Key Findings Measuring and Bench Marking En

8/3/2019 Key Findings Measuring and Bench Marking En

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Fclsurekm lkb Hck`nflriekm tnc Ptru`turla

Lboustfckt Tcrgjrflk`c jg CS Ekbustry

Rnc Grlfcwjri @jktrl`t jg Pc`tjrla @jfpctetevckcss Ptubecs

CKRX/47/432

Icy Gekbekms

@aeckt? Curjpclk @jffessejk, BM Cktcrpresc lkb Ekbustry

@jpcknlmck/Hrusscas, Fly 8445


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3/31

C@JXUP Kcbcralkb HW

T.J. Hjx 2 44

G +0< (4)

C kctncralkbsDc`jrys.`jf

] www.c`jrys.`jf

Xcmestrltejk kj. 820


4/31


5/31

Rlhac jg @jktckts

4..< Rnc c`jkjfe` jut`jfcs xex

4.>.8 Aekiekm c`jkjfe` jut`jfc wetn lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c xxe

4.5 Geklaay xxee

Lkkcx gemurcs jg lboustfckt acvcas hy sc`tjr lkb `juktry xxev4.5.


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4.


7/31

ee

4.8 Ektrjbu`tejk

Rnc ùrrckt lkb subbck c`jkjfe` `reses tnlt nls lggc`tcb tnc Curjpclk c`jkjfy ek tnc

alst nlag yclr nls pjektcb fjrc tnlk cvcr hcgjrc tj tnc efpjrtlk`c jg lboustfckt lkb

stru`turla `nlkmc. Ekbccb, tncrc es l `jfpcaaekm kccb gjr l hcttcr ukbcrstlkbekm lkb fjrc

eksemnts ektj tnc lboustfckt prcssurc tnlt ekbevebula c`jkjfe` sc`tjrs cxpcreck`c, tnc

lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c jg sc`tjrs lkb `juktrecs lkb tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri tnlt

berc`tay efpl`ts tnc kccb lkb tnc `lplheaetecs jg `nlkmc.

Rnc lheaety jg tnc flkugl`turekm ekbustry tj lblpt tj `nlkmc lkb prjl`tevcay stefualtc

stru`turla `nlkmc es pevjtla gjr l`necvekm tnc CSs jvcrlaa mrjwtn lkb ojh jhoc`tevcs. Ls

fcktejkcb ek tnc @jffuke`ltejk grjf tnc @jffessejk jk ekbustrela pjae`y >2

Mrjup 8 (Majhlaesltejk? fcbeuf Rc`nkjajmy ektcksety? aj w)

83 Xuhhcr lkb palste` prjbu`ts 33 3> >0

07 Gurketurc9 flkugl`tur ekm k.c. . 2= 3< =0

0= Xc`yàekm 2= 3< =0 Mrjup 0 (Majhlaesltejk? nem n Rc`nkjajmy ektcksety? ajw)

3 54 =3

]clrekm lpplrca9 brcssekm lkb bycekm jg gur >3 54 =3

3 54 =3

8= Hlse` fctlas =< =< =>

Mrjup 2 (Majhlaesltejk? nemn Rc`nkjajmy ektcksety? nemn)

82 @ncfe las lkb ncfe la prjbu`ts >4 52 =8

85 Fl`nekcry lkb cquepfckt k.c. . =3 =7 =7

04 Jg ge`c fl`nekcry lkb jfputcrs 2

08 Xlbej, tcacvesejk lkb jffuke ltejk cquepfckt lkb lpplrltus >= >5 =5

00 Fcbe la, prcèsejk lkb jpte`la ekstrufckts, wlt`ncs lkb ajìs == >8 75

02 Fjtjr vcne acs, trleacrs lkb scfe-trleacrs 58 5< =<

Kl`c`jbcsPc`tjrs

03 Jtncr trlkspjrt cquepfckt 7> =0 =5

Acmckb? ajw 6 rcb fcbeuf 6 ycaajw nemn 6 mrcck


13/31

Sket alhjur

`jst

(Tcr`cktlmc

(


14/31

Hlsc jk tlhac 48 lkb tlhac 40 wc `lk mevc tnc gjaajwekm bcs`reptejk jg tnc gjur ebcktegecb

mrjups l``jrbekm tj tncer cxpjsurc tj lboustfckt prcssurc?

Mrjup


15/31

x

ckcrmy. Bcspetc tnc tc`nkjajme`la klturc jg tncsc sc`tjrs lkb tnc efpjrtlk`c jg X&B,

tncer bcpckbck`c jk E@R es kjt kc`csslreay nemn.

4.3 Ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri hy `juktry

Rnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri palys l icy rjac ek jur lklayses, ls et cklhacs lkb rcekgjr`cs

tnc lboustfckt pjtcktela jg gerfs lkb sc`tjrs, cspcèlaay tnrjumn tnc prjpcr guk`tejkekm jg

tnc alhjur flrict, hut lasj tnrjumn snlpekm lk cktrcprckcurela ckverjkfckt lkb tj sjfc

cxtckt suppjrtekm tnc tc`nkjajme`la lboustfckt `lplèty. Hcsebcs, tnc ekstetutejkla

grlfcwjri `lk lasj cxcrt lboustfckt prcssurc jk tj gerfs lkb sc`tjrs cspcèlaay wnck

`jksebcrekm jtncr bjfleks tnlk cktcrpresc pjae`y - gjr ekstlk`c tnrjumn rcekgjrèkm

ckverjkfcktla jr stre`tcr alhjur flrict rcmualtejk.

]c nlvc cxlfekcb tnc `juktrecs ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri l`rjss Curjpc lkb tnrjumn lk

cfpere`la lklayses ebcktegecb l kufhcr jg `juktry typjajmecs. @jksebcrekm tnc rcsuats jg

tnc àustcr lklayses, tnc gjaajwekm mrjups jg `juktrecs `lk hc bestekmuesncb?

Kcw Fcfhcr Ptltcs ncrc rcprcscktcb hy Tjalkb lkb tnc @zc`n Xcpuhae`9

Lkmaj-Plxjk `juktrecs wetnek tnc CS? Sketcb Iekmbjf lkb Ercalkb9

Kjrtn ]cstcrk Curjpc9 Hcameuf, Mcrflky lkb tnc Kctncralkbs9

Pjutncrk lkb Lapekc Curjpc9 Lustrel, Etlay, Pplek lkb Grlk`c.

Rnc Kjrtncrk `juktrecs? Bckflri, Gekalkb lkb Kjrwly.

Gjr cl`n jg tncsc mrjups wc sufflrezc tnc flek `nlrl`tcreste`s ek l mrjup prjgeac,

wncrchy tnc sezc jg tnc èràc es lk ekbe`ltejk jg tnc ekàekltejk jg tnc ekstetutejklagrlfcwjri tj `jkbetejk stru`turla `nlkmc (gemurc 4.0) ]c kjrflaezcb tnc beggcrckt

vlrelhacs lkb ekvcrtcb tnc s`lac jg l kufhcr jg vlrelhacs2tj laajw ebckte`la ektcrprctltejk

jg laa vlrelhacs? tnc nemncr tnc s`jrc, tnc hcttcr tnc jut`jfc.

2

Rnc gjaajwekm vlrelhacs nlvc hcck ekvcrtcb? cfpajyfckt prjtc`tejk acmesaltejk, hlrmlekekm `jvcrlmc, trlbcukejk bcksety, rcmualtjry lkb lbfekestrltevc jplèty, hlrrecrs tj `jfpctetejk, lbfekestrltevc hurbcks,hlrrecrs tj trlbc lkb ekvcstfckt lkb stltc `jktrja.


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Gemurc 4.0 Ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri `jkbetejks hy `juktry typc

Kcw Fcfhcr Ptltcs

-0.4-8.4-


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@jffjk `nlrl`tcreste`s jg tncKcw Fcfhcr Ptltcs lrc tnc kcmaemehac acvca jg clray stlmc

vckturc `lpetla, l rcaltevcay stre`t alhjur prjtc`tejk, l ajw tjtla puhae` cxpckbeturc jk

L`tevc Alhjur flrict pjae`y, rcaltevcay ajw `jaac`tevc hlrmlekekm `jvcrlmc, lkb l ajw

kufhcr jg mrlbultcs ek fltn lkb sèck`c, cspcèlaay ek tnc @zc`n Xcpuhae`. Gurtncrfjrc,tncrc es l nemn rcmualtjry lkb lbfekestrltevc jplèty, l alrmc lbfekestrltevc hurbck tj

stlrt-ups, hlrrecrs tj trlbc lkb ekvcstfckt lkb stltc `jktrja, cspcèlaay ek Tjalkb, wncrcls

tnc Kcw Fcfhcr Ptltcs nlvc l ajw gacxeheaety ek àjsekm husekcss lkb ajw cxpckbeturcs ek

puhae` X&B.

Rnc Lkmaj-Plxjk `juktrecs lrc `nlrl`tcrezcb hy l nemn s`jrc jk clsc jg mcttekm `rcbet,

ajw alhjur prjtc`tejk, ajw tjtla puhae` cxpckbeturcs jk l`tevc alhjur flrict pjaeècs, l

nemn kufhcr jg mrlbultcs ek tcrtelry cbu`ltejk lkb mrlbultcs ek fltn lkb sèck`c, lkb

ajw hlrrecrs tj `jfpctetejk, lbfekestrltevc hurbcks tj stlrt-up, ls wcaa ls hlrrecrs tj trlbc

lkb ekvcstfckt lkb stltc `jktrja. Rnc Lkmaj-Plxjk `juktrecs lasj bcfjkstrltc l nemn

gacxeheaety ek àjsekm husekcss lkb l ajw cxpckbeturc ek puhae` X&B, hut l nemn snlrc jg

(fcbeuf) nemn-tc`n X&B ls plrt jg tjtla X&B.

@jffjk `nlrl`tcreste`s jg Kjrtnwcstcrk Curjpc (Hcameuf, tnc Kctncralkbs lkb

Mcrflky) lrc tnc ajw acvca jg clray stlmc vckturc `lpetla ekvcstfckts, l stre`t alhjur

prjtc`tejk, nemn tjtla puhae` cxpckbeturcs jk l`tevc alhjur flrict pjaeècs, nemn `jaac`tevc

hlrmlekekm `jvcrlmc, l ajw kufhcr jg mrlbultcs ek tcrtelry cbu`ltejk lkb ek fltn lkb

sèck`cs, l nemn rcmualtjry lkb lbfekestrltevc jplèty. Gurtncrfjrc, tncsc `juktrecs nlvc

ajw hlrrecrs tj `jfpctetejk, l aefetcb lbfekestrltevc hurbck tj stlrt-up lkb ajw hlrrecrs tj

trlbc lkb ekvcstfckt.

Rnc Pjutncrk lkb Lapekc Curjpc`juktrecs lrc acss njfjmckjus, hut kcvcrtncacss snjw

sjfc `jffjk gclturcs, ekàubekm l ajw acvca jg clray stlmc vckturc `lpetla ekvcstfckt, l

stre`t alhjur prjtc`tejk, nemn `jaac`tevc hlrmlekekm `jvcrlmc, l ajw rcmualtjry lkb

lbfekestrltevc jplèty lkb nemn lbfekestrltevc hurbcks tj stlrt-up.

Rnc Kjrbe` `juktrecs lasj nlvc sjfc `jffjk `nlrl`tcreste`s su`n ls nemn tjtla puhae`

cxpckbeturcs jk l`tevc alhjur flrict pjaeècs, nemn `jaac`tevc hlrmlekekm `jvcrlmc lkb

ukejk bcksety, ajw lbfekestrltevc hurbcks tj stlrt-up lkb nemn gacxeheaety ek àjsekm

husekcss, lkb nemn puhae` X&B cxpckbeturcs.

Ek `jkàusejk, wc `lk stltc tnlt tnc prjpcksety jg tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri tj suppjrt jr

nlfpcr stru`turla `nlkmc vlrecs `jksebcrlhay l`rjss Curjpc. L`rjss tnc hjlrb, tnc Lkmaj-

Plxjk `juktrecs lppclr tj nlvc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjris tnlt lrc fjrc `jkbuèvc tjwlrbs

prjfjtekm lboustfckt pjtcktela. Lplrt grjf alhjur flrict guk`tejkekm, tnc ekstetutejkla

grlfcwjri jg Kcw Fcfhcr Ptltcs lkb tj sjfc cxtckt Pjutncrk Curjpclk `juktrecs tckb

tj put fjrc lboustfckt prcssurc tj tncer gerfs lkb sc`tjrs kjtlhay ek tcrfs jg

cktrcprckcurela ckverjkfckt lkb tc`nkjajme`la `lplèty. Rnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri

`jkbetejks ek Kjrtncrk lkb Kjrtn ]cstcrk Curjpc lppclr tj hc fjrc hlalk`cb ek tcrfs jg

cxcrtekm lboustfckt prcssurcs ek sjfc lrcls wneac prjfjtekm lboustfckt pjtcktela ek

jtncrs.

xee


18/31

4.7 Trcssurc lkb lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c hy sc`tjr

Jur kcxt stcp ek tnc lklayses es tj cxlfekc tnc rcaltejksnep hctwcck lboustfckt prcssurc

(cxcrtcb hy majhlaezltejk lkb tc`nkjajme`la `nlkmc) lkb lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c jg tnc

ekbustry. Rncrctj, wnck usekm lboustfckt ekbe`ltjrs (tlhac 4.0), wc lrc ektrjbu`ekm tnc

tcrfs lboustfckt acvca lkb lboustfckt spccb hjtn jg wne`n lrc efpjrtlkt gjr

ukbcrstlkbekm stru`turla `nlkmc.

Rlhac 4.0. Ekbe`ltjrs gjr fclsurekm lboustfckt prcssurc lkb tncer bcgeketejk

Tcr`cktlmc jg wjrigjr`c wnj wjricb ek lkjtncr sc`tjr jkc yclr

clraecrFjheaety

Pieaas Tcr`cktlmc jg njurs wjricb hy nemn sieaacb pcjpac ek lk ekbustryAlhjur

flrict

Ojh `rcltejkRnc lhsjautc kct kufhcr jg ojhs `rcltcb pcr sc`tjr pcr


19/31

Rlhac 4.2 Lvcrlmc lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c acvca hy laa flkugl`turekm sc`tjrs gjr scac`tcb vlrelhacs (Rnc sc`tjrs lrc

aestcb l``jrbekm tj tnc mrjupekm jg sc`tjrs l``jrbekm tj lboustfckt prcssurc lvcrlmc rlkiekm jk l s`lac grjf

< tj 8 3,85 3,2< 7,= 3,72 3,2> 3,>> 0,50 0,20 0,50 3,8=

Gjjbprjbu`tslkbhcvcrlmcs 7,=< 8,72 2,=5 =,72 7,=5 >,3= =,50 =,3= 0,85 7 8,>7 =,7 >,=<

]jjblkbprjbu`tsjgwjjablkb`jri 7,85 3,8< 2,72 =,4= 3,85 =,=< =,07 =,4= 0,07

Tuap,plpcrlkbplpcrprjbu`ts 2,50 7,72 2,72 >,8< 3,,=5 7, 2,82 2,24 3,24

Xuhhcrlkbpalste`prjbuìts 3,=5 7,7 3,85 3,=< 2,=< 0,>7 3,8< 3,>7 3,=< 3,50 3,30

Gurketurc 3,3= 0,50 8,=5 2,>7 0,50 5,44 >,,72 5,85 >,5 7,,4= >,3= >,07 2,=< 7,85

Fl`nekcrylkbcquepfckt 3,20 7,8< 7,4= 0,3= 0,>7 >,8< =,72 =,4= 3,7 7,34 2,8< >,>7 5,3= >,=< >,8< 7,2>

Cac`tre`lafl`nekcrylkblpplrltus =,44 =,=< 7,20 0,50 2,20 3,=< 2,7 7,44 =,=< =,3= >,07 7,82

Xlbej,tcacvesejklkbrlbejtrlksfettcrs 3,34 =,=< 2,=< 7,44 2,=5 2,20 0,>7 2,50 =,50 5,=< 5,72 5,4= 7,38

Fcbe`la,prcèsejklkbjpte`laekstrufckts 2,07 =,=< 5,44 0,34 3,=5 7,>7 2,4= 2,50 3,44 >,=5 >,8< >,8< 7,0=

Fjtjrvcneàcs,trleacrslkbscfetrleacrs 3,=5 7,=5 =,4= =,44 2,34 0,8< 8,=< 0,=5 7,07 >,44 =,=< 5,4= 7,44

Rrlkspjrtcquepfckt 0,85 =,44 7,07 2,72 8,72 2,>7 3,3= 2,=< 2,85 >,20 =,07 7,50 3,3

Acmckb? rcb 6 nemn rlki ycaajw 6 lvcrlmc hauc 6 ajw

Ekbccb, ls rcgac`tcb ek tlhac 4.2 lhjvc, wc `lk scc sjfc plttcrks hctwcck lboustfckt

pcrgjrflk`c lkb lboustfckt prcssurc, njwcvcr kjt lawlys ek l aekclr jr strlemntgjrwlrb

flkkcr.

Jvcrlaa, fjst streiekm es tnc strjkm pcrgjrflk`c s`jrcs jg tnc nemnay majhlaescb lkb

tc`nkjajmy ektcksevc sc`tjrs (Mrjup 2), kjt jkay ek lrcls jg tc`nkjajmy (cvebckt ls

tc`nkjajme`la ektcksety wls tlick ls l stlrtekm pjekt) hut lasj ek tcrfs jg sieaas lkb ojh

`rcltejk ls wcaa ls prjbu`tevety. Tcrnlps cvck fjrc ektcrcstekm es tnc gl`t tnlt sc`tjrs wetn

l nemn tc`nkjajme`la ektcksety nlvc ajwcr s`jrcs jk cktrcprckcurelaesf (su`n ls (fe`rj-)

gerf `rcltejk lkb cxet). Rnes `juab hc buc tj tnc nemn hlrrecrs tj cktry ek tncsc sc`tjrs

efpayekm tnlt cstlhaesncb gerfs suggcr acss grjf kcw cktrlkts tnlk ek jtncr ekbustrecs. Lk

ektcrcstekm efpae`ltejk `juab hc tnlt lboustfckt spccb ek tc`nkjajme`la ektcksevc

xev


20/31

ekbustrecs `juab hc beggcrckt grjf jtncr sc`tjrs wncrc lboustfckt `juab hc l fjrc

mrlbula lkb `jkstlkt prj`css. Hueabekm jk eksemnts grjf cvjautejklry c`jkjfe`s, et `juab

wcaa hc tnlt stru`turla lboustfckt ek tc`nkjajme`la gerfs prj`ccb ek snjìs lkb stlmcs

wetn rcaltevcay aettac lboustfckt wetnek cxestekm flricts hut wetn rlpeb `nlkmcs wncrctc`nkjajmecs (lkb tnc l``jrbekm plrlbemfs) snegt.

Gurtncrfjrc, et es streiekm tj scc tnlt majhlaesltejk prcssurcs (ls fclsurcb tnrjumn cxpjrt

snlrcs) bj kjt cxcrt l sefealr efpl`t jk lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c ekbe`ltjrs gl`tjrs su`n ls

ojh fjheaety lkb ojh `rcltejk. Rj tnc `jktrlry, wc `lk scc tnlt tnc acss cxpjscb ekbustry

mrjups wjriekm prcbjfeklktay gjr bjfcste` flricts snjw nemncr jr lt aclst sefealr

ekvcstfckt acvcas (ls % jg vlauc lbbcb) tnlk fjrc majhlaescb sc`tjrs. Ekbccb, majhlaescb

sc`tjrs jvcrlaa bj kjt stlkb jut ek tcrfs jg ekvcstfckt acvcas. @lpetla ektcksevckcss (c.m.

`ncfe`las, fjtjr vcneàcs, puap lkb plpcr) lppclrs tj hc fjrc efpjrtlkt tnlk majhla

prcssurcs pcr sc.

Cqulaay, sc`tjrs wne`n lrc acss cxpjscb grjf cxtcrkla trlbc prcssurcs lppclr tj hc fjrc

prjgetlhac tnlk majhlaescb sc`tjrs. Cxlfpacs lrc tnc gjjb lkb fekcrla prjbu`ts sc`tjrs.

]etnek tnc majhlaescb lkb tc`nkjajmy ektcksevc mrjup, l nemn acvca jg prjgetlheaety `lk hc

rc`jrbcb ek tnc `ncfe`la ekbustry ekàubekm tnc pnlrfl`cute`la ekbustry. Lmlek, sjfc

cacfckt jg flrict prjtc`tejk `juab paly l rjac ncrc stepualtcb hy tnc rcmualtjry prj`css

wne`n rcbu`cs `jfpctetejk lt aclst gjr `crtlek pcrejbs lkb flricts. Et snjuab hc

fcktejkcb ncrc tnlt tncsc prjgets lrc jgtck rcquercb gjr rc-ekvcstekm ek X&B.

Rnc lhjvc gekbekms pjekt tj lk ektcrcstekm plrlbjx? tnjsc sc`tjrs wne`n lrc strjkmay

cxpjscb tj lboustfckt prcssurc wjuab rcquerc rcaltevcay nemn acvcas jg prjgetlheaety lkbekvcstfckt ls plrt jg tnc kccb tj hueab lboustfckt `lplèty. Njwcvcr, et es tnc slfc

strjkm majhla `jfpctetejk tnlt fly wcaa aefet tncsc vcry slfc acvcas jg prjgetlheaety lkb

ekvcstfckt jgtck tj tnc hckcget jg `jksufcrs. Rnus, tncrc lrc sjfc nekts ek tnc lhjvc

gekbekms tnlt lboustfckt prcssurc bjcs kjt lawlys lkb berc`tay rcsuat ek sefealr lboustfckt

pcrgjrflk`c. Skbcrayekm rclsjks gjr tnes wcli aeki hctwcck lboustfckt prcssurc lkb

pcrgjrflk`c fly hc buc tj beggcrckt `lpetla/jutput rltejs gjr cl`n sc`tjr, jr nctcrjmckcety

wetnek sc`tjrs. Kcvcrtncacss, tnc lklayses pjekts tj sjfc gjjb gjr tnjumnt.

Ek `jkàusejk, wc `lk stltc tnlt hjtn icy brevcrs hcnekb lboustfckt prcssurc

(tc`nkjajme`la ektcksety ls wcaa ls majhlaesltejk prcssurcs) nlvc sjfc ukcxpc`tcb

rcaltejks wetn lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c? tc`nkjajme`la ektcksety aclbs kjt jkay tj nemncr

prjbu`tevety hut lasj tj nemncr hlrrecrs tj cktry lkb cxet lkb tncrcgjrc aefets l `jkstlkt

lkb mrlbula prj`css jg stru`turla `nlkmc, wneac majhlaesltejk prcssurcs fly wcaa crjbc

tnc `lplèty jg gerfs lkb sc`tjrs tj rcekvcst lkb rcekvckt tncfscavcs tj tnc cxtckt kccbcb.

4.7.8 Lklayses jg spccb ekbe`ltjrs jg lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c hy sc`tjr mrjups

Rurkekm tnc gjùs lt tnc lboustfckt spccb `nlkmcs ek lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c jvcr l

tck yclr pcrejb l quetc beggcrckt pe`turc es jhscrvcb ek tlhac 4.3. Pjfc rlbe`la `nlkmcs

`lk hc jhscrvcb wetnek kekc jut jg cacvck ekbe`ltjrs wneac lboustfckt spccb es lafjst

uk`nlkmcb wetnek tnc rcflekekm ekbe`ltjrs (fjheaety lkb ekvcstfckt rltc). Rnes pjekt tj

lboustfckt prcssurc nlvekm nlb jkay fekjr efpl`t jk tncsc ekbe`ltjrs burekm tnc alst

bc`lbc.

xv


21/31

Rlhac 4.3 Lvcrlmc spccb ekbe`ltjrs jg lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c hy tnc sc`tjr mrjupekm l``jrbekm tj lboustfckt prcssurc

gjr cl`n jg tnc scac`tcb vlrelhacs. Kjrflaezcb lboustfckt spccb hy prcssurc mrjups. Fclk vlaucs.

Alhjur flrict Gerf hcnlvejur Rc`nkjajmy

Trcssurc mrjupsF

jheaety

Pieaas

Ojh`rcltejk

Ekvcstfckt

Trj

getl

heaety

F

e`rjcktcrpr

escs

Kcw

cktcrpr

escs

Cx

etcktcrpr

escs

Trj

bu`tevety

XB

Cf

pajyccs

XB

Ekvcstfckt

Majhla ajw lkb tc`nektcksety ajw -4,4


22/31

xvee

]c lssufc tnlt tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri `lk paly l rjac cklhaekm lkb rcekgjrèkm tnc

lboustfckt pjtcktela jg gerfs lkb sc`tjrs, ls wcaa ls tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri lasj `lk

cxcrt lboustfckt prcssurc jk gerfs lkb sc`tjrs. Rnc icy qucstejk es tncrcgjrc, wne`n

ekbe`ltjrs lrc ekgauck`cb hy tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri `jkbetejk. Ek l setultejk wetnaettac besplretecs ek lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c hctwcck tnc mrjups, wc tncrcgjrc lssufc l

fjrc aefetcb ekgauck`c jg lboustfckt prcssurc.

4.=.,4 7,> 3,7 3,0 0,> 2,= 2,3 3,8 3,7

@zc`nXcpuhae` 8,7 3,0 3,= =,= =,2 =,8 7,0 7,< 8,4 0,7 7,4 3,4 3,2

Tjalkb 7,5 3,0 7,0 =,> >,3 7,2 2,5 2,2 3,= 3,= 0,4 3,2 3,5

LkmajPlxjk@juktrecs =,5 3,7 2,7 2,3 7,= 2,2 0,3 3,3 3,= 3,= 2,= 3,= 3,2

SketcbIekmbjf 5,= 3,0 0,7 2,2 7,4 3,0 2,4 0,2 3,= 3,= 3,8 3,0 3,0

Ercalkb 7,< 7,4 3,= 2,3 =,2 0,3 0,4 =,= 3,= 3,= 2,8 7,< 3,3

Kjrtn]cstcrkCurjpc 2,= 3,3 3,3 2,7 2,> 3,8 3,0 2,5 7,4 3,3 3,7 3,> 3,0

Hcameuf 8,= 3,7 3,3 2,= 3,3 7,< 7,8 7,2 7,2 3,7 7,< 3,0 3,3

Mcrflky 2,5 3,7 3,= 2,7 0,= 2,0 0,3 0,< 3,= 3,< 3,7 7,= 2,5

Kctncralkbs 7,0 3,2 3,0 2,0 3,0 3,4 7,0 3,2 7,4 3,= 3,4 3,2 3,3

PjutncrklkbLapekcCurjpc 2,5 3,7 3,7 3,5 2,5 3,5 2,5 2,3 3,0 3,3 3,4 3,0 3,0

Lustrel 0,= 3,7 3,3 3,4 3,= 3,< =,< =,< 7,= 3,2 7,< 7,4 3,=

Etlay 0,5 3,= 3,7 7,> 3,> =,4 0,5 0,3 0,= 3,= 0,= 2,< 3,4

Grlk`c 7,5 3,= 2,2 3,> 8,5 3,3 2,4 0,0 7,4 3,0 3,7 7,4 3, 2,= 2,4 3,< 3,3 2,3 3,< 3,0

Kjrtncrk`juktrecs 7,< 3,7 3,7 3,< 2,7 3,8 =,= =,7 7,< 3,5 7,3 3,8 3,5

Bckflri 7,5 3,7 3,2 3,5 2,8 3,0 =,7 =,8 7,4 3,= 3,= 7,< 7,4

Gekalkb 3,8 3,3 3,5 2,5 3,5 7,< =,3 =,7 3,7 3,= 7,5 7,< 7,,4 >,4 7,> 7,0 =,4 0,0 3,>

Lvcrlmcjglaa 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,0 3,2 3,3

Rnc lhjvc plttcrk `lk hc cxpalekcb hy beggcrck`cs ek gerf hcnlvejur kjtlhay tnc

gjrfltejk lkb cxet jg cktcrprescs. Rnc Kjrbe` `juktrecs bcfjkstrltc lboustfckt acvcas

tnlt lrc lt aclst twe`c ls nemn ls tnc alrmc `jktekcktla `juktrecs àclr semks jg byklfe`

cktrcprckcurela ùaturcs. Ek Tjalkb lkb tnc @zc`n Xcpuhae` ekvcstfckt, prjgetlheaety lkb

fe`rj cktcrprescs rlki wcaa lhjvc tnc lvcrlmc, eaaustrltekm tnc byklfe`s lkb nemn mrjwtn

rltcs jg tnc c`jkjfecs ek tnc Kcw Fcfhcr Ptltcs. Njwcvcr, cspcèlaay tnc @zc`n

Xcpuhae` lppclrs tj nlvc l ajw alhjur prjbu`tevety wne`n es streiekm ek aemnt jg tnc

pcrgjrflk`c jg Tjalkb - lajkm wetn Etlay.


23/31

xveee

@jk`crkekm tc`nkjajme`la prjmrcss, tnc flkugl`turekm sc`tjrs ek tnc @zc`n Xcpuhae` nlvc

ajw kufhcrs jg X&B cfpajyccs rcaltevc tj tjtla cfpajyfckt. Rnes fly wcaa hc rcaltcb

tj tnc sc`tjrla `jfpjsetejk jg tnc flkugl`turekm sc`tjr. Njwcvcr, `nlkmc es jk tnc wly

ls (GBE-rcaltcb) X&B ekvcstfckts ek tnc @zc`n Xcpuhae` lrc `jksebcrlhay nemncr kjw, ltacvcas `jfplrlhac tj Gekalkb, Kjrwly, lkb Lustrel. Geklaay, bcspetc tnc jvcrlaa ajw

rlkiekm jg Mcrflky ek tcrfs jg lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c, Mcrflk flkugl`turekm

ekbustrecs lrc lfjkmst tnc fjst ekkjvltevc ekbustrecs ek Curjpc ls fclsurcb hy X&B

ekbe`ltjrs.

4.=.8 Lklayses jg spccb ekbe`ltjrs jg lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c hy `juktry mrjups

]nck cxpalekekm lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c spccb, alhjur flrict gl`tjrs lkb ekvcstfckt

rltc tckb tj hc fjrc byklfe` tnlk jtncr lspc`ts jg gerf hcnlvejur lkb tc`nkjajmy

prjmrcss (tlhac 4.=). L`rjss Fcfhcr stltcs, wc `lk lssufc tnlt alrmcr beggcrck`cs j`ùr

wetnek alhjur flrict pjae`y tnlk wetnek jtncr pjae`y lrcls. Hy tnc slfc tjick, wc lssufc

fjrc `jkvcrmck`c hctwcck Fcfhcr stltcs ek ekkjvltejk pjaeècs, cktrcprckcurela pjae`y

jr `jrpjrltc tlx pjae`y - lggc`tekm ekvcstfckt ek tc`nkjajme`la bcvcajpfckt,

cktrcprckcursnep lkb prjgetlheaety.

Rlhac 4.= Lvcrlmc spccb ekbe`ltjrs jg lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c hy àustcrs gjr cl`n jg tnc scac`tcb vlrelhacs

Alhjur flrict Gerf hcnlvejur Rc`nkjajmy

@juktry MrjupsF

jheaety

Pieaas

Oj

h`rclt

ejk

Ekvcs

tfc

kt

Trj

getl

he

aety

F

e`rjck

tcrpr

escs

Kcw

cktcrpr

escs

Cx

etck

tc

rpr

escs

Trj

bu`tev

ety

XB

Cfpajyccs

XB

Ekvcs

tf

ck

t

Kcw fcfhcr stltcs -4,03 -4,2> -4,45 4,47 4,22 4,45 4, 4,


24/31

hlses, lkb et es qucstejklhac wnctncr tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri `jkbetejks lrc guaay

cklhaekm su`n trlksgjrfltejks. Rnc rjac jg ekwlrb GBE kccbs tj hc lsscsscb ek tnes aemnt

ls wcaa.

Rnc Kjrbe` `juktrecs - trlbetejklaay wetn lk jggcksevc puhae` pjae`y ek flky lrcls,

bcfjkstrltc l strjkm lboustfckt spccb wetnek gjur ekbe`ltjrs sieaas, ekvcstfckt rltc lkb

mrjwtn ek fe`rj cktcrprescs lkb kcutrla bcvcajpfckt gjr tnc rcst jg tnc ekbe`ltjrs.

Ek `jkàusejk, latnjumn wc jhscrvc tnlt beggcrck`cs ek lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c `lk hc

j``lsejklaay rcaltcb tj beggcrck`cs ek tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri - cspcèlaay wetnek tnc

lrcl jg alhjur flrict pjae`y. Njwcvcr ek fjst `lscs, tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri

`jkbetejk tckbs tj nlvc jkay l kcutrla jr l blfpckekm cggc`t jk lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c

jg tnc flkugl`turekm ekbustry. Rnes es l sjfcwnlt `nlaackmekm nypjtncses, ls flky

Fcfhcr stltcs àlef tj nlvc l pjae`y gjùs jk stru`turla rcgjrf lkb mrjwtn pjae`y.

4.> Tuttekm et laa tjmctncr? lboustfckt prcssurc, pjtcktela, pcrgjrflk`c lkbc`jkjfe` jut`jfcs

Lt tnc ckb jg tnc bly, stru`turla lboustfckt es kjt tj hc scck ls lk jhoc`tevc jk ets jwk,

hut rltncr ls l fclks tjwlrbs fjrc su``cssgua c`jkjfe` pcrgjrflk`c. Nck`c tnc kccb tj

put c`jkjfe` jut`jfc ektj tnc cqultejk? Bjcs lboustfckt prcssurc ekbccb aclb tj mrcltcr

lboustfckt pjtcktela, pcrgjrflk`c, lkb geklaay tj mrjwtn, ojhs, lkb prjspcrety:Bjcs, ls

tnc `jk`cptula grlfcwjri summcsts, stru`turla lboustfckt ekbccb aclb tj hcttcr c`jkjfe`

jut`jfcs:

4.>.).

Ekbustrela stru`turc beggcrs hjtn wetnek lkb hctwcck tnc beggcrckt àustcrs jg `juktrecs,

wne`n rcekgjr`cs tnc fcsslmc tnlt ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri `jkbetejks jk tncer jwk lrc kjt

lutjflte`laay cklhaekm jkc spcège` lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c rcsuatekm ek jkc spcège`

ekbustrela stru`turc.

xex


25/31

xx

Rlhac 4.>? Lmmrcmltcb prjgeac jg tnc flkugl`turekm ekbustry ek scac`tcb juktrecs tnc ekbustrela stru`turc es lssufcb tj hc

lk jut`jfc jg tnc lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c.

Kjtc? MBT acvcas - TTT lboustcb MBT pcr `lpetlKjtc? GBE ektcksety vlauc jg ekwlrb lkb jutwlrb GBE ls l snlrc jg MBTKjtc? Rnc spcèlaesltejk ekbcx es hlsc jk cfpajyfckt hy sc`tjr ek CS 8=

Ercalkb, Mcrflky, Gekalkb lkb, tj sjfc cxtckt, Grlk`c lrc `nlrl`tcrescb hy lk

jvcrrcprcscktltejk jg flkugl`turekm ekbustrecs cxpjscb tj l nemn prcssurc grjf hjtn

majhlaesltejk lkb tc`nkjajmy9 ek jtncr wjrbs, tnc ekbustrela stru`turc ek tncsc `juktrecs es

helscb tjwlrbs l fjrc majhlaescb lkb ikjwacbmc hlscb bcvcajpfckt.

Xcaltevcay aefetcb efpjrtlk`c tj tnc flkugl`turekm sc`tjr jvcrlaa es rc`jrbcb ek tnc

Sketcb Iekmbjf, Kjrwly, Hcameuf lkb tnc Kctncralkbs bcfjkstrltcb gjr ekstlk`c hy

tnc snlrc jg cfpajyccs lkb jutput grjf tnc flkugl`turekm ekbustry wne`n es rcaltevcay

ajw. Gurtncrfjrc, tnc rcflekekm flkugl`turekm ekbustry tckbs tj spcèlaesc ek acss

cxpjscb sc`tjrs, wncrc tnc gjr`cs jg majhlaesltejk lkb tc`nkjajme`la `nlkmc lrc

sjfcwnlt acss prjkjuk`cb.

Ppcèlaesltejk(Majhlaesltejk/tc`nkjajmy)

MBTacvcas

Wlauc lbbcbjg

flkugl`turekmls l snlrc jg

tjtla vlauclbbcb jg laaekbustrecs

Wlauclbbcb

(Curj) jgflkugl`tu

rekm pcr8 87 8.7 38 2 0> 3> -4,88 4, 4,40 4,


26/31

Flkugl`turekm ekbustry es fjrc efpjrtlkt ek Lustrel, Etlay, lkb Tjalkb, hut tncer strckmtn

sccfs tj aec rltncr ek trlbetejkla prjbu`tejk wetn ajw-tc`n `jktckt, jg wne`n sjfc lrc

cxpjscb tj majhlaesltejk. Rnc flkugl`turekm sc`tjr nls l rcaltevcay nemn efpjrtlk`c

fclsurcb hy cfpajyfckt, hut l fekjr rjac fclsurcb hy c`jkjfe` jutput.

Aekiekm tnc lhjvc stru`turla `nlrl`tcreste`s tj jur `jk`cptula grlfcwjri, jkc effcbeltc

jhscrvltejk es tnlt `juktrecs wetn sefealr grlfcwjri `jkbetejks bj kjt kc`csslreay aclb tj

`juktrecs wetn tnc slfc lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c (tlhac 4.7). Ekbccb, wc `lk scc tnlt

`juktrecs wetn sefealr ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri `jkbetejks `lk gjaajw beggcrckt plttcrks jg

stru`turla bcvcajpfckt (tlhac 4.>).

4.>.8 Aekiekm c`jkjfe` jut`jfc wetn lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c

Rnc aekilmcs hctwcck tnc lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c lkb tnc c`jkjfe` jut`jfc jr

ekbustrela stru`turc sccf tj hc fjrc cvebckt, hut wc nlvc tj bcla wetn rcsuats wetn mrclt

`lutejk, ls jur bltl es bcs`rehekm vcry `jfpacx stru`turcs lkb rcaltejksneps. Rncrcgjrc,

wc weaa aefet jurscavcs tj sjfc spcùaltevc nypjtncscs jkay.

Hy `jfplrekm tncKcw Fcfhcr Ptltcs @zc`n Xcpuhae` lkb Tjalkb wc gekb tnlt tnc vlauc

lbbcb grjf flkugl`turekm ekbustry es fu`n nemncr ek tnc @zc`n Xcpuhae`, wne`n femnt

hc l `jkscquck`c jg tnc trlbetejklaay nemn spcèlaesltejk jg flkugl`turekm ncrc, wne`n nls

rcsuatcb ek ets lheaety tj hc su``cssguaay cxpjscb tj majhlaesltejk lkb tc`nkjajme`la `nlkmc

(tlhac 4.>). Husekcss byklfe`s gerf hcnlvejur es saemntay nemncr ek tnc @zc`n

Xcpuhae`, cx`cpt gjr prjbu`tevety. Laa ek laa, tnc ekbustry ek tnc @zc`n Xcpuhae` sccfs tj

lboust tj ek`rclsekm majhla `jfpctetejk, wne`n femnt cklhac tnc `juktry tj flektlek tncnemn c`jkjfe` pcrgjrflk`c (vlauc lbbcb lkb cfpajyfckt), wneac tnc Tjaesn ekbustry

flektleks l rltncr ajw vlauc lbbcb pcr cfpajycc.

]etnek tncLkmaj-Plxjk `juktrecs, Ercalkb nls l strjkm nemn-tc`n flkugl`turekm ekbustry

`nlrl`tcrescb hy nemn cxpjsurc tj majhlaesltejk lkb tc`nkjajme`la `nlkmc, wneac tnc

Sketcb Iekmbjf nls trlksgjrfcb grjf flkugl`turekm tj scrve`cs wetn rcflekekm

flkugl`turekm jrecktcb tjwlrbs tnc aj`la flrict. L àjscr ajji lt tnc majhlaescb, nemn-

tc`n flkugl`turekm sc`tjrs snjw tnlt Ercalkb nls l vcry nemn lkb uktea rc`cktay lk

ek`rclsekm ekvcstfckt rltc (cspcèlaay gjr tnc KL@C 08 Xlbej, tcacvesejk ct`.), lkb l nemn

acvca jg prjbu`tevety fu`n rcaltcb tj ekhjukb GBE wne`n tnc SI nls kjt scck tj tnc

slfc cxtckt. Fjrc puzzaekm es tnc gekbekm tnlt tnc ekbe`ltjr X&B ekvcstfckt snjws l

ajw acvca jg X&B ekvcstfckt ek tnc nemn-tc`n sc`tjrs, ekbe`ltekm tnlt tnc X&B prjgeac

femnt kjt hc ls strjkm ls et ajjis aeic. Gjr tnc Sketcb Iekmbjf, tnc rcflekekm nemn-tc`n

sc`tjr nls l nemn tj vcry nemn ekvcstfckt acvca, lkb l acvca tnlt nls hcck stlhac jvcr tnc

alst bc`lbc bcfjkstrltekm tnlt gerfs steaa prcsckt ek tnes sc`tjr nlvc l strjkm rcseaeck`c

ves--ves strjkm lboustfckt prcssurcs.

Rnc ektuetevc lsscssfckt es tnlt tnc Eresn nemn-tc`n ekbustry es efpjrtlkt gjr tnc `juktry

buc tj ets snccr sezc nemn c`jkjfe` jut`jfc - hut tnc ekbustry bjcs kjt sccf tj lboust

vcry wcaa tj guturc tc`nkjajme`la `nlkmcs lkb `nlaackmcs, wneac tnc nemn-tc`n sc`tjr ek tnc

Sketcb Iekmbjf sccfs tj hc ek tnc jppjsetc setultejk sflaa hut rlpebay lboustekm. Rnc

lhjvc plttcrks `lk hc cxtckbcb tj sjfc jtncr `juktrecs.

xxe


27/31

Ek `jk`ausejk, wc gekb tnlt tnc `jk`cptula grlfcwjri `lk cklhac lk lklayses jg tnc

stru`turla lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c gjr tnc flkugl`turekm ekbustry, ls wc `lk aeki plttcrk

jg lboustfckt prcssurc, lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c, lkb stru`turla `nlkmc. Njwcvcr, usekm

tnc `jk`cptula grlfcwjri lasj snjws tnc `jfpacxety jg lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c. Rnc`jk`cptula grlfcwjri lasj summcsts tnlt stru`turla lboustfckt aclbs tj hcttcr c`jkjfe`

jut`jfc, ls tnc `juktrecs spc`elaescb wetnek sc`tjrs cxpjscb tj lboustfckt prcssurc

majhlaescb lkb tc`nkjajmy ektcksevc sc`tjrs - nlvc tnc nemncst vlauc lbbcb pcr cfpajycc.

Rnc lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c jg tnc ekbustry sccfs tj l alrmc cxtckt tj hc l rcgac`tejk jg

tnc lboustfckt prcssurc, wncrc nemn prcssurc es rcgac`tcb ek tc`nkjajme`la prjmrcss, sieaas

lkb prjbu`tevety, wneac ajwcr prcssurcs rcsuat ek l nemncr husekcss byklfe`s sclr`nekm gjr

kcw flrict jppjrtuketecs.

4.5 Geklaay

]etn `lpetla flricts ek `reses, et es quetc clsy tj eflmekc njw (`nlkmekm) husekcss

`jkbetejks `lk lggc`t tnc pcrgjrflk`c jg ekbustry9 et es quetc l `nlaackmc kjt jkay tj

fclsurc lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c, hut tj ajji ukbcrkcltn tj lboustfckt pjtcktela,

lboustfckt prcssurc lkb tnc cklhaekm ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri `jkbetejks.

Hut bevekm ektj tnes typc jg stru`turla lklayses nls prjvck tj hc `jfpacx pcrnlps fjrc

sj tnlt wc larclby tnjumnt. ]c nlvc lbbrcsscb tnes `nlaackmc tnrjumn bcsemkekm lk

'ufhrcaal' - l `jk`cptula grlfcwjri, wncrc tnc jvcrlaa stru`turla bcvcajpfckt lkb tnc

lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c jg tnc flkugl`turekm ekbustry lt sc`tjr acvca es ukbcrstjjb ls l

rcsuat jg tnc cxpjsurc tj brevcrs jg stru`turla `nlkmc lkb cklhaekm ekstetutejk grlfcwjri`jkbetejks.

Hlscb jk tnc aetcrlturc rcvecw, wc nlvc lssufcb laa tnc wly strjkm aekilmcs hctwcck

lboustfckt prcssurc lkb tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri jk jkc sebc, lkb tnc lboustfckt

pcrgjrflk`c jk tnc jtncr sebc. ]c nlvc tnck, ls glr ls nlrfjkescb Curjpclk stlteste`la

gemurcs nlvc hcck l``cssehac, ekbcktegecb l kufhcr jg ekbe`ltjrs wne`n fclsurc

lboustfckt prcssurc lkb pcrgjrflk`c ls wcaa ls `nlrl`tcresc tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri

`jkbetejk.

Hy tnc fclks jg tnes ajkm aest jg ekbe`ltjrs wc nlvc flbc l s`lttcrcb fclsurcfckt jg tnc

lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c wetnek tnc lrcls jg alhjur flrict, husekcss hcnlvejur lkb

tc`nkjajme`la bcvcajpfckt gjr 80 flkugl`turekm sc`tjrs ek


28/31

Ek spetc jg tnc aefetltejks lkb tnc rcstre`tevc klturc jg tnc stuby, tnc ùrrckt lkb subbck

c`jkjfe` `reses lggc`tekm tnc Curjpclk c`jkjfy nls fjrc tnlk cvcr hcgjrc strcsscb tnc

efpjrtlk`c jg ukbcrstlkbekm lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c lkb stru`turla `nlkmc. Ekbccb, tncrc

es l `jfpcaaekm kccb gjr l hcttcr ukbcrstlkbekm lkb fjrc eksemnts ektj tnc lboustfcktprcssurc lt ekbevebula c`jkjfe` sc`tjrs, tnc lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c jg sc`tjrs lkb

`juktrecs, lkb tnc ekstetutejkla grlfcwjri tnlt berc`tay efpl`ts tnc kccb lkb tnc

`lplheaetecs jg `nlkmc.

Cvck tnjumn tnes stuby nls prjvebcb l hcttcr ukbcrstlkbekm lkb fjrc eksemnt ektj tncsc

flttcrs, tncrc es steaa l kccb gjr gurtncr gjaajw up, jg wne`n wc `juab pjekt lt?

Ek-bcptn stubecs jk lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c wetnek spcège` sc`tjrs lkb/jr `juktrecs

(`lscs stubecs). Rnc lef jg su`n stubecs snjuab hc tj mct fjrc bctleacb eksemnt ektj

lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c, ls wcaa ls tcstekm tnc lppae`lheaety jg tnc `jk`cptula `jk`cpt

gjr lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c. Rnc rcacvlk`c jg tnc ebcktegecb ekbe`ltjrs lkb tnc kccb

gjr kcw ekbe`ltjrs snjuab hc l plrt jg su`n `lscs stubecs.

Lk c`jkjfctre` stuby tcstekm tnc `jk`cptula grlfcwjri, cspcèlaay tnc rcaltejksnep

hctwcck lboustfckt prcssurc, grlfcwjri `jkbetejk, lboustfckt lkb c`jkjfe`

pcrgjrflk`c.

Efprjvcfckt jg tnc Curjpclk ekbustrela stlteste`s. Gjr flky jg tnc ekbe`ltjrs bltl es

fessekm jr prcscktcb lt fu`n lmmrcmltcb acvca.

Rnc prcsckt stuby strcsscs tnc `nlaackmc jg wjriekm wetn lboustfckt pcrgjrflk`c ek l

fuatebefcksejkla lpprjl`n, lkb et `lk wjri ls l pjekt jg bcplrturc gjr gurtncr wjri. Rnc

kccb gjr `jktekuekm su`n stubecs es nemnay cfpnlsescb hy tnc ùrrckt c`jkjfe` `reses

lggc`tekm tnc Curjpclk c`jkjfy.

xxeee


29/31

Lkkcx gemurcs jg lboustfckt acvcas hy sc`tjr lkb `juktry

Ek tnc gjaajwekm twj tlhacs tnc lvcrlmc vlaucs gjr tnc ekbe`ltjrs lrc `laùaltcb laa tnc

sc`tjrs lkb gjr laa tnc `juktrecs ekàubcb ek tnc stuby. Rnc klfcs jg laa tnc ekbe`ltjrs lrc

aestcb hcajw ls wcaa ls tnc fctnjbs jg `laùaltejk.

Tcr`cktlmc jg wjrigjr`c wnj wjricb ek lkjtncr sc`tjr

jkc yclr clraecrFjheaety

PieaasTcr`cktlmc jg njurs wjricb hy nemn sieaacb pcjpac ek lk

ekbustry

Alhjur

flrict

Rnc lhsjautc kct kufhcr jg ojhs `rcltcb pcr sc`tjr pcr


30/31

xxv

4.5.


31/31

4.5.8 Lboustfckt acvca lvcrlmcs vlaucs gjr cl`n sc`tjr l`rjss laa `juktrecs ek tnc stuby

Alhjur flrict Gerf hcnlvejur Rc`nkjajme`laprjmrcss

Pc`tjrKl`c8 bemetsFjheaety

Pieaas

Ojh`rcltejk

Ekvcstfckt

Trjgetlheaety

Fe`rj

cktcrprescs

Kcw

cktcrprescs

Cxet

cktcrprescs

Trjbu`tevety

XBCfpajycc

s

XB

Ekvcstfckt

XBRurkjvcr

Gjjbprjbu`tslkbhcvcrlmcs 4, 83,=7 ,43 22.5

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Key Findings Measuring and Bench Marking En