933 (NE), 322.126 (SE), and 322.102 (SW). Debris D2210 was under Topsoil D2196, over Surface D2253, sealed against Wall D2212 and contiguous to Debris D2282.

Pottery Object#3685: H, EP Bronze Piece: #3753#3705: IA, H Serrated Flint: #3754 #3738: IA, H

Locus 2211. Debris, D2211, consisted of uncompacted, dry, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Inclu-sions included pebbles and nari pockets randomly throughout the locus. Debris D2211 measured 4.0 m in length and 2.90 m in width and was 0.36–0.90 m in depth. Top levels were 322.346 (NW), 322.397 (NE), 322.423 (SE), and 322.452 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.921 (NW), 322.031 (NE), 322.013 (SE), and 321.855 (SW). Debris D2211 was under Topsoil D2196, Debris D2224, and sealed against Wall D2212.

Pottery Objects#3686: IA, H Bronze Weight?: #3696#3706: IA, H Arrow Head: #3697#3739: IA, H (Predom) Piece of Lead: #3698 Flint Arrow Head?: #3717

Locus 2223. Debris, D2223, consisted of loose, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 6/3 pale brown. Inclusions included of cobbles and pebbles throughout the locus. Debris D2223 measured 1.41 m in length, 0.88 m in width, and 0.37 m in depth. Top level was 321.921 and bottom level was 321.557. Debris D2223 was under Debris D2196 and sealed against Installation D2222 and Wall D2212.

Pottery#3773: H#3790: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2224. Debris, D2224, consisted of uncompacted, dry, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. It included inclusions of pebbles, small boulders, and nari pockets. The locus measured 4.0 m in length and 2.81 m in width and 0.33–0.45 m in depth. Top levels were 321.921 (NW), 322.031 (NE), 322.013 (SE), and 321.855 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.589 (NW), 321.632 (SE), 321.558 (SE), and 321.512 (SW). De-bris D2224 sealed against to Installation D2222 and was under Debris D2211 and Wall D2212.

Pottery Objects#3791: IA, H (Predom), RB Roman Glass: #3765#3810: H#3869: H

Locus 2253. Debris, D2253, consisted of firm, silty clay-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. It included inclusions of pebbles and cobbles randomly throughout the locus. Debris D2253 measured 4.0 m in length, 0.96 m in width, and 0.44–0.54 m in depth. Top levels were 322.463 (NW), 322.418 (NE), 322.479 (SE), and 322.419 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.919 (NW), 321.939 (NE), 321.966 (SE), and


321.973 (SW). Debris D2253 was under Debris D2210 and sealed against Wall D2212 and Debris D2286.

Pottery Objects#3791: IA, H, RB Iron Blades: #3802

Locus 2263. Surface, D2263, was located south of Wall 2276 and consisted of uncompacted, dry, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Surface D2263 contained several large flat-lying Hellenistic sherds leading to the conclusion that this was the floor of the room. The locus measured 4.0 m in length and 2.90 m in width. Top levels were 321.589 (NW) and 321.512 (SW). Surface D2263 was under Debris D2224 and sealed against Wall D2276.

Pottery#3818: H

Locus 2266. Debris, D2266, was excavated as one locus of the north balk and consisted of loose crumbly, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. It included pebbles, cobbles, and nari pockets. It measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 1.22 m in depth. Top levels were 322.647 (W) and 323.006 (E). Bottom level were 321.868 (NW), 322.167 (NE), 322.102 (SE), and 321.862 (SW). Debris D2266 was over Wall D2275, cut by Wall D2212 and Wall D2291, and contiguous to Topsoil D2196, Debris D2211, Debris D2224, Wall D2212, Debris D2210, and Surface D2253.

Pottery#3821: H

Locus 2282. Debris, D2282, was excavated as the upper layer of the east balk and consisted of dry, loose, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. It consisted of random pebbles and cobbles. It measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Top levels were 323.007 (N) and 323.039 (S). Debris D2282 was over Debris D2286 and contiguous to Debris D2196.

Pottery Objects#3871: H Stone Spindle Whirl: #3874

Locus 2286. Debris, D2286, was excavated as the lower layer of the east balk and consisted of firm, silty clay-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Inclusions consisted of random pebbles and cobbles. It measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Bottom levels were 322.325 (NW), 322.188 (NE), 322.463 (SE), and 322.421 (SW). Debris D2286 was over Wall 2291, under Topsoil D2282, and contiguous to Debris D2210.

Pottery#3885: IA, H, RB#3889: MB, IA (Predom), H

Locus 2298. Debris, D2298, was located between Wall D2212 and Bench D2299 and consisted of loose, dry, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included pebbles and cobbles randomly throughout the locus. It measured 4.0 m in length, 0.84 m in width, and 0.16–0.21 m in depth. Top levels were 321.919 (NW), 321.939 (NE), 321.966 (SE), and 321.973 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.711 (NW), 321.724 (NE), 321.804 (SE), and 321.772 (SW). Debris D2298 was over Surface D2307 and sealed against Wall D2212 and Bench D2299.

Pottery Objects#3922: IA, H Bronze Knife Blade: #3923#3944: IA, H


#3951: IA

Locus 2307. Surface, D2307, was the Iron Age IIA floor connected with Bench 2299 and Wall 2291 and consisted of firm, compacted, sand clay-loam soil, and 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown. One or more restorable Iron Age IIA storage jars with two handles, one with two fingerprints and one with one fingerprint were found on Surface D2307. It measured 1.08 m in length and 0.77 m in width. Top levels were 321.751 (NW), 321.815 (NE), 321.804 (SE), and 321.772 (SW). Surface D2307 was under Debris D2298 and sealed against Bench D2299 and Wall D2212. Debris D2253 may have been part of the surface matrix to the south.

Pottery#3940: IA#3941: IA#3946: IA

Locus 2315. Bedrock, D2315, appeared in the center to NE top of the square, center of the S and in the SW corner. In 2011 larger sections of the square was excavated to bedrock in order to understand the olive press room in this area.

InstallationLocus 2222. Installation, D2222, was a possible storage silo within the olive press complex consisted of limestone un-

hewn and unfaced stone forming a triangular shape. It measured 1.67 m in length, 1.55–0.92 m in width, and 0.40–0.78 m in height. It was constructed of stones one row wide and 1–4 courses high. Top level was 322.197. Installation D2222 was under Topsoil D2196, Debris D2211, sealed against by Debris D2224 and Debris D2223, abutted Wall D2212, and over Wall D2276.

Architectural LocusLocus 2212. Wall, D2212, formed the eastern boundary of the olive press installation and consisted of a row of small

limestone boulders constructed in the boulder and chink style and ran north to south. It was unfaced and freestanding with no mortar. Wall D2212 measured 4 m in length, 0.36–0.54 m in width, and 0.21–0.84 m in height. Top levels were 322.260 (NW), 322.189 (NE), 322.493 (SE), and 322.448 (SW). Wall D2212 was under Topsoil D2196 and sealed against by Debris D2211 and Debris D2210.

Pottery#3716: H

Locus 2275. Wall, D2275/D2292, formed the southern boundary of Building D200 and consisted of limestone boulders constricted in the boulder and chink style. It contained 1–2 courses and 2–3 rows of stones. Wall D2275 measured 3.20 m in length, 0.32–1.09 m in width, and 0.25–0.39 m in height. Top levels were 321.868 (NW), 322.167 (NE), 322.102 (SE), and 321.862 (SW). Wall D2275 was over Bedrock D2315 and under Debris D2266.

Pottery#3864 IA, H#3953: IA, H

Locus 2276. Wall, D2276, was a small dividing wall running east to west from Installation D2222 and consisted of two rows of limestone cobbles and small boulders built in the boulder and chink style. It was unfaced and free-standing with no mortar. It measured 0.92 m in length and 0.52–0.64 m in width. Top levels were 321.586 (NW), 321.633 (NE), 321.704 (SE), and 321.676 (SW). Wall D2276 was under Installation D2222 and Debris D2224 and contiguous to Surface D2263.


Locus 2291. Wall, D2291, was the Iron Age IIA wall running north to south connected to Bench D2299 and consisted of a row of single small limestone boulders constructed in the boulder and chink style. It was unfaced and freestanding with no mortar. Wall D2291 measured 5.26 m in length, 0.36–0.54 m in width, and 0.42–0.66 m in height. Top levels were322.325 (NW), 322.188 (NE), 322.463 (SE), and 322.421 (SW). Wall D2291 was under Debris D2286, over Bench D2299, cut Wall D2275, and contiguous to Surface D2253.

Locus 2299. Bench, D2299, consisted of a row of flat stones forming a clean line running along Wall D2291. Bench D2299 contained small boulders constructed with boulder and chink and 1–2 courses in height. Top levels were 322.077 (NW), 322.085 (NE), 322.074 (SE), and 322.095 (SW). Bench D2299 was under Debris D2286, abutted Wall D2291 and contiguous to Debris D2298.

Pottery Objects#3918: IA, H (intrusive) Grinding Stones: #3936 and #3950

W31

Earth LocusLocus 2320. Topsoil, D2320, consisted of rubbly, sand sandy-loam soil and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. In-

clusions included random pebbles (10 per 25 cm) and cobbles (2 per 25 cm). Topsoil D2320 was found across the entire area of the square measuring 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in width, and 0.402 m in depth at the deepest point and 0.192 m in depth at the shallowest point. Top levels were 322.247 (NW), 322.365 (NE), 322.262 (C), 322.392 (SW), and 322.392 (SE). Bottom levels were 322.069 (NW), 322.039 (NE), 322.071 (C), 322.143 (SW), and 322.205 (SE). It was over Debris D2334 and contiguous to Debris D2424 and Debris D2432.

Pottery Objects#3968: IA, H, RB Roman–Byzantine Shoe: #3970#3976: IA, H, RB Bronze Clip: #3973 Charcoal: #3989 Flint Knife: #4050

Locus 2334 (2333, 2339, 2345, 2356, 2362). Debris, D2334, consisted of loose, sand sandy-loam soil and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included random pebbles (20 per 25 cm). Debris D2140 mea-sured 3.20 m in length, 4.0 m in width, and 0.764–0.232 m in depth. Top Levels were 321.993 (NW), 322.205 (SW), and 322.149 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.441 (NW), 322.051 (NE), 321.441 (SW) and 321.917 (SE). Debris D2334 was under Topsoil D2320, sealed against Wall D2360, contiguous to Debris D2432 and Debris D2340.

Pottery Objects#3997: IA, H, RB Roman Shoe Nail: #4001#3998: IA, H, RB Roman Glass: #4024 and #4030#4010: IA, H, RB Coin (Philistia, mid-4th century BCE): #4032#4046: H, RB Metal Piece: #4038#4055: H, RB Bronze Piece: #4042 and #4085#4078: IA, H, RB Coin (Trajan Decius, 249–251 CE): #4043#4088: IA, H Coin (Elagabalus, 219–220 CE): #4093#4100: IA, H Coin (Ascalon, 1st–2nd century CE): #4103#4110: H Bronze Plate: #4065 Bronze Cap (modern?): #4080 and #4084 Glass Piece: #4081

Locus 2340 (2341 and 2346). Debris, D2340, consisted of loose, sand sandy-loam soil and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish

Square W31


brown in color. Inclusions included random pebbles (20 per 25 cm) and cobbles (14 per 25 cm). Debris D2340 was found in the 2.6 m by 4.0 m area across the east side of the square, to a depth of 0.309 m at the deepest point and 0.126 m at the shallowest point. Top Levels were 322.011 (NW), 322.021 (NE), 322.249 (SW), and 322.256 (SE). Bottom levels were 322.028 (NW), 322.809 (NE), 322.123 (SW) and 321.947 (SW). Debris D2340 was under Debris D2334, contiguous to Debris D2356 and Debris D2424 and over Debris D2368.

Pottery Objects#4012: IA, EP, H, RB Bronze Pin: #4028#4029: IA, H#4047: IA, H#4056: IA, H, RB#4087: IA, H#4112: IA, H

Locus 2368 (2388). Debris, D2368, consisted of crumbly, loam silty-loam soil and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Inclusions included random pebbles (10 per 25 cm). Debris D2368 was found in a 4.0 m by 3.0 m area making up the majority part of the western section of the square, to a depth of 0.555 m at the deepest point and 0.28 m at the shallowest point. Top Levels were 321.433 (NW), 321.809 (NE), 321.331 (SW), and 321.664 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.032 (NW), 321.383 (NE), 321.051 (SW) and 321.089 (SE). Debris D2368 was under Debris D2334, Debris D2340, sealed against Wall D2360, Wall D2370 and Wall D2405 and over Bedrock D2402 and Installation D2403.

Pottery Objects#4131: IA Weight/Grinding Stone: #4159#4142: H Slag Fragment: #4193#4183: IA, H (Predom) Ring: #4197#4214: IA, H (Predom) Incized Sherd: #4208 Bronze Piece: #4222

Locus 2369 (2389, 2390). Debris, D2369, consisted of crumbly, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Debris D2369 was found in a 4.0 m by 0.50 m area making up the southern part of the square, to a depth of 0.494–0.417 m. Top Levels were 321.441 (W) and 321.640 (E). Bottom levels were 320.947 (W) and 321.223 (E). Debris D2369 was under Debris D2334 and Debris D2340, sealed against Wall D2370 and over Surface D2420.

Pottery#4141: H#4148: H#4271: H#4251: H

Locus 2397. Bedrock, D2397, appeared in the northeastern section of the square. Bedrock D2397 was under Debris D2368 and Debris D2424, sealed against Wall D2405 and was contiguous to Bedrock D2402 and Bedrock D2430.

Pottery Objects#4223: H Bead: #4232#4415: H#4658: IA, H, RB (intrusive)

Locus 2402. Bedrock, D2402, appeared in the majority of the square north of Wall D2489 and south of Wall D2370. Bedrock D2402 was under Debris D2368, Installation D2403 and Debris D2432, sealed against Wall


D2370, Wall D2360, Installation D2418, Installation D2455 and Wall 2405 and was contiguous to Bed-rock D2430 and Debris D2456.

Pottery Objects#4231: H Cardinole Bead: #4232#4250: H#4420: IA, H

Locus 2419. Debris, D2419, was the debris inside of olive basin Installation D2418. It consists of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Debris D2419 measured 1.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.98 m depth. Debris was under Debris D2359 and sealed against Installation D2418.

Locus 2420. Bedrock, D2420, appeared in the southwestern section of the square to the south of Wall D2370. Bedrock D2420 was under Debris D2389 and sealed against Wall D2370 and Installation D2418.

Locus 2424. Debris, D2424, was the east balk excavated as a single locus and consisted of rubbly, sand sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included random pebbles (10 per 25 cm) and cobbles (2 per 25 cm). Debris D2424 was 5.0 m in length and 1.0 .m in width. Bottom levels were 322.452 (N) and 322.678 (S). Debris D2424 was over Bedrock D2430 and contiguous to Debris D2430 and Topsoil D2320.

Pottery Objects#4294: IA, H, RB Roman Shoe Nail: #4295#4311: IA, H (Predom)#4322: H, I?

Locus 2430. Bedrock, D2430, appeared in the area of the east balk under Debris D2424. Bedrock D2430 was under Debris D2424, sealed against Wall D2405 and Installation D2418 and was contiguous to Bedrock D2402.

Pottery#4330: H

Locus 2432. Debris, D2432, was the north balk excavated as a single locus. It consisted of loose, sand sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. Debris D2432 consisted of some pebble and cobble inclusions. Debris D2432 was 5.0 m in length and 1.0 .m in width. Top levels were 322.148 (W) and 322.452 (E). Debris D2432 was contiguous to Topsoil D2320 and Debris D2424, sealed against Wall D2405 and Wall D2360 and was over Bedrock D2402.

Pottery Objects#4341: IA, H Roman Glass: #4342, #4346, and #4349#4360: IA, H Bead: #4345#4390: IA, H (Predom) Game Piece: #4379#4402: IA, H Grinding Stone: #4387 and #4391 Flint Arrowhead: #4409

Locus 2456. Debris, D2456, was found inside of olive basin Installation D2455. Debris D2456 consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Debris D2456 measured 0.40 m in length, 0.40 m in width, and 0.60 m in depth at the deepest point. Debris D2456 was under Debris D2368 and sealed against Installa-tion D2455.

Locus 2472. Debris, D2472, was found inside of olive press weight Installation D2403. Debris D2472 consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Debris D2472 measured 0.12 m in length, 0.12 m in width, and 0.30 m in depth at the deepest point. Debris D2456 was under Debris D2368, over Bed-rock D2402 and sealed against Installation D2403.


Pottery#4506: H

Locus 2526. Debris, D2526, was found inside of pit installation D2521. Debris D2526 consisted of friable, sand clay loam silty-clay soil, and 10YR 3/6 dark yellowish brown in color. Debris D2526 measured 0.20 m in length, 0.40 m in width, and 0.45 m in depth. Top level was 320.975 (C). Bottom Level was 320.525 (C). Debris D2526 sealed against Installation D2521.

Architectural Locus Locus 2360. Wall, D2360, ran from east to west in the northwestern half of the square, extending into the western balk

and formed the southern wall of Room A4 in Building D200. It consisted of one row of small, plastered boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to three courses resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was plastered boulder and chink. Wall D2360 was found to be 1.23 m in length and from 0.39 m to 0.49 m in width. Top levels were 321.757 (W) and 321.759 (E). Wall D2360 abutted Wall D2506, was under Debris D2334, sealed against by Debris D2334, Debris D2368, Debris D2402 and Debris D2432.

Locus 2370. Wall, D2370, ran from west to east in the southern portion of the square and divided the north press and the south press in the olive oil installation room. It consisted of one row of small, dry-laid, plastered boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to three courses resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was plastered boulder and chink. Wall D2484 was found to be 1.45 m in length, from 0.36 m to 0.42 m in width, and from 0.46 to 0.55 m in height. Top levels were 321.438 (W) and 321.589 (E). Wall D2370 abutted Wall D2506, was under Debris D2334 and Debris D2340 and sealed against by Debris D2369, Bedrock D2404 and Surface D2420.

Locus 2405. Wall, D2405, ran from east to west in the northeastern half of the square and formed the southeastern wall of Room A4 in Building D200. It consisted of three rows of small, un-faced boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to four courses resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was boulder and chink. Wall D2405 was found to be 2.26 m in length and to be from 0.68 to 0.92 m in width. Wall D2405 abutted Wall D2338, was under Debris D2340, sealed against by Debris D22402, Debris D2368, Debris D2346 and Debris D2432.

Pottery Objects#4262: IA, H Nail: #4375

Locus 2539. Pillar, D2539, was in the center of the larger olive press complex. Pillar D2539 consisted of one large monolith which had at one time been plastered. Pillar D2539 was 0.55 m in length, 0.20 m-0.58 m in width, and 1.19–1.42 m in height. Pillar D2539 was under Debris D2424 and over Debris D2430.

Installation LocusLocus 2403. Installation, D2403, was an olive press weight located on top of Bedrock D2402. It measured 0.42 m in

length, 0.32 m in width, and 0.36 m in height. Top elevations were 321.285 (NW), 321.221 (NE), 321.174 (SW) and 321.255 (SE). Installation D2403 was over Bedrock D2402.

Locus 2418. Installation, D2418, was a circular, plastered, olive press basin carved into Bedrock D2402. Installation D2418 measured 1.34 m in length, 1.20 m in width and 1.10 m in height. Top levels were 321.282 (N), 321.470 (S), 321.082 (W) and 321.282 (E). Bottom level was 320.302 (C). Installation D2418 was under Debris D2369, contiguous to Bedrock D2402, Bedrock D2420, and Bedrock D2430; it was sealed against by Debris D2369.

Locus 2455. Installation, D2455, was a circular olive press basin carved into Bedrock D2402. Installation D2455 mea-sured 0.40 m in length, 0.40 m in width, and 0.50 m in height. Installation D2455 was under Debris D2368


and sealed against by Bedrock D2402 and Debris D2456.

Locus 2521. Installation, D2521, was a pit carved into Bedrock D2402. The plan of D2418 was irregular and carved into the bedrock. It measured 0.49 m in length, 0.38 m in width and 0.45 m in height. Top levels were 321.093 (W), 320.802 (E) and 321.040 (S). Bottom level was 320.525 (C). Installation D2521 was under Bedrock D2402 and sealed against by Debris D2526.

Pottery#4657: IA, H

Locus 2540. Installation, D2540, was an olive press pier for an improved lever press north of the bedrock pit Installa-tion D2521. It consisted of one large monolith which had been stacked on a large number of pebbles and cobbles. Installation D2540 measured 0.90 m in length, 0.46–0.64 m in width, and 0.45–1.0 m in height. Installation D2540 was under Debris D2368 and sealed against by Bedrock D2397.

W32

Earth LocusLocus 2487. Topsoil, D2487, was topsoil that consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 light brown in color.

Inclusions included random pebbles and cobbles. Debris D2487 was found across the entire excavated area of the square measuring 4.0 m in length, 1.80 m in width in the north and 1.09 m in width to the south. Top levels were 322.410 (NW), 322.415 (NE), 322.265 (SE), and 322.046 (SW) Bottom levels were 322.155 (NW) and 322.275 (NE). Topsoil D2487 was over Debris D2488.


Locus 2488 (2498, 2501). Debris, D2488, consisted of dry friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Inclusions included pebble and cobble stone. Debris D2488 measured 4.0 m in length long and 1.80 m in width in the north to 1.09 m in width in the south. Top levels were 322.155 (NW) and 322.275 (NE). Bottom levels were 321.726 (NW), 321.746 (NE), 321.835 (SE), and 321.814 (SW). Debris D2488 was under Topsoil D2487, above Wall D2506, and contiguous and equal to Debris D2510.

Pottery Objects#4544: IA, H, RB Glass Fragment: #4581#4571: IA, H, RB#4575: IA#4586: H

Locus 2494 . Debris, D2457, consisted of dry friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Inclusions included pebble, cobble stones, and boulder. Debris D2494 measured 3.70 m in length and 0.6 m-0.3 m in width in the south. Top levels were 321.726 (NW), 321.746 (NE), 321.835 (SE), and 321.814 (SW). Bottom levels were. Debris D2494 was under Debris D2488 and sealed against Wall D2506.

Pottery Objects#4554: H Coin (Late Roman?, 450–550 CE?): #4558#4565: IA, H Iron Fragment: #4591#4585: H#4653: IA, H

Locus 2510. Debris, D2510, was removed as a single locus from the north balk. Debris D2510 consisted of friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Inclusions included pebble, cobble, and boulders. Top

Square W32


levels were 322.209 (E) and 321.136 (W). Bottom levels were 321.603 (E) and 321.622 (W). Debris D2510 was equal and contiguous to Debris D2488 and over Wall D2506 and Debris D2522.

Pottery Objects#4601: IA, H, RB Bronze Spoon: #4622 Lead Fragment: #4623 Bronze Pin: #4627

Locus 2522. Debris, D2522, was blocking the inner casemate doorway in Wall D2506. Debris D2522 consisted of fri-able, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. It consisted of many pebble, cobble, and boulder inclusions. Top levels were 321.568 (N) and 321.612 (S). Bottom levels were 320.788 (N) and 320.622 (S). Debris D2522 was equal and contiguous to Debris D2488 and Debris D2494.

Pottery#4660: IA, H

Architectural LocusLocus 2506. Wall, D2506, was the inner casemate wall and consisted of two rows of free-standing, dry-laid boulders

with chink rubble debris of three courses that were faced in white plaster of the olive press instillation. Wall D2506 measured 5.0 m in length, 0.90 m in width, and between 0.78 and 0.85 m in height. Wall D2506 was orientated on a course of 350–170 degrees. Top levels were 321.522 (N) and 322.660 (S). Wall D2475 was under Debris D2488 and was sealed against by Debris D2494.

X29

Earth LocusLocus 2318. Topsoil, D2318, consisted of firm, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Topsoil D2318 cov-

ered the whole square. Top levels were 322.966 (NW), 323.354 (NE), 323.351 (SE), 322.946 (SW), and 323.079 (C). Bottom levels were 322.938 (NW), 323.277 (NE), 323.249 (SE), and 322.939 (SW). Topsoil D2318 was over Bedrock D2324, over Debris D2325, and was contiguous to Debris D2361.

Pottery Objects#3966: IA, H, R, RB Roman Shoe Nail: #3978#4031: IA H, RB Bronze Plate: #3980 Bronze Needle: #3977

Locus 2324. Bedrock, D2324 was found was found throughout most of the square. Top levels were 322.783 (NW), 323.066 (NE), 323.077 (SE), and 322.816 (SW). Bedrock D2324 was under Topsoil D2318, and Debris D2325


Locus 2325 (2344). Debris, D2325, consisted of sand clay-loam was 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color; sub-angular 80% within this locus. Top levels were 322.938 (NW), 323.277 (NE), 323.249 (SE), and 322.939 (SW). Bot-tom levels were 322.783 (NW), 323.064 (NE), 323.000 (SE), and 322.816 (SW). Debris D2325 was under Topsoil D2318, over Debris D2386, contiguous to Debris D2361, over Wall D2504, and over Bedrock D2324.

Pottery Objects#3983: IA, H, RB Bronze Plate: #3980

Square X29


#4014: IA, H, RB Roman Glass Rim: #3987#4074: H Roman Glass: #3990 and #3996#4041: IA, H, RB Flint: #3993#4057: IA (Predom), H Stone Weight/Game Piece: #4008#4097: IA, H Coin (Late Roman, first half of 5th century CE): #4022 Grinding Stone: #4025 Flint Arrowhead?: #4076

Locus 2361 (2376). Debris, D2361, was excavated in one locus as the north balk and consisted of loam silty-loam was 10YR 4/3 brown in color. It was beaten and firm in consistency. Top levels were 323.224 (W) and 323.417 (E). Bottom elevations were 322.817 (W) and 323.008 (E). Debris D2361 was over Debris D2386, and abutted by Topsoil D2318 and Debris D2325.

Pottery Objects#4099: IA, H Roman Glass: #4158#4149: IA, H, RB#4178: H

Locus 2386 (2412). Debris, D2386, consisted of sand clay-loam silty to clay-loam was 10YR 4/3 brown in color. It was beaten and firm in consistency. Top levels were 322.817 (NW), 323.008 (NE), 322.947 (SE), and 322.563 (SW). Bottom levels were 323.384 (NW), 322.591 (NE), 322.711 (SE), and 322.407 (SW). Debris D2386 was under Debris D2325 and Debris D2361, over Surface D2395, cut by Ash Pit D2417, sealed against by Wall D2504, and over Bedrock D2324.

Pottery Objects#4174: IA Roman Glass: #4189#4187: IA Juglet Rim-Handle: #4321#4209: IA (Predom), H, RB Piece of Coin (Unidentifiable [Ptolemaic?], #4247: IA, H 3rd century BCE?): #4282#4315: IA, H#4268: IA (Predom), H, RB#4328: H

Locus 2395 (2414). Surface, D2395, was the Iron IIA floor and consisted of sand clay-loam to silty clay-loam was 10YR 4/3 brown in color. It was beaten and firm in consistency. Top levels were 323.384 (NW), 322.591 (NE), 322.743 (SE), and 322.407 (SW). Surface D2395 was under Debris D2386.

Pottery Objects#4206: IA Toggle Pin: #4237#4207: IA Cultic Stand? (see 4213): #4238#4210: IA Twin Cup Libation Vessel: #4239#4211: IA (Predom), H (Restorable) Iron Blade: #4285#4256: IA Iron Blade: #4333#4272: IA, H#4314: IA (Predom), H (3 Intrusive)

Locus 2417. Debris, D2417, was an ash pit that consisted of sand sandy-loam was 10YR??** very dark greyish brown in color; sub angular 30% sub-angular, 70% round. It was loose dry sand and loose in consistency. Top levels were 322.636 (NW), 322.734 (NE), 322.711 (SE), and 322.676 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.587 (NW), 322.681 (NE), 322.656 (SE), and 322.575 (SW). Ash Pit D2417 cuts into Debris D2386.

Pottery#4280: H


#4316: IA, H

Architectural LocusLocus 2504. Wall, D2504, ran north to south and then cut in to the west along the eastern edge of the square. Wall

D2504 was built of unfaced/unhewn limestone and consisted of small boulders. Wall D2504 contained 1 row of 1–2 courses. Wall D2504 measured 2.40 m in length, 0.30 m, in width, and 0.5 m in height. Top levels were 323.012 (N), 323.040 (C), and 323.083 (S). Wall D2504 was sealed by Debris D2386.

Pottery#4171: IA

X30

Earth LocusLocus 2316. Topsoil, D2316, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 5/3 brown in color. The soil was dry,

loose (consistency), and beaten (hardness). Topsoil D2316 measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in width, and 0.07–0.18 m in depth. Top levels were 322.648 (NW), 322.892 (NE), 322.868 (SE), 322.734 (SW), and 322.750 (C). Bottom levels were 322.569 (NW), 322.726 (NE), 322.688 (SE), 322.601 (SW), and 322.682 (C). Topsoil D2316 was over Debris D2329 and Debris D2330 and equaled the top layers of Debris D2431 and Debris D2453.

Pottery#3961: IA, H, RB#3974: IA, H

Locus 2329. Debris, D2329, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil was dry, crumbly (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2329 measured 2.50 m in length, 2.10 m in width, and 0.15–0.37 m in depth. Debris D2329 contained a significant amount of small-to-large-size cobblestone inclusions (30–45 per bucket) and a few small boulders. Top levels were 322.676 (NW), 322.671 (NE), 322.745 (SE), and 322.587 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.303 (NW), 322.457 (NE), 322.491 (SE), and 322.345 (SW). Debris D2329 was under Topsoil D2316, over Debris D2354, and ran contiguous to Debris D2330.

Pottery Objects#3975: IA, H, RB Seashell: #4067#4064: IA, Late Persian, H Fibula Pin: #4073

Locus 2330. Debris, D2330, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil was dry, loose (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2330 measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in width, and 0.17–0.25 m in depth. Debris D2330 contained a moderate amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (15–25 per bucket). Top levels were 322.533 (NW), 322.745 (NE), 322.690 (SE), 322.692 (SW), and 322.665 (C). Bottom levels were 322.301 (NW), 322.520 (NE), 322.535 (SE), 322.491 (SW), and 322.457 (C). Debris D2330 was under Topsoil D2316, over Debris D2352, Debris D2375, De-bris D2411 and ran contiguous to Debris D2329.

Pottery Objects#3979: H Flint: #4035#4019: IA, H (Predom) Scarab Seal: #4049#4034: IA, H, RB Part of an Ostracon: #4051#4040: IA, H

Square X30


Locus 2353 (2354). Debris, D2353, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil was dry, crumbly (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2353 contained a moderate amount of small-to-large-size cobblestone inclusions (15–25 per bucket). Debris D2353 measured 3.15 m in length, 2.50 m in width, and 0.24–0.39 m in depth. Top levels were 322.438 (NW), 322.510 (NE), 322.523 (SE), and 322.457 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.025 (N), 322.006 (C), and 321.979 (S). Debris D2353 was under Debris D2329, Debris D2330, over Debris D2387, Debris D2375, sealed against Wall D2352, and ran contiguous to Debris D2411.

Pottery Objects#4091: IA, H (Predom), RB Iron dolabra: #4470#4109: IA, H#4118: IA, H#4128: IA, H#4137: IA, H, RB

Locus 2375. Debris, D2375, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. The soil was slightly moist, crumbly (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2375 contained a moderate amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (15–20 per bucket) and a few small boulders. Debris D2375 measured 3.15 m in length, 2.50 m in width, and 0.21–0.55 m in depth. Top levels were 322.202 (NW), 322.191 (NE), 322.133 (SE), and 322.187 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.656 (NW), 321.939 (NE), 321.845 (SE), and 321.767 (SW). Debris D2375 was under Debris D2353, over Debris D2399, Debris D2400, Debris D2401, Bedrock D2440, sealed against Wall D2352, and ran contiguous to Debris D2387.

Pottery Objects#4140: IA (Predom), H Grinding Stone: #4165#4155: IA, H Iron Blade: #4166#4167: IA, H Loom Weight/Spindle Whorl: #4218#4199: IA, H#4215: IA, H

Locus 2387. Debris, D2387, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil was dry and loose (consistency and hardness).Debris D2375 contained a moderate amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (15–20 per bucket). Debris D2387 measured 3.20 m in length, 1.50 m in width, and 0.21–0.37 m in depth. Top levels were 321.841 (NW), 322.024 (NE), 322.022 (SE), and 322.037 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.636 (NW), 321.656 (NE), 321.783 (SE), and 321.767 (SW). Debris D2387 was under Debris D2354, over Debris D2399, Monolith D2462, sealed against Wall D2352, Monolith D2462, and ran contiguous to Debris D2375.


Locus 2399. Debris, D2399, consisted of loam silty-loam soil was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil was slightly moist, friable (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2399 con-tained a moderate amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (15–25 per bucket). Debris D2399 measured 2.75 m in length, 2.20 m in width, and 0.05–0.29 m in depth. Top levels were 321.581 (NW), 321.799 (NE), 321.818 (SE), and 321.721 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.532 (NW), 321.511 (NE), 321.644 (SE), and 321.671 (SW). Debris D2399 was under Debris D2375, Debris D2387, over Debris D2416, sealed against Wall D2352, Monolith D2462, and ran contiguous to Debris D2400 and Debris D2401.



#4261: IA (Predom), H

Locus 2400. Debris, D2400, loam silty-loam soil was 10YR 6/3 pale brown in color. The soil was dry and loose (con-sistency and hardness). Debris D2400 contained a moderate amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (15–30 per bucket). Debris D2400 measured 2.20 m in length, 1.25 m in width, and 0.10–0.13 m in depth. Top levels were 321.761 (NW), 321.761 (NE), 321.850 (SE), and 321.804 (SW). Bottom lev-els were 321.581 (NW), 321.666 (NE), 321.721 (SE), and 321.698 (SW). Debris D2400 was under Debris D2375, over Debris D2416, and ran contiguous to Debris D2399.

Pottery#4229: No pottery collected#4248: IA (Predom), H

Locus 2401. Debris, D2401, loam-silt loam soil and was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil was slight-ly moist, friable (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2401 contained a small amount of small-size cobblestone inclusions (10–15 per bucket). Debris D2401 measured 2.60 m in length, 0.70 m in width, and 0.02–0.20 m in depth. Top levels were 321.683 (NW), 321.011 (NE), 321.839 (SE), and 321.717 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.482 (NW), 321.950 (NE), 321.823 (SE), and 321.577 (SW). Debris D2401 was under Debris D2375, over Debris D2416, sealed against Wall D2352, and ran contiguous to Debris D2399.

Pottery#4230: IA, H#4252: IA (Predom), H (Intrusive)

Locus 2411. Debris, D2411, consisted of loam-silt loam soil was 10YR 5/3 brown in color. The soil was dry, crumbly (consistency), and beaten (hardness) at the top but became looser towards the bottom of the locus. Debris D2411 contained a moderate amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (10–20 per bucket). Debris D2411 measured 3.08 m in length, 0.48 m in width, and 0.45–0.48 m in depth. Top levels were 322.499 (W) and 322.495 (E). Bottom levels were 322.017 (W) and 322.040 (E). Debris D2411 was under Debris D2316, sealed against Wall D2352, and ran contiguous to Debris D2354.

Pottery4265: H4310: H

Locus 2416. Debris, D2416, consisted of loam silty-loam soil was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil was slightly moist, crumbly (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2416 con-tained a moderate amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (15–25 per bucket). Debris D2416 also contain large amounts of nari inclusions, under the nari layer there was a small pocket of ash in the SE. Debris D2416 measured 3.83 m in length, 2.96 m in width, and 0.02–0.24 m in depth. Top levels were 321.425 (NW), 321.589 (NE), 321.610 (SE), and 321.485 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.252 (NW), 321.393 (NE), 321.591 (SE), and 321.243 (SW). Debris D2416 was under Debris D2399, Debris D2400, Debris D2401, over Debris D2465, Debris D2517, and sealed against Wall D2352 and Monolith D2462.

Pottery#4276: IA#4283: IA#4298: IA, H#4309: IA (Predom), H

Locus 2431. Debris, D2431, was the debris removed in one locus from the east balk. It consisted of loam silty-loam soil was 10YR 5/3 brown in color. The soil was dry, crumbly (consistency), and beaten (hardness) at the


top but looser towards the bottom. Debris D2431 contained a significant amount of small-to-large-size cobblestone inclusions (25–35 per bucket). Debris D2431 measured 5.0 m in length, 1.06 m in width, and 0.44–1.35 m in depth. Top levels were 322.981 (N), 322.919 (C), and 322.967 (S). Bottom levels were 322.437 (N), 321.764 (C), and 321.644 (S). Debris D2431 equaled Topsoil D2316, Topsoil D2453, ran contiguous to Debris D2330, Debris D2375, Debris D2400, over Debris D2445, Debris D2447, Silo D2450, and Debris D2451.

Pottery Objects#4337: IA, H (Predom) Roman glass: #4343#4344: IA, H (Predom) Piece of bronze: #4351#4348: IA, H (Predom) Lead sealant: #4372#4355: IA, H (Predom)

Locus 2440. Bedrock, D2440, was under Debris D2352 and Debris D2450, sealed against by Debris Loci D2399, D2400, D2445, D2375, D2431, D2453, D2416, D2401, and D2450.

Locus 2445. Debris, D2445, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil was dry, crumbly (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2445 measured 1.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 0.16 m in depth. Top level was 322.433 (N). Bottom level was 322.276. Debris D2445 was under Debris D2431. The East half of Debris 2445 was likely a continuation of Surface D2414 in X29.

Pottery#4378: IA (Predom), H#4382: IA

Locus 2447. Debris, D2447, was the debris layer in Silo D2450 and consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil was moist and loose (consistency and hardness). Debris D2447 measured 0.68 m in length, 0.66 m in width, and 0.94–0.95 m in depth. Top level was 322.437. Bottom level was 321.492. Debris D2447 was under Debris D2431 and sealed against Silo D2450.

Pottery#4385: IA, H#4404: H#4461: IA, H

Locus 2451. Debris, D2451, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 6/3 pale brown in color at the top but turned 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown towards the bottom of the locus. The soil was slightly moist, crum-bly (consistency), and loose (hardness). Debris D2451 contained a small amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (10–20 per bucket). Debris D2451 measured 1.88 m in length, 1.29 m in width, and 0.17–0.20 m in depth. Top levels were 321.764 (N) and 321.644 (S). Bottom levels were 321.490 (N) and 321.443 (S). Debris D2451 was under Debris D2431, sealed against Silo D2450, and ran contiguous to Debris D2416.

Pottery#4401: IA, H #4465: IA, H

Locus 2453. Debris, D2453, was debris removed as one locus from the north balk. It consisted of loam-silt loam soil and was 10YR 5/3 brown in color. The soil was dry, loose (consistency), and beaten (hardness) at the top but less compact towards the bottom. Debris D2453 contained a small amount of small-to-large-size cobblestone inclusions (10–20 per bucket). Debris D2453 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and


1.11–2.38 m in depth. Top levels were 323.146 (E), 323.112 (C), and 322.943 (W). Bottom levels were 322.030 (E), 321.743 (C), and 321.329 (W). Debris D2353 was equaled to Topsoil D2316, Debris D2431, over Debris D2466, and ran contiguous to Debris D2411 and Debris D2445.

Pottery Objects#4416: IA, H Piece of lead: #4437#4435: IA, H Coin (Athens, 353–295 BCE): #4444#4458: H Game Piece: #4720# 4487: IA, H Olive Press Weights: #4722 and #4723

Locus 2465. Debris, D2465, was a narrow probe trench (possible surface material) excavated along the length of Wall D2497 in the east balk of X31. Possible Surface D2465 consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil was slightly moist, crumbly (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2465 contained a small amount of small-to-medium-size cobblestone inclusions (10–20 per bucket) plus some nari inclusions. Possible Surface D2465 measured 3.25 m in length, 0.70 m in width, and 0.18–0.28 m in depth. Top levels were 321.252 (N), 321.327 (C), and 321.243 (S). Bottom levels were 321.050 (N), 321.043 (C), 321.067 (S). Debris D2465 was under Debris D2416, sealed against Wall D2352, Wall D2497 (X31), and ran contiguous to Debris D2517.

Pottery Objects#4467: IA Worked bone: #4485

Locus 2466. Debris, D2466, consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. The soil was dry, crumbly (consistency), and moderately compacted (hardness). Debris D2466 measured 1.0 m long, 0.55 m in wide, and 0.22 m deep. Top level was 322.252. Bottom level was 322.030. Debris D2466 was under Debris D2453, sealed against Wall D2211 (W30), Bench D2299 (W30), and was over Bedrock D2440.

Pottery Objects#4468: IA, H Ballista stone: #4479#4511: IA, H

Locus 2517. Surface, D2517, was a possible surface that consisted of loam silty-loam soil and was 10YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil was dry, friable (consistency), and very firm (hardness) at the top and slightly moist, crumbly (consistency), and loose (hardness) at the bottom. This is the result of that decomposed nari layer that extended around the monolith and sloped up with the bedrock to the SE of X30. Debris D2517 also contained a few medium-size cobblestone inclusions. Debris D2517 measured 1.60 m in length, 0.88 m in width, and 0.03–0.28 m in depth. Top levels were 321.297 (NW), 321.369(NE), 321.339 (SE), and 321.259 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.211 (NW), 321.233 (NE), 321.239 (SE), and 321.230 (SW). De-bris D2517 was under Debris D2416, sealed against Wall D2352, and ran contiguous to Debris D2465.

Pottery#4650: IA

Architectural LocusLocus 2352. Wall, D2352, ran east to west was dry-laid and unfaced and was constructed in the boulder and chink style.

It was composed of unhewn, medium-to-large cobbles (80%) and small boulders (20%) with pebble-to-small cobble size chink stones. Wall D2352 consisted of a single row of stones and three-to-six courses of the wall remained. Wall D2352 was 3.31 m in length, 0.38–0.52 m in width, and 0.77–1.32 m in height. The west half of the wall was not preserved well as the top course was missing and the next two courses were found leaning to the north as if about to collapse. Wall D2352 was rebuilt for conservation purposes. At its west end Wall D2352 abuts Wall D2497 in X31 and on the west it makes a corner with Wall D2212


in W30. Wall D2352 was built on bedrock and it was tallest on its west end as the bedrock slopes east to west. Wall D2352 was under Debris D2329, Debris D2330, over Bedrock D2440, and sealed against by Debris D2353, Debris D2354, Debris D2375, Debris D2387, Debris D2401, Debris D2411, Debris D2416, Debris D2465, and Debris D2517.

Pottery Objects #4707: IA, H Partial Olive Press Weight: #4742

Installation LocusLocus 2450. Installation, D2450, was a rectangular silo built against Bedrock D2440 in the east balk of X30. The in-

stallation was built of unhewn, small-to-large size, limestone cobblestones (90%) with pebble size chink stones. The feature had three sides (north, west, and south), with bedrock making up the east side. Only one-to-three courses of stones were preserved as most of the stones in the south were robbed out or col-lapsed. Installation D2450’s interior was not lined. Debris D2447 is the material found inside Installation D2450. The feature measured 1.27 m in length, 1.10–1.27 m in width, and 0.29–0.96 m in height. Instal-lation D2450 is under Topsoil/Debris D2431, over Bedrock D2440, and sealed against by Debris D2445, Debris D2447, and Debris D2451.

Locus 2462. Installation, D2462, was a large standing stone (massebah) feature found standing in the middle of the west half of X30. The semi-hewn limestone feature was unfaced. Installation D2462 measured 0.90 m in height and approximately 0.24–0.32 m in width. Installation D2462 was somewhat pointed at the top and it narrowed at the base, as if cut diagonally from the bottom up. Installation D2462 was under Debris D2387 and sealed against by Debris D2387, Debris D2399, and Debris D2416.

X31

Earth LocusLocus 2317. Topsoil, D2317, consisted of fine loose, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/2 brown in color. There was a

random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) throughout the locus. Topsoil D2317 measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in width and between 0.258–0.92 m in depth. Top levels were 322.404 (NW), 322.644 (NE), 322.719(SE), 322.608(SW), and 322.586(C). Bottom levels were 322.312(NW), 322.386 (NE), 322.471 (SE), and 322.423 (SW). Topsoil D2317 was over Debris D2322, Debris D2331, Debris D2336, and De-bris D2337, and contiguous to and equal to Debris D2459, and Debris D2467.

Pottery Objects#3962: IA, H, B, I? Coin (Late Roman, 408–423 CE): #3963#3995: IA, H, RB Roman Shoe Nail: #3964 Piece of Lead: #3965

Locus 2322. Debris, D2322, consisted of crumbly, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) throughout the locus and a large amount of cobbles (6–25cm) in the southeast corner of the locus. Debris D2322 was 3.20 m in length, 2.05 m in width and between 0.15–0.91 m in depth. Top levels were 322.525 (NW), 322.602 (NE), 322.671 (SE), 322.650 (SW), and 322.589 (C). Bottom levels were 322.386 (NW), 322.456 (NE), 322.580 (SE), and 322.471 (SW). Debris D2322 was under Topsoil D2017, over Debris D2336, Debris D2331, and Debris D2332, and contiguous and equal to Debris D2459 and Debris D2467.

Pottery Objects#3971: Lost Worked Flint: #3981#3982: IA, H, RB

Square X31


Locus 2331. Debris, D2331, consisted of friable, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus and a large number of boulders (25cm+). Debris D2331 measured 3.58 m in length, 3.45 m in width, and 0.518–0.734 m in depth. Top levels were 322.541 (N), 322.699 (S), 322.582 (SW), 322.543 (W), and 322.509 (C). Bottom levels were 321.588 (NW), 321.785 (NE), 321.130 (SE), and 322.193 (SW). Debris D2331 was under Topsoil D2317 and Debris D2322, contiguous to Debris D2336, and Debris D2332, Debris D2337 and Debris D2343, over Debris D2363, Wall D2364, Debris D2380, Debris D2381, Wall D2382, Wall D2396, and Installation D2535, sealed against Wall D2364, and was contiguous to and equal to Debris D2459 and Debris D2467.

Pottery Objects#3991: H Silver? Ring: #4134#4026: NK#4052: IA, H, RB#4086: IA, H (Predom)#4106: IA, H#4145: IA, H

Locus 2332. Debris, D2332, consisted of crumbly, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. Top levels were 322.544 (NW), 322.494 (NE), 322.510 (SE), and 322.541 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.580 (N) and 322.543 (S). Debris D2332 was under Debris D2322, over Debris D2337, and contiguous to Debris D2331.

Pottery#3992: H

Locus 2336. Debris, D2336, consisted of crumbly, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus. Debris D2336 measured 3.07 m in length, 2.73 m in width and 0.123–0.221 m in depth. Top levels were 322.312 (NW), 322.456 (NE), 322.469 (SE), and 322.427 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.189 (NW), 322.326 (NE), 322.282 (SE), and 322.223 (SW). Debris D2336 was under Debris D2322 and Topsoil D2317, contiguous to Debris D2331, over Debris D2343, and contiguous to and equal to Debris D2459, and Debris D2467.

Pottery Objects#4003: IA, H, RB Ancient Nail: #4002#4009: IA, H, RB

Locus 2337. Debris, D2337, consisted of crumbly, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) throughout the locus. Debris D2337 measured 3.20 m in length, 0.47 m in width and 0.275–0.53 m in depth. Top levels were 322.441 (NW), 322.543 (NE), 322.580 (SE), and 322.417 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.166 (W) and 322.05 (E). Debris D2337 was under Debris D2332 and Topsoil D2317, over Debris D2377, contiguous to Debris D2331, and sealed against Installation D2535.

Pottery Objects#4004: H (Predom), RB Stamped Jar Handle: #4156#4027: IA, H, RB#4054: H#4092: H#4107: H#4146: IA, H

Locus 2343. Debris, D2343, consisted of crumbly, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus. Debris


D2343 measured 2.89 m in length and 2.80 m in width. Top levels were 322.189 (NW), 322.236 (NE), 322.282 (SE), and 322.223 (SW). Debris D2343 was under Debris D2336, contiguous to and over Debris D2331, sealed against Wall D2364, and was contiguous to and equal to Debris D2459, and Debris D2467.

Pottery Objects#4037: IA, H, RB Roman Glass: #4066#4053: IA, H, R

Locus 2363. Debris, D2363, consisted of loose, sandy-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a ran-dom distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2363 measured 4.0 m in length, 2.35 m in width, and 0.618–0.76 m in depth. Top levels were 322.062 (NW), 322.048 (NE), 322.130 (SE), 322.105 (SC), and 322.193 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.389 (NW), 321.374 (NE), 321.512 (SE), and 321.433 (SW). Debris D2363 was under Debris D2331, over Debris D2406, sealed against Wall D2364 and Installation D2535, and was contiguous to and equal to Debris D2467.

Pottery Objects#4101: IA, H Ballista: #4168#4108: IA (Predom), H Rounded Working Stone: #4169#4120: IA, H (Predom)#4162: H#4175: IA (Predom), H#4194: IA, H#4198: MB, IA, H#4212: IA, H#4219: IA#4220: IA#4235: IA#4240: IA

Locus 2377. Debris, D2377, consisted of loose, sand-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus. Debris D2377 measured 3.47 m in length, 0.31 m in width, and 0.196–0.273 m in depth. Top levels were 322.166 (W) and 322.050 (E). Bottom levels were 321.970 (W) and 321.777 (W). Debris D2377 was under Debris D2337, sealed against Installation D2535, and was over Debris D2441.

Pottery#4153: IA, H#4245: IA, H (Predom)#4361: H

Locus 2380. Debris, D2380, consisted of friable, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2380 measured 2.46 m in length, 1.20 m in width and 0.367–0.625 m in depth. Top levels were 321.588 (NW), 321.857 (NE), 321.813 (SE), and 321.661 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.221 (NW), 321.234 (NE), 321.188 (SE), 321.158 (SW), and 321.206 (C). Debris D2380 was under Debris D2331, over Debris D2470, sealed against Wall D2364 and Wall D2382, and was contiguous and equal to Debris D2459.

Pottery#4160: IA, H #4176: IA, H, RB (Intrusive)#4213: IA#4253: H


Locus 2381. Debris, D2381, consisted of loose, sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 6/3 pale brown in color. There was a ran-dom distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2381 measured 0.95 m in length, 0.83 m in width, and 0.573–0.584 m in depth. Top levels were 321.855 (NW), 321.841 (NE), 321.877 (SE), and 321.785 (SW). Bottom level was 321.266 (C). Debris D2381 was under Debris D2331, sealed against Wall D2382 and Wall D2364, and was contiguous and equal to Debris D2459 and Debris D2467.

Pottery Objects#4161: IA, H Olive Press Weights: #4725 and #4726#4177: H#4254: H

Locus 2406. Debris, D2406, consisted of loose, silty-loam, and 7.5 YR 6/3 light brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2406 measured 3.63 m in length, 1.77 m in width, and 0.191–0.406 m in depth. Top levels were 321.389 (NW), 321.374 (NE), 321.512 (SE), and 321.433 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.120 (NW), 321.330 (NE), 321.517 (SE), and 321.259 (SW). Debris D2406 was under Debris D2363, sealed against Wall D2364 and Installation D2535, over Debris D2434, Surface D2427, and Bedrock D2543, and contiguous and equal to Debris D2492.

Pottery Objects#4244: IA Bronze Slag: #4274#4299: IA, H#4312: IA, H

Locus 2427. Surface, D2427, was the Iron IIA period floor connected to Walls 2364 and D2497 and consisted of firm, silty clay-loam soil, and 7.5 YR 6/3 light brown in color. There was a layered distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) in the NE corner of the locus as part of the floor matrix. Surface D2427 measured 4.0 m in length and 2.35 m in width. Top levels were 321.027 (NW), 321.321 (NE), 321.363 (SE), and 321.075 (SW). Surface D2427 was under Debris D2406 and Debris D2434, sealed against Wall D2364 and Wall D2497, and was cut by Installation D2535.

Pottery Objects#4302: IA Grinding Stone: #4300#4313: IA#4572: IA#4588: IA

Locus 2434. Debris, D2434, consisted of loose, sandy-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2434 measured 2.66 m in length, 1.62 m in width, and 0.093–0.301 m in depth. Top levels were 321.120 (NW), 321.183 (NE), 321.602 (SE), and 321.232 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.027 (NW), 321.321 (NE), 321.363 (SE), and 321.075 (SW). Debris D2434 was under Debris D2406 and Debris D2441, over Surface D2427, and sealed against Wall D2364 and Installation D2535.


Locus 2441. Debris, D2441, consisted of loose, sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2441 measured 3.30 m in length, 0.81 m in width and between 0.112–0.401 m in depth. Top levels were 321.608 (NW), 321.714 (NE), 321.970 (SE), and 321.777 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.313 (NW), 321.602 (NE),


321.630 (SE), and 321.376 (SW). Debris D2441 was under Debris D2377 and Installation D2535 and over Debris D2434.

Pottery#4366: IA, H#4400: IA, H#4410: IA#4494: IA, H

Locus 2459. Debris, D2459, was the debris excavated as on locus in the north balk and consisted of friable, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2459 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width, and 1.522–1.528 m in depth. Top levels were 322.446 (W) and 322.788 (E). Bottom levels were 320.918 (W) and 321.266 (E). Debris D2459 was contiguous to and equal to Topsoil D2317, Topsoil D2322, Debris D2343, Debris D2331, Debris D2380, Debris D2381, over Debris D2381, Debris D2470, Installation D2473, and Debris D2474.

Pottery#4438: IA, H, RB#4471: IA, H (Predom)#4520: IA, H

Locus 2467. Debris, D2467, was the debris excavated as on locus in the east balk and consisted of loose, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2467 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width and between 1.279–1.188 m in depth. Top levels were 322.658 (N) and 322.768 (S). Bottom levels were 321.470 (N) and 321.489 (S). Debris D2467 was contiguous to and equal to Topsoil D2317, Debris D2322, Debris D2331, Debris D2363, and Debris D2381, over Wall D2364, Debris D2492, Wall D2497, and Installation D2535, and sealed against Wall D2364, Wall D2497, and Installation D2535.

Pottery Objects#4488: IA Piece of Bronze: #4549#4517: IA, H Loom Weight: #4542#4538: IA, H#4551: IA, H

Locus 2470. Debris, D2470, was located to the north of Wall D2364 in the olive press installation and consisted of loose, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris 2470 measured 2.43 m in length, 2.30 m in width, and 0.151–0.334 m in depth. Top levels were 321.221 (NW), 321.234 (NE), 321.188 (SE), 321.158 (SW), and 321.206 (C) Bottom levels were 320.877 (NW), 321.083 (NE), 320.988 (SE), and 320.972 (SW). Debris D2470 was under Debris D2380 and Debris D2459, over Surface D2480, Bedrock D2544, sealed against Wall D2364, and Wall D2382.


Locus 2474. Debris, D2474, was located to the north of Wall D2364 in the olive press installation and consisted of loose, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 4/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus. Debris D2474 measured 1.15 m in length, 0.65 m in width, and 0.32–0.48 m in depth. Top level was 321.076 (C). Debris D2474 was under Debris D2459 and


sealed against Installation D2473.


Locus 2480. Surface, D2480, was a plastered surface found on bedrock and part of the olive press installation that continued up the walls. Surface D2480 measured 2.67 m in length and 2.04 m in width. Top levels were 320.877 (NW), 321.083 (NE), 320.988 (SE), and 320.972 (SW). Surface D2480 was under Debris D2470, and sealed against Wall D2364 and Wall D2382.

Locus 2492. Debris, D2492, was located in the eastern part of Room G in Building D100 and consisted of crumbly, silty-loam soil, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2492 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width and between 0.016–0.136 m in depth. Top levels were 321.470 (N) and 321.489 (S). Bot-tom levels were 321.334 (N) and 321.473 (S). Debris D2492 was under Debris D2467, over Surface D2427, sealed against Wall D2497, and was contiguous to and equal to Debris D2406.


Locus 2543. Bedrock D2543 was under Debris 2406 in the center of Room G in Building D100 in the southern part of Square X31 and measured 2.10 m in length and 1.54 m in width.

Locus 2544. Bedrock, D2544, was located to the north of Wall D2364 in the olive press installation and was under Debris D2470.

Architectural LocusLocus 2364. Wall, D2364, ran east to west through the north part of the square parallel to the north balk and perpen-

dicular to Wall D2382. It separated the olive press installation to the north from Room G in Building D100 in the south. Wall D2364 consisted of limestone boulders, which were dry-laid, unfaced on the south, face plastered on the north face and was constructed in the boulder and chink style. It was composed of unhewn, small boulders (100%) with cobble size chink stones. Wall D2364 consisted of one row of stones and four-to-six courses remained. Wall D2364 was 4.0 m in length, 0.38–0.59 m in width, and 0.87–1.16 m in height. Top levels were 322.181 (W) and 322.587 (E). Wall D2364 was under Debris D2331, and Debris D2467, was sealed against by Debris D2331, Debris D2363, Debris D2380, Debris D2381, Debris D2406, Debris D2434, Surface D2427, Debris D2467, Debris D2470, Surface D2480, and Debris D2492, and was abutted by Wall D2382.

Locus 2382. Wall, D2382, ran north to south perpendicular, and to the north of Wall D2364. Wall D2382 included the south pier of the south olive press and consisted of dry-laid and unfaced limestone on the east side and plastered on the west side and was constructed in the boulder and chink style. It was composed of unhewn small boulders (50%) and one very large boulder (50%) with small cobble size chink stones. Wall D2382 consisted of one row of stones and one-to-three courses remained. D2364 was 1.04 m in length, 0.25–0.60 m in width, and 0.48–1.17 m in height. Top levels were 321.840 (N) and 321.854 (S). Wall D2382 was sealed against by Debris D2380, Debris D2381, Debris D2470, and Surface D2480, and abutted Wall D2364.

Locus 2396. Wall, D2396, was the northern wall of a large pit that continued to the south of the square. Wall D2396 ran east to west through the south part of the square parallel to the Wall D2364. The hard limestone wall was dry-laid, unfaced and was constructed in the boulder and chink style. It was composed of unhewn, small


boulders (100%) with cobble size chink stones. The wall consisted of one row of stones and five-to-seven courses were preserved. Wall D2364 was 3.22 m in length. The height and width were never recorded as the wall was determined to be rubble and removed before it became clearly recognized as the northern wall of Installation/Pit D2535. Top levels were 322.048 (W) and 322.179 (E). Bottom levels were 321.68 (W) and 321.714 (E). Wall D2396 was determined to be the northern border to Installation D2535.

Pottery #4362: H

Locus 2497. Wall, D2497, ran north-to-south through the eastern edge of the East balk perpendicular to Wall D2364. Wall D2497 separated Rooms G and I in Building D100 and consisted of dry-laid unfaced and was con-structed in the boulder & chink style with limestone. It was composed of unhewn small boulders (100%) with cobble size chink stones. Wall D2497 consisted of one row of stones and three-to-four courses re-mained. Wall D2497 was 2.27 m in length, 0.30–0.52 m in width, and 0.18–0.96 m in height. Top levels were 321.873 (N) and 321.776 (S). Wall D2497 was under Debris D2467, and sealed against by Debris D2467, Debris D2492 and Surface D2427.

Installation LocusLocus 2473. Installation, D2473, was the central collecting vat for the South Press in the olive press installation room.

Installation D2473 was carved into the bedrock with a small shelf around the mouth of the vat meant to hold the frails in place directly north of the south pier in Wall D2382. The shelf and the vat’s interior were lined with a layer of plaster. Installation D2473 measured 1.15 m in length, 0.63–0.65 m in width, and 0.32–0.48 m in height. Top levels were 321.161 (N) and 321.161 (S). Bottom level was 320.681(C). Installation D2473 was under Debris D2459 and was sealed against by Debris D2474.

Locus 2535. Installation, D2535, was a pit that penetrated from near the surface through most of the debris layers along the southern edge of the square. The pit was lined with small boulders (80%) and large cobbles (20%). Pit D2535 measured 3.22 m in length, 0.12–0.47 m in width, and 0.809–0.866 m in height. Top levels were 322.048 (N) and 322.179 (S). Bottom Levels were 321.608 (N) and 321.714 (S). Installation D2535 was equal to Wall D2396, was under Debris D2331, Debris D2467, over Debris D2441, cut Surface D2427, sealed against by Debris D2331, Debris D2332, Debris D2337, Debris D2363, Debris D2377, Debris D2406, and Debris D2467.

Pottery#4694: H

X32

Earth LocusLocus 2491. Topsoil, D2491, was fine loose, sandy-loam, and 7.5YR 5/2 brown in color. The soil extended over the

entire square and measured 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width and between 0.052–0.175 m in depth. Top lev-els were 322.258 (NW), 322.373 (NE), 322.589 (S), and 322.363 (C). Bottom levels were 322.206 (NW), 322.198 (NE), 322.427 (S), and 322.278 (C). Topsoil D2491 was over Debris D2493.

Pottery ObjectsGlass: #4556 #4548: IA, H, RB

Locus 2493. Debris, D2493, was loose, silty-loam, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus. The soil extended over the entire square and was 4.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width and between 0.428–0.588 m in depth. Top levels were 322.206 (NW), 322.198 (NE), 322.427 (S), and 322.278 (C). Bottom levels were 321.778 (NW), 321.742 (NE),

Square X32


321.839 (SE), and 321.749 (SW). Debris D2493 was under Topsoil D2491, and over Debris D2511, De-bris D2520, and Wall D2527.

Pottery#4553: H, RB#4589: IA, H

Locus 2511. Debris, D2511, was loose, silty-loam, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) and cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus. The soil extended north to south in the northern half of the locus in the doorway opening between inner casemate Walls D2506 and D2527. It measured 1.47 m in length, 0.95 m in width, and 0.135–0.503 m in depth. Top levels were 321.778 (NW), 321.742 (NE), 321.858 (SE), and 321.884 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.749 (SW) and 321.312 (C). Debris D2511 was under Debris D2493 and over Wall D2527

Pottery Objects#4602: H Olive press weight in casemate: #4719#4647: IA, H

Locus 2520. Debris, D2520, was friable silty loam, and 7.5YR 5/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. The soil extended east to west in front of wall locus 2527 and measured 1.85 m in length, 0.24 m in width and between 0.039–0.943 m in depth. Top levels were 321.820 (N) and 321.011 (S). Bottom levels were 320.877 (N) and 320.972 (S). Debris D2520 was under Debris D2493 and sealed against Wall D2527.

Architectural LocusLocus 2527. Wall, D2527, was the inner casemate wall running north to south through the entire square. The hard

limestone wall was dry-laid unfaced on the south side plastered on the north side and was constructed in the boulder & chink style. It was composed of unhewn medium boulders (70%) small boulders (20%) and cobbles (10%) with cobble size chink stones. The wall consisted of two rows of stones and three-to-five courses remained. Wall D2527 measured 4.50 m in length, 0.96–0.99 m in width, and 0.80–1.20 m in height. Top levels were 321.778 (NW), 321.742 (NE), 321.839 (SE), and 321.749 (SW). Wall D2527 was under Debris D2493 and Debris D2511 and was sealed against by Debris D2520.

Y29

Earth LocusLocus 2413. Topsoil, D2413, consisted of fine, loose, silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/2 dark brown in color. There was a

random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm). Topsoil D2413 measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in width, and 0.131–0.448 m in depth. Top levels were 322.991 (NW), 323.383 (NE) 323.419 (SE), 322.961 (SW), and 323.068 (C). Bottom levels were 322.834 (NW), 322.969 (NE), 322.971 (SE), 322.904 (SW), and 322.937 (C). Topsoil D2413 was over Debris D2433 and contiguous to and equal to Debris D2477.

Pottery Objects#4273: IA, H, RB Wire: #4822#4297: IA, H, RB Coin (Late Roman, 5th century CE): #4306 #4335: IA, H Coin (Late Roman, 450–440 CE): #4323 Ballista: #4956

Locus 2433. Debris, D2433, consisted of friable, firm, silty-loam soil, and 5YR 4/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus. Debris D2433 measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in

Square Y29


width and 0.135–0.238 m in depth. Top levels were 322.834 (NW), 322.969 (NE), 322.971 (SE), 322.904 (SW), and 322.937 (C). Bottom levels were 322.674 (NW), 322.834 (NE), 322.823 (SE), and 322.654 (SW). Debris D2433 was under Debris D2413, over Surface D2446 and Surface D2458, and contiguous and equal to Debris D2477.

Pottery Objects#4347: IA, H Ballista: #4956#4359: IA, H, RB#4376: IA, H, RB

Locus 2446. Surface, D2446, consisted of firm, beaten, silty clay-loam soil, and 7YR 4/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) throughout the locus. Surface D2446 measured 4.0 m in length, 1.41 m in width, and 0.13–0.41 m in depth. Top levels were 322.674 (NW), 322.836 (NE), 322.823 (SE), and 322.654 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.557 (NW), 322.706 (NW), 322.812 (SE), and 322.831 (SW). Surface D2446 was under Debris D2433, over Debris D2452, and equal to Surface D2458 and Surface D2468.

Pottery Objects#4380: IA, H Flint Blade: #4980#4396: IA

Locus 2452. Debris, D2452, was firm beaten silty-clay-loam, 2.5YR 4/2 Brown in color. There was a random distribu-tion of pebbles (2mm–6cm) cobbles (6–25cm) and boulders (25cm+) throughout the locus. Debris D2452 measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in width and between 0.068–0.226 m in depth. Top levels were 322.557 (NW), 322.742 (NE), 322.765 (SE), and 322.686 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.563 (NW), 322.674 (NE), 322.648 (SE), and 322.460 (SW). Debris D2452 was under Debris D2433, Surface D2446, and Surface D2458, over Surface D2468, and contiguous to and equal to Debris D2477.

Pottery Objects#4407: IA, H Roman Ring: #4433

Locus 2458. Surface, D2458, was the Iron Age IIA floor and consisted of crumbly, beaten, silty-loam soil, and 5YR 4/3 dark brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) throughout the locus. Surface D2458 measured 0.20 m in length, 0.125 m in width, and 0.10–0.13 m in depth. Top levels were 322.688 (NW), 322.755 (NE), 322.771 (SE), and 322.812 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.656 (NW), 322.669 (NE), 322.770 (SE), and 322.747 (SW). Surface D2458 was under Debris D2433, over Debris D2452, and equal to Surface D2446.

Pottery#4426: IA

Locus 2468. Surface, D2468, was the Iron Age IIA floor and consisted of very firm, beaten, silty clay-loam soil, and 2YR 4/2 brown in color. There was a random distribution of cobbles (6–25cm) throughout the locus. Surface D2468 measured 4.0 m in length, 4.0 m in length and between 0.22–0.46 m in depth. Top levels were 322.563 (NW), 322.674 (NE), 322.648 (SE), 322.460 (SW), and 322.587 (C). Bottom levels were 322.343 (NW), 322.678 (NE), 322.661 (SE), 322.385 (SW), and 322.476 (C). Surface D2468 was under Debris D2452, and equal to Surface D2446.

Pottery Objects#4490: IA Iron tool fragments: #5210

Locus 2477. Debris, D2477, consisted of firm, beaten, silty clay-loam soil, and 5YR 4/3 brown in color. There was a random distribution of pebbles (2mm–6cm) throughout the locus. Debris D2477 measured 5.0 m in


length, 1.0 m in width, and between 0.10–0.25 m in depth. Top levels were 322.394 (NW), 323.004 (NE), 322.897 (SE), and 322.825 (SW). Debris D2477 was over Bedrock D2479 and Debris D2485, and con-tiguous to and equal to Topsoil D2413, Debris D2433, and Debris D2452.

Pottery#4522: IA, H

Locus 2479. Bedrock D2479, was found throughout the northern part of the area. Top levels were 322.785 (NW), 322.883 (NE), 322.808 (SE), and 322.843 (SW). Bedrock D2479 was under Debris D2477 and sealed against by Debris D2485.

Pottery#4529: IA

Locus 2485. Debris, D2433, consisted of firm, beaten, silty clay-loam soil, and 5YR 4/3 brown in color. The soil ex-tended through a crack in Bedrock D2479 and was 3.30 m in length, 0.18 m in width, and 0.442–0.668 m in depth. Top levels were 322.806 (N), 322.771 (S), and 322.798 (C). Bottom levels were 322.364 (N) and 322.103 (S). Debris D2485 was under Debris D2477 and sealed against Bedrock D2479.

Pottery#4536: IA

Y30

Earth LocusLocus 2454. Topsoil, D2454, consisted of loose, sand sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Debris D2454

measured 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width, and 0.174–0.049 m in depth. Top levels were 322.862 (NW), 322.889 (NE), 322.830 (C), 322.845 (SW), and 322.956 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.910 (NW), 322.840 (NE), 322.765 (SW), and 322.862 (SE). Debris D2454 was over Debris D2461.

Pottery Objects#4417: IA, H, RB Flint Blade: #4425#4451: IA, H (Predom) Turquois: #4431

Locus 2461. Debris, D2461, consisted of friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 yellowish brown in color. Inclu-sions consisted of random cobbles (10 per 25 cm). Debris D2461 measured 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width and a depth of.815–.493 m. Top Levels were 322.652 (NW), 322.840 (NE), 322.765 (SW), and 322.862 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.837 (NW), 322.155 (NE), 322.272 (SW), and 322.274 (SE). De-bris D2461 was over Debris D2481, Debris D2483 and Wall D2484, seals against Wall D2518 and Wall D2519, and under Topsoil D2454.

Pottery Objects#4452: IA, H Weight: #4455#4469: IA, H Bronze Nail: #4475#4503: IA, H Piece of Lead: #4476#4514: IA, H, RB Shoe Nail: #4477#4540: IA Bead: #4483 Piece of Decorative Plaque: #4525

Locus 2481. Debris, D2481, consisted of friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 3/6 dark yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included random cobbles (20 per 25 cm) and random boulders (3 per 25 cm). Debris D2481

Square Y30


measured 3.50 m in length, 2.78 m in width, and 0.621–0.088 m in depth. Top Levels were 321.910 (NW), 322.155 (NE), 322.272 (SW), and 322.274 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.805 (NW), 321.822 (NE), 321.651 (SW), and 322.036 (SE). Debris D2481 was over Surface D2499, under Debris D2461, seals against Wall D2484, and cut by Wall D2489.

Pottery Objects#4530: IA, H Piece of Bronze: #4545#4539: IA, H#4562: IA

Locus 2483. Debris, D2483, consisted of loose, sand sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/6 dark yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included random cobbles (4 per 25 cm) and random boulders (1 per 25cm). Debris D2483 measured 2.1 m in length, 0.83 m in width, and 0.20–0.011 m in depth. Top Levels were 321.716 (NW), 321.776 (NE), and 321.503 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.571 (NW), 321.576 (NE) and 321.492 (SW) Debris D2483 was under Debris D2461, sealed against Wall D2484 and Wall D2518, contiguous to Debris D2534, and over Debris D2507.

Pottery#4535: IA, H#4546: IA, H#4566: IA

Locus 2490. Debris, D2490, consisted of crumbly, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Inclusions included random cobbles (10 per 25 cm). Debris D2490 measured 1.67 m in length, 1.84 m in width, and 0.384–0.124 m in depth. Top Levels were 321.987 (NE), 321.898 (SW), and 322.036 (SE). Bottom levels were 321.863 (NE), 321.577 (SW), and 321.652 (SE). Debris D2490 was over Bedrock D2537, sealed against Wall D2489, contiguous to Debris D2499 and Debris D2516 and under Debris D2481.

Pottery#4547: IA#4580: IA#4594: IA#4655: IA#4702: IA

Locus 2499. Surface, D2499, was the Iron Age IIA floor and consisted of crumbly, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Surface D2499 measured 3.50 m in length and 2.78 m in width. Top Levels were 321.805 (NW), 321.822 (NE), 321.651 (SW), and 321.862 (SE). Surface D2499 was under Debris D2481, sealed against Wall D2484, Wall D2489, Wall D2518 and Wall D2519.

Pottery Objects#4569: IA, H Metal Slag: #4676#4584: IA#4590: IA#4718: IA

Locus 2516. Debris, D2516, was the debris excavated as one locus in the east balk and consisted of loose, sand sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Debris D2516 consisted of some pebble and cobble inclusions. Debris D2516 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Top levels were 322.946 (N), 322.943 (C), and 322.945 (S). Balk D2516 was contiguous to Topsoil D2454, Debris D2461, Debris D2481, Debris 2530, Debris 2534 and over Surface 2531.


Pottery Objects#4681: IA, H Hammer Stone: #4669 and #4674#4686: IA, H#4721: IA, H

Locus 2530. Debris, D2530, was the debris excavated in one locus in the north balk and consisted of loose, sand sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 5/3 brown in color. Debris D2530 consisted of some pebble and cobble inclusions. Debris D2530 measured 4.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Top levels were 322.827 (W), 322.946 (E) and 322.827 (C). Bottom levels were 321.712 (W), 321.918 (E) and 321.729 (C). Debris D2530 was con-tiguous to Topsoil D2454, Debris D2461, Debris D2481, Debris D2516, sealed against Wall D2484, and was over Debris D2534 and Surface D2536.

Pottery Objects#4679: IA, H Glass Rim: #4690#4683: IA, H#4684: IA, H#4685: IA, H#4687: IA, H#4689: IA, H

Locus 2531. Bedrock, D2531, appeared in the eastern section of the square under the east balk. Bedrock D2174 was under Debris D2516 and contiguous to Bedrock D2537.

Pottery#4688: IA#4691: IA

Locus 2534. Debris, D2534, consisted of crumbly, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. In-clusions included random pebbles (12 per 25cm), cobbles (1 per 25 cm) and nari pockets. Debris D2534 measured 1.67 m in length, 1.84 m in width, and 0.158–0.141 m in depth. Top Levels were 321.712 (W), 321.918 (E), and 321.729 (C). Bottom levels were 321.571 (W), 321.576 (E) and 321.492 (SW). Debris D2534 was over Bedrock D2536, sealed against Wall D2484, contiguous to Debris D2483 and Balk D2516 and under Debris D2530.

Pottery#4693: IA#4701: IA, H

Locus 2536. Bedrock, D2536 appeared, in the northern section of the square. Bedrock D2536 was under Debris D2534 and Debris D2483, contiguous to Surface D2499 and Debris D2516 and sealed against Wall D2484 and Wall 2518.

Pottery#4695: IA

Locus 2537. Bedrock, D2537, appeared in the southeastern section of the square. Bedrock D2537 was under balk De-bris D2534 and Debris D2483, contiguous to Surface D2499 and Debris D2516 and sealed against Wall D2484 and Wall 2518.

Pottery#4696: IA#4714: IA#4715: IA


#4716: IA

Architectural LocusLocus 2484. Wall, D2484, abutted Wall D2518 and was laid out at a west to east angle to form the northern border of

the corridor, Room C, leading into Room G of Building D100. Wall D2484 consisted of one row of small, dry-laid, unfaced boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to two courses resting directly on bedrock with a larger post-stone at the end of the wall to the east. The construction style was dry-laid boulder and chink. Wall D2484 was found to be 3.20 m in length, 0.29–0.45 m in width, and 0.28–0.60 m in height. Top levels were 322.04 (W) and 322.416 (E). Wall D2484 abutted Wall D2518, sealed against by Debris D2481 and Debris D2483 and was under Debris D2461.

Locus 2489. Wall, D2489, extended out from Wall D2533 to form the southern border of the corridor, Room C, leading into Room G of Building D100. Wall D2489 consisted of one row of small, dry-laid, unfaced boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to three courses resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was dry-laid boulder and chink. Wall D2489 was found to be 3m long and to be from 0.36 to 0.44m wide and from 0.5 to 0.85m in height. Top levels of the wall were 322.474 (NE), 322.136 (SW) and 322.471 (C). Wall D2489 was under Debris D2481 and sealed against by Surface D2499 and Bedrock D2537.

Locus 2518. Wall, D2518 (Wall D2497 in X31) ran north to south and was built to divide Room G and Room I in Build-ing D100. Wall D2518 consisted of one row of small, dry-laid, unfaced boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to four courses resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was dry-laid boulder and chink. Wall D2518/D2497 was found to be 3.10 m in length, 0.31–0.52 m in width, and 0.18–0.61 m in height. Wall D2418/D2497 was under Debris D2461, sealed against by Debris D2499, Debris D2481, Debris D2483 and abutted by Wall D2484 to the south, ending in a very large door post stone in the south.

Locus 2519. Wall, D2519, was built as the eastern terrace wall of Room D in Building D100 running north to south where the bedrock to the east suddenly dipped down. It consisted of one row of small, dry-laid, unfaced boulders (25–50 cm) preserved to three courses resting directly on bedrock. The construction style was dry-laid boulder and chink. Wall D2519 measured 0.79 m in length 0.34–0.48 m in width, and 0.25–0.37 m in height. Wall D2489 was under Debris D2461, sealed against by Debris D2499 and Debris D2481.

Y31

Earth LocusLocus 2398. Topsoil, D2398, consisted of loose, sandy to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Topsoil D2398

runs throughout the entire square sloping at 0.6° with a down slope direction of 356° from the south to the north. It measured 4.0 m in length and 4.0 m in width. Top levels were 322.636 (NW), 322.677(NE), 322.673(SE), and 322.679 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.515 (NW), 322.650 (NE) 322.688 (SE) and 322.583 (SW). Topsoil D2398 was over debris D2408, installation wall D2409, and debris D2410 and sealed against Topsoil D2508 and Topsoil D2509. Topsoil D2398 was cut by Installation wall D2409.

Pottery Objects#4224: IA, H, RB Flint Blade: #4225#4599: IA, H Coin (Hasmonean, 129–80/79 BCE): #4227#4600: H Roman Glass: #4243#4606: H Wetting Stone: #4613#4639: IA, H Ballista: #4662 #4643: H#4583: IA, H#4656: IA, H#4661: IA, H

Square Y31


Locus 2408. Debris, D2408, was located in a large Hellenistic pit and consisted of loose, sandy to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Debris D2408 sloped at a 2.4° with a down slope direction of 258° from southeastern corner to the northwestern corner. The total amount of pottery sherds collected in Debris D2408 were 3,400, predominantly Hellenistic, but also containing an Iron Age IIA ostracon. Top levels were 322.515 (NW), 322.650 (NE), 322.689 (SE), and 322.539 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.405 (NW), 321.338 (NE), 321.271 (SE), and 321.389 (SW). Debris D2408 was under topsoil D2398, over Debris D2476, sealed against Installation Wall D2409, Inner Casemate D2435, Doorway Debris D2529, Debris D2512, and Debris D2523.

Pottery Objects#4263: IA, H (Predom) Bronze Ring: #4278#4326: H, RB (1) Roman–Byzantine Glass: #4286#4331: H Possible worked Flint: #4339#4334: H Grinding Stone: #4478, #4504, #4442, #4464#4336: H Bronze Pin: #4505, #4428#4340: H Ostracon: #4513#4350: IA (1), H Iron Blade: #4406#4354: IA, H Iron Nail: #4427#4356: IA (2), H Balista: #4456#4367: IA, H (Predom) Basalt Grinding Stone: #4457#4368: H Clay Loom Weight: #4462#4373: IA (1), H Bronze Makeup Spatula: #4484#4473: IA, H (Predom) Slag: #4394#4486: IA (3), H Coin (Yehud, mid-4th century BCE): #4612#4489: H#4499: IA, H#4507: IA (1), H#4398: IA, H (Predom), RB (1)#4405: H#4408: IA (2), H#4411: IA, H#4414: IA, H#4418: H#4422: H#4424: IA, H (Predom)#4432: IA (3), H#4439: H#4453: IA, H#4463: IA, H#4371: H#4377: H#4381: H#4383: IA (2), H#4386: IA (1), H#4388: H, RB (1)#4389: IA (1), H#4392: H#4395: H#4603: IA, H (Predom)#4604: IA (1), H#4605: H#4607: H#4608: H


#4609: H#4610: H#4611: IA (3), H#4614: H#4617: IA, H#4641: H#4642: H#4644: H

Locus 2410. Debris, D2410, was found south of Installation Wall D2409, and outside the Hellenistic pit. Debris D2410 consisted of loose, sandy to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Debris D2410 sloped at a 2.1° with a down slope direction of 272° from the southeastern corner to the southwestern cor-ner. Top levels were 322.604 (NW), 322.678 (NE), 322.688 (SE), and 322.577 (SW). The bottom levels were 322.236 (NW), 322.260 (NE), 322.530(SE), and 322.539 (SW). Debris D2410 was under Topsoil D2398, it sealed against installation Wall D2409 and Debris D2523, and over Debris D2438.

Pottery#4264: H, RB (1)#4327: H

Locus 2438. Debris, D2438, was fill that consisted of loose, sandy to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Debris D2438 sloped at a 9° with a down slope direction of 272° from the east to the west. It also contained small limestone boulders. Top levels were 322.236 (NW), 322.260 (NE), 322.530 (SE), and 322.226 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.960 (W), 321.919 (NE), and 321.902 (SE). Debris D2438 was under Debris D2410, over Surface D2495, and sealed against installation Wall D2409 and Inner casemate D2437.

Pottery Objects#4357: IA, H Ballista: #4365#4365: IA, H, RB#4399: IA, H#4440: IA, H#4474: IA

Locus 2476. Debris, D2476, consisted of loose, sandy to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris sloped at a 1.7° with a down slope direction of 190° from the northwestern corner to the southeastern corner of the square. Top levels were 321.405 (NW), 321.388 (NE), 321.271 (SE), and 321.389 (SW). Bottom level were 321.214 (NW), 321.270 (NE), 321.262 (SE), and 321.224 (SW). Debris D2476 was under De-bris D2408, over Debris D2486, sealed against installation Wall D2409, Debris D2513, doorway Debris D2529, inner casemate Wall D2435 and Debris D2523.

Pottery Objects#4516: IA, H Broken Loom Weight: #4523#4528: IA, H Tessera: #4527#4537: IA Half of Grinding Stone: #4532#4615: H Stone Object: #4625 and #4626#4616: IA, H#4620: H#4621: IA, H (Predom)#4624: H#4630: H#4640: H#4645: H


Locus 2486. Debris, D2486, was a fill that consisted of average uncompacted, sandy to sandy-loan soil, and 10YR 4/3 brown in color. Debris D2486 sloped at a 0.8° with a down slope direction of 270° from northeast to north-west. Top levels were 321.214 (NW), 321.270 (NE), 321.262 (SE), and 321.224 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.164 (NW), 321.397 (NE), 321.306 (SE), and 321.074 (SW). Debris D2486 was under Debris D2476, over Floor D2505 and Installation D2502 and Installation debris D2500. Debris D2486 sealed against In-stallation wall D2409, Debris D2523, Debris D2513, Doorway debris D2529, and Inner casemate D2435.

Pottery#4541: IA, H#4559: IA#4561: IA, H#4628: IA, H#4629: IA, H#4631: H#4637: H#4648: IA, EP, H

Locus 2495. Surface, D2495, extended south of the installation Wall D2409. It consisted of average, friable, loam silty-loam soil, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color. Surface D2495 sloped at a 0.77° with a down slope direction of 220° from northeastern to the southwestern side of the square. Top and bottom levels were 321.173 (NW), 321.186 (NC), 321.149 (SC), and 321.147 (SW). Surface D2495 was under Debris D2438, sealed against Installation Wall D2409, Inner casemate Wall D2437, Wall D2533 and contiguous to Surface D2532.

Pottery Objects#4555: IA Burnishing Shell: #4557#4560: IA#4577: IA, H

Locus 2500. Debris, D2500, was located above Installation D2502 and consisted of loose, loam to silty-loam soil, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color. Only a center elevation was taken and no slope can be determined. The top center level was 321.158. Installation Debris D2500 was under Debris D2486 and sealed against Instal-lation D2502.

Pottery #4574: IA

Locus 2505. Surface, D2505, was the Iron Age IIA floor and consisted of average, loam to silty-loam, crumbly soil, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color. Surface D2505 sloped at a 4° with a down slope direction of 220° from northeastern to southwestern corner. Top and bottom levels were 321.164 (NW), 321.397 (NE), 321.306 (SE), and 321.074 (SW). Surface D2505 was under Control locus D2486, sealed against Surface D2514, doorway Debris D2529, Installation D2502, inner casemate Wall D2435 and Debris D2523.

Pottery#4598: IA

Locus 2523. Debris, D2523, consisted of loose, sandy to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Debris D2523 sloped at a 1.4° with a down slope direction of 204° from north to south. Top levels were 322.404 (N), 322.416 (C), and 322.315 (S). Bottom levels were 321.183 (S) and 321.397 (N). Debris D2523 was under Topsoil D2509, sealed against by Debris D2408, Debris D2410, Debris D2438, Debris D2476, Debris D2486, installation Wall D2409, and Surface D2505.

Pottery


#4663: IA, H#4668: IA, H#4670: IA, H#4672: Not collected#4678: IA, H

Locus 2529. Debris, D2529, was excavated inside the doorway of the inner casemate Walls D2527 and D2435. It consisted of loose, sand to sandy-loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color. Debris D2529 contained small and medium limestone boulders, which were used to block the casemate doorway. Debris D2529 sloped at a 1.5° with a down slope direction of 204° from the northeastern corner to the southwest-ern corner of the square. Top levels were 322.593 (NW), 322.595 (NE), 322.561 (SE), and 322.578 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.153 (NW), 321.155 (NE), 321.121 (SE), and 321.138 (SW). Doorway Debris D2529 was under Topsoil D2398, sealed against inner casemate Wall D2435, sealed against by Debris D2408, Debris D2476, Debris D2486 and Surface D2496.


Locus 2432. Surface, D2432, was the Iron Age IIA floor and consisted of average firm, loam to silty-loam soil, 10YR 3/3 dark brown in color. Surface D2432 sloped at an 11° with a down slope direction of 272° from the northeastern corner to the northwestern corner of the square. Top and bottom levels were 321.025 (NW), 321.299 (NE), 3211.362 (SE), and 321.055 (SW). Surface D2432 was under Debris D2523 and Debris D2438, sealed against Wall D2533, and contiguous to Surface D2495.


Locus 2546. Bedrock, 2546 was found in the central and southeastern parts of the square and covered an area of 2.40 m in length and 2.56 m in width.

Installation LocusLocus 2502. Installation, D2502, consisted of 2 medium limestone boulders that were used to level out the area where

the bedrock dropped. The stones measured 0.50 m in length, 0.20 m in width, and 0.15 m in height. Top level were 321.158 (N), 321.209 (E), and 321.116 (S). Installation D2502 was under control locus D2486, sealed against by installation debris D2500 and floor D2505, and it abutted installation Wall D2409.

Architectural LocusLocus 2409. Wall, D2409, formed the southern border of the large Hellenistic pit filled with 3,400 predominantly

Hellenistic sherds of storage jars in Debris D2408 and ran at the southern part of the square from east to west. Wall D2409 measured 3.50 m in length, 1.0–1.06 m in width, and 1.46–1.55 m in height. It was constructed with small to medium size limestone boulders. Top levels were 322.689 (NW), 322.689 (NE), 322.598 (SE), and 322.678 (SW). Bottom levels were 321.220 (NW), 321.183 (NE), 321.322 (SE), and 321.039 (SW). Wall D2409 was sealed against by Debris D2408, Debris D2476, Debris D2486, Surface D2505, Debris D2410, Debris D2438, Surface D2495, and Debris D2523. Installation Wall D2409 abutted Inner Casemate D2437 and cuts Topsoil D2398.

Pottery#4583: IA, H


Locus 2435. Wall, D2435, was the inner casemate wall found on the western side of the square. Wall D2435 ran north to south and measured 1.10 m in length, 1.14 m in width, and 1.34 m in height. Wall D2435 was unfaced, unhewn, and dry-laid. Wall D2435 consisted of 2 courses and 4 rows made of small, medium, and large limestone boulders. Top levels were 322.526 (N) and 322.636 (S). Inner casemate wall D2435 was under Topsoil D2398, abutted by Wall D2409, sealed against by Debris D2408, Debris D2476, Debris D2486, Surface D2505, and Doorway Debris D2529.

Locus 2437. Wall, D2437, was an offset of the inner casemate wall which angled inward to the east in the southwest-ern corner of the square. It consisted of 1 to 2 courses and 5 to 6 rows of small to medium size limestone boulders. Wall D2437 measured 1.90 m in length, 0.87 m to 1.00 m in width, and 1.54–1.60 m in height. Inner casemate offset was unfaced, unhewn, and dry-laid. Top levels were 322.636 (N) and 322.715 (S). Wall D2437 was under Topsoil D2398, abutted by Installation wall D2409, bonded to inner casemate Wall D2435, and sealed against by Debris D2410, Debris D2438, and Debris D2495.

Locus 2533. Wall, D2533, enclosed the southern part of Room G in Building D200 and consisted of 3 to 4 courses and up to 3 rows made of small and medium limestone boulders. Wall D2533 ran from northeast to southwest and measured 2.0 m in length, 0.37–0.50 m in width, and 0.82–0.85 m in height. The superstructure was only partially visible and disappeared into the southern balk. Top levels were 322.154 (SW), 322.289 (C), and 322.310 (NE). Wall D2533 was under Topsoil D2398, abutted Wall D2489, and sealed against by Debris D2410, Debris D2438, and Debris D2495.

Y32

Earth LocusLocus 2515. Topsoil, D2515, consisted of loose, sandy to sandy loam soil, and 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color.

Topsoil D2515 sloped at a 2° with a down slope direction of 192° from the south to the north. Topsoil D2515 was only on the east of square Y32. Top levels were 322.657 (NW), 322.577 (NE), 322.692 (SE) and 322.663 (SW). Bottom levels were 322.479 (NW), 322.457 (NE), 322.516 (SE), and 322.565 (SW).

Pottery Objects#4632: H, RB Basalt Piece: #4634

DCAVE 1

Earth LocusLocus 2251. Debris, D2251, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color, and loose in hardness

and loose in compactness. Debris D2251 measured 3.0 m in length, 1.20 m in width and 0.35–0.40 m in depth. Debris D2251 was contiguous to Debris D2280.

Pottery Objects#3779: IA, H, ER, RB Glass Sherd: #3793 Grinding Stone: #3794

Locus 2256. Debris, D2256, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/2 dark greyish brown in color, and average beaten in hardness and friable in compactness. Debris D2256 measured 3.0 m in length and 1.20 m in width. Debris D2256 was contiguous to Debris D2280, over Debris D2271 and Debris D2272, and under Debris D2251.

Square Y32

Square DCAVE 1


Pottery Objects#3797: IA, H, RB Glass Jar Neck and Spout: #3801#3811: IA, H, R, RB Glass Jar Base: #3816

Locus 2262. Debris, D2262, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and loose in hardness and loose in compactness. It also included 10 cobbles 6–25cm in size distributed randomly. Debris D2262 measured 2.0 m in length and 1.15 m in width. Debris D2262 was contiguous to Debris 2251 and 2280, and over Debris D2272.

Pottery Objects#3807: IA, H, RB, I? Glass Sherd: #3809

Locus 2271. Debris, D2271, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 2.5Y 5/3 light olive brown in color, and very firm in hardness and firm in compactness. Debris D2271 measured 2.20 m in length and 1.20 m in width. Debris D2271 was under Debris D2256 and contiguous to Debris D2272 and Debris D2290.

Pottery Objects#3830: IA, H, ER, RB Glass Sherd: #3839

Locus 2272. Debris, D2272, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/3 brown in color, and loose layer in hardness and loose in compactness. Debris D2272 measured 2.20 m in length and 1.0 m in width. Debris D2272 was under Debris D2256 and Debris D2262, and contiguous to Debris D2271 and D2290.

Locus 2280. Debris, D2280, consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/3 brown in color, and loose in hardness and loose in compactness. It also contained an inclusion of 10 cobbles size stones 6–25cm distributed randomly. Debris D2280 measured 5.00 m in length and 2.50 m in width. Debris D2280 was contiguous to Debris D2251, Debris D2256 and Debris D2262.

Pottery Objects#3851: IA, H, LR, RB, M Basalt Grinding Stones: #3858, #3882, and #3905 Nail: #3862 Bronze Pin: #3861 Sling Stone: #3881 Basalt: #3880 Coin (Herod Archelaus, 4 BCE–6 CE): #3859 Coin (Justin II, 573/4 CE): #3860 Coin (Herod the Great, 37–4 BCE): #3865 Coin (Alexander Jannaeus, 104/3–80/79 BCE): #3878

Locus 2281. Debris, D2281, is an anomaly that exists solely in the CIRC field notebook as a locus but includes no data, also D2281 does not exist in the daily logs for the area D excavation team.

Pottery#3866: I, M

Locus 2290. Debris, D2290, was dug as a probe trench and consisted of dry, silty-loam soil, 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown in color, and loose layer in hardness and loose in compactness. Debris D2290 measured 2.0 m in length. Debris D2290 was under Debris D2280 and contiguous to Debris D2271 and Debris D2272.

Pottery Objects #3888: IA, H, RB, I? Coin (Late Roman, 383-395 CE): #3911


Earth LocusLocus 2261. Debris, D2261, consisted of loose, silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions com-

prise of 15 cobbles per m2 and 10 boulders per m2. The direction of slope was 180° and the dimensions were 2.70 m in length and 1.80 m in width. Top levels were 320.819 (E), 320.591 (S), and 320.618 (N). Debris D2261 was above Debris D2279 and equaled to Debris D2278.

Pottery Objects#3805: H, LR, RB Basalt Stone: #3806

Locus 2278. Debris, D2278, consisted of loose, loam silty-loam soil, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. Inclusions comprise of 10 cobbles per m2 and 5 boulders per m2. The direction of slope was 97° and the dimensions were 5.71 m in length and 4.96 m in width. Top levels were 320.407 (N), 320.894 (E), and 320.516 (S). Debris D2278 was equal to Debris D2261 and above Debris D2279.

Pottery#3854: IA, H, RB, M, I?#3890: IA, H, ER, RB, I?#3893: IA, H, RB, I?

Locus 2279. Debris, D2279, consists of loose, loam, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown in color. The direction of slope was 97° and the dimensions were 5.71 m in length by 4.96 m in width. Bottom levels were 320.127 (W), 320.189 (SE), and 320.172 (SW). Debris D2279 was under Debris D2278 and Debris D2261 and is above bedrock.

Pottery#3894: H, RB

Architectural LocusLocus 2525. Wall D2525, ran northwest to southeast, and was built as a retaining wall for debris accumulated to the east

of D Cave 2. The wall was 3-4 courses high and extended from the entry way of the case toward the south-east. Wall D2525 was 4.2 m in length, 0.32-0.45 m in width, and 0.37-0.52 m in height. The construction was only visible from the east as the debris west of the wall was not excavated. Wall D2525 sealed against Debris D2278 and Debris D2279.

Square DCAVE 2

Documents

Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol