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enis Sefaseba da testireba
1
kaxa gabunia
maia inasariZe
mzia wereTeli
enis Sefaseba da testireba
(damxmare saxelmZRvanelo maswavleblebisTvis)
`saimedo~
Tbilisi, 2011
enis Sefaseba da testireba
2
saxelmZRvanelo gamoicema euTos erovnul umciresobaTa
umaRlesi komisris ofisis mxardaWeriT proeqtis „multi-
lingvuri ganaTlebis reformis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi“
farglebSi. proeqti xorcieldeba `samoqalaqo integraciisa
da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centris (CCIIR)~ mier.
The textbook is published in the framework of the project “Supporting Multi-
lingual Educational Reform in Georgia”. The project is funded by the office of
OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. The project is imple-
mented by the Center for Civil Integration and Inter-Ethnic Relations
(CCIIR).
konsultanti: ligita grigule (latvia)
redaqtori
Salva tabataZe
ISBN 978-9941-0-4090-0
© samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centri
enis Sefaseba da testireba
3
Sinaarsi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 4 Tavi 1, Sefasebis arsi da mniSvneloba saswavlo procesSi . . gv. 5 1. Sefasebis miznebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 5 2. Sefasebis ZiriTadi principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 7 3. Sefasebis sami tipi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 9 4. Sefasebis saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 10 5. Sefasebis procesi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 14 6. Sefasebis formebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 18 7. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebi Sefasebis mimarT . . . gv. 21 Tavi 2, enobrivi unarebis Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 22 Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 22 1. zepirmetyvelebis (mosmenisa da laparakis) unar-Cvevebis Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 25
a. mosmenis unaris Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 25 b. laparakis unaris Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 35 2. wignierebis (kiTxvisa da weris unarebis) Sefaseba . . . . . . . . gv. 39 a. kiTxva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 39 b. wera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 54 g. leqsika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 59 d. gramatika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 61 3. TviTSefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 68 Tavi 3, testirebis mniSvneloba meore enis swavlebis
procesSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 78
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 78 1. testebis kategoriebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 82 2. testis ZiriTadi ganzomilebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 92 3. testis ZiriTadi Teoriebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 112 4. testis Sedgenis safexurebi (etapebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 115 5. testuri davalebebis tipebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 131 6. damatebiTi rCevebi testis SeqmnisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 143 7. testirebis monacemebis pirveladi analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 146 Tavi 4, Sefasebis meTodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 151 1. skalebis SemuSavebis meTodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 151 a. intuitiuri meTodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 153 b. Tvisebrivi meTodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 154 g. raodenobrivi meTodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 156 Tavi 5, bilingvuri ganaTlebis procesis Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . gv. 160 1. bilingvuri ganaTlebis arsi da Sefasebis mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 160
2. orenovnebis (bilingvizmis) Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 163 3. meore enis Sefaseba bilingvur gakveTilze . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 169 4. bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 216 terminTa ganmarteba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 226 gamoyenebuli literatura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 235
enis Sefaseba da testireba
4
Sesavali
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis xuT ZiriTad siaxleTa Soris upirve-
lesi aris is, rom `saganmanaTleblo procesis centrSi dgas mos-
wavle da miRweuli Sedegi (mniSvnelovania ara imdenad is, Tu ris
swavlebas cdilobs maswavlebeli, aramed is, Tu ra iswavla moswav-
lem)~. orientacia TiToeul moswavlesa da Sedegze Tvisebrivad
cvlis Sefasebis sistemas. Sefasebis saSualebiT ganisazRvreba im
saswavlo Sedegebis miRwevis xarisxi, romlebic standartiT aris
gaTvaliswinebuli.
saswavlo procesis Sefaseba aris saswavlo miznebis miRwevis
xarisxis damdgeni monacemebis Segrovebis, aRricxvisa da analizis
mudmivi procesi, moswavleTa warmatebisa da progresis
Tanamimdevruli Seswavla.
swavlebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi Sefasebas
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. maswavlebelma unda icodes, Tu ra,
rodis, ratom da rogor unda Seafasos. maswavlebeli, pirvel rigSi,
gegmavs, Tu ra Sedegs (an Sedegebs) surs, rom miaRwios; Semdeg
gegmavs, Tu rogor Seafasos, aRwevs Tu ara igi am Sedegs da bolos,
gansazRvravs im saSualebebs, romliTac igi am Sedegis miRwevas
Seecdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, Sefasebis roli umniSvnelovanesia
swored imitom, rom misi saSualebiT maswavlebeli gansazRvravs da
adgens im saSualebebs, riTac man sasurvel Sedegebs unda miaRwios.
Aamdenad, Sefasebis procesSi dgeba ramdenime mniSvnelovani kiTxva:
risTvis vafasebT (Sefasebis mizani)?
ras vafasebT (Sefasebis sagani)?
rogor vafasebT (Sefasebis xerxebi, instrumentebi)?
vis vafasebT (Sefasebis obieqti)?
rodis vafasebT (ra sixSiriT, ra vadebSi)?
rogor viyenebT Sefasebis Sedegebs (monacemTa analizi)?
enis Sefaseba da testireba
5
Tavi 1
Sefasebis arsi da mniSvneloba
saswavlo procesSi
1. Sefasebis miznebi
saswavlo procesis Sefasebis ZiriTadi miznebia:
calkeuli moswavlisa Tu moswavleTa jgufis
ganviTarebaze xangrZlivi da uwyveti dakvirveba;
swavlebisa da swavlis procesis mudmivi Seswavla,
monacemTa Sekreba da Sedegebis aRnusxva-wardgena;
moswavleTa, maswavlebelTa, mSobelTa, skolis
direqciisa da sazogadoebis (dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi)
informireba swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb;
moswavleTa saswavlo moTxovnilebebisa da saWiroebebis
dadgena da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebisaTvis xelis
Sewyoba;
saswavlo programebis Semdgomi daxvewa;
swavlebis samomavlo procesebis ganxilva mSoblebTan da
skolis xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad da Semdgomi
srulyofa;
swavlisadmi Segnebuli damokidebulebis stimulireba
moswavleebSi;
dainteresebuli mxareebis informireba erovnuli
saswavlo gegmisa da skolis saswavlo gegmis Sesrulebis
mimdinareobis Sesaxeb;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
6
moswavleTaTvis Sefasebisa da TviTSefasebis unaris
ganviTareba;
swavlisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba,
iniciativebisa da aqtiurobis waxaliseba;
calkeuli sagnebisa Tu sagnobrivi sferoebis swavlebaSi
arsebuli viTarebis dadgena;
swavlis procesis efeqtiani warmarTva da misi
koreqtireba; auTvisebeli masalis, Secdomebis gamovlena
da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gansazRvra;
saswavlo gegmebis (standartebis) Sesrulebisa da
miRwevadobis Sefaseba calkeul sagnebSi;
swavlebisa da swavlisaTvis saWiro aqtivobebis SerCeva
da dagegmva maswavleblis mier;
xelis Sewyoba motivaciuri garemos CamoyalibebisaTvis;
saswavlo strategiebis daxvewa;
saganmanaTleblo resursebis ufro efeqtianad gamoyeneba;
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTareba;
saskolo procesebis Seswavla da koordinirebuli saq-
mianobisaTvis xelSewyoba;
moswavleebis samomavlo moswrebis prognozireba;
Sefasebis Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba skolis ganviTarebis
gegmis Sesadgenad.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
7
2. Sefasebis ZiriTadi principebi
Sefaseba eyrdnoba Semdeg principebs:
moswavleTa asakobrivi ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis gaTvalis-
wineba. Sefasebis procesSi ar SeiZleba davisaxoT miznad imis
Sefaseba, rac ar Seesabameba moswavleTa asaks;
moswavleTa SesaZleblobebisa da ganviTarebis tempis
gaTvaliswineba. Sefasebis kriteriumebis SerCevis an Sedegebis
prognozirebisas didia Secdomebis daSvebis riski, Tu ar viciT
moswavleTa SesaZleblobebi da moviTxoveT maTgan is, rac ar
Seesabameba maTi ganviTarebis temps. SefasebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi / kriteriumebi arc Zalian unda
aRematebodes am maCveneblebs da arc unda CamorCebodes. is unda
Seesabamebodes an SeiZleba da sasurvelicaa, odnav uswrebdes
moswavlis ganviTarebis temps;
erovnuli saswavlo gegmiTa da standartebiT gansazRvruli
moTxovnebis dacva. Sefaseba unda iTvaliswinebdes, upirveles
yovlisa, erovnuli saswavlo gegmiTa da standartebiT
gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs da skolis saswavlo gegmiT (Tu
aseTi skolas aqvs) gansazRvrul standartebs;
obieqturobis dacva winaswar SemuSavebuli da SeTanxmebuli
kriteriumebis safuZvelze. moswavlem unda icodes, ra
kriteriumebiT Seafaseben mis saswavlo saqmianobas.
sasurvelia, maswavlebelma moswavleebTan erTad SeimuSaos es
kriteriumebi an standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegebis
mixedviT Tavad Camoayalibos da Semdeg ganixilos klasSi. es,
erTi mxriv, uzrunvelyofs Sefasebis obieqturobas, xolo,
meore mxriv, xels Seuwyobs TviTSefasebis unaris ganviTarebas;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
8
Sefasebis Sedegebis sandoobis uzrunvelyofa. unda vicodeT
zustad, ras vafasebT da darwmunebuli unda viyoT imaSi, rom
Sefasebis Sedegebi sworia. sandoobis misaRwevad sasurvelia
Sefasebis ganmeoreba garkveul periodSi. monacemebi sandoa, Tu
Sedegi ganmeorebadia;
Sefasebis sizustis (validobis) uzrunvelyofa. Sefasebis
efeqtianobis gansazRvra SeiZleba monacemebis zusti analiziT,
rac miiRweva sazomi saSualebebis SesabamisobiT gasazom
obieqtTan. Tu SefasebiTi RonisZieba mTeli Tavisi SinaarsiT
namdvilad afasebs im aspeqts, romlis Sefasebac gvinda,
Sefaseba validuria.;
Riaoba da gamWvirvaloba. Sefasebis Sedegebi da misi analizi
Ria da gamWvirvale unda iyos yvela dainteresebuli pirisaTvis
(cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom calkeuli moswavlis Sefasebis
Sedegad aRmoCenili Secdomebze sajarod visaubroT).
enis Sefaseba da testireba
9
3. Sefasebis sami tipi
imis mixedviT, ras adareben Sesafasebel sagans / obieqts,
ganasxvaveben Sefasebis sam tips: normaze orientirebuls,
kriteriumze orientirebuls da pirovnebaze orientirebuls (enaTa
flobis... (1), 2008, gv. 178)
Tu xdeba calkeuli moswavleebis moswrebis Sedareba, an
moswavlis moswrebisa _ dadgenil normasTan (norma ganisazRvreba
romelime jgufis moswrebiT), maSin es aris normaze orientirebuli
Sefaseba (enaTa flobis... (1), 2008, gv. 178).
magaliTad: niko wels mexuTea moswrebiT klasSi; ninos 120
qulidan aqvs 62 qula.
Tu moswavlis moswrebas adareben winaswar dadgenil
kriteriumebs, maSin es kriteriumze orientirebuli Sefasebaa.,
romelic adgens, miaRwia Tu ara moswavlem kriteriumebiT
gansazRvrul dones an ramdenma moswavlem miaRwia amas klasSi.
magaliTad, klasSi yvelas SeuZlia wakiTxuli teqstis Sinaarsis
gageba da sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatva; kaxa zustad iwers
eqsperimentis Sedegebs da akeTebs logikur daskvnebs.
Tu moswavlis moswrebas adareben mis warsul moswrebas, es aris
pirovnebaze orientirebuli Sefaseba. am SefasebiT advilad dgindeba
moswavlis individualuri progresi. magaliTad, qeTis meore
semestrSi prezentaciis komponentSi ori quliT meti aqvs wina
semestrTan SedarebiT; weriT davalebebSi giorgi aRar uSvebs uxeS
sintaqsur Secdomebs.
cxadia, dgeba kiTxva: CamoTvlilTagan romeli gamoviyenoT? pasuxi
yvelasaTvis naTelia, visac saswavlo procesTan Sexeba aqvs:
pedagogiur praqtikaSi samive gamoiyeneba. TiToeulis gamoyenebas
gansazRvravs Sefasebis mizani, Tumca Sedegze da pirovnebaze
orientirebuli swavlebis pirobebSi upiratesoba eniWeba kriteriumsa
da pirovnebaze orientirebul Sefasebas.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
10
4. Sefasebis saxeebi
ganmaviTarebeli da ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba
Sefasebis ori umniSvnelovanesi forma, romelic swavlisa da
swavlebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens, aris ganmaviTarebeli
da ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba. mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebelma
icodes, Tu rodis da ra konkretuli miznisTvis unda gamoiyenos
Sefasebis erTi an meore forma.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mizania, rom daexmaros moswavles
Sedegebis gaumjobesebaSi sxvadasxva rCevis, rekomendaciis Tu
problemis gadaWris gzebis SeTavazebiT. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
dros moswavle maswavleblisgan gakeTebuli komentarebis
saSualebiT mudmivad iRebs iseT informacias, romelic mas
Sedegebis gaumjobesebasa da sakuTari swavlis gacnobierebaSi
exmareba. aseve ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mizania, rom
maswavlebelma moswavleebis susti da Zlieri mxareebis dadgenis
Semdeg ukeT dagegmos saswavlo procesi.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis tipuri formebia zepiri da weri-
lobiTi komentarebi, romlebic trimestris ganmavlobaSi an
trimestris bolos keTdeba. komentarebi aRwers moswavlis (da misi
namuSevrebis) Zlier da sust mxareebs da, amavdroulad, Seicavs
rekomendaciebs swavlis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb. ganmaviTarebeli
Sefasebis gavrcelebuli xerxebia Sefasebisa da TviTSefasebis
cxrilebis gamoyeneba da am cxrilebis safuZvelze Sesabamisi
rekomendaciebis micema.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba moswavlis ganviTarebaze da swav-
lebazea orientirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, aseTi saxis Sefase-
bisas ar aris aucilebeli, rom maswavlebelma moswavleebs qula
dauweros.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
11
ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis mizania moswavleTa miRwevebis donis
gansazRvra saswavlo gegmasTan da saswavlo miznebTan mimarTebiT.
ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba, faqtobrivad, aris qula, romelsac
maswavlebeli uwers moswavles konkretuli Temis an sakiTxis
dasrulebis Semdeg trimestris ganmavlobaSi an trimestris/wlis
bolos. ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis mizniT, maswavlebeli iyenebs
sxvadasxva Semajamebel aqtivobas, magaliTad, prezentacias,
proeqts, tests, sakontrolo weras da a.S. ganmsazRvreli
Sefasebis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba swavlisa da swavlebis Sedegebis
Semowmeba-Sefasebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, qulis dawera
ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis savaldebulo moTxovnaa. qulis saxiT
micemuli ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba moswavlis miRwevebis donis
ganmsazRvrelia da mas ar axlavs komentarebi an rekomendaciebi
Sedegebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb.
mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebeli sistematurad iyenebdes
orives: ganmsazRvrel da ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas. amave dros,
sasurvelia, ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis wili ufro meti iyos,
vidre ganmsazRvrelis.
rogorc iTqva, ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba Sedegze, anu niSanzea
orientirebuli, xolo ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba - moswavlis
ganviTarebasa da Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze. am orive miznis
misaRwevad maswavlebeli sistematurad iyenebs Sefasebis sam saxes:
diagnostikurs, mimdinares, anu formatuls da Semajamebels.
diagnostikuri SefasebiT miRebuli informacia gamoiyeneba
calkeuli moswavlis an moswavleTa jgufis saswavlo saWiroebebis
dasadgenad da igi gvexmareba saswavlo miznebis sworad
gansazRvraSi, am miznebis miRwevis optimaluri gzebis monaxvaSi.
diagnostikuri Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, tardeba saswavlo wlis
dasawyisSi an axali Temis swavlebamde. misi mizania moswavlis
momzadebis sawyisi donis dadgena. diagnostikuri Sefasebis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
12
saSualebiT Cven vigebT, ra viTarebaa klasSi, arian Tu ara
moswavleebi mzad axali saprogramo masalis aTvisebisaTvis, ra
sirTuleebi SeiZleba Segveqmnas da rogor davZlioT isini.
moswavlis momzadebis sawyisi donis dadgena saSualebas gvaZlevs,
Tvali gavadevnoT mis individualur progress garkveul periodSi.
aseT SemTxvevaSi moswavlis Sedegebs vadarebT ara dadgenil
standarts, aramed sawyis dones.
mimdinare, anu formatuli Sefaseba xdeba yovel gakveTilze,
yoveldRe, yoveli aqtivobis dros. ar aris savaldebulo qulebiT
Sefaseba. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom aseTi Sefaseba gvaZlevs
moswavlis mravalmxrivi Seswavlis saSualebas, kerZod, ra saxis
saqmianoba izidavs da ra _ ara, rogoria misi swavlis stili
(swavlobs mosmeniT, kiTxviT, weriT, keTebiT., aqvs mTlianobiTi aRqma
Tu sagnebsa da movlenebs danawevrebulad aRiqvams, Teoretikosi Tu
pragmatistia da a.S.), ra uZneldeba, ra uadvildeba, SeuZlia Tu ara
koncentracia, aqvs Tu ara winsvla, Tu ara _ ra aris
warumateblobis mizezi an ra ganapirobebs mis warmatebas, aqvs Tu
ara ganviTarebuli SemoqmedebiTi, saazrovno da socialuri unarebi,
rogoria misi interesebis sfero, individualuri Taviseburebebi, ra
Zlieri da susti mxareebi aqvs. mimdinare Sefasebis procesSi
mniSvnelovania ara imdenad qulebis dawera (niSniT Sefaseba),
ramdenadac Cveni rCevebi, ra da rogor gaaumjobesos. formatuli
Sefaseba moswavlis Sesaxeb amomwurav, mravalmxriv informacias
iZleva da obieqturobis garantia.
amasTan, mimdinare anu formatuli Sefaseba maswavlebels aZlevs
sakuTari yoveldRiuri saqmianobis refleqsiis SesaZleblobas. imaze
dayrdnobiT, ramdenad miaRwia sagakveTilo mizans, ra codna da unar-
Cvevebi gamoavlines moswavleebma, ra daZlies da ra _ vera,
maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos dagegmili aqtivobebis efeqtianoba,
SerCeuli masalis sirTule, klasis marTvis, organizebis unari da
sxv.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
13
Semajamebeli Sefaseba adgens moswavlis warmatebas swavlebisa da
swavlis konkretul etapze: Temis dasrulebisas, semestris bolos,
saswavlo wlis bolos. aseTi Sefasebisas mowmdeba is, Tu ramdenad
miaRwia calkeulma moswavlem da moswavleTa jgufma standartiT
gaTvaliswinebul Sedegs / Sedegebs. swored Semajamebeli Sefasebis
Sedegebis analizze dayrdnobiT vakeTebT daskvnas, ramdenad
Sesrulda erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi.
testebi, sakontrolo wera, konferencia, Semajamebeli diskusia,
CaTvlebi, proeqti da sxv. Semajamebeli Sefasebis is xerxebia,
romlebic xels uwyoben daskvnebis gakeTebas.
mimdinare, anu formatuli da Semajamebeli Sefaseba avsebs
erTmaneTs da gvaZlevs moswavlis an moswavleTa jgufis miRwevebis
dadgenis obieqtur suraTs.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
14
5. Sefasebis procesi
Semajamebel Sefasebas win unda uZRodes saswavlo procesis
monitoringi. monitoringi aris saswavlo procesze meTvalyureoba,
dakvirveba, romlis Sedegadac miRebuli monacemebi (procesis zusti
aRricxva) safuZvlad edeba analizsa da Sefasebas. mniSvnelovania,
rom monitoringis mimdinareobisas Tavi avaridoT SefasebiT
damokidebulebebs. mTavaria, zustad vicodeT, ras vakvirdebiT da
rogor, ra formiT aRvnusxoT monitoringis sagnis TiToeuli aspeqti
ise, rom masze dafuZnebuli Sefaseba obieqturi iyos.
informaciis Segroveba. maswavlebeli mudmivad unda agrovebdes
informacias moswavlis progresis, warmatebebis Sesaxeb. am
monacemebis safuZvelze iqmneba e.w. monacemTa baza, romelic mas
aZlevs saSualebas droulad miawodos saWiro rCevebi moswavles da
saswavlo procesSive moaxdinos xarvezebis koreqtireba. sasurvelia
Segrovebuli informaciis organizeba, misi klasificireba da
kategorizacia.
analizi. es SesaZlebelia ara marto informaciis SegrovebiT,
aramed Sefasebis sxvadasxva xerxebiT mopovebuli monacemebis
analiziT. maswavleblebi analizisTvis ZiriTadad moswavleTa mier
saSinao davalebebis, sakontrolo werebis, saklaso savarjiSoebis
Sesrulebis monacemebs eyrdnobian, magram arsebobs kidev sxva
xerxebic, romelTa gamoyenebac aranakleb mniSvnelovan masalas
iZleva analizisaTvis.
dakvirveba. monacemTa bazis Sesaqmnelad da SemdgomSi moswavlis
SefasebisaTvis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli da mniSvnelovani xerxia
enis Sefaseba da testireba
15
dakvirveba. es aris mudmivi procesi, romelic gulisxmobs
moswavleze dakvirvebas sxvadasxva saswavlo Tu arasaswavlo
(dasvenebebze, sportul moednebze / darbazSi da sxv.), situaciaSi
imis mixedviT, Tu ra informaciis miReba surs maswavlebels.
dakvirvebamde unda ganisazRvros, romel moswavles / moswavleebs
vakvirdebiT da ras, romel unar-Cvevas vakvirdebiT (saswavlo unar-
Cvevebs, saazrovno unarebs ZiriTadad gakveTilebze vakvirdebiT,
xolo socialur unar-Cvevebs _ gakveTilze wyvilebsa Tu jgufebSi
muSaobisas da arasaswavlo situaciebSi).
dakvirveba rom saimedo iyos, saWiroa Canawerebis an CaniSvnebis
gakeTeba. dakvirvebis Canawerebi mokle da informaciuli unda iyos.
Canaweri SeiZleba iyos konkretulic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sandrom
dRes kargi prezentacia gaakeTa. da zogadic, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
sandro karg prezentaciebs akeTebs. Canawerebis sxva magaliTebia:
salome jgufSi kargad muSaobs, komunikabeluria da mosmenac
SeuZlia. ninos gauWirdaUyuradRebis koncentracia; daTom dRes
Zalian nela imuSava.
aseTi saxis Canawerebi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa did jgufebTan
muSaobisas, rodesac maswavlebels dro ar rCeba yovelTvis Tanabari
yuradReba miaqcios TiToeul moswavles. Canawerebi mas exmareba imis
dadgenaSi, Tu romel moswavles konkretulad ra daxmareba sWirdeba.
komentari (gamoxmaureba) mimdinare Sefasebis kidev erTi meTodia.
komentari is informaciaa, romelsac maswavlebeli awvdis moswavles
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor afasebs igi moswavlis konkretul pasuxs an
mis mier Sesrulebul konkretul davalebas.
komentarebi moswavles damatebiTi fiqrisa da samuSaos
Sesrulebisken ubiZgebs, rac moswavlis mier Secdomis gacnobierebas,
damoukidebeli samuSaos Catarebas, kvlevisa da Ziebis unar-Cvevis
ganviTarebas da weriTi metyvelebis donis gaumjobesebas gamoiwvevs.
arsebobs `arafrismomcemi komentarebic~. isini ufro zogadi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
16
xasiaTisaa da Secdoma mxolod dasaxelebulia. aseTi komentarebis
mixedviT moswavle ver SeZlebs Secdomis gamosworebas, mis
gacnobiereba-damaxsovrebas da amave Secdomas, savaraudod, momaval
nawerebSic gaimeorebs. aseve, imgvar komentarebs, romelTa wakiTxvis
Semdegac moswavle avtomaturad Caasworebs xarvezs da romlebic
mas damatebiTi fiqris, muSaobisa da Ziebisken ar ubiZgebs.
gTavazobT damxmare komentaris ramdenime nimuSs:
1. Cem mier moniSnul winadadebaSi ZiriTadi azri gasagebia, magram
igi Zalian grZelia da, Sesabamisad, saTqmeli bundovani xdeba.
amitom umjobesia, dayoT es winadadeba or-sam SedarebiT mokle
winadadebad. TiToeuls dausviT Sesabamisi sasveni niSani da
kargad gadaamowmeT (xmamaRla waikiTxeT), raTa mkafio gaxdes
saTqmeli; kargi iqneba, Tuki winadadebas gamarTvis Semdeg sxvasac
moasmeninebT.
2. –isgan da -idan formaTa aRreva, sazogadod, xSirad xdeba da
amitom saWiroa davimaxsovroT Semdegi wesi: -gan gamoiyeneba
masalis an mizezis aRsaniSnavad. moniSnul winadadebaSi ki
xazgasmul sityvas daesmis kiTxva saidan? Dda aRniSnavs adgils.
maSasadame, unda gamoviyenoT –idan forma da ara –isgan.
3. zusti sityvis misadageba konteqstisTvis arcTu ise iolia; me
moginiSne is adgilebi, sadac es problema davinaxe. ganmartebiT
leqsikonSi moiZie Sen mier gamoyenebuli sityvis mniSvneloba,
Semdeg sinonimTa leqsikonSi moZebne alternativebi da airCie,
romeli ufro miesadageba mocemul konteqsts.
arafrismomcemi komentarebis nimuSebi:
1. azri gaugebaria. gramatikulad gamarTe winadadeba.
2. yuradReba miaqcieT punqtuacias, gansakuTrebiT mZimeebs!
3. Secdomaa, Cans teqsti ar ici kargad!
konsultaciebi. moswavleebze srulyofili informaciis Sesagro-
veblad (es ki maqsimalurad amcirebs Sefasebis araobieqturobas) sa-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
17
survelia mudmivi konsultaciebi mSoblebTan, kolegebTan, moswav-
leebTan. konsultaciebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva xerxebiT Segrove-
buli informaciis gadasamowmeblad. konsultaciebis Sedegad maswav-
leblis rekomendaciebi gacilebiT ufro sasargeblo xdeba.
Sedareba. moswavlis ganviTarebis donis, misi progresis Sesafa-
seblad rekomendebulia Sefasebis yovel etapze misi Sedegebi Seva-
daroT winandeli Sefasebis Sedegebs. iqidan gamomdinare, ris Sedare-
ba gvinda, varCevT monacemTa bankidan Cveni miznis Sesabamis monace-
mebs.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
18
6. Sefasebis formebi
Sefasebis procesi Sefasebis sxvadasxva formas emyareba. es SeiZ-
leba iyos zepiri gamokiTxva, weriTi samuSao, testireba, diskusiebi,
proeqti, CaTvla an gamocda, saqaRalde, anu e.w. “portfolio”, TviT-
Sefaseba da urTierTSefaseba da sxva.
zepiri gamokiTxva aris moswavlis individualuri Sefasebis
forma, romelic amowmebs codnas da Txrobis, prezentaciisa da kiTx-
vebze adekvaturi pasuxebis gacemis unars.
weriTi samuSao aris moswavlis individualuri Sefasebis for-
ma, romelic amowmebs codnas, azrovnebiT da weriT unar-Cvevebs sa-
kontroloebis, damoukidebeli saklaso samuSaoebis, weriTi saSinao
davalebebis safuZvelze. weriT samuSaos miekuTvneba testebic, Tumca
aq suraTi araerTgvarovani SeiZleba gvqondes. aris testebi, romle-
bic erT swor pasuxs iTxoven (Tundac ramdenime savaraudodan erTis
Semoxazvas). maSin aseTi testebi ZiriTadad informaciuli codnis
Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.
Zalian xSirad weriT namuSevrebSi maswavleblebi aRniSnaven Sec-
domebs da ise weren niSans, rom moswavlisaTvis Zneli gasagebia, ra-
tom miiRo es niSani an ra Secdoma aqvs. sasurvelia, nawers gavuke-
ToT komentarebi, romlebiTac mivuTiTebT moswavles, ra saxis Sec-
domaa daSvebuli, ras miaqcios yuradReba an ra unda gaiTvaliswinos
momavalSi naweris gasaumjobeseblad.
diskusiebis dros maswavlebeli uzrunvelyofs moswavleTa Cab-
mas iseTi sakiTxis ganxilvaSi, romelzec alternatiuli Tvalsazri-
sebi SeiZleba iyos. es qmnis moswavleTa codnisa da rogorc azrov-
nebiTi, ise komunikaciuri unarebis Sefasebis saSualebas.
proeqti es aris romelime problemis individualuri an jgu-
furi (SeiZleba wyvilebSi) gadaWra, romliTac fasdeba moswavleebis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
19
ara marto codna, aramed saazrovno, komunikaciuri da socialuri
unarebi, SemoqmedebiToba da cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba.
proeqtis dagegmvis dros unda ganisazRvros problema (gaTvaliswi-
nebuli iyos problemis aqtualuroba), ganisazRvros mkafio da miRwe-
vadi mizani, romelic am problemis gadaWraze iqneba orientirebuli,
konkretuli amocanebi _ am miznis ganxorcielebis gzebi TiToeuli
amocanis Sesatyvisi konkretuli saqmianobebi, gawerili droSi (samu-
Sao gegma) proeqtis ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebis miTiTe-
biT, mosalodneli Sedegebi da resursebi, romlebic saWiroa proeq-
tis gansaxorcieleblad. proeqti SeiZleba Sesruldes erTi sagnis
farglebSi da integrirebulad (ramdenime sagnis farglebSi). proeqti
SeiZleba iyos kvleviTi, gamoyenebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi.
saqaRalde, anu e.w. “portfolio” Sefasebis ufro xangrZlivi
da Sromatevadi formaa. maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs Sefasebis
mizans. maswavlebeli da moswavle winaswar Tanxmdebian im masalebze,
romlebic daadastureben, rom moswavlem daakmayofila moTxovnebi da
miaRwia saswavlo Sedegs. moswavle xsnis sakuTar saqaRaldes, ro-
melSic ideba samuSaos Sefasebisas gamosayenebeli namuSevrebi.
Sefasebis periodis dasrulebisaTvis moswavle wers eses, romel-
Sic aRwers, Tu ra iswavla Sefasebis procesSi da ratom SearCia sa-
qaRaldisaTvis maincdamainc warmodgenili masala.
saqaRaldiT moswavlis Sefaseba saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali gava-
devnoT moswavlis individualuri progress, SevadaroT sxvadasxva
dros Seqmnili namuSevrebi erTmaneTs, vnaxoT, rogor gaiTvaliswina
man Cveni komentarebi da rCevebi, romlebsac drodadro vaZlevdiT.
TviTSefaseba da urTierTSefaseba. imisaTvis, rom moswavle Se-
eCvios sakuTari pasuxis Semowmebas, Camouyalibdes Secdomis mimarT
swori damokidebuleba, daZlios SiSi Secdomis winaSe, xSirad unda
mivceT sakuTari namuSevris Sefasebis saSualeba. TviTSefaseba mas
exmareba imis gacnobierebaSi, rom Secdomebis aRiareba da gamoswore-
ba winsvlis aucilebeli pirobaa. TviTSefasebiT igi grZnobs met
valdebulebas da cdilobs iyos maqsimalurad obieqturi.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
20
TviTSefasebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs. yvelaze gavrcelebu-
lia swor pasuxebTan moswavleebis pasuxebis Sedareba. moswavleebi am
Sedarebis gziT Tavad aRmoaCenen sakuTar Secdomebs da Semdeg aana-
lizeben, ratom dauSves es Secdomebi, ris codna daakldaT, ra ver
gaiTvaliswines, iqneb koncentracia ver moaxerxes sakiTxTan dakavSi-
rebiT an marTebuli gza ar airCies da sxva.
TviTSefasebis procesSi mniSvnelovani swored sakuTari saqmia-
nobis refleqsiis procesia. es aRmoaCeninebs moswavles sakuTar sust
mxareebs, romelTa dasaZlevadac unda mimarTos sakuTari Zalisxmeva.
Sedegiania TviTSefasebis iseTi xerxi, roca moswavle winaswar Semu-
Savebuli Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT afasebs sakuTar naSroms, Semdeg
ucvlis mewyviles da erTmaneTis namuSevrebs afaseben, bolos ki mas-
wavlebeli afasebs. am SemTxvevaSic mniSvnelovania analizis procesi.
ra daemTxva Sefasebis am sam SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs, ra _ ara da ra-
tom? ris codna ar eyo moswavles Tavad an mis Tanaklasels obieq-
turi SefasebisaTvis.
urTierTSefasebac mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli da nayofieri,
Tu moswavleebs aqvT winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis mkafio da na-
Teli kriteriumebi, romelTa safuZvelzec afaseben erTmaneTis namu-
Sevars.
TviTSefasebiTa da urTierTSefasebiT maswavlebeli afasebs mos-
wavlis TviTSefasebis unars da mis analitikur SesaZleblobebs.
rubrikebi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, moswavleTa Cabma Sefase-
bis procesSi gaadvildeba, Tu isini kargad gaacnobiereben, ras
iTxoven, ra Sedegebs elian maTgan. amis gacnobierebaSi maT daexma-
reba martivad, maTTvis gasagebi eniT Camoyalibebuli kriteriumebi,
anu e.w. rubrikebi. rubrikebi aris konkretuli informacia Cveni
moTxovnebisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
21
7. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebi Sefasebis mimarT
rogorc erovnul saswavlo gegmaSia miTiTebuli, skola Tavad ad-
gens Sefasebis principebs, romliTac Semdeg skolis yvela maswavle-
beli xelmZRvanelobs. swored skolas SeuZlia daadginos pedagogiu-
ri sabWos sxdomaze is minimaluri barieri, romelic moswavlem unda
daZlios klasidan klasSi gadasayvanad.
imisaTvis, rom skolam Seqmnas Sefasebis moqnili da efeqtiani sis-
tema, Sefaseba unda iyos xSiri da mravalmxrivi.
niSani (qula) gamoxatavs moswavlis akademiur moswrebas saganSi,
amitom, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, ar aris mizanSewonili
da gamarTlebuli disciplinaruli sasjelis motiviT moswavlis da-
bali niSniT Sefaseba. Tu moswavle gakveTilebze arRvevs discipli-
nas, es aucileblad aisaxeba mis akademiur moswrebaze, magram niSniT
fasdeba swored es ukanaskneli da ara misi qceva.
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, Sefasebis sis-
tema aTquliania da qulebisa da swavlis doneebis Sefardeba aseTia:
niSnebi doneebi
10 9
maRali
8 7
saSualoze maRali
6 5
saSualo
4 3
saSualoze dabali
2 1
dabali
enis Sefaseba da testireba
22
Tavi 2
enobrivi unarebis Sefaseba
Sesavali
`enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebi~ (enebis swavlis,
swavlebisa da Sefasebis erTiani evropuli sarekomendacio CarCo)
Seiqmna 2001 wels evrosabWos enis departamentis iniciativiT. igi
emsaxureba evropaSi enobrivi politikis gatarebas da politikuri
qmedebebis ganxorcielebas.
`enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebi~ gvTavazobs
safuZvlebs enobrivi silabusebis, kurikulumebis, sagamocdo
masalebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da sxva damxmare saSualebebis
SemuSavebisaTvis evropul sivrceSi. kompetenciebi gasageb da misaReb
formebSi gansazRvravs, Tu ras unda daeuflos Semswavleli, raTa
moaxerxos urTierTobis damyareba Sesaswavli ucxo enis
matarebelTan da ra codnas an ra unarebs unda flobdes igi
imisTvis, rom warmatebiT daamyaros komunikacia. `kompetenciebi~
gansazRvravs enis funqcionirebis kulturul konteqsts, aseve enis
flobis doneebs, rac xels uwyobs enis Semswavlelis miRwevebis
fiqsirebas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.
`kompetenciebis~ mizania, gadalaxos evropis saganmanaTleblo
sistemebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebiT gamowveuli winaaRmdegobebi,
romlebic warmoiqmneba Tanamedrove enebis sferoSi. is saSualebas
aZlevs ganaTlebis specialistebs, enis kursebis Semqmnelebs,
maswavleblebs, maswavlebelTa trenerebs, sagamocdo komisiebs da
sxvebs _ gaiazron TavianTi muSaoba, moaxdinon TavianTi Zalebis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
23
koordinireba, romlebic mimarTulia SemswavlelTa realuri
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
enis flobis obieqturi kriteriumebis SemuSaveba uzrunvelyofs
im sakvalifikacio maxasiaTeblebis aRiarebas, romlebic miRebulia
sxvadasxva saswavlo konteqstSi. es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs
evropaSi Tavisufal gadaadgilebas.
winamdebare naSromis pirvel TavSi moxda Sefasebis 3 tipis
gamoyofa imisda mixedviT, Tu ra aris Sefasebis mizani _ imis
mixedviT, ras adareben Sesafasebel sagans / obieqts, ganasxvaveben
Sefasebis sam tips: normaze orientirebuls, kriteriumze
orientirebuls da pirovnebaze orientirebuls. enis flobis doneTa
Sefasebis dros, rodesac miznad dasaxuli gvaqvs Semswavlelis
donis mimarTeba enis flobis standartTan (igulisxmeba `enaTa
flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebis~ mier miRebuli 6-doniani
standarti), bunebrivia, saubaria kriteriumze orientirebul
Sefasebaze.
`enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebis~ mier
gansazRvruli doneTa skalebi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens Sefasebis
skalis Sedgenis wyaros. Sefasebis skalaze aisaxeba gansazRvruli
saswavlo miznis miRwevis done, xolo indikatorebs SeuZlia
daxmarebis gaweva kriteriumebis formulirebaSi. mizani SeiZleba
iyos enis daufleba `kompetenciebSi~ warmodgenili romelime doneze
(magaliTad, B1). mizans aseve SeiZleba warmoadgendes aqtivobis
gansazRvruli saxeebi, unarebi da kompetenciebi.
indikatorebis gamoyenebaze msjelobisas aucilebelia
ganvasxvaoT:
1. komunikaciur qmedebaTa indikatorebi;
2. enis flobis aspeqtebis indikatorebi, romlebic gansazRvrul
kompetenciebs miekuTvneba.
pirvelni SeiZleba warmatebiT gamoviyenoT maswavleblis mier
Sefasebisa da TviTSefasebisaTvis realur davalebaTa Sesrulebisas.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
24
maswavleblis mier Sefaseba da TviTSefaseba ki xdeba Sesaswavl
enaSi moswavlis SesaZleblobebis detaluri suraTis safuZvelze,
romelic swavlebis kursis mTeli xangrZlivobis manZilze yalibdeba.
Sefasebis es saxeebi misaRebia rogorc maswavleblis, aseve
moswavlisaTvis, vinaidan xels uwyobs qmediTi midgomis gamoyenebas.
enis flobis donis gansazRvrisas ar SeiZleba Sefaseba
movaxdinoT mxolod erTi konkretuli testis safuZvelze. rogorc
cnobilia, sametyvelo unarebi recefciisa da producirebis
mimarTulebiT, 4 ZiriTad unarze daiyvaneba: mosmena & kiTxva
(recefciuli unarebi) da laparaki & wera (producirebis unarebi).
`enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebis~ mier gansazRvruli
doneTa skalebSi oTxive samertyvelo funqciis (laparaki, mosmena,
kiTxva, wera) mixedviT aris gawerili deskriptorebi (indikatorebi,
romelTa Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSic miiCneva, rom standartiT
gansazRvruli Sedegi miiRweva); bunebrivia, TiToeuli am
mimarTulebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia specifikuri niSnebi, romelTa
gaTvaliswinebac Sefasebisas aucilebelia. qvemoT Cven warmovadgenT
enis flobis doneTa Sefasebis miznebsa da instrumentebs TiToeuli
sametyvelo funqciis mixedviT; visaubrebT agreTve im gamocdilebaze
(rogorc lokaluri, aseve saerTaSoriso), rac arsebobs Sefasebisa
da kvlevebis mimarTulebiT (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs PIRLS-is, PISA-s,
EGRA-sa da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros da erovnuli
saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris mier warmoebuli kvlevebi
2006-2011 wlebSi (esgSc..., 2007; erovnuli..., 2008).
enis Sefaseba da testireba
25
1. zepirmetyvelebis (mosmenisa da laparakis)
unar-Cvevebis Sefaseba
a. mosmenis unaris Sefaseba
zepiri metyvelebis aRqma-gagebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli
fonetikur-fonologiuri kompetenciis gareSe meore enis
Semswavlelebi ucxoenovan garemoSi elementarul doneze
komunikaciasac ki ver gaarTmeven Tavs. empiriuli gamokvlevebiT
dasturdeba, rom `mosmenas~ enis yoveldRiuri gamoyenebis dros
wamyvani funqcia akisria _ 42%. mas mosdevs `laparaki~ _ 32%, `kiTxva~
_ 15% da `wera~ _ 11% (ix. noineri, hunfeldi, 1993, gv. 37). is faqti,
rom mosmena, rogorc recefciuli unari, warmoadgens safuZvels
producirebisaTvis, laparakisTvis, gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswi-
nebelia meore enis gakveTilze. meore enis gakveTilze, erTi mxriv,
unda vizrunoT audio- da kompiuteruli teqnikisa da uaxlesi
meTodologiis gamoyenebiT mosmenis unar-Cvevebis CamoyalibebisaTvis,
meore mxriv ki, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT zepiri metyvelebis
gagebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi. am sirTuleebis analizis
bazaze SesaZlebeli gaxdeba rogorc enis SemswavlelTa miznebis
gaTvaliswineba, saswavlo masalis swori SerCeva da gamoyeneba
swavlebisa da swavlis procesSi, aseve, Sefasebis testebis
koreqtuli Sedgena da obieqturi Sefaseba enaTa flobis
zogadevropuli kompetenciebis standartis gaTvaliswinebiT.
marTalia, xSir SemTxvevaSi rTulia mosmenis kompetenciis
misadageba enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebis
doneebisadmi, magram am problemis gadaWrisaTvis aucilebelia gzebis
gamonaxva. amdenad, mosmenis kompetenciis swavlis, swavlebisa da
enis Sefaseba da testireba
26
gansakuTrebiT _ Sefasebis procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia garkveuli
sirTuleebi.
upirvelesi problema am mxriv isaa, rom SeuZlebelia zepiri
metyvelebis aRqma-gagebis procesze uSualo dakvirveba. es faqti
mosmenas Zireulad ganasxvavebs producirebis (metyvelebisa da weris)
unar-Cvevebisagan, romlebze dakvirvebac SesaZlebelia. mosmenis unar-
Cvevis testirebis dros Cveni dakvirveba gamosacdel pirze
amoiwureba misi reaqciis gakontrolebiT, mag. Semoxazavs Tu ara igi
mosmenili teqstis Tanmxleb davalebaSi ramdenime mocemuli
alternatividan swor variants... rasakvirvelia, es arTulebs
obieqtur da zust Sefasebas.
enis Semswavlelma mosmenili teqsti SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad
gaigos. mosmenili teqstis gageba aqtiuri, subieqturi procesia,
romelic damokidebulia pirovnul faqtorebze, rogoricaa: meore
enis matarebeli xalxis kulturis zogadi codna, meore enis
Seswavlis motivacia, teqstis tipebisa da agebulebis (struqturebis)
codna, gagebis kompetencia mSobliur enaSi (Sesabamisad - transferis
problema), zogadi enobrivi da strategiuli kompetenciebi meore
enaSi, damaxsovrebis unari da sxv. moviyvanT erT magaliTs: Tu
mosasmen teqstSi aRwerilia misalmeba-gacnoba-damSvidobebis scenebi,
bunebrivia, am scenas ukeT aRiqvams da gaigebs is Semswavleli,
romelic SedarebiT kargad icnobs qarTul tradiciebs
(mogesalmebiT - gamarjoba; rogor brZandebiT / rogor gikiTxoT –
rogor xar; neba miboZeT warmogidginoT – gaicaniT; kargad
brZandebodeT – kargad iyavi da sxva).
sxva magaliTi: aqsiomaa, rom gacilebiT ukeT aRiqvams da igebs
meore enaze teqsts is Semswavleli, romelic mSobliur enaze maRali
akademiuri moswrebiT gamoirCeva (wignierebis TvalsazrisiT) da
ganviTarebuli aqvs mSobliur enaze mosmenisa da kiTxvis
(recefciuli) unarebi... aseT SemTxvevebSi xdeba transferis efeqturi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
27
gamoyeneba da Semswavleli gacilebiT ukeTes Sedegs gvaCvenebs
testirebisas (mujiri, 2011, gv. 89).
kiTxvis procesisagan gansxvavebiT, mosmena drois SezRudul
monakveTSi xorcieldeba. mosmenis process arTulebs Zalian
Senelebuli, an piriqiT _ Cqari, auTenturi metyvelebis tempi da
zogjer (Tu es ganisazRvreba Sefasebis miznebidan gamomdinare) _
mosasmeni teqstis Tanmxlebi fonuri xmauri. Tu am sirTuleebis gamo
msmenelma teqstis erTi nawili kargad ver gaigo, mas uWirs teqstis
Semdgomi nawilis adekvaturi gageba. es specifika ganapirobebs
mosmenili teqstis damaxsovrebis SezRudul SesaZleblobebs.
Sesabamisad, Sefasebisas, mosasmeni teqsti ar SeiZleba iyos vrceli:
teqstis moculobas sxvadasxva faqtori gansazRvravs da pirdapiri
`receptis~ gacema metad Wirs: gasaTvaliswinebelia, magaliTad, ra
tipis teqsts vasmeninebT – sainformacios, aRweriTs, mxatvruls...
mosmenis unaris Sefasebis procesSi teqstis mosmenas
aucileblad Tan erTvis Tanmxlebi davalebebi, romelTa
damaxsovreba saWiroa teqstis gaazrebisTvis (mosmenaSi, cxadia, ar
igulisxmeba mxolod cgeriTi nakadis aRqma – ivaraudeba, rom
fasdeba mosmenilis Sinaarsi rogor / ramdenad gaigo msmenelma);
cxadia, rom aman gamosacdeli piris mexsiereba SeiZleba
gadatvirTos. Sesabamisad, Sefasebisas mosasmeni teqstis testuri
davalebebi teqstis mosmenis Semdeg ar unda mivceT: am SemTxvevaSi
faqtobrivad ukve vamowmebT ara mosmenis unar-Cvevas, aramed
gamosacdeli piris damaxsovrebis unars... davalebebi aucileblad
teqstis mosmenamde unda miewodos msmenels.
enis Seswavla mxolod xelovnuri, Sedgenili teqstebiT nakleb
efeqturia; aucilebelia auTenturi teqstebis gamoyeneba swavlebis
procesSi. yofiTi metyveleba ki xasiaTdeba gameorebebiT,
nawilakebiT, dialeqturi gamonaTqvamebiT, vulgarizmebiT, reduqciiT
(magaliTad, `ra pontia~, `nu, kai, ra...~, `wamo~ (`wamodi~), `maq~ (`maqvs~)
da a.S.)... Sefaseba-testirebis mizniT auTenturi audioteqstebis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
28
SerCevis dros es faqti gasaTvaliswinebelia, rogorc potenciuri
sirTulis faqtori: bunebrivia, ver movTxovT Semswavlels, gaigos da
aRiqvas is, rac ar Suswavlia; magaliTad, auTentur audioteqstSi
`maita, ra, wigni~ - ve gaigebs, ras niSnavs, vinaidan saliteraturo
qarTuliT es fraza sruliad sxva zmniT gamoixateba: `momeci, ra,
wigni~... aseve gaugebari iqneba msmenelisTvis reduciorebuli forma:
`mome (=mome-ci)~ - romelic, aseve, spontanuri metyvelebisas,
auTentur audiotestebSi Segvxvdeba.
zepiri teqstis gagebaze gavlenas axdens kandidatis fonetikur-
fonologiuri kompetenciis done _ gansxvavebiT weriTi teqstisagan,
romelic warmoadgens asoebisagan, sityvebisagan da a.S. Semdgar
sistemas, zepiri teqsti, ase vTqvaT, bgeraTa nakadia, romelSic
sityvaTa sazRvrebi xSirad araa kargad gamokveTili. msmeneli
iZulebulia, daanawevros audioteqsti pauzebis daxmarebiT, bgeraTa
nakadSi gamoarCios calkeuli sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac
mosmenilis aRqma-gagebis process arTulebs. mosmenilis gageba miT
ufro rTulia, rac ufro metia zepir teqstSi iseTi fonetikuri
movlenebi, rogoricaa: asimilacia, disimilacia, da sxv. (gopi, 2000, gv.
56-79). marTlac, dialeqtizmebis, arqaizmebisa da sxva tipis
leqsikologiur-gramatikuli movlenebis gageba-aRqma SeuZlebelia,
Tu Semswavlels ar Seuswavlia, magaliTad, qarTulis enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri procesebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da
tendenciebi (misTvis gaugebari iqneba `meitana~, `geigo~, `karqaT~ da
a.S. formaTa mniSvnelobebi, maSin, roca am qvesistemebis met-naklebad
mcodne mSobliuri enis mflobeli iolad axerxebs maT
identificirebas saliteraturo invariantebTan _ Tundac Tavad ar
iyos am dialeqtis matarebeli).
testis Sedgenisa da Sefasebis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia
Semswavlelis, rogorc msmenelis roli. sazogadod, mosmenis proces-
Si pirma SeiZleba Seasrulos iseTi rolebi, rogoricaa: saubris
Tanamonawile (romelsac mosmenac SeuZlia da metyvelebac); auditori
enis Sefaseba da testireba
29
(romelsac pasuxis gacemis saSualeba saerTod ara aqvs da misgan
pasuxs arc elian _ magaliTad, radiogadacemis msmeneli); adresati
(romelsac metyveli piri uSualod mimarTavs, magram Tavad adresats
naklebad aqvs pasuxis gacemis SesaZlebloba _ mag. studenti
tradiciul leqciaze); Tanamsmeneli (romelic ar warmoadgens
adresats, is SemTxveviTi msmenelia, romlisagan pasuxs aseve ar
elian)...
imisda mixedviT, Tu ra rols asrulebs gamosacdeli piri, mas
gansxvavebuli moTxovnebi unda wavuyenoT. Semswavleli mosmenis
mimarTulebiT testirebisas pasiuri msmenelis rolSia, anu misgan ar
moiTxoven saubris SinaarsSi CarTvas (adresatia).
mosmenili teqstis Tanmxlebi testuri davalebebis sirTules
xSirad Tavad audioteqstis specifika da davalebaTa instruqciebis
xasiaTi ganapirobebs. mosmenis unar-Cvevis Sesamowmeblad ar unda
SevarCioT Sinaarsobrivad rTuli teqstebi. samecniero literaturaSi
dasaxelebulia mosasmeni teqstebis sirTulis sxva maxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebic da saWiroa, rom Sefasebisas teqstebSi:
Sinaarsi mkafiod iyos formulirebuli;
referentebis (moqmedi gmirebis, obieqtebis) mcire raodenoba
unda iyos mocemuli;
lokaluri mimarTebebi naklebad kompleqsuri unda iyos
(magaliTad, moqmedebis geografiuli areali mraval punqts
ar moicavdes, rac damatebiT sirTules qmnis mexsierebasTan
dakavSirebiT – es ki mosmenis unarTan pirdapir kavSirSi ar
aris);
Txrobis Tanmimdevroba realur movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobas
unda Seesabamebodes (ar aris rekomendebuli, awmyos viTareba
iyos moTxrobili teqstSi, Semdeg ki warsuli faqtebze
gadaerTos siuJeti...);
enis Sefaseba da testireba
30
mosasmeni teqsti ar unda iyos Zalian swrafi tempiT
warmodgenili (Tumca, aq gasaTvaliswinebelia, enis flobis
romel doneze vaxdenT `sworebas~...).
(Sdr. brauni, 1995, gv. 70-73).
naTqvamidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba mTeli rigi daskvnebis
gamotana mosmenis unar-Cvevis Sefasebis (Semowmebis) iseTi testis
SedgenisaTvis, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba: enis
SemswavlelTa jgufis warmomavloba, maTi zogadi enobrivi
kompetencia _ pirvel rigSi, leqsikur-gramatikuli da fonetikur-
fonologiuri (bgerebisa da sityvebis aRqmisa da ucxoenovani zepiri
teqstis segmentaciis unari, iseTi fonetikuri fenomenebis Secnobis
unari, rogoricaa: maxvili, asimilacia, reduqcia da sxv.), zepiri,
auTenturi yofiTi metyvelebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebisa da
tempis aRqmis unari. msmenelebisaTvis, romlebic kargad ver floben
meore enas, unda SevarCioT naklebad spontanuri audioteqsti,
romlis Tanmxlebi davalebebi aucileblad teqstis mosmenamde iqneba
micemuli (mujiri, 2011, gv. 91).
mosasmen teqstSi yofiTi metyvelebis maxasiaTeblebi naklebi
sixSiriT unda iyos warmodgenili. ar unda SevarCioT
`konceptualurad rTuli~ teqstebi, mosmenis stili unda iyos
umTavresad globaluri an seleqciuri, mcire fonuri xmauris
TanxlebiT. msmenelis rolebidan unda SevarCioT testirebisaTvis
ufro xelsayreli _ adresatis roli.
mecnierTa nawils mizanSewonilad miaCnia `mosmenilis gagebis~
unaris Sesamowmeblad karnaxis gamoyeneba da misi integracia iseT
davalebebTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, swori/araswori pasuxebis
Semoxazva, mravlobiTi arCevanis tipis davalebebi da sxva (buki, 2001,
gv. 73). vfiqrobT, karnaxis gamoyeneba efeqturad aris SesaZlebeli
mosmenis unaris Sefasebisas, Tumca igi ver Caanacvlebs auTentur
teqstebs...
mosmenis unarebis testirebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenjer unda moisminos gamosacdelma pirma
teqsti... faqtia, rom realuri komunikaciis procesSi teqstebs,
enis Sefaseba da testireba
31
Cveulebriv, erTxel vismenT, magram meore enis SemswavlelisaTvis
(gansakuTrebiT _ enis Seswavlis sawyis safexurze) ar aris sakmarisi
teqstis erTxel mosmena, radgan audiofiris gageba ufro rTulia,
vidre realur situaciaSi metyvelebis gageba. amitom, mkvlevarTa
umetesoba miiCnevs, rom gamosacdelma pirma teqsti orjer unda
moisminos: pirvelad globalurad, meored ki teqstis Tanmxlebi
davalebebis wakiTxvis Semdeg _ seleqciurad an detalurad
(boltoni, 1996, gv. 47; ix. mujiri, 2011, gv 93). rogorc wesi,
saqarTveloSi Catarebuli mosmenis unaris testirebis procesSi, 2-
jer wakiTxva aucilebel pirobad miiCneva.
mosmenis unarebis testirebisTvis metad mniSvnelovania ucxoeli
kolegebis gamocdilebis gaziareba, romelTac am mimarTulebiT
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi aqvT namuSevari. zogadevropul
standartebTan mimarTebiT, gamoyofilia teqstis tipebis ierarqia
mzardi sirTulis mixedviT:
1. yoveldRiuri swavlis sferosTan dakavSirebuli teqstebi
(rogorc wesi, am tipis mosasmeni teqstebi eZlevaT A1 / A2
donis Semswavlelebs);
2. interdisciplinaruli samecniero Tematikis teqstebi,
romelTa struqtura orientirebulia standartul enaze (am
tipis mosasmeni teqstebi eZlevaT B1 donis Semswavlelebs);
3. interdisciplinaruli samecniero Tematikis teqstebi,
romlebic enobrivad da Sinaarsobrivad kompleqsuradaa
struqturirebuli (am tipis mosasmeni teqstebi eZlevaT B2
da ufro maRali donis pretendent Semswavlelebs).
miuxedavad zemoCamoTvlili rekomendaciebis ganxilvisa, kiTxva,
Tu ramdenad srulyofilia mosmenilis gagebis Sefaseba _ jer kidev
elis amomwurav pasuxs praqtikidan Tu momavali gamokvlevebidan.
Tumca, ukve arsebuli informacia warmatebiT SeiZleba iqnes
gamoyenebuli mosmenilis gagebis unar-Cvevis Sefasebisas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mosmenis unaris Sefasebaze orientirebuli
testebi SesaZlebelia, maswavlebelma Seadginos rogorc mimdinare,
enis Sefaseba da testireba
32
aseve Semajamebeli Sefasebisas; dasaSvebia, mimdinare Sefasebisas
daveyrdnoT metwilad karnaxis meTods (gansakuTrebiT – swavlebis
sawyis etapze), Tumca, swavlebis procesSi auTenturi zepiri
teqstebis gamoyeneba aucilebelia, raTa Semswavlelma sxvadasxva
registrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani Seiswavlos da
gaiTavisos.
rac Seexeba Semajamebel Sefasebas – rekomendebulia
audioteqstis mosmena Semswavlelis savaraudo enis flobis donis
gaTvaliswinebiT: magaliTad, Tuki swavlebis sawyis etapze
Sesafaseblad interdisciplinaruli samecniero Tematikis teqstebs
movasmeninebT Semswavlels, bunebrivia, igi verafers (an TiTqmis
verafers) gaigebs da testirebis validuroba-sandoobis problema
dadgeba...
sanimuSod, gTavazobT mosmenis unaris Sesamowmeblad
Catarebuli testis teqstsa da mosmenilis aRqma-gagebaze
orientirebul davalebebs (testireba CautardaT Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis araqarTulenovan studentebs, romlebic
saSeRavaTo politikis farglebSi, 60-kreditian 1-wlian kurss gadian
qarTuli enis Seswavlis mizniT):
teqsti:
gamarjoba, amiran, rogor xar? dedaCveni rogor aris? kidev
awuxebs wneva?
amiran, TbilisSi mSvenieri dro gavatare. koncertze viyavi. im
Rames TbilisSi davrCi, meore dRes ki ninosTan sofelSi wavedi; 2
dRe davrCiT iq. ninos deda maswavlebelia, baTumSi iyo treningze wa-
suli, amitom me da ninos mogviwia diasaxlisoba. guSinwin ninom gaa-
keTa sadili, guSin ki me xaWapuri gamovacxve, Tumca nino mTxovda,
Sen stumari xar, araferi gaakeToo...
dRes 15 ivnisia da ukve gorSi var. xom ici, ninos babuis iubi-
lea da aucileblad unda daveswro. Rames ninos babuasTan gavaTev.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
33
xval kviraa da adre ver avdgebi. SuadRisTvis davjdebi avto-
busze da Camoval mSobliur quTaisSi...
aba, Sen ici, male gnaxav!
Seni leila
testuri davalebebi da Sesafasebeli qulebi
1. vin aris werilis avtori? 1
a. amirani
b. leila
g. nino
d. batoni giorgi
2. vin aris werilis adresati? vis swers avtori werils? 1
a. ninos
b. dedas
g. amirans
d. baton giorgis
3. vin aris leila amiranisTvis? 2
SeniSvna: vinaidan blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT, am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mxolod informaciis ubralod moZiebas ar gul;isxmobs da ufro maR-al kompetenciebs moiTxovs, misaniWebeli qulis `wona~ am tipis kiTxvebSi ufro maRalia.
a. coli
b. Svili
g. da
d. megobari.
4. vin cxovrobs quTaisSi? 2
a. leilas ojaxi
b. nino
g. batoni giorgi
d. aravin.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
34
5. visTan apirebs leila gorSi RamiT darCenas? 1
__________________________________________________________________________
6. leila aris: 2
a. seriozuli adamiani
b. mxiaruli gogo
g. gamocdili mzareuli
7. ra awuxebs leilas dedas? 1
__________________________________________________________________________
8. daalageT qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT, ra ris mere moxda: 2
a) quTaisSi dabruneba
b) xaWapuris gamocxoba
g) ninosTan sofelSi Casvla
d) TbilisSi koncertze daswreba
e) gorSi ninos babuis iubileze Casvla
1 2 3 4 5
enis Sefaseba da testireba
35
b. laparakis unaris Sefaseba
rogorc iTqva, mosmenis unaris Sefaseba uamrav problemasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. kidev ufro rTulia laparakis (metyvelebis) unaris
Sefaseba: miuxedavad imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSi producirebasTan
gvaqvs saqme da Tavad procesze dakvirveba (recefciuli unarebisgan
gansxvavebiT) SesaZlebelia, samagierod, aq sxva problemebi iCens
Tavs... kerZod, testirebis meTodis gamoyeneba laparakis unar-Cvevis
Semowmebisas SeuZlebelia da, praqtikulad, am unaris testirebiT
Semowmeba arc xerxdeba. Sesabamisad, mxolod gasaubrebis (intervius)
formatSia SesaZlebeli laparakis unaris Semowmeba. es, ki, Tavis
mxriv, garkveul diskomfors qmnis – upirveles yovlisa, subieqturi
faqtoris gaaqtiurebis TvalsazrisiT. qulebiT Sefaseba ama Tu im
xarvezisa (enobriv-gramatikuli, tempi, maxvili, fonetikuri xasiaTis
Secdomebi da a. S.) zust instruqciebs moiTxovs, rac, praqtikulad,
mainc zogadi xasiaTisa SeiZleba aRmoCndes da Semfaseblis
subieqturi xedva kvlav gadamwyveti faqtoria.
upirveles yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros, visTvisaa testireba
gankuTvnili: bunebrivia, swavlebis sawyis etapze laparakis
(metyvelebis) sxva unarebis ganviTarebaze keTdeba aqcenti, Semdgom
safexurebze – sxva unarebze... magaliTad, swavlebis sawyis safexurze
aqcenti keTdeba qarTuli enisaTvis specifikuri bgerebis sworad
warmoTqmaze, maxvilis saTanadod gamoyenebaze, qarTulisTvis
damaxasiaTebel intonaciaze... am etapze morfologiuri Tu
sintaqsuri gamarTulobis moTxovna, rasakvirvelia, naadrevia.
momdevno etapze ukve aqtiurdeba leqsikis komponenti:
SeuZlebelia azris gadmocema, Tuki `saSen masalas~ leqsikuri
erTeulebis saTanado odenobas (rac yoveli donisaTvis aris
gansazRvruli enis flobis doneebis zogadevropuli standartis
mixedviT) ver flobs Semswavleli. sawyis etapzeve saWiroa martivi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
36
sintaqsuri da morfologiuri kanonzomierebebis aTviseba, vinaidan –
mxolod leqsikis codna araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs enis ama Tu
im doneze flobas... Semswavlelis ganviTarebasTan erTad, Sefasebisas
ufro da ufro maRla iwevs Sefasebis kriteriumebic samive
komponentis TvalsazrisiT (fonologiuri done, leqsikologiuri
done, gramatikuli done). magaliTad, rodesac vafasebT laparakis
unars, Semfasebels unda axsovdes, rom leqsikis, ase vTqvaT,
`statikurad~ codna ar niSnavs, rom Semswavleli maRali quliT unda
Sefasdes... mtavaria, rogor axerxebs igi frazebis, winadadebis
konstruirebisaTvis saTanado sityvebis SerCevas, raTa azri
adekvaturad gadmosces... aseve, gramatikuli wesebis codna sulac ar
niSnavs imas, rom Semswavlels SeuZlia, magaliTad, droSi
adekvaturad Seuxamos ori zmna (mag. `is sauzmobda, roca zari
rekavda~ - Secdomaa... sworia: daireka).
gamomcdelma laparakis unaris Sefasebisas aucileblad unda
gaiTvaliswinos kidev erTi faqtori: es aris metyvelebis siswrafe da
bunebrioba. Semswavlelis mier pauzebiT gaWimuli, xelovnurobiT
daRdasmuli teqstebis maRali quliT Sefaseba, Tundac es teqsti
akmayofilebdes leqsikuri Tu morfosintaqsuri kvalifikaciis
moTxovnebs, ar aris rekomendebuli.
sanimuSod gTavazobT laparakis moduls, romelic CautardaT
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis araqarTulenovan studentebs.
moduli ori seqciisgan Sedgeboda. pirveli seqcia
warmoadgenda intervius, romlis drosac kandidatebi winaswar
micemuli 30 Temidan erT-erTis prezentirebas axdendnen; mag. Temebi:
`Tbilisi _ saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi~, `Cemi hobi~, `Cveni tradiciebi~,
`ratom vswavlobs saxelmwifo enas~ da sxva... (seqciis Sefaseba – 10-
quliani sistemiT).
meore seqciaSi kandidats kiTxvebi eZleoda ara im Temidan,
romelic pirveli seqciaSi iyo micemuli, aramed nebismieri iseTi
zogadi sferodan, rogoricaa: ojaxi, dabadebis adgili da garemo,
enis Sefaseba da testireba
37
Cacmuloba, Tavisufali drois ganawileba, sayvareli filmi, musika,
speqtakli da a.S. (seqciis Sefaseba – 10-quliani sistemiT).
sul orive seqciis Sefasebis maqsimaluri zRvari - 20 qula.
Sefasebisas qulebi iwereboda ramdenime komponentis
gaTvaliswinebiT: gamoTqma, intonacia, orToepia (swori metyveleba),
leqsikuri maragis gamoyeneba, gramatikuli kompetencia, logikuri
Tanamimdevrobisa da zepiri teqstis agebis unarebi, metyvelebis tempi
da bunebrioba.
laparakis unaris ganviTarebis (progresis) Semowmeba
sasurvelia swavlebis mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi, regularulad
tardebodes. mimdinare Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi
faqtorebi:
1. upirveles yovlisa, SemfaseblisTvisac da Sesafasebeli
(gamosacdeli) pirisTvisac mkafio da gasagebi kriteriumebi
unda SemuSavdes;
2. ar unda SemovifargloT erTi (an mcire odenobis) davalebiT
– mivceT saSualeba enis Semswavlels, maqsimalurad
gamoavlinos Tavisi unarebi;
3. teqsti unda iyos bunebrivi da Sinaarsiani (yuradReba
mivaqcioT imas, rom ar moxdes Semswavlelis mier teqstis
dazepireba!);
4. sasurvelia, bunebrivi garemos Sesaqmnelad, davajgufoT
(davawyviloT) gamosacdelebi da, amasTan, gaviTvaliswinoT
TiToeuli maTganis done – ar davarRvioT Tanabrobis
principi da adekvaturad davajgufoT (davawyviloT)
Semswavlelebi (ar aris rekomendebuli enis flobis sakmaod
gansxvavebuli donis SemswavlelTa dawyvileba);
5. Sefasebisas maqsimalurad CavrToT TviTSefasebis komponenti;
6. Sefaseba, rasakvirvelia, unda moxdes im masalaze dayrdnobiT,
rac gamosacdelma swavlebis procesSi gaiara;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
38
7. gamosacdels unda mieces sakmao dro (10-15 wuTi mainc), raTa
saTanadod moemzados zepiri SemowmebisaTvis da
srulyofilad gamoavlinos Tavisi unarebi;;
8. unda gamoicados ara mxolod gramatikaSi (morfosintaqsSi)
misi miRwevebi (anu, ramdenad sworad agebs sityvebs,
winadedebebs...), aramed laparakis sxva unarebSic;
9. detalizebuli da mkafiod gansazRvruli ukukavSiri.
munozi, alvarezi, 2010, gv. 34
enis Sefaseba da testireba
39
2. wignierebis (kiTxvisa da weris unarebis) Sefaseba
a. kiTxva
kiTxvis unari erT-erTi ZiriTadi unarTagania. igi mxolod erTi
konkretuli enis Seswavlas ar ukavSirdeba da, sazogadod,
wignierebis Zireuli komponentia – aq igulisxmeba moswavlis unari,
ikiTxos ara mxolod mxatvruli Tu saswavlo literatura, aramed
gaecnos da gaigos / aRiqvas sxvadasxva tipis (maT Soris
sainformacio, sareklamo, samecniero xasiaTis) teqstebi.
kiTxvis daniSnuleba da mizani 2 ZiriTad komponentze daiyvaneba:
literaturuli gamocdilebis miReba
informaciis miReba da gamoyeneba.
wignierebis Sefasebisas aqcenti keTdeba im unarebze, rac
arsebiTi da umniSvnelovanesia anu werilobiTi teqstis aRqmis,
miRebuli informaciis gagebisa da gamoyenebis unarze; amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mkiTxvels unda SeeZlos:
1. sxvadasxva saxis teqstebis ZiriTadi azris gageba da
Camoyalibeba;
2. sxvadasxva tipis teqstebidan informaciis amokrefa;
3. mxatvruli nawarmoebebis kiTxvisas siamovnebis gancda.
Sefasebis CarCos Seqmnisas moqmedebs principi, rom kiTxvis
procesi kognituri TvalsazrisiT, or ZiriTad dones moicavs _
gageba-gaazrebasa da interpretacias.
sferoebad dayofisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos isic, rom
yvela saazrovno operacia, romelic Semswavlels wakiTxulis gageba-
gaazrebisTvis, gaanalizebisa da interpretirebisTvis sWirdeba,
miemarTeba ara mxolod teqstis Sinaarsobriv plans, aramed mis
enobriv-gamomsaxvelobiT mxaresac.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
40
werilobiTi teqstis gageba niSnavs:
teqstSi pirdapir (eqspliciturad) da qveteqsturad
(impliciturad) mocemuli informaciis gageba, moZieba da
konkretuli niSniT klasifikacia;
teqstis Sinaarsis gageba, romelic gulisxmobs mTliani
teqstis an misi calkeuli nawilis, rogorc dasrulebuli
erTeulis, zogadi da detaluri Sinaarsis gagebasa da
aRqmas;
teqstSi pirdapir da qveteqstis saSualebiT gadmocemuli
ambebis, gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gageba-gaazrebas,
daskvnebis gamotanasa da teqstis (aseve, misi calkeuli
epizodisa Tu monakveTis) Sejamebas,
teqstis dakavSirebas sakuTar cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebasTan Tu arsebul literaturul codnasTan.
kiTxvis unarebis Sefasebisas aucilebelia, Semowmdes teqstis
interpretaciasa da analizis unar-Cvevebi _ moswavleTa refleqsiisa
da Sefasebis unarebi, rac gulisxmobs teqstSi mocemuli ideebis,
mosazrebebis, Sexedulebebis (mxatvrul teqstebSi aseve personaJTa
saqcielis), agreTve, enobriv-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis
gaanalizebisa da Sefasebis, moswavlisgan sakuTari damokidebulebis
gamoxatvis unarebis gamovlenas.
sazogadod, interpetireba SeiZleba pirdapir (zedapirul,
eqsplicitur), gadataniT (metaforul, qveteqstur) da simbolur
doneze. es gulisxmobs wakiTxuli teqstis ideuri mxaris, mTavari
problemis, avtoris Canafiqris amocnobas da gaazrebas, misi poziciis
Sefasebas; faqtebisa da mosazrebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas,
arapirdapiri daskvnebis gamotanas, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis
danaxvasa da axsnas, personaJis saqcielisa Tu Sexedulebebis
gaanalizebas da Sefasebas sxvadasxva poziciidan, agreTve, mTliani
teqstis Tu misi calkeuli epizodis interpretacias, analizs,
Sefasebas Tu sxva kompleqsur saazrovno operaciebs.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
41
kiTxvisa da weris unarebis Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is
gamocdileba, rac arsebobs dasavleTis wamyvan qveynebSi: ukve
aTwleulebia, evropasa da amerikaSi mimdinareobs saerTaSiroso
kvlevebi, romlebic im mxrivac aris saintereso, Tu ra tipis testur
davalebebs iyeneben Cveni kolegebi kiTxvisa Tu weris ama Tu im
unaris Sesafaseblad.
wignierebis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi qveynis
masStabiT saqarTveloSi kvleva pirvelad 2006 wels Catarda. es iyo
PIRLS-is mier Catarebuli farTomasStabiani gamokvleva, romelic 9-10
wlis bavSvTa wignierebis donisa da misi ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis
Seswavlas isaxavda miznad.
PIRLS-is kvlevas didi saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba hqonda:
upirveles yovlisa, es gaxldaT saerTaSoriso standartebze
dafuZnebuli soliduri samuSao, romelic iyenebda dasavlur
mowinave qveynebSi araerTxel aprobirebul, zust da sando
instrumentebs; PIRLS-is mier dadginda standarti, romlis mixedviTac
gamoikveTa wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebis (1. eqspliciturad
mocemuli informaciis moZieba, 2. daskvnebis gakeTeba, 3. informaciis
interpretacia sakuTar codnasTan integrirebis safuZvelze, 4.
mxatvrul teqstis enis Sefaseba da mxatvruli xerxebis / saxeebis
gaazreba) procentuli urTierTmimarTeba:
eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis moZieba 22%
uSualo daskvnebis gamotana 28%
azrebisa da informaciis interpretacia sakuTar
codnasTan integrirebis safuZvelze
37%
teqstis enis Sefaseba da mxatvruli xerxebis gaazreba 14%
ix. wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis angariSi, 2010.
kvlevis instrumentebad PIRLS-is kvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebul
iqna:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
42
wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi (testi);
kiTxvisadmi damokidebuleba (moswavlis kiTxvari);
mSoblis kiTxvari;
maswavleblis kiTxvari;
skolis kiTxvari;
saswavlo gegmis kiTxvari.
* PIRLS-is kvlevis Sedegad, aRmoCnda, rom wignierebis
TvalsazrisiT, qarTveli moswavleebi saSualoze
dabal Sedegebs aCvenebdnen (qarTveli bavSvebis
wignierebis saSualo maCvenebeli (471) statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba PIRLS–is saerTaSoriso
skalirebul maCvenebels (500); amasTan, isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel bavSvebs mxatvruli
teqstebis gaazrebaSi ufro kargi maCvenebeli aqvT,
vidre sainformacio teqstebisa...);
ix. wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis angariSi, 2010.
2009 wels Catarda PISA-s (PISA saerTaSoriso kvlevaa, romelic
miznad isaxavs 15 wlis mozardebis mier skolaSi SeZenili codnisa
da unarebis Sefasebas) mier ganxorcielebuli kvleva, romelic
kiTxvis unarebis Sefasebas isaxavda miznad (sacdeli kvleva Catarda
2009 wlis oqtombers, ZiriTadi kvleva ki 2010 wlis aprilSi).
asakobrivi jgufi iyo 15 wlis moswavleebi, aRsaniSnavia, rom
kvleva emyareboda zogadad wignierebis gagebas da ar
Semoifargleboda saswavlo gegmiT.
PISA afasebda moswavlis unars, gaigos, gamoiyenos da gaiazros
werilobiTi teqstebi, imisaTvis, rom SeiZinos codna, ganiviTaros
SesaZleblobebi da miiRos srulyofili monawileoba sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi.
teqstis formati: garda vrceli teqstebisa, PISA–m
gamoiyena sxvadasxva tipis teqstebi – siebi, diagramebi,
sareklamo gancxadebebi;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
43
kiTxvis procesi: Semowmda moswavleebis unari, moiZion
informacia, Seiqmnan zogadi warmoadgena teqstis Sesaxeb,
gaiazron misi Sinaarsi, forma da elementebi
situaciebi: sxvadasxva mizniT Seqmnili teqstis gamoyeneba.
wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis angariSi (PISA), 2009
2010 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministros erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centrma
saqarTvelos masStabiT Caatara erovnuli Sefaseba qarTul enasa da
literaturaSi, kerZod, kiTxvis mimarTulebaSi im moswavleebisTvis,
romlebmac sabazo safexurze daasrules swavla.
wignierebis donis Sesamowmeblad SerCeuli iyo sxvadasxva tipis
teqstebi, maT Soris mxatvruli Txzulebebi (rogorc prozauli, aseve
– leqsebi) da aramxatvruli (sainformacio, SemecnebiTi, samecniero-
popularuli...) teqstebi. xolo instrumentad gamoyenebul iqna am
teqstebze Seqmnili testuri davalebebi (erovnuli Sefaseba qarTul
enasa da literaturaSi, 2010).
rasakvirvelia, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier Catarebuli
kvalificiuri kvlevebisas gamoyenebuli instrumenti (testuri
davalebebis tipebi) SesaZlebelia da aucilebelicaa gamoviyenoT
rogorc Semajamebeli, aseve mimdinare Sefasebis dros. saWiroa
zustad ganisazRvros, Tu ra unarebis Semowmebas vapirebT, ra donis
SemswavlelisTvis viRebT ama Tu im testur davalebas da
SemoTavazebuli mravalferovani testuri davalebebidan iolad
movaxerxebT tipis SerCevas... magaliTad, Tuki vapirebT mTliani
teqstis, calkeuli epizodis, analizis safuZvelze arapirdapiri
daskvnebis gamotanaze orientirebuli unaris gamorkvevas – testuri
davalebis Sesabamisi tipi unda moviZioT (magaliTad, qvemoT, II
testuri davaleba)... magram am konkretuli testuri davalebis
mixedviT Cven verafriT ver gavarkvevT, Tu ramdenadaa Semswavleli
`daxelovnebuli~ teqstidan informaciis moZiebaze... sxvaTa Soris, ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom xSirad Semswavlelebi logikuri azrovnebis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
44
ufro maRali safexuris operaciebs ukeT asruleben, vidre,
magaliTad, erTi SexedviT iset martiv logikur operacias,
rogoricaa eqsplicituri informaciis moZieba teqstidan... am saxis
logikur operacias sruliad sxva tipis testuri davaleba unda
SevufardoT (magaliTad, I davaleba sanimuSod warmodgenili
testebidan).
sanimuSod gTavazobT kiTxvis sxvadasxva unaris Sesamowmeblad
PIRLS–isa da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier
gamoyenebul ramdenime testur davalebas:
I. informaciis moZiebaze orientirebuli testuri davaleba:
saidan Cans, rom saba cdilobs, wminda papis, da, saerTod,
qristianuli samyaros sayovelTao interesebs daukavSiros
datyvevebuli vaxtang VI-is gamoxsnis sakiTxi? daimowmeT Sesabamisi
adgili teqstidan.
teqsti: sulxan saba orbeliani, `mogzauroba evropaSi~;
SeniSvna: kiTxva daZlies saSualo miRwevis doneze.
II. mTliani teqstis, calkeuli epizodis, analizis safuZvelze
arapirdapiri daskvnebis gamotana:
sabas miznidan gamomdinare, romeli Sexvedra iyo misTvis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani da ratom? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
teqsti: sulxan saba orbeliani, `mogzauroba evropaSi~;
SeniSvna: kiTxva daZlies saSualoze maRali miRwevis donis
mqone moswavleebma
III. mTliani teqstis, analizi, teqstis dakavSireba gamocdilebasTan,
arapirdapiri daskvnebis gamotana, teqstis interpretacia:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
45
aris Tu ara sabasdroindeli problemebi dRes aqtualuri da
ratom? ra msgavsebas xedavT sabasdroindel da Tanamedrove
mdgomareobas Soris? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
teqsti: sulxan saba orbeliani, `mogzauroba evropaSi~;
SeniSvna: kiTxva daZlies maRali miRwevis donis mqone
moswavleebma.
IV. teqstis mTavari azris, mTavari Temis amocnoba:
mocemuli teqstis mTavari Temaa:
a) zezvasa da luxumis kamaTi
b) leki meomris mokvlis ambavi
g) mTielTa mebrZoli sulis warmoCena
d) ori gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis Cveneba, Tu rogor unda
moeqce mters
teqsti: nawyveti vaJa-fSavelas poemidan `baxtrioni~;
SeniSvna: kiTxva Tavisuflad daZlies dabali miRwevis donis
moswavleebma.
V. personaJis saqcielis, misi Sexedulebis analizi:
eTanxmebiT Tu ara zezvas pozicias, rom vaJkacma mteri ar unda
daindos? Tqveni azri daasabuTeT
teqsti: nawyveti vaJa-fSavelas poemidan `baxtrioni~;
SeniSvna: davaleba daZlies saSualo,Sesabamisad, saSualoze
maRali da maRali miRwevis donismoswavleebma.
VI. personaJis saqcielis axsna, misi motivaciis analizi:
imsjeleT im Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic luxumis qcevas
gansazRvravs.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
46
teqsti: nawyveti vaJa-fSavelas poemidan `baxtrioni~;
SeniSvna: davaleba daZlies mxolod maRali miRwevis
donismoswavleebma.
VII. teqstSi eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis gageba-gaazreba:
teqstis mixedviT ra kavSiri aqvs platons cnobil aTenel
poetsa da politikur moRvawe solonTan?
a) platoni Tavis dialogebSi gadmogvcems imas, rac
solonisgan moismina atlantidis Sesaxeb
b) platonma daafiqsira Tavisi pativiscema solonis
mimarT
g)platonma Tavis dialogebSi aRwera solonis mier
egvipteSi mosmenili ambavi atlantidis civilizaciis
daRupvis Sesaxeb
d) platons solonTan erTad umogzauria kunZul
atlantidaze da aRuweria misi maRalganviTarebuli
civilizacia
teqsti: informaciuli teqsti filosofos platonis Sesaxeb;
SeniSvna: kiTxva daZlies dabali miRwevis donis moswavleebma
VIII. teqstis enis, metaforuli metyvelebis gageba-gaazreba,
obieqtivacia
teqstis mixedviT, ra igulisxmeba sityvebSi `yovlisSemZle
bunebis moulodneli Careva~?
teqsti: informaciuli teqsti filosofos platonis Sesaxeb;
SeniSvna: davaleba daZlies saSualoze maRalimiRwevis donis
moswavleebma.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
47
IX. informaciis ganzogadeba, obieqtivacia, teqstSi mocemuli
informaciis safuZvelze daskvnis gamotana:
CamoTvlilTagan romeli garemoeba uSlis xels atlantidis
civilizaciis ganadgurebisa da kunZul Teraze momxdari
katastrofis gaigivebas?
a) arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masala
b) okeanologTa daskvnebi
g) faqtobrivi uzustoba
d)qronologiuri Seusabamoba
teqsti: informaciuli teqsti filosofos platonis Sesaxeb;
SeniSvna: kiTxva daZlies mxolod maRali miRwevis donis
moswavleebma.
zemoxsenebulma kvlevebma didwilad gansazRvra im problemebis
CamonaTvali, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac kiTxvis unarebis Sefasebisas
aucilebelia. ganisazRvra da Camoyalibda testuri davalebebis tipe-
bi, romelTac meore enis SemswavlelTa kiTxvis unar-Cvevebis Sesafa-
sebel testebSi aqtiurad viyenebT:
a. e.w. `WeSmaritia / mcdaria~ tipis kiTxvebi da testuri
davalebebi, romlebic metwilad kiTxvis unarebis dauflebis
adreul etapze gamoiyeneba:
teqsti
– saRamo mSvidobis, de (di/da).
– gagimarjos, Svilo!
– daTuna, modi, dediko.
– batono.
– ai, damjere biWi.
– ra aris, de?
enis Sefaseba da testireba
48
– gacunculdi da kbilebi gamoixexe, kargi?
– ki, de!
– axla modi (kocnis).
– deda!
– gTxov, axla daweqi da daiZine, kargi?
– kargi, de, axlave.
– Cemi usayvarlesi Svili xar, daTuna. Cemo erTaderTo!
– yvelaze, yvelaze kargi da lamazi deda xar.
SemoxazeT swori pasuxi:
1. saRamos daTo esalmeba dedas? sworia / arasworia.
2. deda gamarjobiT pasuxobs? sworia / arasworia.
3. deda daTos TavisTan ixmobs? sworia / arasworia.
4. daTo damjere biWi ar aris? sworia / arasworia.
5. daTos ar ainteresebs dedis daZaxeba? sworia /
arasworia.
6. dedam kbilebis gamoxexva sTxova daTos? sworia /
arasworia.
7. daTo ar daemorCila? sworia / arasworia.
8. deda daTos kocnis? sworia / arasworia.
9. dedam daTo dasaZineblad gauSva? sworia / arasworia.
10. daTo usayvarlesi Svili ar aris? sworia / arasworia.
b. mravlobiTi arCevanis tipis davalebebi, rac gulisxmobs
standartul, arCeviTi pasuxebis mqone kiTxvebs:
teqsti
gamarjoba, Salva, rogor xar? dedaSeni rogor aris? Cveni ana-
no xom ar gabrazebs?
baTumidan pirdapir quTaisSi Cavedi, rogorc Sen mTxove, lela
vnaxe da Seni wigni saredaqciod gadaveci. kargi vqeni, rom Cavedi:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
49
lela avad iyo, dedamisi ki mivlinebaSi iyo wasuli da momvleli
aravin hyavda... amitom 2 dRiT quTaisSi davrCi... meti veRar davrCebo-
di, radgan oTxSabaTs TbilisSi, seminarze viyavi Casasvleli.
seminari saministroSi gaimarTa, misasalmebeli sityva Tbilisis
me-60 skolis direqtorma warmoTqva. me dilas mqonda moxseneba. sul
ki im dRes, Cemi CaTvliT, Svidi gamomsvleli iyo. Cemi moxsenebis mere
sadili iyo. mere ki qalaqSi gavedi. saRamomde kidev 3 moxseneba maqvs
mosasmeni.
axla Cems dasTan var da werils gwer. ukve 3 saaTia. RamiT
davrCebi Cems dasTan da 9 aprils davbrundebi saxlSi.
anano damikocne. dedamTili aucileblad momikiTxe.
Seni megi
testuri davalebis nimuSi:
vin aris Salva megisTvis?
a) qmari
b) Svili
g) Zma
d) mama.
g. aseve testuri davalebebi, romlebic CamoTvlili movlenebisa
Tu sagnebis garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT (qronologiuri,
logikuri da a.S.) dawyobas moiTxovda:
teqsti (ix. wina teqsti)
testuri davalebis nimuSi:
daalageT qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT, ra ris mere moxda (miuwe-
reT ricxvebi):
quTaisSi lelasTan 2 dRiT darCena
seminarze direqtoris sityviT gamosvla
lelasTan Casvla
sadili
Ramis gaTeva TbilisSi megis dasTan
enis Sefaseba da testireba
50
d. wignierebis mimarTulebiT sakmaod maRal kompetenciebs
moiTxovs Ria testuri davalebebi, romlebSic moswavlem Tavad
unda daweros pasuxi (mokle, vrceli da eses tipisa):
warmoidgineT, rom gagagzavnes mivlinebaSi ucxoeTSi 2 Tqvens TanamSromelTan erTad. miswereT werili Tqveni ojaxis wevrs (meuRles, dedas, Svils...); mouyeviT, sad xarT, visTan erTad, rogori amindia, ras akeTebT dilas, SuadRisas, saRamoTi;
moifiqreT, ras gaakeTebT Tqveni ojaxis wevrebTan erTad, roca mivlinebidan dabrundebiT.
sityvebis minimaluri raodenoba – 50
SeniSvna: am tipis davalebas aucileblad unda
axldes zusti instruqcia, Tu ramdeni qula
iwereba ama Tu im komponentis mixedviT (maTSoris -
leqsikuri maragi, gramatikuli kompetencia –
dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi III)
e. testuri davalebebis tipi, romelic moiTxovs Semswavlelisgan,
Casvas gamotovebuli sityva an fraza da daasrulos
winadadeba.
(informaciuli teqsti Jirafze)
amerika dasavleT avstralia ZuZumwovara cxovelia
samxreT amfibiaa frinvelia afrika CrdiloeT
Jirafi yvelaze maRali . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jirafi . . . . . . . . . qveynebSi binadrobs.
Jirafis samSobloa . . . . . . . . . . .
oriode sityviT SevexebiT adreuli wignierebis specifikas,
romelic Sefasebisas ramdenadme gansxvavebuli principebis
gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, vinaidan swavlebis am safexurze sxva
enis Sefaseba da testireba
51
donis kompetenciebis ganviTarebasa da, Sesabamisad, Semowmebazea
orientirebuli Semfasebeli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom adreuli wignierebis kvleva saerTaSoriso
masStabiT aqamde ar Catarebula. 2011 wlidan saqarTveloSi adreuli
wignierebis kvlevis mizniT, Semodis EGRA (Early-Grade-Reading-
Assessment), raTa aprobirebuli meTodologiisa da instrumentebis
saSualebiT, moaxdinos adreuli wignierebis ZiriTadi unarebis
Sefaseba.
adreuli wignierebis Sefaseba gamoirCeva specifikurobiT da misi
Sefaseba sakmaod rTulia. Tumca, Tuki kargad gamoikveTeba is
unarebi, romlebzec unda moxdes yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
SesaZlebelia instruqciebis kritikuli komponentebisgan miviRoT
Sefasebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gageba.
EGRA-s eqspertebis mier gamoyofilia adreuli kiTxvis
umniSvnelovanesi 5 komponenti:
1. wakiTxulis swori fonematuri aRqma;
2. wakiTxulis swori akustikuri aRqma (asosa da bgeris
urTierTSesatyvisobis dadgena);
3. kiTxvis siswrafe;
4. leqsikoni;
5. wakiTxulis aRqma-gageba.
adreul etapze umniSvnelovanesia sityvebis amocnoba da
dekodireba. aq igulisxmeba, rom moswavles SeuZlia daadginos aso-
bgeriTi Sesatyvisobebi, anu aRiqvas kavSiri gamoTqmul bgerasa da
daweril asos Soris, SeuZlia anbanis principis gageba-gamoyeneba da
ama Tu is sityvis sworad amokiTxva. moswavleebSi am kompetenciebis
ganviTareba, Cveulebriv, wera-kiTxvis dawyebis pirvelive etapze xdeba
(adreuli wignierebis kvleva, egra, 2009, gv. 6). aqve unda iTqvas, rom
am komponents gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs im enebisTvis,
romlebSic daweriloba da warmoTqma erTmaneTs zustad ar emTxveva
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(mag. inglisurSi). qarTulSi am mxriv naklebi problemebia, Tumca
bgerisa da misi werilobiTi xatis kavSiris ganmtkiceba swavlebis
dawyebiT safexurze (adreul etapze) aucilebelia. am tipis
davalebebi qarTulisTvisac adekvaturia; mag., SesaZlebelia, daisvas
aseTi kiTxva:
`gamoTqviT pirveli bgera, romliTac iwyeba es sityva.~
(dafaze weria sityva `yvavi~)~;
Semdeg amas mosdevs meore kiTxva:
`gamoTqviT momdevno bgera~... da a. S.
am tipis davalebebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamosacdeli azerbaijanulenovania: saqme is
gaxlavT, rom azerbaijanuli enisaTvis ucxoa zogierTi qarTuli
specifikuri bgera (yru mkveTri Tanxmovnebi – k, t, p, y, W...);
Sesabamisad, sawyis etapze bavSvebs uWirT am bgeraTa ara mxolod
sworad gamoTqma, aramed gansxvavebis aRqma saTanado yru
fSvinvierTan (q-k; T-t, c-w, C-W, y-x...).
momdevn etapze ukve calkeuli bgerebisgan sityvis agebis
unaris Semowmebaa: SesaZlebelia, bavSvi Tavisuflad amoicnobdes
asoebs (qarTuli am mxriv uaRresad `komfortuli~ enaa – bgera
yovelTvis / TiTqmis yovelTvis Seesabameba saTanado aRmniSvnels –
asos nebismier konteqstSi / sityvis farglebSi), magram ver
axerxebdes am bgeraTa erT mTlianobad `Sekvras~: sityva
organizebuli struqturuli erTeulia, romelsac sakuTari,
damoukidebeli SemarTva da damarTva aqvs, gansxvavebuli, cidre,
ubralod, misi Semadgeneli bgerebis erTobliobas (Sdr. bgeraTa
Tanamimdevroba b–a-v-S-v-i da sityva bavSvi).
teqstis gagebisaTvis umTavresi pirobaa sityvebis mniSvnelobis
codna da leqsikuri maragis gamdidreba. adreul etapze bavSvebis
leqsikuri maragis gafarToebis saukeTeso saSualebaa swavlis
procesSi mravalferovan masalaze muSaoba. gaugebari sityvebisa da
frazebis ganmartebisaTvis maswavlebelma SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxs
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53
mimarTos: gamoiyenos konteqsturi gasaRebebi, Tavad auxsnas
moswavleebs maTi mniSvneloba, axlad Seswavlili sityvebiT
Seadgeninos winadadebebi, gaaazrebinos sityvis Semadgeneli
calkeuli nawilebi, gamoiyenos axali sityvebi Tu gamoTqmebi
situaciur saubarSi da a. S. Sesabamisad, Sefasebisas unda
ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad aqvs gamosacdels aTvisebuli es unarebi.
mniSvnelovania sityvebis kiTxvis tempi. eqspertebi gvirCeven,
visargebloT wammzomiT, rata davadginoT, Tu ramdeni sityvis
amokiTxvas SeZlebs bavSvi, magaliTad, 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi; Tu
moswavle 60 wamSi 30 sityvas ver kiTxulobs – es ukve problemaa da
Sefasebisas mas qula akldeba (ix. egra, 2010)...
swavlebis garkveul etapze moswavlem ukve unda SeZlos
gamarTuli kiTxva. es exeba ara xmamaRal, aramed Cumad kiTxvas:
gamarTulad mkiTxveli Cumad kiTxvis dros, dekodirebis gareSe,
avtomaturad amoicnobs sityvebs da advilad igebs teqstis Sinaarss;
Sesabamisad, misTvis ukve problema arar aris, ar uWirs xmamaRla
kiTxva, sasven niSnebTan saTanado pauzebs akeTebs da irCevs Sesabamis
intonacias.
momdevno etapia wakiTxulis gageba-gaazreba da teqstis
interpretacia. gansxvavebiT dekodirebisa da sityvebis amocnobisagan,
wakiTxulis gaazreba teqstis siRrmiseuli Semecnebis procesia da
masSi gadmocemuli azrebis gacnobierebasa da konstruirebas
gulisxmobs (Sdr, kiTxvis efeqturi meTodebi, 2010, gv. 13).
rasakvirvelia, TiToeuli am etapis Sefaseba gradacias
eqvemdebareba da safexurebriv zrdas gulisxmobs.
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b. wera
weras, sazogadod, wignierebis Semadgenel komponentad
ganixilaven. weris unarebis ganviTarebisas, yuradReba maxvildeba,
upirveles yovlisa, Semdeg aspeqtebze:
1. ramdenad aqvs gamosacdel pirs gacnobierebuli weris
mizani;
2. ramdenad aqvs gaazrebuli auditoria (visTvis wers);
3. aris Tu ara SesabamisobaSi (adekvaturia Tu ara) werilis
struqtura mizansa da auditoriasTan;
4. naweris enobrivi maxasiaTeblebi (leqsika, gramatika);
5. SemoqmedebiTad iyenebs damxmare detalebs saTqmelis ukeT
warmosaCenad.
weris procesi sakmaod rTulia da ramdenime etaps moicavs:
1. ideebis generireba weris dawyebamde;
2. pirveli variantis Seqmna;
3. gadamuSaveba saboloo variantis Seqmnamde;
4. redaqtireba;
5. gamoqveyneba.
rasakvirvelia, Sefasebisas unda moxdes yvela am komponentis
gaTvaliswineba; kerZod, mowmdeba:
a. teqstis struqtura (igulisxmeba iseTi parametrebi, rogoricaa
abzaci, rveulis areebidan daSoreba da a. S.);
b. logikuri aspeqtebi (ramdenad mwyobri da argumentirebulia
nawerSi gamoTqmuli azri);
g. leqsikis adekvaturad gamoyeneba;
d. gramatika;
d. marTlwera da punqtuacia.
wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis angariSi, 2010.
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weris unarebis Sefasebisas testuri davalebis ramdenime
sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, imisaTvis, Tu ramdenad
SeuZlia Semswavlels miznisa da auditoriis gansazRvra,
rekomendebulia amgvari testuri davalebis micema:
SeadginT ori dialogi: erTi megobarTan, meore
maswavlebelTan (Tema SearCieT damoukideblad).
Semswavlelis mier logikuri mimarTebebis flobis unaris
Semowmebisas SesaZlebelia, magaliTad am tipis davalebis micema:
daalageT teqsti logikuri TanmimdevrobiT (win miuwereT
rigiTi nomeri):
pirveli saaTi, romelic adamianma gamoigona, mzisa iyo,
genialurad martivi konstruqciiT - miwaSi CarWobili joxiTa
da mis garSemo daxatuli ciferblatiT. isris rols asrulebda
joxis Crdili.
Semdeg, daaxloebiT aTasi wlis win, qviSis saaTi Seqmnes. magram
es saaTi
drois mxolod mcire monakveTis, maqsimum naxevari saaTis,
gazomvas axerxebda.
magram mzis saaTis logikuri nakli is iyo, rom avdarsa da Se-
nobaSi gamousadegari iyo.
evropaSi pirveli meqanikuri saaTebi monastrebis koSkebze me-
TerTmete
saukuneSi gamoCnda.
majis saaTebi pirvelad mecxramete saukuneebSi Seqmnes mxolod
qalebisTvis. es saaTebi Zvirfasi TvlebiT iyo morTuli.
amis gamo oTxi aTasi wlis win punqtualobis moyvarulma ada-
mianebma wylis saaTi gamoigones. pirveli maRviZarac swored wy-
lis saaTs hqonda.
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rogori iqneboda Cveni cxovreba, rom ar arsebobdes saaTi, maR-
viZara da dRis grafiki? saaTis Seqmnas didi istoria aqvs.
weris procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
Semswavlelis mier Tezisis wamoWrisa da argumentebis moxmobis
unars; am unarebis gamosavlenad da Sesafaseblad SesaZlebelia
Semdegi tipis davalebebis micema:
ganavrceT mocemuli Tezisi saTanado enobrivi saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT:
mokle teqsturi Setyobineba (mesiji) mozardTa Soris
urTierTobis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa.
mocemulia kacobriobis ocamde yvelaze mniSvnelovani
gamogoneba. Tqveni azriT, am siidan romelia sami yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da ratom fiqrobT ase? pasuxi daasabuTeT
saTanado argumentebiT:
dana, webo, musikaluri istrumentebi, lamfa, qvabi,
sarke, borbali, saponi, kompasi, SuSa, denTi,
avtomanqana, TviTmfrinavi, kinokamera, televizori,
kompiuteri, xelovnuri Tanamgzavri, lazeri, printeri.
anda:
marTebulia Tu ara moyvanili Tezisi? pasuxi daasabuTeT
argumentebiT.
saqarTvelo tolerantuli qveyanaa.
dasaSvebia am tipis davalebis micemac:
aageT msjeloba mocemul Temaze::
unda misdios Tu ara adamianma modas? unda Caicvas Tu
ara adamianma modurad?
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weris erT-erTi komponentia sakuTari poziciis gamoxatva;
faqtobrivad, es komponenti Seesabameba blumis taqsonomiis umaRles
safexurs – Sefasebas da enobrivi kompetenciebis flobis maRal
dones gulisxmobs. am unaris Sesafaseblad mizanSewonilia,
magaliTad, eses tipis Semdegi davalebis micema:
gamoxateT sakuTari pozicia mocemul TemasTan
dakavSirebiT:
umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebaSi swavlisas saWiroa
Tu ara saSinao davalebebis Sesruleba?
yvelaze srulyofilad weris sxvadasxva unaris kompleqsurad
Sesafaseblad eses tipis davalebis micemaa. am SemTxvevaSi
aucilebelia zusti da obieqturi instruqciebis micema
gamsworeblebisaTvis, raTa TiToeuli komponenti obieqturad da
samarTlianad Sefasdes; mag.:
mocemulia Temebi. amoirCieT erTi maTgani da SeqmeniT
aRweriTi teqsti.
Tqveni skola
Tqveni qalaqi/sofeli
Tqveni sayvareli msaxiobi
(instruqcia: maqsimaluri qulaa 10; 3 gramatikul Secdomaze
akldeba 1 qula; leqsikis mwiri gamoyeneba – akldeba 1 qula;
logikurad gaumarTaobis SemTxvevaSi – 3 qula; teqstis
struqturuli mTlianobis darRvevisaTvis – akldeba 2 qula... da a.
S.).
gramatikuli codnis Sesamowmeblad sxvadasxva tipis
davalebebis micemaa SesaZlebeli (dawvrilebiT ix, qvemoT); metwilad
iyeneben aprobirebul da gavrcel;ebul testur davalebas:
gadaiyvaneT teqsti mesame pirSi:
abiturienti var da vemzadebi, Tan skolaSi davdivar. diliT
ise miwevs Sinidan gasvla, rom diliT Wamas ver vaxerxeb,
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amitomac drois uqonlobis gamo sxvebis msgavsad ureJimod
vikvebebi quCaSi. amis gamo sagrZnoblad movimate wona. var
depresiaSi. mudmivad ukmayofilo var Cemi TaviT da mTlianad
Cemi cxovrebiT. mirCieT, ra vqna? rogorc miTxres, saukeTeso
gamosavali fizikuri aqtivobaa, gansakuTrebiT curvaze
siaruli. magram, gulaxdilad rom vTqva, mezareba amis
gakeTeba, arada, darwmunebuli var, CemTvis sasurvel Sedegs
male miviReb.
adreul asakSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, garkveulwilad
gansxvavebul unarebze keTdeba aqcenti; magaliTad, am etapze
SeuZlebelia, moviTxovoT bavSvisgan logikuri msjelobis
srulyofileba, anda marTlwerisa da punqtuaciis wesebis dacva;
Tumca, aucilebelia iseTi moTxovnebis dakmayofileba
gamosacdelisgan, rogoricaa:
1. wers Tu ara yvela asos;
2. SeuZlia Tu ara teqstis gadawera;
3. SeuZlia Tu ara sityvebisa da winadadebebis karnaxiT Cawera;
4. SeuZlia Tu ara winadadebis konstruireba...
adreuli wignierebis kvleva, egra, 2009
momdevno etapze fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:
asaxelebs punqtuaciis niSnebs da aRwers maT daniSnulebas;
Segnebulad iyenebs gramatikis, orTografiis, punqtuaciis
praqtikulad aucilebel minimums; wers naratiul/TxrobiT an
aRweriT abzacs; wers argumentirebul eses struqturis dacviT,
Tezisis CamoyalibebiT da argumentebis moSveliebiT...
unda Sefasdes agreTve, ramdenad SeuZlia gamosacdels misTvis
nacnob martiv Temebze azrobrivad gamarTuli teqstis dawera, unda
SeeZlos sakuTari STabeWdilebebis da gamocdilebis gadmocema,
sakuTari mosazrebis dasacavad argumentebisa da kontrargumentebis
moyvana, movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis logikurad gadmocema; mizezisa
da miznis gadmocema; unda SeeZlos werilebis wera, romlebSic
garkveulad aRwers movlenebisadmi pirad damokidebulebebs... yvela
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es moTxovna enis flobis doneTa gansxvavebul safexurebs
ganekuTvneba da Sesabamisad, testi iRebs kriteriumze orientirebul
xasiaTs _ zustad ganisazRvreba, Tu romel safexurze imyofeba
gamosacdeli (A1, A2, B1, B2...).
g. leqsika
leqsika da gramatika, bunebrivia, enobriv unarebad ar
ganixileba: yvela sametyvelo unar-Cvevis (laparaki, mosmena, kiTxva,
wera...) ganviTarebisaTvis Semadgeneli komponentia leqsikuri maragis
Sevseba da gramatikuli (rogorc morfologiuri, aseve sintaqsuri)
struqturis aTviseba... am Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, Sefasebis
mizani unda iyos ara mxolod imis Semowmeba, Tu ra odenobis
leqsikuri maragi aqvT moswavleebs (amis Semowmeba, praqtikulad,
SeuZlebelia), aramed imis Sefaseba, Tu ramdenad kargad floben
isini kiTxvis, mosmenis Tu weris sxvadasxva strategias ucnobi
leqsikuri erTeulebis mniSvnelobis gasagebad, anu ramdenad
efeqturad iyeneben teqstze darTul sacnobaro aparats (leqsikons
da sqolioebs...), aseve, ra saazrovno unarebs iyeneben maT amosacnobad
– magaliTad, SeuZliaT Tu ara konteqstze dayrdnobiT ucnobi
leqsikuri erTeulebis sworad gageba da aRqma. (enaTa flobis...(1),
2008, gv. 178)
Cveulebriv, leqsikuri maragis flobis Sesamowmeblad,
sametyvelo qmedebebis im Tematuri sferoebidan iReben sityvebs
(rasakvirvelia, SerCeviT), romelTa codnac aucilebelia ama Tu im
konkretul doneze; magaliTad, A1 doneze sabanko saqmianobis an
iurisprudenciis sferodan SerCeuli leqsikuri erTeulebis (miT
umetes – terminebis) codnas ver movTxovT Semswavlels... gamoiyeneba
Semdegi saxis testuri davalebebi:
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mravalwertilis nacvlad CasviT saTanado sityva:
biZa, babua, deidaSvili - Cemi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arian.
weliwadis romeli dro modis gazafxulis Semdeg?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sad SeiZleba iyidoT:
1. rveuli? ___________________________
2. msxali? ___________________________
4. Jurnali? ___________________________
5. sanTebela? ___________________________
6. tansacmeli? ___________________________
7. puri? ___________________________
8. Termometri? ___________________________
gaarkvieT sityvebis zogadi mniSvnelobebi:
biWi, kaci, qali, gogo... (= adamiani);
kata, ZaRli, Zroxa, cxvari... =
WianWvela, qaTami, mgeli, adamiani... =
qva, magida, rveuli, ezo... =
ra ufro didia:
qva Tu lodi? _
arwivi Tu bulbuli?
daTvi Tu Tagvi? _
mze Tu dedamiwa? _
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gaixsene sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone sityva:
• dila _ (saRamo).
• Rame _ .................................
• sinaTle _ ................................
• maRali _ ...........................
winadadebaSi: `qalaqSi unda waxvide da wignebi Camoitano~ _ ra
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba sityva unda?
a. gamoxatavs survils.
b. gamoxatavs valdebulebas.
g. gamoxatavs brZanebas.
d. gramatika
cnebaSi `gramatikuli kompetencia~ igulisxmeba enis gramatikuli
saSualebebis codnisa da gamoyenebis unari.
enis gramatika SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc principebis erTia-
noba, romelic aqcevs elementebis erTobliobas Sinaarsis mqone wi-
nadadebad. gramatikuli kompetencia iZleva kargad formulirebuli
frazebiTa da winadadebebiT Sinaarsis gamoxatvisa da gagebis saSua-
lebas. nebismieri enis gramatika am gagebiT aris metad amomwuravad
damuSavebuli kompleqsuri erToblioba. kompetenciis gansasjeli ar
aris, Tu romeli maTganis gamoyenebas miecema prioriteti. momxmare-
beli unda waxalisdes, raTa mihyves Tavis arCevans da gamoiyenos
praqtikaSi (enaTa flobis...(1), 2008, gv. 180). Cven aq SemovifarglebiT
zogierTi parametriTa da kategoriiT, romelic farTodaa gamoyene-
buli gramatikul aRwerilobaSi.
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enis gramatikuli wyobis aRwera gulisxmobs Semdeg cnebaTa
konkretizacias:
elementebi, mag.: morfemebi, Zireuli morfemebi da afiqsebi,
sityvebi.
kategoriebi, mag.: ricxvi, brunva, piri, konkretuli / abstraqtu-
li, gardamavali / gardauvali, moqmedebiTi /
vnebiTi gvari, dro, aspeqti...
klasebi, mag.: uRleba, bruneba, Ria leqsikuri klasebi: arse-
biTi, zedsarTavi, zmna, zmnizeda....
struqturebi, mag.: rTuli da Sedgenili sityvebi, Sesityvebebi
(zmnuri, saxeluri da a. S.), martivi winadadeba,
rTuli winadadeba (rTuli Tanwyobili, rTuli
qvewyobili).
procesebi, mag.: nominalizacia, afiqsacia, supletivizmi, gra-
dacia, transpozicia, transformacia.
winadadebis wevrTa
urTierTobis saxeebi,
mag,:
marTva, SeTanxmeba, mirTva.
gramatikis Seswavlis dros tradiciulad mijnaven
morfologiasa da sintaqss.
morfologia swavlobs sityvebis Sinagan organizebas, sityvaSi
gamoiyofa:
fuZe da Ziri;
afiqsebi (prefiqsebi, sufiqsebi, infiqsebi).
sityvaTwarmoeba:
sityvebi SeiZleba dajgufdes Semdegnairad:
martivi sityvebi (kac-i, wign-i...);
rTuli sityvebi (Ziri+afiqsi, mag.: kac-ur-i, u-wign-ur-i...);
Sedgenili sityvebi (Seicavs erT Zirze mets, mag.: de-
da+ena=dedaena, ded-mama... ).
morfologia aseve swavlobs formaTwarmoqmnis xerxebs.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
63
sintaqsis sagans warmoadgens winadadebaSi sityvaTa urTierTmi-
marTeba elementebis, struqturebis, kategoriebis, klasebis, procese-
bisa da urTierTobis saxeebis doneze. amasTanave, sintaqsi swavlobs
winadadebaSi sityvaTa urTierTobebs garkveuli wesebis kompleqsis
safuZvelze. ufrosi asakis enis matareblis sintaqsi sakmaod rTulia
da maTi warmoqmna xdeba umetesad gaucnobiereblad. garkveuli Si-
naarsis mqone winadadebis agebis unari udevs safuZvlad komunika-
ciur kompetencias.
(enaTa flobis...(1), 2008, gv. 185).
qvemoT warmodgenili cxrili aucilebelia gramatikuli sizus-
tisaTvis. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia ise-
Ti universaluri cxrilis Sedgena, romelic gansazRvravs Semswav-
lelis gramatikuli struqturis flobis dones. yvela enisaTvis am
cxrils zogadi saxe aqvs da yvela enisaTvis specifikuri `ganSlaa~
aucilebeli:
gramatikuli sizuste
C2 mudmivad inarCunebs gramatikuli sizustis maRal dones rTuli mety-
velebis dros, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca yuradReba ifanteba raRac mi-
zezis gamo (magaliTad, momdevno gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisas, sxvebis
reaqciis monitoringis dros).
C1 mudmivad inarCunebs gramatikuli sizustis maRal dones, iSviaTad uS-
vebs sxvebisaTvis SeumCnevel uzustobebs.
B2 gramatikuli kontrolis maRali donis Cveneba: winadadebis agebisas
mcire xarvezebi, romelTa aRmofxvrac TviTonve SeuZlia.
gramatikuli sizustis SedarebiT maRali done. Semswavleli ar uSvebs
iseT Secdomebs, romlebic daamaxinjebs gamonaTqvamis azrs.
B1 nacnob situaciebSi metyvelebs sakmaod zustad, Tumca emCneva mSobli-
uri enis gavlena. aqvs Secdomebi, magram gamonaTqvamis zogadi azri
savsebiT naTelia.
sakmaod kargad iyenebs garkveul standartul konstruqciebs winaswar
gansazRvrul situaciebSi.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
64
A2 sworad iyenebs martiv gramatikul konstruqciebs, magram mudmivad uS-
vebs tipur Secdomebs. magaliTad, ereva droebi, arasworad aformebs
SeTanxmebas, Tumca gamonaTqvamis azri naTelia.
A1 SeuZlia dazepirebuli martivi konstruqciebisa da winadadebebis mod-
elebis SezRuduli raodenobis gamoyeneba.
enaTa flobis...(1), 2008, gv. 186)
mocemuli zogadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda moxdes
Semswavlelis gramatikuli kompetenciis Sefaseba. amisaTvis ramdenime
tipis testuri davaleba gamoiyeneba; nimuSis saxiT gTavazobT
ramdenime magaliTs:
romelia swori forma:
a) bavSvma kari gaaRo da oTaxSi Sevida
b) bavSvma kari gaaRo da oTaxSi gadavida
g) bavSvma kari gaaRo da oTaxSi gamovida
d) bavSvma kari gaaRo da oTaxSi wavida
mocemuli formebidan CasviT winadadebaSi erT-erTi:
1. ____________ saxlSi ar viqnebi (guSin / xval).
2. ____________ Tavisufali var (guSin / dRes).
3. ____________ TeatrSi kargi speqtaklia (dRes / guSin-
win).
4. ____________ diliT sad iqneba Seni Zma? (guSinwin /
mazeg)
5. ____________ maRaziaSi viyavi da kargi Sarvali
viyide. (guSin / xval)
CasviT formebi nimuSis mixedviT:
1. nino (1987-1989) 1987 wlidan 1989 wlamde parizSi cxo-vrobda.
2. maia (6-10saaTi) ______________________ CemTan iqneba.
3. (samSabaTi _ xuSabaTi) ____________________ ar mcalia.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
65
4. am skolaSi vswavlobdi (1990-1995) ___________________
5. (7 saaTi _ 9 saaTi) ______________ saxlSi ar viqnebi.
CasviT saTanado daboloebebi sityvebis bolos:
yvelani saxl... vbrundebiT; am adamian... yvela kargs
ambobs; Teatr... dRes premieraa; saxurav... karlsoni
dabinavda; am ambav... didxans vfiqrobdi; skola... mivdivar;
Tixis... WurWeli keTdeba; saxlisa... wavedi.
calke ganixileba orTografiisa da punqtuaciis
sferoebi; rasakvirvelia, am mimarTulebiTac unda moxdes
Semswavlelis Sefaseba:
gaxazeT swori formebi:
merabma, ramazim, levans, oTarma, nestanize, Tengiz! merabim,
levanma, ramazize, Tamarim, eTeri! levan! eTerma, nodarim,
ramazi! guramisTan, zaurma, daviT! Tamazze, baqarma, zurab!
eldarisTan, nestanma, eTer! eldari! Temurma.
CasviT gamotovebul adgilas:
Sens gamo, Sen gamo, Sengamo.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ver wavedi.
CasviT sityvebi saTanado formaSi:
1. wyalwaRebuli ___________ eWidebao. (xavsi)
2. mweralma mravali moTxroba miuZRvna ______________ da
_________________. (Tbilisi; quTaisi)
3. __________ da qaosma qveyana ganadgurebamde miiyvana. (omi)
4. am ______________ sasiamovno mogonebebi makavSirebs. (nivTi)
5. ___________ yvela msurveli ver daitia. (gemi)
enis Sefaseba da testireba
66
gaasworeT Secdomebi:
1. nuca manqanas akeTebiebs. _______________________________ 2. man saxli cnobil dizainers daaproeqtebia.
________________________________________________ 3. eka paltos ninos akerinebs.
__________________________________________ 4. saCuqari dedam SearCevia.
__________________________________________ 5. mgzavrma mZRols avtobusi gaaCerebia.
____________________________________________________
dasviT mZimeebi:
1. lamazi gogoebi jinsis SarvlebSi gamowyobilebi un-
iversitetSi movidnen.
2. lukam saSinlad aRelvebulma da gafiTrebulma luk-
mac ver gadaylapa.
3. saba fiqrebSi garTuli tiroda.
4. gogona dedis mkerdSi miyuCebuli ukve icinoda.
5. bavSvebi SeSinebulni da dasvelebulni Sin dabrundnen.
sazogadod, enis swavlebis maRal safexurebze ufro meti
moTxovnaa gramatikuli aspeqtebis mimarT. mxolod gramatikul
formaTa analizi aRar aris sakmarisi da gamosacdels moeTxoveba
teqstis enis aRqma-gageba, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli tipis
teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gramatikuli konstruqciebis, avtorisa
Tu personaJis enis, profesiuli leqsikis, Jargonis, dialeqturi
formebisa da arqaizmebis amocnobasa da gagebas, aseve
frazeologizmebisa da mxatvruli xerxebis amocnobas, maTi Sinaarsis
aRqma-gagebas.
teqstis enis gaanalizeba da Sefaseba - es aris wakiTxuli
teqstis enobrivi analizi im enobriv-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT
(mxatvruli saxeebi, specialuri leqsika, enobrivi konstruqciebi da
enis Sefaseba da testireba
67
sxv.), romlebic qmnian sxvadasxva Janris mxatvrul da aramxatvrul
teqstebs.
meore enis Sefasebisas teqstis enis analizis unari mxolod
umaRles safexurebze (C1, C2) SeiZleba movTxovoT Semswavlels. am
unarebis ganviTareba sakmaod maRali enobrivi kompetenciebis
dauflebas gulisxmobs...
enis Sefaseba da testireba
68
3. TviTSefaseba
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, imisaTvis, rom moswavle SeeCvios saku-
Tari pasuxis Semowmebas, Camouyalibdes Secdomis mimarT swori da-
mokidebuleba, daZlios SiSi Secdomis winaSe, mas saSualeba unda
mivceT, Tavad Seafasos sakuTari codna (unarebi).
TviTSefaseba aris Semswavlelis mier enis flobis donis
miseuli Sefaseba.
gamokvlevaTa Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom Tu Sefaseba ar aris
`sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisa~ (mag.: kursidan kursze gadasvla)
TviTSefaseba SeiZleba gamodges, rogorc damatebiTi argumenti enis
flobis obieqturi, srulyofili SefasebisTvis. TviTSefasebis
obieqturoba miT ufro maRalia, rodesac eyrdnoba mkafiod aRweril
indikatorebs, romlebic gansazRvraven enis flobis standartebs;
Sefaseba iqneba ufro zusti, Tu Semswavlels `aswavlian~
TviTSefasebas. aseTi struqturirebuli TviTSefaseba SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes maswavleblis Sefasebasa da testis Sefasebas. rac im
SeTanxmebuli Sefasebis ekvivalenturia, romelic dadgenilia
maswavlebelTa Soris testebisa da maswavleblis Sefasebis Soris
(Tanxvedra-validuroba).
magram TviTSefasebis mTavari amocanaa Semswavlelis motivaciis
amaRleba da enis Seswavlisadmi misi Segnebuli damokidebuleba: is
exmareba Semswavlels, Seafasos Tavisi Zlieri mxareebi, gaarkvios
sakuTari sisusteebi da moaxdinos Tavisi saswavlo qmedebebis
koreqcia.
TviTSefasebis standartizaciis mizniT, Eevropis sabWom
SeimuSava evropuli enobrivi portfolio (ELP), romlis meSveobiTac
mTeli evropis masStabiT nebismieri asakisa da warmoSobis enis
SemswavlelT SeuZliaT aRnusxon sakuTari enobrivi SesaZleblobani.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
69
portfolio personaluri dokumentia, romelsac flobs da re-
gularulad ganaaxlebs Semswavleli. igi sami ganyofilebisagan Sed-
geba:
sapasporto ganyofileba, romelic aRnusxavs enobriv kvalifi-
kacias da SesaZleblobebs (formaluri da araformaluri)
saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli saxiT;
enobrivi da kulturuli biografiis ganyofileba, romelSic
Semswavlelebs SeuZliaT aRweron enis codna da swavlisas mi-
Rebuli STabeWdilebebi rac SeiZleba met enasTan mimarTebiT;
dosie _ Semswavlelis mier gaweuli Sromis magaliTebis gan-
saTavseblad, miznad isaxavs ra adamianTa motivirebas enebis
Sesaswavlad, rogorc formaluri ganaTlebis farglebSi, ise
mis gareT, portfolio xels Seuwyobs evropaSi mobiluroba-
sac, radgan is naTlad aRnusxavs adamianis enobriv SesaZleb-
lobebs, rac am ukanasknels mniSvnelovnad gamoadgeba samuSao
ganacxadis Sevsebisas, romelime saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-
baSi Sesvlisas da a.S.
ELPportfolios nimuSebis akreditaciis wesebi SeTanxmda da akredi-
taciaze pasuxismgeblobis asaRebad kulturuli TanamSromlobis
sabWos ganaTlebis komitetis xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna evropis vali-
daciis komiteti. portfolio amoqmedda 2001 _ `evropis enaTa~ wels.
dResdReobiT aqtiurad ganixileba sakiTxi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
`evropuli enobrivi portfolios~ farTo danergvis Sesaxeb. enobrivi
portfolio saSualebas miscems Semswavlels, daafiqsiros Tavisi
gza mravalenovnebis misaRwevad da warmoaCinos Tavisi miRwevebi
sxvadasxva enaSi. enobrivi portfolio mowodebulia imisTvis, rom
Semswavlelma regularulad ganaxorcielos Sesaswavli enis flobis
donis TviTSefaseba. imisaTvis, rom enobriv portfolioSi
warmodgenili cnobebi sarwmunod iqnes miRebuli, is unda iyos
Sevsebuli dafiqrebulad, yovelgvari orazrovnebis gamoricxviT.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
70
enobrivi portfolio aris Semswavlelis _ moswavlis an
studentis sakuTreba. is Tan sdevs Semswavlels swavlis mTeli
procesis ganmavlobaSi, Tundac manamde, sanam isini Seicvlian
akademiur Tu saswavlo kurss.
evropuli enobrivi portfolio momxmareblebs aZlevs Semdeg
saSualebebs:
Caiweros maTi yvela enobrivi unari da gamocdileba sxvadasxva
enis gamoyenebaSi, sxva qveynebSi an danarCen regionebSi da im
enaze metyvelebTan kontaqtebi, romlebic gansxvavdeba maTi
mSobliuri enisagan (enebisagan) ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos maTi
wardgena mesame mxarisTvis;
ganviTardes maTi enis swavlis avtonomiuroba, anu imaze fiqri,
Tu rogor saqmianoben da swavliT rogor axdenen
TviTSefasebas;
mizanmimarTuli svla namdvili mravalenovnebisken.
rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, `enaTa flobis zogadevropuli
kompetenciebi~ yofs doneebis skalas sxvadasxva enobrivi aqtivobis
mixedviT: mosmena - kiTxva - wera - metyvelebiTi interaqtivi – zepiri
warmoTqma. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven viRebT TviTSefasebis bades,
romelic qvemoTaa mocemuli. am badis TiToeul blokSi `enaTa
flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebi~ warmoadgens gansazRvrebas,
romelic gansxvavdeba sxva blokebis Sinaarsisgan vertikaluri
RerZis gaswvriv gamoyenebuli enis aqtivobis tipis mixedviT da
horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv _ SeZenili kompetenciis doniT. amis
gamo, moswavlis kompetenciis done SesaZlebelia dadgindes cal-
calke TiToeul aqtivobaSi misi unaris mixedviT. magaliTad, erTi da
igive pirovneba sakmaod obieqturad da bunebrivad SeiZleba Sefasdes
A2 doneze wakiTxulis gagebaSi (recefciuli unari) da A1 doneze _
weriT gamoxatvaSi (producirebis unari, romelic droSi, rogorc
wesi, misdevs recefciul unarebs) qarTul (meore) enaSi...
enis Sefaseba da testireba
71
swavlis sxvadasxva tipebis, piradi saqmianobebis Tu
samsaxurebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad moswavleebma an
studentebma SesaZlebelia gadawyviton, koncentracia moaxdinon erT
enobriv aqtivobaze, vidre meoreze da, amgvarad, gamoavlinon sakmao
disbalansi gagebis (recefciis) Tu producirebis miRweul doneebs
Soris, iqneba es zepiri Tu weriTi. sxvadasxva enobriv aqtivobaSi
kompetenciis doneebs Soris disbalansi bunebrivad unda miviRoT. es
asimetria ar aris dabrkoleba, aramed SesaZlebelia swavlis biZgad
iqces. swavlebis Tanamimdevrobebi metad mravalricxovania, kerZod,
lingvistur kvalificiurobaSi gansxvavebebi imas Soris, Tu ra aris
aucilebeli gagebisTvis da ra aris aucilebeli producirebisaTvis.
TviTSefasebis badis wyalobiT xuT sxvadasxva sakomunikacio
aqtivobaSi amJamad enis Semswavlelebs aqvT arsebuli realobis
zustad Caweris saSualeba:
A1 A2 B1
e n i s g
a g e b
a
audireba
me SemiZlia im
nacnobi sityve-
bisa da martivi
frazebis gageba,
rac me, Cems
ojaxs da Cems
axlo garemocvas
exeba, roca ada-
mianebi lapar-
akoben nela da
mkafiod.
me SemiZlia cal-
keuli frazebisa
da xSirad xmare-
buli sityvebis
gageba im gamo-
naTqvamebSi, rom-
lebic CemTvis
saintereso Temebs
exeba (mag. ZiriTa-
di informacia
sakuTari Tavis,
ojaxis, sacxovre-
beli adgilis,
samuSaos Sesaxeb).
me SemiZlia imis
gageba, Tu razea
saubari mokle
martiv, mkafiod
naTqvam Setyobine-
bebsa da gancxa-
debebSi.
me SemiZlia gavi-
go naTeli, stan-
dartuli metyve-
lebis mTavari
azri, romelic
regularulad
mesmis samsaxurSi,
skolaSi, dasvene-
bis periodSi da
a. S. aseve SemiZ-
lia radio da te-
le programebSi
Cems pirad da
profesiul inte-
resebTan dakav-
Sirebuli Tu
mimdinare sakiT-
xebis mTavari az-
ris gageba, rode-
sac gadacema mim-
dinareobs Se-
darebiT nela da
enis Sefaseba da testireba
72
mkafiod.
wakiTxva me SemiZlia gan-
cxadebebSi, pla-
katebsa an kata-
logebSi nacnobi
saxelebis, sity-
vebisa da Zalian
martivi winada-
debebis gageba.
me SemiZlia Zali-
an mokle teqste-
bis gageba. me Se-
miZlia yoveldRi-
uri urTierTobi-
sas martivi, kon-
kretuli, advilad
misaxvedri infor-
maciis povna: rek-
lamaSi, meniuSi,
ganrigebSi. me Se-
miZlia kerZo xa-
siaTis werilebis
gageba
me SemiZlia yo-
veldRiuri da
profesiuli ur-
TierTobebis eno-
briv masalaze
agebuli teqstis
gageba. me SemiZ-
lia kerZo xasia-
Tis werilebSi
aRwerili movle-
nebis, grZnobebisa
da survilebis
gageba
m e t y v e l
e b a
dialogi me SemiZlia mar-
tivi dialogi
pirovnebasTan,
Tu is Cemi Txov-
niT gai-meorebs
Tavis naTqvams,
an Camo-ayalibebs
mas ufro neli
tempiT da damex-
mareba Cemi saTq-
melis formu-
lirebaSi. me Se-
miZlia martivi
SekiTxvis dasma
da pasuxis gace-
ma CemTvis nac-
nobi an sainte-
reso Temebis
farglebSi
me SemiZlia urTi-
erToba martiv,
tipobriv situa-
ciebSi, sadac mo-
meTxoveba CemTvis
nacnobi Temebisa
da saqmianobis
farglebSi infor-
maciis uSualo
gacvla. me SemiZ-
lia Caveba Zalian
mokle saubarSi
socialur Temebze
da maSinac ki
yvelafers ver
gavigeb ise, rom
damoukideblad
warvmarTo di-
alogi.
me SemiZlia im
mravalgvar situ-
aciaSi urTier-
Toba, romelic
warmoiSoba Se-
saswavli enis qve-
yanaSi yofnisas.
me SemiZlia moum-
zadeblad miviRo
monawileoba di-
alogebSi CemTvis
nacnob / sainte-
reso Temebze (mag.
`ojaxi~, `hobi~,
`samsaxuri~, `mog-
zauroba~, `mimdi-
nare movlenebi~).
monologi me SemiZlia mar-
tivi winadadebe-
bisa da fraze-
bis gamoyenebiT
movyve CemTvis
nacnobi adamia-
nebis an Cemi
sacxovrebeli
me SemiZlia
ubralo frazebi-
Ta da winadadebe-
biT movyve Cemi
ojaxisa da sxva
xalxis, cxovrebis
pirobebisa da
swavlis, amJamin-
me SemiZlia mar-
tivi saSualebe-
biT erTmaneTs
daukavSiro fra-
zebi, rom aRvwe-
ro piradi Sta-
beWdilebebi da
movlenebi, movyve
enis Sefaseba da testireba
73
adgilis Sesaxeb. deli da Zveli
samsaxuris Sesax-
eb.
Cemi ocnebebis,
imedebisa da sur-
vilebis Sesaxeb.
me SemiZlia
mokled avxsna da
davasabuTo Cemi
Sexedulebebi da
gegmebi. me SemiZ-
lia ambis moyola
da wignis an
filmis Sinaarsis
gadmocema da mis
mimarT Cemi damo-
kidebulebis ga-
moxatva.
w e r
a
wera me SemiZlia misa-
loci baraTebis
wera, formula-
rebis Sevseba,
sastumros sare-
gistracio fur-
celSi gvaris,
erovnebis, misa-
marTis Setana.
me SemiZlia mokle
SetyobinebaTa da
baraTebis wera. me
SemiZlia martivi
piradi xasiaTis
werilis dawera
(mag. vinmes mimarT
madlierebis
grZnobis gamoxat-
va).
me SemiZlia CemT-
vis nacnob an
saintereso Te-
mebze martivi
gabmuli teqstis
dawera. me SemiZ-
lia kerZo xasia-
Tis werilis da-
wera, romelSic
Cems gancdebsa da
StabeWdilebebzea
saubari.
qarTuli enisaTvis enobrivi portfolio 2011 wels Seiqmna.
wesisamebr, igi 3 nawilisgan Sedgeba da efuZneba zogadevropul
standartebs. gTvazobT amonarids am portfoliodan (srulad ix.
evropuli enobrivi portfolio, Tbilisi, `saimedo~, 2011):
enis Sefaseba da testireba
74
danarTi 1
`Cemi unarebi~
T v i T S e f a s e b a
(aramSobliuri enebis Cemeuli Sefaseba)
qvemoT moTavsebuli TiToeuli cxrili gankuTvnilia Seni
unarebis gamosavlenad im aramSobliur enebSi, romlebsac
swavlob. maT SefasebaSi dagexmareba TviTSefasebis tabula.
Cemi unarebi
ena ----------------------------------------------
TariRi ---------------------------------------
enis gasaRebi
A 1
enis safuZveli
A 2
zRvruli done
B 1
roca vismen
roca vsaubrob
roca vkiTxulob
me SemiZlia dav-
wero
enis Sefaseba da testireba
75
danarTi 2
`Cemi enobrivi biografia~
Mmosmena
enis gasaRebi
A 1
me SemiZlia calkeuli sityvebisa da winadadebebis gageba moT-
xrobebsa da zRaprebSi.
me SemiZlia martivi sabavSvo leqsebisa da simRerebis gageba.
me SemiZlia gavigo pirovnebis saxeli, gvari da misamarTi.
me SemiZlia martivi Txovnis gageba.
me SemiZlia warmoTqmuli saxelebis, gvarebis, ricxvebis, saaTis
gageba.
me SemiZlia martivi Txovnis, SekiTxvis gageba, Tu melaparake-
bian nela.
me SemiZlia martivi brZanebis gageba da misi Sesruleba.
me SemiZlia gavigo, roca mekiTxebian Cems vinaobas da misa-
marTs.
me aseve SemiZlia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
enis Sefaseba da testireba
76
danarTi 3
`Cemi dosie~
Caawyve saqaRaldeSi yovelive is, ris Senaxva da sxvebisTvis
Cveneba ginda. es SeiZleba iyos:
_ SenTvis saintereso suraTebi, romlebsac warwerebi aqvs
SenTvis meore an ucxo enaze.
_ weriTi davalebebi.
_ Sesworebuli da Sefasebuli sakontrolo samuSaoebi.
_ sakuTari metyvelebis magnitofiri an CD.
_ da ase Semdeg...
Sen SegiZlia mudmivad Seavso es saqaRalde axali masaliT.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
77
danarTi 4
maswavleblis gverdi
moswavle ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sesaswavli ena /enebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------
sagnebi, romlebic iswavleba aramSobliur enaze -------------------------
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enis flobis donis Sefaseba: moswavlis warmatebebis mokle
daxasiaTeba
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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maswavleblis xelmowera ------------------------------------------------------------------
moswavle ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sesaswavli ena /enebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------
sagnebi, romlebic iswavleba aramSobliur enaze -------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
enis flobis donis Sefaseba: moswavlis warmatebebis mokle
daxasiaTeba
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
enis Sefaseba da testireba
78
Tavi 3
testirebis mniSvneloba
meore enis swavlebis procesSi
Sesavali
testireba Sefasebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi formaa. ganaTle-
bis sxvadasxva safexurze testireba gamoiyeneba, rogorc codnisa da
unarebis Sefasebis erT-erTi obieqturi da SedarebiT swrafad
ganxorcielebadi meTodi.
testirebis instruments testi warmoadgens.
ra aris testi?
testi (test) inglisuri sityvaa da niSnavs gasinjvas, gamocdas,
Semowmebas. testi specialuri kvlevis meTodia, romelic uzrunvel-
yofs adamianTa codnis, SesaZleblobebisa da unar-Cvevebis obieqtur,
swraf da sando Sefasebas. testi _ es aris sazomi instrumenti, ro-
melic mecnierul meTodologias efuZneba. testis Seqmnisa da anali-
zis Teorias Seiswavlis mecnierebis specialuri dargi, romelsac
fsiqometrika ewodeba.
testis, rogorc sazomi instrumentis umniSvnelovanesi cnebebia
validoba, sandooba, aratendenciuroba _ maT xSirad testis ganzo-
milebebsac uwodeben.
Cveulebriv, testi Sedgeba amocanebisa da kiTxvebisgan, romleb-
sac testur davalebebs an testur kiTxvebs uwodeben. magram testi
ar aris testuri davalebebis (kiTxvebis) ubralo nakrebi, igi mec-
nieruli meTodologiis safuZvelze garkveuli wesebiT Sedgenili
instrumentia, sadac TiToeul testur davalebas an davalebaTa
jgufs Tavisi gansazRvruli funqcia aqvs. amavdroulad, testSi ga-
moyenebuli yoveli testuri davaleba garkveul kriteriumebs unda
enis Sefaseba da testireba
79
akmayofilebdes. amitom testis Sedgena sakmaod rTuli da Sromate-
vadi procesia. am process testuri davalebebis Sedgenas uwodeben.
mecnierebaSi cnobilia testis Sedgenis sxvadasxva teqnika, Tumca yo-
veli maTgani aucileblad moicavs ramdenime mniSvnelovan etaps. ese-
nia: testis miznis da amocanis gansazRvra, Sesafasebeli codnis da
unarebis gansazRvra, testis specifikaciis Sedgena, testSi testuri
davalebebis tipebis balansis dadgena, testuri davalebebis Sedgena,
testuri davalebebis empiriuli gamocda da testis konstruireba.
TiToeuli es etapi, Tavis mxriv, moicavs araerT safexurs da swored
amitom, Cveulebriv, testis Seqmnaze specialistTa sakmaod didi jgu-
fi muSaobs, romelic Sedgeba fsiqometrikosebis, sagnobrivi da tes-
turi davalebebis specialistebis, ganviTarebis, kognituri fsiqo-
logiisa da sxv. specialistebisgan.
testis Sedgenisas pirvel rigSi Zalian mkafiod unda iyos gan-
sazRvruli testis saboloo mizani. zustad unda ganisazRvros, Tu
ris garkveva gvsurs moswavlis codnisa da unarebis Sesaxeb. mniSvne-
lovania gvaxsovdes, rom, testirebis mizans ar warmoadgens moswav-
lis `gamoWera~, aramed imis aRnusxva, Tu ra codna da unarebi aqvs
moswavles an ra aiTvisa man swavlis procesSi (testuri davalebebis
Seqmnis xelovneba, 2009 gv. 4).
sazogadod, testirebis miznebi SeiZleba iyos: aTvisebuli
codnis Sefaseba; qveyanaSi, regionSi, raionSi an romelime konkretul
skolaSi arsebuli codnis donis dadgena garkveul sagansa Tu gark-
veul klasSi; swavlasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis diagnostireba,
enis flobis sertifikatis miniWeba da a.S. rogoric ar unda iyos
testirebis mizani, igi yovelTvis moicavs arsebuli saganmanaTle-
blo sistemis sxvadasxva komponentsa da aspeqtebs da maTs mimarTebas
moswavleTa testirebis SedegebTan. testirebis miznebidan gamomdina-
re unda ganisazRvros, Tu ra codnisa da unarebis Sefaseba gvinda
(am sakiTxebze qvemoT specialurad SevCerdebiT) da mxolod amis
Semdeg xdeba testuri davalebebis (kiTxvebis) Seqmnaze muSaoba.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
80
testi Sedgeba testuri davalebebisgan, romlebic swavlis
procesis sxvadasxva komponents, unarebsa da codnas zomavs. testuri
davaleba ar aris ubralod SekiTxva, iseTi, rogoric maswavlebelma
SeiZleba dasvas klasSi gakveTilis msvlelobisas an moswavlis gamo-
kiTxvisas. Tumca testis rveulSi (an bukletSi), romelsac moswavle
avsebs, testuri davaleba kiTxvis saxiT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili,
magram is unda iyos Zalian mkafiod da araorazrovnad Camoyalibe-
buli da, amavdroulad, winaswar unda arsebobdes am kiTxvis SesaZlo
pasuxebis Sefasebis zusti, sando da obieqturi kriteriumebi. Tu
testuri davalebis SesaZlo pasuxebi da maTi Sefasebis kriteriumebi
ar aris mkafiod gansazRvruli, maSin igi testur davalebad ver
CaiTvleba, radgan araerTgvarovani interpretaciis SesaZleblobas
iZleva sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva Semfaseblis mxridan.
SesaZlebelia, testuri davaleba arc iyos kiTxvis saxiT war-
modgenili da moswavles moeTxovebodes konkretuli amocanis an da-
valebis Sesruleba, romelic testis an testuri davalebis instruq-
ciaSia mocemuli. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom TiToeuli testuri da-
valeba specifikur mizans emsaxureba da, Sesabamisad, damoukideblad
funqcionirebs. kargi testis aucilebeli pirobaa yoveli davalebis
uSecdomod da gamarTulad Camoyalibeba. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs,
rom Tu erTi testuri davaleba xarveziania, mTlianad testis Sedege-
bi eWvqveS unda dadges, radgan saboloo qulasTan mimarTebiT, TiTo-
euli testuri davaleba damoukidebelia.
maswavleblebi xSirad svamen xolme kiTxvas: romeli testia
ukeTesi da aris Tu ara romelime konkretuli testi saukeTeso. pa-
suxi martivia: idealuri testi, romelic yvela miznisTvis iqneba va-
liduri da sando (da, Sesabamisad, mogvcems obieqtur da zust Sede-
gebs) ar arsebobs, radgan erTi testi SeiZleba iyos sruliad adekva-
turi erTi garkveuli miznisTvis da sruliad aravaliduri sxva
SemTxvevaSi. swored amitom, rogorc zemoT iTqva, sanam testis kons-
truireba daiwyeba, naTlad unda iyos gansazRvruli, Tu ra mizne-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
81
bisTvis iqmneba testi. SeiZleba CamovTvaloT sruliad sxvadasxva mi-
zani, romelsac SeiZleba emsaxurebodes enis testi. mag.:
gazomo da Seafaso enobrivi daxelovneba im kursebTan mimar-
TebiT, romlis aRebac (SemdgomSi swavlac) mouwevs moswavles.
Seafaso, rogoria moswavleTa warmateba kursis daZlevaSi;
gansazRvro moswavleTa susti da Zlieri mxareebi;
gansazRvro enis flobis is safexuri an programis is etapi,
romelic yvelaze metad ergeba moswavlis SesaZleblobebs da
sxv (hagersi, 1992, gv. 7).
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom yoveli situacia, romelSic xdeba
testireba, misi miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinare, garkveulwi-
lad unikaluria. amitom yoveli axali situaciisTvis saWiroa Sesaty-
visi da am situaciaze morgebuli sazomi instrumentis - testis Sed-
gena.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
82
1. testebis kategoriebi
Cven xSirad gvsmenia moswavleebisgan, rom maT CautardaT testi
da umaRlesi qula miiRes an piriqiT, Zalian dabali qula miiRes.
SegviZlia Tu ara am informaciaze dayrdnobiT vimsjeloT am mos-
wavleebis enis flobis doneze? cxadia ara, radgan Cven mxolod is
viciT, rom garkveul klasSi moswavleTa erTi nawili ukeT flobs
enas (an, ufro sworad, ukeT flobs im masalas, romelic testSi iyo
gamoyenebuli), vidre - meore nawili. magram Cven ar viciT, Tu ra icis
an ra unarebi aqvs testSi saukeTeso, saSualo an dabali qulis
mflobels. amgvarad, am informaciaze dayrdnobiT Cven mxolod imaze
SegviZlia vimsjeloT, Tu romeli moswavle romels sjobs am klasSi
enis flobis TvalsazrisiT, magram verafers vityviT maTi enis flo-
bis doneze.
testirebis Sedegad TiToeuli moswavle garkveul qulas iRebs.
es qulebi TavisTavad aranairi informaciis matarebeli ar aris. isi-
ni azrs iZenen mxolod maSin, roca xdeba maTi analizi. kerZod ki _
maTi interpretacia (Sefaseba) sxva moswavleebis mier miRebul qu-
lebTan mimarTebiT, an codnis an unarebis raime dadgenil standart-
Tan mimarTebiT. testis Sedegebis interpretaciis pirveli midgomis
mixedviT, moswavlis mier testSi miRebuli qulis Sedareba xdeba im
moswavleTa qulebTan, visac igive testi Cautarda, xolo meore mid-
gomis mixedviT _ enis flobis garkveul standartTan an daxelovne-
bis dadgenil fiqsirebul donesTan. pirvel midgomas normaze orien-
tirebul Sedarebas uwodeben, radgan testis qulebis interpretacia
xdeba garkveuli jgufis monacemebTan mimarTebiT da moswavlis qula
mniSvnelobas iZens imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria igi sxva moswavle-
ebTan SedarebiT. meore midgomas kriteriumze orientirebuli Seda-
reba hqvia, radgan moswavlis testuri qula ganixileba enis flobis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
83
donis standartTan mimarTebiT da dgindeba, ramdenad aRwevs igi am
standarts (vulfolki, 2007, gv. 521).
rogorc zemoT iTqva (ix. zemoT, gv. 8), arsebobs normasa da
kriteriumebze orientirebuli Sefaseba; Sesabamisad, testirebis dro-
sac, Sefasebis testis qulebis interpretaciis ori ZiriTadi midgoma
ganixileba _ normaze orientirebuli da kriteriumze orientirebuli.
normasTan Sedarebaze dafuZnebuli testebi: normaze orienti-
rebul testirebaSi konkretuli individis maCveneblis mniSvneloba
ganisazRvreba normasTan - konkretuli jgufisTvis testis Sesrule-
bis tipur donesTan, mimarTebiT. am dros xdeba testirebaSi monawile
moswavlis swori pasuxebis raodenobis (misi qulis) Sedareba testi-
rebaSi monawile jgufis saSualo qulasTan, dgindeba misi qula
jgufis saSualo qulaze maRalia, dabali, Tu Tanabaria da am gziT
ganisazRvreba moswavlis miRwevis done.
arsebobs normaluri jgufebis (Sesadarebeli jgufebi) sami Zi-
riTadi tipi: klasi an skola, raioni da zogadad nacionaluri mo-
deli (vulfolki 2007, gv. 523). roca testireba klasSi mimdinareobs
da masSi yvela moswavle monawileobs, maSin normatiuli jgufi kla-
sia. magram roca testireba raionis an mTeli qveynis masStabiT mimdi-
nareobs, am SemTxvevaSi yvela moswavle ki ar monawileobs gamokvle-
vaSi, aramed maTi garkveuli nawili. moswavleTa SerCevis gakeTeba
xorcieldeba specialuri mecnieruli meTodologiis safuZvelze,
romelzec aq ar SevCerdebiT, Tumca aRvniSnavT: mniSvnelovania, rom,
garda moswavleTa sakmarisi raodenobisa, SerCeva moicavdes yvela im
socialuri fenisa Tu eTnikurobis adamians, romelic am raionsa Tu
qveyanaSi cxovrobs. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom normatiuli jgufi ar
iyos dakompleqtebuli mxolod e.w. “Zlieri” an “susti” moswavleebiT
(slavini, 2006, gv. 506).
normaze orientirebul testebi gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia iseT
SemTxvevebSi, roca xdeba saukeTeso moswavleTa seleqcia garkveul
enis Sefaseba da testireba
84
programaSi CasarTvelad (mag., klasSi saukeTesoTa gamovlena dajil-
doebis mizniT, an garkveul saswavlebelSi Casaricxad) an swavlebis
sxvadasxva meTodis Sedegad, moswavleTa miRwevis Sesafaseblad.
Tumca, roca normaze orientirebul testirebas viyenebT, unda gvax-
sovdes, rom moswavlis Sedegi interpretirebulia normatiul jguf-
Tan mimarTebiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi qula (adgili Sefasebis
skalaze) damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria normatiuli jgufis sa-
erTo done. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moswavle SeiZleba iyos saukeTeso
e. w. “sust” klasSi, magram igive moswavle SeiZleba Zalian “susti”
aRmoCndes e. w. “Zlier” klasSi. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom nor-
maze orientirebuli testebiT Cven SegviZlia davadginoT, ramdenad
ufro meti (an maRali) kompetencia aqvs moswavles enaSi sxvebTan mi-
marTebiT, magram Znelia imis dadgena, Tu ra icis man da ra SeuZlia.
magaliTad, imis codna, rom mosmenis unarebis Semmowmebel testSi
moswavle yvelaze warmatebulTa sam procentSia, ar niSnavs imas, rom
mas ar uWirs es ukanaskneli, radgan klasSi yvela moswavles SeiZle-
ba uWirdes mosmenilis gageba.
am xarvezis dasaZlevad, Cveulebriv, normaze orientirebuli
testebis momzadeba moswavleTa mier gavlili saswavlo programis
gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba (hagersi (1992, gv. 17). amitom mniSvnelovania,
rom testis Sedgenisas gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saswavlo programaSi
Setanili Temebis balansi emTxveodes maT balanss Seqmnil testSi.
kriteriumTan Sedarebaze dafuZnebuli testebi: kriteriumze
orientirebuli testebis mizania, moaxdinos moswavleTa klasifikacia
imis mixedviT SeuZliaT Tu ara maT garkveul amocanaTa an amocanaTa
simravlis damakmayofileblad gadawyveta. sxva gansazRvrebiT, kri-
teriumze orientirebuli testirebis dros moswavlis Sedegis Seda-
reba xdeba profesionalebis mier dadgenil garkveul kriteriumTan
an standartebTan (hagersi, 1992, gv. 19). kriteriumze orientirebuli
testirebis mizani ar aris moswavlis qulebis Sedareba klasis, sko-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
85
lis, raionis an Tundac qveynis masStabiT. misi mizania imis garkveva,
Tu ramdenad aRwevis misi codnisa da unarebis done garkveul dawe-
sebul zRvars. am zRvars xSirad minimalur standartsac uwodeben.
amgvarad, SesaZlebelia romelime moswavle iyos klasSi saukeTeso
qarTulis, rogorc meore enis testis mixedviT, magram misi kompeten-
ciac ar iyos sakmarisi imisTvis, rom man Tavi gaarTvas umaRles sas-
wavlebelSi qarTul enaze swavlas. amitom kriteriumze orientire-
buli testebis gamoyeneba marTebulia maSin, roca konkretuli mos-
wavlis (enis Semswavlelis) garkveuli codnisa da unarebis gazomva
gvinda, mag., kiTxvis unaris gazomva.
kriteriumze orientirebuli testis minimaluri zRvari SesaZ-
lebelia iyos testur davalebaTa 80%-is an metis sworad gadawyveta.
aseT SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, moswavlem testur davalebaTa
60% gaakeTa sworad Tu 70%, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi man ver daa-
grova gamsvleli qula, anu ver gadalaxa codnisa da unarebis is mi-
nimaluri zRvari, romelic testSi mocemul testur davalebaTa mini-
mum 80%-is sworad gakeTebiT iyo SemosazRvruli. kriteriumze
orientirebuli testebis saukeTeso magaliTia enis flobis saserti-
fikacio testebi, radgan enis flobis garkveuli donis sertifikats
aZleven ara imaSi, rom enis Semswavleli testirebaSi monawile
jgufSi mag., saukeTesoTa 3%-Sia an Tundac yvelaze kargi qula aqvs,
aramed imaSi, rom misi enobrivi kompetenciis done akmayofilebs
garkveul winaswar dadgenil standarts. amitom sruliad mosalod-
nelia, rom sasertifikacio testSi erT romelime jgufSi veravin ver
miiRos sertifikati, Tumca maTi enis flobis done erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli iyos.
normaze da kriteriumze orientirebuli testirebas, iseve, ro-
gorc normasa da kriteriumze orientirebul Sedarebas Soris gansx-
vavebis arcodnam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos, rogorc maswavlebe-
li, aseve moswavlec da mSobelic. SesaZlebelia. maswavlebeli eub-
nebodes mSobels, rom misi Svili saukeTesoa klasSi da amitom igi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
86
darwmunebuli iyos, rom bavSvma kargad icis qarTuli ena. magram ro-
gorc zemoT davrwmundiT, mxolod jgufSi saukeTesos adgili ar
aris sakmarisi misi codnisa da unarebis Sesaxeb daskvnis gamosata-
nad. am SemTxvevaSi mSoblisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania imis codna Tu
ra icis da ra ara anu konkretulad ra unarebi an flobis ra done
aqvs mis Svils enaSi (vulfolki, 2007, gv. 524).
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva, romeli Sedarebaa ukeTesi, kriterium-
ze orientirebuli Tu normaze? am kiTxvaze ar arsebobs erTmniSvne-
lovani pasuxi, radgan orive tipis testireba mniSvnelovania, gaaCnia,
ra aris testirebis mizani. saswavlo procesis saboloo miznebidan
gamomdinare, kriteriumze orientirebuli testireba Zalze mniSvne-
lovania, magram isic cxadia, rom klasis, skolis, raionis an Tundac
qveynis masStabiT saswavlo procesis da, saerTod, ganaTlebis poli-
tikis dasagegmad metad mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rogoria Cveni Sede-
gebi sxvebTan mimarTebiT.
obieqturi testi: testebis daxasiaTebisas termini "obieqturi"
xSirad gamoiyeneba. Cveulebriv, am termins xmaroben imis aRsaniSnad,
rom testis Sefaseba ar aris damokidebuli Semfaseblis subieqturo-
baze, mis ganwyobebze, gemovnebaze an Tundac Sinagan standartebze. am
TvalsazrisiT obieqturi testis saukeTeso magaliTia arCeviTpa-
suxiani testuri davalebebis Semcveli testebi, sadac moswavlis
mier testSi miRebuli qula sruliad ar aris damokidebuli Semfase-
blis kriteriumze an mis xedvaze. amas uzrunvelyofs testuri dava-
lebebis winaswar gansazRvruli swori pasuxebi anu gasaRebebi (ege-
ni, koCaki, 2006, gv. 528). am TvalsazrisiT, e.w. Ria testuri davalebebi,
rogoricaa, mag., gavrcobilpasuxiani testuri davaleba an ese gaci-
lebiT ufro subieqturia, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic testis Semqmnelebi
winaswar adgenen testuri davalebis Sefasebis kriteriumebs anu ru-
brikas, romelsac unda daeyrdnos Semfasebeli testis gasworebisas.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
87
obieqturobis gasazrdelad, aseT testur davalebebs ramdenime Sem-
fasebeli asworebs.
Tumca termini obieqturi testi xSirad dakavSirebulia mis
aratendenciurobasa da aradiskriminaciulobasTanac da es sakiTxebi
qvemoT ufro detalurad iqneba ganxiluli (ena, testireba, Sefaseba...,
2008, gv. 211; bekeri 2008).
standartizebuli testebi: termini `standartizebuli~ ingli-
suri sityvidan "standart" momdinareobs da standartuls, tipurs niS-
navs. testis SemTxvevaSi igi gamoiyeneba testis unificirebis, misi
Catarebisa da Sefasebis erTgvarovani normativebis aRsaniSnad. ufro
zustad, standartizebuli testi - es aris testi, romelic Sedgeni-
lia standartuli procedurebis dacviT, misi Catareba xdeba erTsa
da imave pirobebSi, instruqtaJi da monacemTa Segrovebis blankebi
standartulia da Sefasebis / Sedegebis interpretirebis sistema uni-
ficirebulia (burlaCuki, 2008, gv. 426). standartizebuli testebis
kargi magaliTia testebi, romelTac saxelmwifo iyenebs umaRles sas-
wavlebelSi misaReb saerTo erovnul gamocdebze an erovnuli Sefa-
sebis dros moswavleTa akademiuri moswrebis donis dasadgenad.
Tumca, termins "standartizacia" sxva mniSvnelobiTac iyeneben.
testSi miRebul qulaTa raodenobrivi maCveneblebi gadaiyvaneba
skalaze, romelic gviCvenebs mocemuli qulis adgils sxva monawi-
leebis mier miRebul qulaTa Soris. aseT maCveneblebs standartul
qulebs uwodeben. swored aseTi qulebis saSualebiT SegviZlia ganv-
sazRvroT monawilis mier testSi miRebuli qulis namdvili mniSvne-
loba an gavakeToT daskvna imis Taobaze, ramdenad maRalia es qula
sxvebTan SedarebiT (anastazi, urbina, 2007, gv. 71; egeni, koCaki, 2006,
gv. 522).
daxelovnebis testebi: daxelovnebis testebis mizania, gazomos
moswavleTa unarebi enaSi miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra kursebi an momza-
deba gaiara man am enaSi. Sesabamisad, daxelovnebis testebis Sinaarsi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
88
ar aris dafuZnebuli enis romelime konkretuli kursis Sinaarsze an
amocanebze. igi dafuZnebulia im unarebsa da codnaze, romelsac igi
unda flobdes imisTvis, rom CaiTvalos enaSi daxelovnebulad. ra
Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli aucileblad moicavs imis ganmartebas, Tu
ras vuwodebT Cven daxelovnebuls. Cveulebriv, daxelovnebuls gan-
sazRvraven garkveul mizanTan mimarTebiT, anu, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, es niSnavs imas, rom moswavles aqvs garkveuli miznisTvis
sakmarisi enobrivi codna da unarebi.
mag., daxelovnebis testis mizani SeiZleba iyos gavarkvioT,
ramdenad SeuZlia moswavles an enaze umaRles saswavlebelSi swav-
lis gagrZeleba, an kidev _ ramdenad SeZlebs igi raime profesiuli
kursis aTvisebas am enaze (swored am tipis testireba tardeba gana-
Tlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier 2010 wlidan warmoebuli
`saSeRavaTo plitikis~ farglebSi, romelic araqarTulenovan stu-
dentebs qarTuli enis Semswavlel 1-wlian kursebs sTavazobs). amave
tipis testebiT xdeba imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs igi mag.,
Tarjimnad muSaobas romelime specifikur sferoSi.
Tumca, arsebobs daxelovnebis testebi, romelTac ufro zogadi
xasiaTi aqvT da ar gulisxmoben raime samuSaosaTvis an swavlis ga-
sagrZeleblad sakmarisi enis codnaSi daxelovnebas. unda iTqvas,
rom daxelovnebis swored aseTi testebi gamoiyeneba yvelaze xSirad
dRevandel msoflioSi. aseTi testebis mizania gamoavlinon, Tu ram-
denad aRwevs moswavle garkveuli enis flobis standartebs. aseTia,
mag, enis flobis evropuli doneebis standartebi. am tipis testebi
ar aris gaTvlili romelime konkretul profesiaze da am Tvalsaz-
risiT, isini ufro zogadia.
daxelovnebis testebi, miznidan gamomdinare gansxvavdebian
sirTuliT da SinaarsiT, Tumca yvela maTganisTvis saerToa is, rom
isini efuZnebian garkveul enobriv standartebs da ara raime konkre-
tul kursebs, romelic moswavlem gaiara. amdenad, daxelovnebis
testebi kriteriumze orientirebuli testebia (hagersi, 1992, gv. 9).
enis Sefaseba da testireba
89
miRwevis testebi: daxelovnebis testebisgan gansxvavebiT, miRwe-
vis testebi pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli enis kursebTan, radgan maTi
mizania Seafasos, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iyo kursi, anu ramdenad
miaRwia moswavlem an moswavleTa jgufma kursiT gansazRvrul miz-
nebs. miRwevis testebi ori tipisaa. esaa saboloo miRwevis da pro-
gresis miRwevis testebi. saboloo miRwevis testebi kursis dasrule-
bis Semdeg tardeba da maTi mizania imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad aris
miRweuli enis kursis konkretuli miznebi da amocanebi. testis Sina-
arsi srulad aris dafuZnebuli konkretul silabusze, gamoyenebul
saxelmZRvanelosa da Sinaarsze, romlis swavlebasac kursi isaxavda
miznad. aseT testebs da maT safuZvelze miRebul informacias mos-
wavlis mier enis flobis Sesaxeb xSirad iyeneben saskolo praqtika-
Si. Tumca aseTi testebis gamoyenebisas unda gvaxsovdes, moswavlis
Sefaseba dakavSirebulia konkretul kursTan, swavlebis meTodTan da
gamoyenebul saxelmZRvaneloebTan. amdenad, Tu kursi cudad aris da-
gegmili an saxelmZRvaneloebi ar aris sworad SerCeuli, miuxedavad
maRali qulisa, romelic SeiZleba moswavlem miiRos am testSi, misi
enis flobis done sakmaod dabali iyos. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, pro-
blemuria moswavlis qulis mixedviT misi enis flobis doneze msje-
loba (hagersi, 1992, gv. 11; slavini, 2006, gv. 496).
progresis miRwevis testebis mizania, gazomos kursis msvlelo-
bisas moswavlis mier miRweuli progresi. cxadia, igi kursis amoca-
nebTan mimarTebiT izomeba. erTi gzaa enobrivi kompetenciebis sabo-
loo donis testis periodulad gameoreba kursis ganmavlobaSi da
progresis Sefaseba gazrdili qulis safuZvelze. mag., Tu kursis mi-
zania wakiTxuli teqstis Sinaarsis gageba, eqspliciturad da impli-
citurad mocemuli informaciis amoReba, dedaazris gageba, mTavari
personaJis an adresatis amocnoba da a.S., SesaZlebelia am unarebis
Sefasebaze mimarTuli testebis Sedgena da moswavleTaTvis perio-
dulad Catareba. magram am SemTxvevaSi testebis Sedegebs ukuefeqti
enis Sefaseba da testireba
90
SeiZleba hqondeT da isini SesaZloa ara mxolod moswavleTa, aramed
maswavleblis stresis wyarod iqces. amitom progresis gasazomad,
Cveulebriv, iyeneben progresis miRwevis iseT testebs, romlebic da-
fuZnebulia kursis Sualedur miznebsa da amocanebze. aseTi testebis
Sesadgenad ki, cxadia, rom kursis Sualeduri miznebi da amocanebi
mkafiod unda iyos gawerili da gacnobierebuli maswavleblis mier.
mniSvnelovania im individualuri gzis gaTvaliswinebac, romelsac
maswavlebeli gadis kursis saboloo miznis misaRwevad.
diagnostikuri testebi: diagnostikuri testebi gamoiyeneba imis
gasarkvevad, Tu ra icis da ra ara moswavlem, ra uWirs mas da ra
aqvs kargad aTvisebuli; romelia misi susti da Zlieri mxareebi. misi
Sedegebi pirdapir miuTiTeben maswavlebels, Tu ra unda aswavlos
moswavles momavalSi. magaliTad, aseTi testis saSualebiT Cven Seg-
viZlia davadginoT, rom moswavles kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli kiTx-
vis kompetencia, magram mis sust mxares warmoadgens mosmenilis gage-
ba. cxadia, testma ufro specifikuri informaciac SeiZleba mogvces,
kerZod ki is, Tu konkretulad ra tipis informaciis mosmena uWirs
mas, an ra tipis problemebi aqvs weraSi, aris es problemebi orTo-
grafiasTan dakavSirebuli, Tu - gramatikasTan. Tumca am tipis tes-
tebis gamoyenebisasac mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom erTi Secdoma
an erTi swori pasuxi ar aris sakmarisi daskvnis gamosatanad, radgan
is SeiZleba SemTxveviTobis Sedegi iyos. amitom moswavlis susti an
Zlieri mxareebis dasadgenad mniSvnelovania, rom enis flobis Sesa-
fasebeli kompetencia an misi romelime aspeqti sakmarisad iyos war-
modgenili testSi testuri davalebebis saxiT. es ki xSirad droisa
da administrirebis problemebTan aris dakavSirebuli (hagersi, 1992,
gv. 13; egeni, koCaki, 2006, gv. 513).
adgilis testebi. es is testebia romelic gamoiyeneba imisTvis,
rom Sefasdes, Tu romeli saswavlo programa (an romeli donis sas-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
91
wavlo programa) Seesabameba konkretul moswavles misi enobrivi kom-
petenciebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, adgilis testebi dgeba konkretuli
programebis gaTvaliswinebiT da isini morgebulia programaSi arse-
buli kursebis doneebsa Tu safexurebze (hagersi, 1992, gv. 14; egeni,
koCaki, 2006, gv. 514).
enis Sefaseba da testireba
92
2. testis ZiriTadi ganzomilebebi
testis ZiriTadi ganzomilebebia:
validoba
sandooba
samarTlianoba/aratendenciuroba
mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
a. validoba
testi validuria, Tu is zustad imas afasebs, risTvisac is
aris gansazRvruli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es aris sakvlevi instru-
mentis - testis Sesatyvisoba sakvlev unarTan / codnasTan. Teori-
ulad testis am maxasiaTeblis gageba Zalian martivia, Tumca, praqti-
kulad, testis Sedgenisas da Semdgom, administrirebisas, sakmaod
didi Zalisxmeva da sifrTxilea saWiro imisaTvis, rom ar dairRves
testis validoba.
testis TeoriaSi gamoyofen validobis ramdenime saxes (burla-
Cuki, 2008, gv. 50; anastazi, urbina, 2007, gv. 133), romelTaganac testis
Sedgenisas erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania Sinaarsobrivi validoba.
amboben, rom tests aqvs Sinaarsobrivi validoba, Tu is moicavs
Sesafaseblad gamiznuli enobrivi unarebis, struqturebis da a. S.
Sesatyvis da, amavdroulad, sakmaris erTobliobas. mag., gramatikis
testi unda Sedgebodes testuri kiTxvebisgan, romlebic zomaven gra-
matikuli struqturebis kontrolis codnas, magram es ar aris sakma-
risi am testis Sinaarsobrivi validurobisTvis. am mizniT Seqmnili
testi validuri iqneba, Tu is Seicavs yvela im struqturasa da un-
ars, romelic aucilebelia da sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom daskvnebi ga-
vakeToT moswavlis mier gramatikis codnis Sesaxeb. cxadia, aq gaT-
valiswinebuli unda iyos gramatikis codnis is donec, romelic Se-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
93
safasebel subieqts (moswavles) moeTxoveba. mag., Tu erTi testis mi-
zania A doneze enobrivi kompetenciebis Sefaseba, xolo meorisa _ B
doneze, cxadia, imisTvis, rom Sefasebis adekvaturi Sedegebi mivi-
RoT, es testebi testuri kiTxvebis sxvadasxva erTobliobas unda
moicavdes.
amgvarad, is, Tu ramdenad Sesabamisi da sakmarisia testSi gamoye-
nebuli testuri kiTxvebi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mizans emsax-
ureba testi.
ratom aris mniSvnelovani testis Sinaarsobrivi validoba?
rac ufro didia testis Sinaarsobrivi validoba, igi miT ufro
kargi sazomi instrumentia gamiznuli unarebisa Tu codnis Sesafa-
seblad.
testis Sinaarsobrivi validobis misaRwevad saWiroa winaswar
aRiweros is unarebi da codna, romelsac testi unda moicavdes. Se-
safaseblad gansazRvruli codnisa da unarebis aseT aRweras testis
specifikacias (testuri..., 2009, gv. 8) uwodeben. testis specifikaciis
safuZvelze xdeba konkretuli testuri kiTxvebis Seqmna, agreTve, im-
is gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad adekvaturi da sakmarisia gansazRvruli
codnisa da unarebis Sefaseba Seqmnili testuri kiTxvebis safuZ-
velze. amgvarad, kargad Sedgenili testis specifikacia testis
Semdgenlebs saSualebas aZlevs, Seqmnan Sinaarsobrivad validuri
testi. amavdroulad, testis Sinaarsobrivi validobis dasaxvewad
xSirad iyeneben e.w. eqspertul Sefasebebs, roca damoukidebeli eqs-
pertebi afaseben testuri kiTxvebis Sesabamisobas testis specifika-
ciasaTan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom testis specifikaciis Camoyalibeba xdeba
testis konstruirebis adreul etapze, mas Semdeg, rac ganisazRvreba,
Tu ra aris testis mizani da konkretulad ris Sefaseba gvinda am
testiT.
testis validurobis sxvagvari midgomaa misi kriterialuri vali-
dobis Sefaseba. es ukanaskneli fasdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad
enis Sefaseba da testireba
94
Seesabameba testis Sedegebi moswavlis Sesafasebeli unaris sazom
sxva damoukidebeli instrumentis Sedegebs. kriterialuri validobis
erT-erT saxeobas warmoadgens prediqtoruli validoba, romelic
fasdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia testis Sedegebis
mixedviT vivaraudoT (viwinaswarmetyveloT) moswavlis momavali war-
matebebi. mag., Tu enis flobis testSi miRebuli maRali qula maRal
korelaciaSia momavalSi umaRles saswavlebelSi qarTuli enis test-
Si miRebul qulasTan, maSin SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom enis flobis
Sesafasebel tests maRali prediqtoruli validoba aqvs.
testis validurobis erT-erTi formaa TvalsaCino validoba
(hagersi, 1992, gv. 22). Cveulebriv, validobis am formas testis Sesafa-
seblad maSin iyeneben, roca aSkaraa, TvalsaCinoa testis aravalidu-
roba. magaliTad, Tu Cven gvinda meore enaSi fonologiuri unarebis
(gamoTqmis) Sefaseba testis saSualebiT, xolo testi ar moicavs
testur davalebebs, romelSic moswavles laparaki moeTxoveba, maSin
aSkaraa, rom testi aravaliduri iqneba. amgvarad, vityviT, rom aseT
tests ar aqvs TvalsaCino validoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ramdenadac
martivad ar unda mogveCvenos TvalsaCino validobis cneba, xSiria
testirebis dros misi darRvevis SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT ki ma-
Sin, roca testirebis obieqtis arapirdapiri Sefaseba xdeba.
amgvarad, validoba aris testis maxasiaTebeli, romelic Aad-
gens, zomavs Tu ara testuri kiTxva (davaleba) im unars, ris
gasazomadac aris gankuTvnili.
testis da misi Semadgeneli testuri kiTxvebis (davalebebis) va-
lidobis Sesafaseblad SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Semdegi sqema (bekeri,
2008):
Seesabameba SerCeul unars;
kiTxvaze swori pasuxis miReba SesaZlebelia swored am
unaris amoqmedebiT da ara trivialuri pasuxis gacemiT an
gamocnobiT, rodesac, ubralod, saRi azris gaTvaliswineba
xdeba;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
95
gamarTulia mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, ar Seicavs Secdomas;
daxuruli kiTxvis alternatiuli pasuxebi warmoadgenen
realur alternativebs, ar aris absurduli, moswavlem
marTla SeiZleba aseTi Secdoma dauSvas;
SesaZlebelia Sedegis da misi miRwevis TiToeuli donis
testuri davalebebis/kiTxvebis meSveobiT Sefaseba;
kargad zomavs mocemuli Sedegis miRwevis dones testuri
davalebebis kiTxvebi;
reprezentatulia davalebebis erToblioba, romliTac unda-
moxdes mocemuli Sedegis gazomva.
testis Seqmnis procesSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces
davalebebis reprezentatulobas testis mizanTan da, Sesabamisad,
testis specifikaciasTan mimarTebiT. amasTan, reprezentatuloba unda
ganvixiloT ramdenime TvalsazrisiT. cxadia, testi pirvel rigSi re-
prezentatuli unda iyos sagnobrivi TvalsazrisiT, rac imas niSnavs,
rom testSi gamoyenebuli testuri kiTxvebi da davalebebi swored im
sagnidan unda iyos, romlis Sesafasebladac Seiqmna testi. Teori-
ulad am pirobis dacva TiTqos advilia, magram praqtikaSi xSiria
SemTxvevebi, roca testur davalebaze pasuxis gacema sxva sagnis
codnazea dafuZnebuli. magaliTad, testSi SesaZlebelia iyos gamoye-
nebuli magaliTi, romelic gulisxmobs moswavlis mier geografiis
codnas da mxolod am codnaze dayrdnobiTaa SesaZlebeli swori pa-
suxis gacema. swori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, Cven gveqneba informacia, rom
moswavlem geografiis es konkretuli sakiTxic icis da qarTul enaze
gagebis unaric aqvs, magram araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, Cven ver ga-
varkvevT, ratom miiRo moswavlem nuli qula, imitom, rom geografiis
es konkretuli Tema ar icoda, Tu misi enobrivi kompetencia aris da-
bali? mniSvnelovania, agreTve, rom testi srulad moicavdes yvela im
unaris, codnisa da Rirebulebebis Sesafasebel testur davalebebs,
romlebic testis mizniT gansazRvrul da testis specifikaciaSi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
96
dazustebul saswavlo Sedegs/indikators Seadgenen. iseTi testuri
davalebebis nimuSi, sadac darRveulia testis SinaarsTan maTi re-
prezentatuloba, moyvanilia qvemoT.
nimuSi:
testis mizania, Seafasos moswavlis kiTxvis unari. am unaris Sesafa-
seblad gamoyofilia Semdegi indikatorebi:
moswavles SeuZlia
1. moiZios da amoicnos konkretuli informacia teqstidan;
2. mTliani Sinaarsis gageba;
3. teqstis analizi;
4. teqstis Sefaseba - sakuTari argumentirebuli azris ga-
moxatva.
gamoyenebuli teqstebi:
kedlis warwerebi
saSinlad gabrazebuli var imis gamo, rom skolis kedeli ukve
meoTxed gawmindes da SeRebes, kedlis warwerebi rom moeSorebinaT.
ra Tqma unda, SemoqmedebiToba dasafasebelia, magram adamianebma
sakuTari Tavis gamosaxatavad sxva gza unda moZebnon da es
sazogadoebis xarjze ar unda xdebodes.
ratom akeTebT kedlis warwerebs iq, sadac es akrZalulia da
ulaxavT reputacias axalgazrdebs? profesionali mxatvrebi TavianT
naxatebs quCebSi ar fenen, xom marTalia?! Tumca isini mainc axerxeben
popularobis moxveWas kanonieri gamofenebis mowyobiT.
Cemi azriT Senobebi, Robeebi, parkis skamebi TavisTavad
xelovnebis nimuSebi arian. amitom yovlad miuRebelia arqiteqturis
am nimuSebis kedlis warwerebiT gafuWeba. garda amisa ziandeba
ozonis Srec. me namdvilad ar mesmis ratom iwuxeben Tavses
kriminali mxatvrebi da TavianT `Semoqmedebas~ xelaxla xataven
gasufTavebul kedlebze.
elene
enis Sefaseba da testireba
97
gemovnebaze ar davoben
sazogadoebas mravlad miewodeba sxvadasxva sferos reklamebi,
kompaniis logoebi, quCebi savsea uzarmazari banerebiT da
posterebiT. ramdenad misaRebia isini?! umeteswilad misaRebia.
ramdenad misaRebia kedlis warwerebi? zogierTis azriT misaRebia,
zogierTis azriT ki ara.
vin ixdis fass kedlis warwerebSi? sabolood vin ixdis fass
reklamebSi? sworia: momxmarebeli.
rodesac bilbordebs kidebdnen quCebSi gkiTxaT vinmem azri? -
ara. aqedan gamomdinare unda gTxovon Tu ara kedlis warwerebis
avtorebma nebarTva? bolosdabolos es xom komunikaciis sakiTxia-
sakuTari saxelebis, sxvadasxva metsaxelebis da didi zomis naxatebis
quCaSi gamofena.
gaixseneT kubokruli da naxazebiani tansacmeli, romelic
ramdenime wlis win gamoCnda maRaziebSi. gaxsovT saTxilamuro
tansacmeli?! ferebi da naxatebi zusti asli iyo betonis kedlebze
gakeTebuli warwerebisa da naxatebis. gasaocaria, rom es ferebi da
naxatebi misaRebi da mosawonia, magram imave stilis kedlis
warwerebi miuRebelia. cudi dro daudga xelovnebas!
sofo
davalebebi:
isaubreT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras Seexeba werili (misi
Sinaarsi);
-----------------------------------------------------
rogor aris werili dawerili (rogoria misi stili)?
------------------------------------------------------------------
miuxedavad imisa, romels eTanxmebi, Seni azriT, romeli
werilia ukeTesad dawerili? axseni Seni pasuxi da
amisaTvis gamoiyene werilebis magaliTebi.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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nimuSSi warmodgenilia ori teqsti da TandarTuli sami
testuri davaleba. isini sruliad relevanturia testis mizanTan,
enis Sefaseba da testireba
98
magram SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac Cans, rom mxolod am testur
davalebebze dayrdnobiT ver moxdeba testirebis miznis miRweva, anu
zemoT CamoTvlili indikatorebis mixedviT, monawilis/moswavlis
Sefaseba. imisTvis, rom am indikatorebis mixedviT moswavlis Sefaseba
ganxorcieldes, saWiroa damatebiTi testuri davalebebis Sedgena,
romlebic pasuxs gascemen kiTxvebs, Tu rogor arTmevs Tavs moswavle
teqstidan informaciis moZiebas, misi mTliani Sinaarsis gagebas, vin
aris teqstis avtori, adresati, ra argumentebi aqvs avtors moyvanili
sakuTari poziciis sabuTad da sxv.
es nimuSi sainteresoa imiTac, rom masSi darRveulia
testirebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wesi - maqsimalurad iqnes
gamoyenebuli teqsti, anu maqsimalurad daitvirTos igi testuri
davalebebiT. am SemTxvevaSi teqsti iZleva saSualebas, Sefasdes
yvela is indikatori, romlis safuZvelzec unda Sefasdes moswavlis
kiTxvis unari. sinamdvileSi ki teqstis SesaZleblobebis mxolod
Zalian mcire nawilia gamoyenebuli.
amavdroulad, testi unda moicavdes codnisa da unarebis
taqsonomiis yvela donis Sesafasebel testur davalebebs. cxadia,
saswavlo da testirebis miznidan gamomdinare, testis Semqmnelma
SesaZlebelia taqsonomiis mxolod dabal doneze gaakeTos aqcenti
da naklebad gamoiyenos maRali donis kognituri operaciebis
Sesafasebeli testuri davalebebi, magram mniSvnelovania, rom es
arCevani iyos gacnobierebuli da ara SemTxveviTi (am sakiTxze qvemoT
ufro detalurad visaubrebT).
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom validoba ar aris testis
Tanmdevi Tviseba, radgan igi mizanzea damokidebuli. erTi miznisTvis
tests SeiZleba Zalian maRali validoba hqondes, xolo sxva
miznisTvis ki igive testi sruliad aravaliduri aRmoCndes.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
99
empiriuli validaciis meTodebi
testis validobaze moqmedebs is pirobebi da garemoebebic,
romelSic xdeba testis administrireba (ena, testireba, Sefaseba...,
2008, gv. 177). qvemoT ganxilulia ZiriTadi etapebi, romelsac gadis
nebismieri testi Catarebidan dawyebuli, misi Sedegebis safuZvelze
gadawyvetilebis miRebiT damTavrebuli.
es etapebia:
moswavlis mier testis Sesruleba;
Sefaseba;
miRebuli nedli (pirveladi) qula;
analizi;
miRebuli saboloo qula;
interpretacia;
gamoyeneba / gadawyvetilebis miReba.
testis maxasiaTeblebis/garemoebebis zegavlena
testis Sesrulebaze
testis garkveulma maxasiaTebelma SeiZleba zegavlena
moaxdinos enobrivi unarebis Sefasebis adekvaturobaze.
mniSvnelovania davrwmundeT, rom saboloo qulaze zegavlenas ar
axdens damatebiTi, gasazomi enobrivi kompetenciebis Seusabamo, maT
mimarT ararelevanturi faqtorebi. mag., kompiuteruli testis
SemTxvevaSi _ kompiuteris xmarebis codna da gamocdileba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, testSi miRebuli qula sinamdvileSi enis codnis dones
ki ar gamoxatavs, aramed igi aris ori cvladis: kompiuteris codnisa
da enis codnis donis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi. aqedan gamomdinare,
cxadi xdeba, rom testis es maxasiaTebeli aravalidurs xdis tests,
radgan testis Sedegze zegavlenas axdens kompiuteris codna/ar
enis Sefaseba da testireba
100
codna. Sesabamisad, aseT garemoebaSi Catarebuli testis Sedegma
SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos enis codnis donis Sefasebisas.
Sefasebis kriteriumebi / rubrikebis zegavlena
testis validurobaze
Sefasebis kriteriumebma/ rubrikebma, romlebic ar asaxaven
testuri kiTxvis Sesabamis codnas da unarebs, SeiZleba mcdar
qulebamde migviyvanon. es ki, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes uqmnis testis
validobas. amitom testis Sedgenisas erT-erT mniSvnelovan etaps
warmoadgens adekvaturi, obieqturi da standartizebuli Sefasebis
kriteriumebis Camoyalibeba. gansakuTrebiT es exeba e. w. Ria tipis
(sadac moiTxoveba avTenturi pasuxebi) testur kiTxvebs da eseebs.
Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom winaswar iyos gawerili Sefasebis sqemebi
anu rubrikebi da zustad iyos gansazRvruli, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi
iRebs qulas moswavle da ra SemTxvevaSi _ ara. situacia kidev ufro
rTuldeba, roca saqme gvaqvs maRalqulian testur davalebebTan,
magaliTad, rodesac ese fasdeba 10 an 6 quliT. am SemTxvevaSi
Zalian zustad da srulad unda iyos gawerili Sefasebis sqemaSi, Tu
ra pasuxebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs moswavle srul qulas da ra
komponentebisgan Sedgeba igi. qvemoT warmodgenilia eses Sefasebis
nimuSi, romelic aRebulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
bakalavriatSi Casabarebeli gamocdis testidan SAT (ix. SAT).
eses Sefasebis kriteriumebi:
6 qula:
am kategoriis ese naTeli da Tanmimdevrulia, Tumca SeiZleba
ramdenime umniSvnelo /patara Secdoma aRmoaCndes. tipuri ese:
efeqturad da SorsmWvretelurad ayalibebs Sexedulebas
Temaze da migviTiTebs mwerlis SesaniSnav kritikul
azrovnebaze, rac gamoixateba mwerlis mier moyvanili
enis Sefaseba da testireba
101
aSkarad ararelevanturi magaliTebiT, mizezebiT da sxva
mtkicebulebebiT, sakuTari poziciis dasacavad;
aris kargad organizebuli da fokusirebuli; ese Zalian
gamarTulia da masSi azrTa progresireba aSkara da
naTelia;
gamoirCeva enobrivi saSualebebis ostaturad flobiT; masSi
gamoyenebulia mravalgvari, zusti da saTanado leqsika;
Sedgeba struqturulad mravalgvari azrobrivad gamarTuli
winadadebebisgan;
aris TiTqmis uSecdomo gramatikuli / orTografiuli
TvalsazrisiT.
5 qula
am kategoriis ese zomierad Tanmimdevrulia, Tumca aqvs ramdenime
Secdoma. tipuri ese:
efeqturad ayalibebs Sexedulebas Temaze da migviTiTebs
mwerlis Zlier kritikul azrovnebaze, rac gamoixateba
mwerlis mier moyvanili ZiriTadad aSkarad ararelevanturi
magaliTebiT, mizezebiTa da sxva mtkicebulebebiT, sakuTari
poziciis dasacavad;
aris kargad organizebuli da fokusirebuli; ese
gamarTulia da masSi azrTa progresireba naTelia;
gamoirCeva enobrivi simwyobriT; masSi gamoyenebulia
Sesaferisi da saTanado leqsika;
Sedgeba struqturulad mravalgvari winadadebebisgan;
aris ZiriTadad uSecdomo gramatikuli / orTografiuli
TvalsazrisiT.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
102
4 qula
am kategoriis ese met-naklebad Tanmimdevrulia, Tumca aqvs Secdomebi.
tipuri ese:
ayalibebs Sexedulebas Temaze da migviTiTebs mwerlis
kompetentur kritikul azrovnebaze, rac gamoixateba
mwerlis mier moyvanili ZiriTadad relevanturi
magaliTebiT, mizezebiTa da sxva mtkicebulebebiT, sakuTari
poziciis dasacavad;
aris ZiriTadad organizebuli da fokusirebuli; ese met-
naklebad gamarTulia da masSi azrTa progresireba
gasagebia;
gamoirCeva normaluri, magram arasakmarisi enobrivi gamar-
TulobiT; masSi gamoyenebulia ZiriTadad saTanado leqsika;
Sedgeba struqturulad ZiriTadad mravalgvari winada-
debebisgan;
aqvs garkveuli saxis gramatikuli Secdomebi.
3 qula
am kategoriis ese gamoirCeva ganviTarebadi ostatobiT da aqvs erTi
aq CamonaTval sisusteTagan:
ayalibebs Sexedulebas Temaze da migviTiTebs mwerlis met-
nakleb kritikul azrovnebaze, magram araTanmimdevruli an
araadekvaturi magaliTebiT, mizezebiTa da sxva
mtkicebulebebiT, sakuTari poziciis dasacavad;
aris limitirebuli organizebulobasa an fokusirebaSi; ese
SeiZleba ar iyos mTlad gamarTuli; SesaZlebelia, masSi
azrTa progresireba cxadi ar iyos;
migviTiTebs ganviTarebad enobriv simwyobreze, magram zog-
jer masSi gamoyenebulia susti an arasaTanado leqsika;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
103
Sedgeba struqturulad aramravalferovani, mwiri an struq-
turulad araswori winadadebebisgan;
aris bevri gramatikuli Secdoma.
2 qula
am kategoriis ese gamoirCeva naklebi ostatobiT da aqvs erTi aq Ca-
monaTval sisusteTagan:
ayalibebs zedapirul an Zalian limitirebul (SezRudul)
Sexedulebas Temaze da migviTiTebs mwerlis sust kritikul
azrovnebaze, rac gamoixateba arasakmaris an araadekvatur
magaliTebSi, mizezebsa da sxva mtkicebulebebSi,
romlebsac mwerali iyenebs sakuTari poziciis dasacavad;
aris cudad organizebuli da/an fokusirebuli; SesaZlebe-
lia, eseSi azrTa progresireba TiTqmis gaugebari iyos;
migviTiTebs Zalian dabali donis enobriv simwyobreze; mas-
Si gamoyenebulia susti da limitirebuli (SezRuduli) an
arasaTanado leqsika;
Sedgeba struqturulad araswori winadadebebisgan;
aris imdeni gramatikuli Secdoma, rom azris gageba Znelia.
1 qula
am kategoriis ese gamoirCeva Zalian sustia ostatobis TvalsazrisiT
da aqvs aqvs erTi an ramdenime Semdegi tipis xarvezi:
ar ayalibebs Sexedulebas Temaze an ar iZleva TiTqmis ara-
nair an aranair mtkicebulebebs, sakuTari poziciis dasaca-
vad;
araorganizebuli an arafokusirebulia, ris gamoc ese ara-
Tanmimdevruli an gaugebaria;
aris seriozuli leqsikuri Secdomebi;
Sedgeba struqturulad araswori winadadebebisgan;
aris imdeni gramatikuli Secdoma, rom azri gaugebaria.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
104
0 qula
ese, romelic ar aris dawerili mocemul Temaze (ar pasuxobs kiTxvas
/ Temas) 0 qulas miiRebs.
rogorc nimuSidan Cans, eses Sefasebis maqsimaluri qulaa 6.
Sefasebis rubrikaSi zustad aris gawerili, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi iRebs
moswavle / abiturenti 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 1 an 0 qulas.
Semfaseblis araobieqturoba/tendenciurobis zegavlena
testis validurobaze
Semdegi safrTxe, romelic SeiZleba daemuqros testirebis
dros enis flobis/codnis donis adekvatur Sefasebas aseve dakavSi-
rebulia Sefasebis kriteriumebTan, Tumca is ufro metad aris dakav-
Sirebuli Semfaseblis pirovnebasTan (ena, testireba, Sefaseba..., 2008,
gv. 200, egeni, koCaki, 2006, gv. 529).
araswori qulis kidev erTi mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes Semfaseb-
lis tendenciuroba, romelic SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos Semfa-
seblis garkveuli stereotipebiT (mag. lamazi xeliT nawerma dadebi-
Ti zegavlena moaxdinos, xolo uSno kaligrafiam ki piriqiT - ua-
ryofiTi), daRlilobiT an moyirWebiT. saklaso situaciaSi Semfa-
seblis tendenciuroba gaucnobiereblad SeiZleba daefuZnos gark-
veul pirad simpaTiebs an warsulSi Seqmnil STabeWdilebebs. Sefa-
sebis rubrikis ararseboba an arasruli Sefasebis rubrika (an sqema)
xels uwyobs Semfaseblis tendenciurobas.
garda zemoT ganxilulisa, cxadia, ganzraxuli unarebis Sesa-
faseblad metad mniSvnelovania testSi miRebuli pirveladi (nedli)
qulebis adekvaturi analizi saboloo qulebis misaRebad. amisaTvis
gamoiyeneba testis fsiqometruli specialuri Teoriebi da Sesabami-
si fsiqometruli meTodebi.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
105
b. sandooba
sandooba _ es aris testis maxasiaTebeli, romelic gviCvenebs,
Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli testiT miRebuli qulebi gazomvis
cTomilebebze, ganasxvavebs Tu ara testuri kiTxva Zlier da sust
moswavleebs? magaliTad, Tu standartizebul tests CaabarebT orSa-
baTs, Semdeg imave tests erTi kviris Semdegac CaabarebT da orivejer
erTsa da imave maCvenebels miiRebT, sakmarisi mizezi geqnebaT ifi-
qroT, rom testis Sedegebi sandoa. Tu erT dRes 100 adamiani Caaba-
rebs tests da Semdeg isini erTi kviris Semdeg am tests kvlav gai-
meoreben, maTi Sedegebi kvlav igive iqneba ganmeorebiTac _ Tqven ki-
dev ufro meti sababi geqnebaT imis saTqmelad, rom testis Sedegebi
sandoa. (ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba, rom meore testamde SualedSi
adamianebi ar igeben pasuxebs da ar swavloben sakiTxebs). monacemebi
sandoa, Tu testi stabilur da mdgrad suraTs iZleva individis un-
aris Sesaxeb situaciidan situaciamde. sando Termometri erTnairad
muSaobs, erTnairad giCvenebT 100 graduss celsiusiT, roca mduRare
wylis temperaturas zomavT. sandoobis gazomvis es gza, anu testis
Sesruleba or sxvadasxva situaciaSi niSnavs stabilurobas da san-
doobas testidan testamde. Tu adamianTa jgufi asrulebs testis or
ekvivalentur versias da maCveneblebi am orive testSi SedarebiTia,
es sandoobis alternatiuli formaa (burlaCuki, 2008, gv. 265; anasta-
zi, urbina 2007, gv. 103; hagersi, 1992, gv. 29).
sandooba aseve moicavs testis Sida mdgradobasa da sizustes.
sandoobis mdgradoba gamoiTvleba testis erTi naxevris Sesrulebis
Sedegebis SedarebiT meore naxevris Sesrulebis SedegebTan.
arsebobs sandoobis dadgenis ramdenime gza, magram yvela Se-
saZlo Sedegi 0-dan 1-mde SualedSia moqceuli, rogorc korelaciis
koeficienti. iTvleba, rom sandooba 0.8-is zemoT Zalian maRalia, 0.8-
dan 0.6-mde - kargi, 0.6-sa da 0.4-s Soris _ dabali, xolo 0.4-is qvemoT
enis Sefaseba da testireba
106
ki _ arasando. sandoobis asamaRleblad yvelaze efeqturi gzaa
testSi damatebiTi sakiTxebis Setana. zogadad miiCneva, rom vrceli
(grZeli) testebi ufro sandoa, vidre SedarebiT mcire zomis (mokle)
testebi.
gazomvis Secdomebi
arc erTi testi ar afasebs srulyofilad im codnasa da unar-
Cvevebs, romelTa gasazomadac maT iyeneben, radgan yovelTvis xdeba
Secdomebis daSveba. aris iseTi Secdomebi, romlebic moswavlesTan
aris dakavSirebuli, da gamowveulia, magaliTad, guneba-ganwyobiT,
motivaciiT an testis Cabarebis unar-CvevebiT.
zogjer SesaZlebelia Secdoma moswavlis sasargebloc aR-
moCndes da misi maCvenebeli imaze maRali iyos, vidre misi realuri
codnaa. SesaZlebelia, man zustad testirebis win gadaxeda am kon-
kretul masalas... zogjer Secdoma SeiZleba moswavlisTvis arasaxar-
bielo iyos. magaliTad, igi avad aris testirebis dros, an Tavs
SeuZlod grZnobs, an gamouZinebelia, an kidev gadaRlilia swored
testirebis dRes, an arasaTanado masalaze iyo koncentrirebuli.
Tumca Secdomis wyaro SeiZleba Tavad tests ukavSirdebodes _ miTi-
Tebebi ar iyos naTeli, sakiTxavi masala mizanSeuwonlad rTuli
iyos, sakiTxebi ki orazrovani, an dro iyos Zalian SezRuduli. maCve-
nebeli, romlebsac moswavle iRebs testSi, yovelTvis moicavs gark-
veul Secdomas.
rogor SeiZleba SevamciroT es Secdomebi?
rac ufro sandoa testi, miT ufro naklebad aris mosalodne-
li Secdoma. standartizebul testebze muSaobisas misi Semdgenlebi
amas iTvaliswineben da cdiloben Seafason, Tu ramdenad gansxvave-
buli SeiZleba iyos moswavlis monacemi, Tu igi ganmeorebiT Seasru-
lebda tests. amas gazomvis standartuli Secdoma ewodeba. amdenad,
sando testi SeiZleba asec ganisazRvros, rom esaa testi, romelsac
gazomvis mcire standartuli Secdoma aqvs. testebis interpretirebi-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
107
sas maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos Secdomis farglebi (burla-
Cuki, 2008, gv. 315).
farTomasStabiani standartizebuli testirebis dros, roca
testirebis mizania, daadginos codnisa da unarebis TvalsazrisiT
arsebuli saerTo done moswavleTa garkveul jgufebSi (qveynis, re-
gionis, raionis skolis masStabiT) arasistematur (SeiZleba iTqvas,
SemTxveviT) Secdomebs naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba. magram isini gan-
sakuTrebul datvirTvas iZenen, roca saklaso testirebasTan gvaqvs
saqme da erTi romelime moswavlis unarisa da codnis Sefaseba gvi-
wevs testirebis saSualebiT. amitom specialistebi maswavleblebs
urCeven, unaris Sesaxeb azris Camoyalibebisas nurasodes daeyrdno-
bian moswavlis zustad im monacems, romelsac igi testSi iRebs.
testebis SemmuSaveblebi monacemebs sando intervalis, anu `standar-
tuli Secdomis farglebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT aqveyneben. es Semo-
sazRvravs moswavlis realur maCvenebels, rac saWiros xdis gazomvis
standartuli Secdomis gamoyenebas da saSualebas aZlevs maswavle-
bels, gaiTvaliswinos maCvenebelTa speqtri, romelic SesaZloa moi-
cavdes moswavlis zust qulas _ maCvenebels, romelsac miiRebda mos-
wavle, testi rom absoluturad zusti da uSecdomo yofiliyo (vul-
folki, 2007, gv. 525).
aucilebelia, gvaxsovdes standartuli Secdomis farglebi,
roca moswavleebs varCevT specialuri programebisTvis. arc erTi
bavSvi ar unda iyos uaryofili mxolod imitom, rom maTi maCvenebeli
dadgenil SesarCev maCvenebels erTi-ori quliT CamorCeba. moswavlis
namdvili maCvenebeli SeiZleba am dadgenil maCvenebelze maRali iyos.
zogadad, testis Sedgenisas mniSvnelovania, rom gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom sandoobisTvis problemas SeiZleba warmoadgendes (bekeri, 2008):
testSi gamoyenebulia araswori sityvebi an bundovani
formulirebebi;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
108
orazrovani an Zalian zogadi xasiaTis instruqcia, romlis wa-
kiTxvis Sedegadac moswavles gauWirdeba gaigos, ra moeTxoveba
am davalebaSi;
testuri kiTxvebi (davalebebi), romlebic Seicavs uneblie
miniSnebebs da moswavles ubiZgebs swori pasuxisaken;
daxurul kiTxvaSi Zalian gamokveTilia swori pasuxi.
qvemoT warmodgenilia aseTi SemTxvevebis magaliTebi. kerZod,
pirvel testur davalebaSi gamoyenebulia araswori sityvebi da
bundovani formulirebebi.
1. ra SeiZleba iyidoT:
2. produqtebis maRaziaSi? ___________________________
3. saparikmaxeroSi? ___________________________
4. afTiaqSi? ___________________________
5. sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis salonSi? ______________________
6. safunTuSeSi? ___________________________
saparikmaxeroSi arafris yidva ar SeiZleba da, aqedan
gamomdinare, es mxolod daabnevs moswavles. amavdroulad, sruliad
bundovania gamonaTqvami `sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis saloni~.
ufro metic, am testur davalebaSi winaswari miniSnebacaa, radgan
produqtebis maRaziaSi, cxadia, rom produqtebis yidvaa SesaZlebeli.
sxva yvelaferTan erTad, am testur davalebas aklia swori pasuxebis
CamonaTvali anu Sefasebis rubrika da Tu is winaswar ar iqneba
gadawyvetili (testirebis miznidan gamomdinare) da gawerili,
SesaZlebelia 1.6. kiTxvaze pasuxi: "puri" CaiTvalos swor pasuxad da
meore SemTxvevaSi (zemoT ganxiluli faqtorebis zegavleniT, mag.,
sxvadasxva Semfaseblis pirobebSi) igive pasuxi an, ufro sworad,
arasakmarisad, radgan pasuxi "puri, funTuSa da a.S." iyos miCneuli
sworad.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
109
Semdeg magaliTSi (2) testur davalebas aqvs orazrovani an
Zalian zogadi xasiaTis instruqcia, romlis wakiTxvis Sedegadac
moswavles gauWirdeba gaigos, ra moeTxoveba am davalebaSi
2. teqstidan amoiwereT gansazRvreba, romlebic personaJis
uaryofiTad axasiaTebs, Tumca, sazogadod, uaryofiTi mniSvnelobiT
ar gamoiyeneba.
(igulisxmeba mxatvruli xerxi - ironia - mag.
ilia WavWavaZis leqsSi - `bednieri eri~)
rogorc vxedavT, gaugebaria, ris gansazRvreba unda amoiweros
moswavlem, an egeb davalebis mixedviT man ironiis gamomxatveli
sityvebi unda amoiweros? cxadia, aseTi instruqcia daabnevs
moswavles da, Sesabamisad, misi enobrivi kompetenciebi
araadekvaturad iqneba Sefasebuli.
mesame magaliTi warmoadgens iseT testur davalebas (kiTxvas),
romelic Seicavs uneblie miniSnebebs da moswavles ubiZgebs swori
pasuxisaken (Tavad nawarmoebis saTaurSive mocemulia testuri
davalebis swori pasuxi: moswavles SeiZleba sulac ar hqondes
wakiTxuli nawarmoebi, magram gasces adekvaturi pasuxi):
3. vin aris Txzulebis - `soloman morbelaZis~ - mTavari personaJi?
Semdeg magaliTSi swori pasuxi Zalian gamokveTilia da distraqto-
rebi sruliad xelovnuria.
4. gaarkvie, romelia swori pasuxi:
sarke gakeTebulia:
(a) rZisgan;
(b) Rvinisgan;
(g) minisgan;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
110
g. samarTlianoba/aratendenciuroba
testis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia samarTlianoba.
am cnebis ekvivalentad xSirad aratendenciurobas iyeneben (bekeri,
2008, hagersi, 1992, gv. 19; ena, testireba, Sefaseba... 2008, gv. 183). testi
codnisa da unarebis sazomi instrumentia da igi samarTliani, ara-
tendenciuri unda iyos, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvela moswavles unda
hqondes Tanabari SesaZlebloba, srulad gamoavlinos Tavisi codna
da unarebi. testis samarTlianobas xSirad ukavSireben testis admi-
nistrirebis obieqturobasTan da imasTan, Tu ramdenad erTnair pi-
robebSi akeTeben tests moswavleebi. es, cxadia, metad mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, TviTon testi, rogorc garkveuli
codnisa da unarebis sazomi instrumenti, iyos arasamarTliani, anu
testi ise iyos Sedgenili, rom sxvadasxva socialuri jgufis, fenis
da a.S. moswavleebs ar hqondeT Tanabari pirobebi sakuTari codnisa
da unarebis gamosavlenad. amdenad, arasamarTlianoba, tendenciuro-
ba gulisxmobs Sefasebis instrumentis Tvisebas, usiamovneba miayenos
an usamarTlod moeqces moswavleebs maTi genderuli, rasobrivi, eT-
nikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri an sxva raime statusis gamo. es SeiZ-
leba iyos gamowveuli testis Sinaarsis, enis an magaliTebis sxva-
dasxva aspeqtiT, romelmac SeiZleba gaamrudos moswavleebis mier
testis Sesruleba _ Secvalos igi ukeTesobisaken an uaresobisaken.
magaliTad, Tu testSi Setanilia krivTan an fexburTTan dakavSire-
buli sakiTxebi, unda velodoT, rom am tests biWebi ukeTesad Sea-
sruleben, vidre gogonebi. roca Sinaarsi exeba sportis saxeobebs, es
usamarTlobaa _ gogonebi SeiZleba daiCagron codnis naklebobis ga-
mo vTqvaT, fexburTsa da krivSi. Tumca testi Aara mxolod usamar-
Tlo, aramed Seuracxmyofelic SeiZleba iyos. es maSin xdeba, roca
testis SemsrulebelTa erTi jgufisaTvis testi an misi garkveuli
davalebebi damamcirebelia. damcirebuli, gabrazebuli moswavleebi
ki ver warmoaCenen Tavs saukeTesod.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
111
testebi SeiZleba procedurulad ar iyos samarTliani. anu Se-
saZloa zogierT jgufs ar hqondes Tanabari SesaZlebloba, testire-
bisas gamoavlinos Tavisi codna.
ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi:
1. testisa da testis Camtareblis ena xSirad gansxvavdeba
moswavleebis enisagan.
2. is pasuxebi, romlebic mxars uWers saSualo fenis Rire-
bulebebs, ufro maRali qulebiT fasdeba.
3. individualurad Catarebul testebSi (mag, laparakis), ma-
Rali qulebiT fasdeba maRali verbaluroba da bevri la-
paraki da ara Sinaarsi. es ukeTes pirobebSi ayenebs im
moswavleebs, romlebic aseTYsituaciebSi Tavs komfortu-
lad grZnoben.
testebi SeiZleba ar iyos samarTliani, ramdenadac SesaZlebe-
lia, gansxvavebul jgufebs im masalis swavlis sxvadasxva SesaZleb-
loba hqondes, romelic mowmdeba. sakiTxebi, rogorc wesi, exeba
xolme iseT faqtebsa da gamocdilebas, romelic dominanturi kul-
turisaTvis aris nacnobi da ara umciresobisaTvis.
dRes standartizebuli testebis umetesoba yuradRebiT mowmde-
ba, rom masSi ar aRiniSnebodes tendenciuroba (bekeri, 2008), magram
maswavlebelTa mier Sedgenili testebic aseve SeiZleba tendenciuri
iyos. amitom aucilebelia, rom maswavlebelma, gansakuTrebiT ki,
axalbeda maswavlebelma, kolegebs an specialistebs sTxovos testis
gadaxedva im mizniT, rom Seamowmos:
xom ar ayenebs upirates mdgomareobaSi gogos an biWs;
xom ar ayenebs upirates mdgomareobaSi garkveul jgufs
dasaxlebis tipis, socialuri statusis an eTnikuri
warmomavlobis mixedviT;
xom ar gaanawyenebs garkveul moswavleebs da zegavlenas
moaxdens maTgan swori pasuxis gacemis albaTobaze;
xom ar aris davalebaSi Cadebuli usamarTlo xafangi”.
xom ar aris Sefasebis sistema dasaxvewi...
enis Sefaseba da testireba
112
3. testis ZiriTadi Teoriebi
yvelaze cnobili Teoria, romlis mixedviTac xdeba testis
monacemebis damuSaveba es aris testis klasikuri Teoria (anastazi,
urbina, 2007, gv. 196; burlaCuki, 2008, gv. 448; reini, 2009; fransi). am
Teoriis mixedviT monawilis/moswavlis mier testSi miRebuli qula
Sedgeba WeSmariti qulisagan, romelic Seesabameba
moswavlis/monawilis gasazomi unarebis odenobas da gazomvis
Secdomisgan. gazomvis Secdoma damokidebulia SemTxveviTobaze,
iRbalze, motivaciaze, daRlilobaze da sxva arasistematur
faqtorebze. rac ufro kargad aris Sedgenili testi da rac ufro
standartizebuli da obieqturia igi, miT ufro mcirea gazomvis
Secdoma.
testis administrirebis Semdeg moswavlis mier miRebul qulaTa
jami warmoadgens im ZiriTad maCvenebels, romelze dayrdnobiTac
xdeba moswavlis unaris saboloo Sefaseba. klasikuri testis
TeoriaSi mniSvnelovan kriteriums warmoadgens testirebaSi monawile
moswavleTa qulebis saSualo ariTmetikuli (standartul
gadaxrasTan erTad), romelic moswavleTa Sefasebis ZiriTad
kriteriums warmoadgens. swored moswavleTa saSualo qula
gamoiyeneba daskvnebis gamosatanad imis Taobaze, Tu rogor Sefasdeba
konkretuli moswavlis garkveuli unari: rogorc saSualoze maRali,
dabali, Tu saSualo. testis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia
diskriminaciis unari. es aris testis maxasiaTebeli, romelic
saSualebas iZleva, ganasxvaos maRali, saSualo da dabali unarebisa
da codnis mqone moswavleebi erTmaneTisgan.
testis klasikuri Teoria Zalian mosaxerxebelia, roca gvinda
SevarCioT saukeTeso moswavleebi; vafasebT erT konkretul,
SedarebiT viwro sakiTxs; gvaqvs mxolod erTi testi da erTi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
113
populacia. magram Tu ase ar aris, maSin iqmneba monacemTa
interpretaciis problemebi (reini, 2009). magaliTad, A moswavlem da B
moswavlem gaakeTa sxvadasxva testi. erTi testi (E) ufro advilia,
vidre - meore (D). rogor SevadaroT testis qulebi XAE da XBD
erTmaneTs? rogor moviqceT, Tu XAE> XBD?
an meore magaliTi:
k da j testuri davaleba gaakeTa orma sxvadasxva jgufma. erTi
jgufs aqvs naklebi unarebi (l), xolo meores - meti (h).
rogor SevadaroT am testuri davalebebis sirTule p erTmaneTs?
ra vqnaT, Tu testuri davalebis sirTule (P, romelic ganisazRvreba
jgufSi im moswavleTa procentiT, romlebmac sworad gaakeTes
testuri davaleba) Pkl<Pjh?
am tipis problemebs agvarebs testur davalebaze dafuZnebuli
Teoria (reini, 2009, burlaCuki, 2008, gv.148; anastazi, urbina, 2007, gv.
211). Tu unda SevafasoT codnisa da unarebis farTo speqtri da
Sesabamisad, gvWirdeba bevri testuri davaleba, Tu unda SevafasoT
sxvadasxva jgufebisgan Semdgari populacia, maSin umjobesia
gamoviyenoT testur davalebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria. es aris testis
albaTur-statistikuri Teoria, romlis ZiriTadi idea aris is, rom
rac ufro maRalia testirebaSi monawilis unarebi, miT ufro
maRalia testur davalebaze mis mier swori pasuxis gacemis
albaToba. am Teoriis mixedviT, Sedegebi ar aris damokidebuli
testirebaSi monawileTa saerTo doneze da imaze, Tu monawileTa
ramdenma procentma gaakeTa esa Tu is testuri davaleba. testirebis
am fsiqometruli Teoriis mixedviT, qula ar aris damokidebuli
testur davalebebze. amasTanave, moswavleebma SeiZleba Seasrulon
sxvadasxva testuri davaleba; moswavlem SeiZleba daweros testis
nawili (bukleti) da daskvna gakeTdes ise, TiTqos man mTeli testi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
114
Seasrula. magram es testis am modelisTvis aucilebelia testuri
davalebebis ganmeoreba da moswavleTa sxvadasxva SerCevis TanakveTa.
fsiqometruli TvalsazrisiT, es modeli sakmaod rTulia da igi
gamoiyeneba farTomasStabiani testirebis dros. ufro metic, igi
Zalze rTul gamoTvlebs moiTxovs da misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia
specialuri kompiuteruli programebis gareSe.
saklaso testirebis dros, Cveulebriv, testuri qulebis
interpretaciisTvis iyeneben ufro martiv procedurebs, romelTa
Sesaxebac qvemoT (ix. Tavi 5) iqneba moTxrobili.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
115
4. testis Sedgenis safexurebi (etapebi)
testis Sedgenis pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapia imis
gansazRvra, Tu ris dadgena gvinda testirebis Sedegad da ra mizniT.
amisTvis unda gavarkvioT, romeli kategoriis testi gvWirdeba (miR-
wevis, daxelovnebis Tu sxv.), ra aris maTi mizani konkretul situa-
ciaSi, moswavleTa romeli unarebis testireba gvesaWiroeba, rogor
unda moxdes monacemTa interpretireba da a.S.
testis Seqmna misi detaluri gegmis CamoyalibebiT iwyeba. aseT
gegmas testis specifikacias uwodeben (testuri, 2009, gv. 8). igi tes-
tirebis miznebze dayrdnobiT yalibdeba da moicavs detalur infor-
macias testis miznis, Sinaarsisa da administrirebis Sesaxeb. testis
specifikacias sxvadasxva saxe SeiZleba hqondes, magram yvela maTgani
unda moicavdes testis mizans, Sinaarss, formats (Sesafasebeli una-
rebis/codnis, gamoyenebuli testuri davalebebis da testSi maTi wo-
nis matricas), agreTve informacias monawileebis, Sefasebis sistemisa
da administrirebis Sesaxeb (hagersi, 1992, gv. 48).
testirebis saSualebiT enis flobis Sefasebis drosac saWi-
roa, SevadginoT testirebis gegma anu specifikacia. ganvixiloT tes-
tis specifikaciaSi Semavali informaciis magaliTebi.
Sinaarsi: testis specifikaciaSi srulad unda iyos aRwerili
is Sinaarsi, romelze dayrdnobiTac SeiZleba aigos testi. mag., gra-
matikuli testis Sinaarsi unda Sedgebodes Sesafasebeli gramatiku-
li struqturebis CamonaTvalisgan, xolo enobrivi unarebis saerTo
testi ki unda moicavdes enobrivi kompetenciebis yvela ganzomilebis
aRweras. rogorc zemoT iTqva, testis Semqmnelma sxvadasxvagvari
forma SeiZleba misces testis specifikacias, magram mTavaria, rom
masSi testis Sinaarsi srulad da amomwuravad iyos aRwerili.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
116
testis specifikaciaSi ara mxolod testis Sinaarsi unda iyos
aRwerili, aramed mocemuli unda iyos gamoyenebuli masalis Tavise-
burebebi da is operaciebi, romelTa Sesrulebac mouwevs moswavles
testirebisas. mag., kiTxvis testSi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos sxva-
dasxva tipis teqstebi (publicisturi werilebi, leqsi, moTxroba, sa-
reklamo gancxadebebi da sxv.), romelTa tipis, raodenobisa da mo-
culobis Sesaxeb informacia winaswar unda iyos gansazRvruli tes-
tis specifikaciaSi. aqve unda iyos mocemuli im unarebisa da codnis
CamonaTvali, romelTa Semowmebasac emsaxureba testi. mag., testis mi-
zani SeiZleba iyos teqstSi specifikuri informaciis moZiebis unaris
Sefaseba, konteqstis mixedviT ucxo sityvis mniSvnelobis gageba da
a.S.
testirebaSi monawileebis/populaciis aRwera: testis specifi-
kaciis es nawili unda moicavdes amomwurav informacias testirebaSi
monawile adamianebis Sesaxeb. es aris informacia maTi asakis, saganma-
naTleblo safexuris/klasis, enis flobis arsebuli donis da sxv.
Sesaxeb. enis flobis donis testis SemTxvevaSi cxadia, mniSvnelova-
nia testis specifikaciaSi miTiTebuli iyos, es ena mSobliuria mona-
wileebisTvis, Tu igi meore an ucxo enaa.
formati/matrica da drois ganawileba: am nawilSi mocemuli
unda iyos testis struqtura, romelic moicavs testirebis dros da
mis ganawilebas testis TiToeuli komponentisTvis, testuri davale-
bebis tipebsa da specialur procedurebs. am nawilSi aseve mocemuli
unda iyos TiToeuli komponentis wona. aqve gawerili unda iyos, ro-
meli tipis ramdeni testuri davaleba aris gansazRvruli TiToeuli
komponentisTvis (testuri..., 2009, gv. 12).
qvemoT mogvyavs testis specifikaciaSi warmodgenili testis
formatis/matricis magaliTi qarTuli enis testisTvis.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
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meore ena
mosmenilis gageba 30 wT
25%
15 mravlobiTi arCevanis
Semcveli davaleba; 5 –Ria
testuri davaleba (2
mokle da 3 gavrcobilpa-
suxiani)
wakiTxulis gageba 45 wT
25%
20 mravlobiTi arCevanis
Semcveli davaleba; 5 –Ria
testuri davaleba (2
mokle da 3 gavrcobilpa-
suxiani)
weriTi unar-Cvevebi 45 sT
25%
15 – eses tipis davaleba.
gramatikuli kompetencia 30 wT
15%
15 winadadeba - Tavisufa-
li pasuxi.
leqsikuri kompetencia 30 wT
10%
30 mravlobiTi arCevanis
Semcveli davaleba.
testirebis drois gansazRvrisTvis mniSvnelovania gaviTvalis-
winoT testirebis monawileebis/moswavleebis asaki da maTi yuradRe-
bis koncentraciis Taviseburebebi. ase mag., Tu dawyebiT safexurze,
enis Sefaseba da testireba
118
gansakuTrebiT ki pirvel klasebSi vatarebT tests, igi unda Semoi-
farglos 45-60 wuTiT, xolo ufrosklaselebsa da zrdasrulebSi
testireba 2 an 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSic SeiZleba gagrZeldes (SesaZ-
lebelia SuaSi mciredi SesvenebiT). Tu monawilis kognituri proce-
sebis Taviseburebebi ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin testis mona-
cemebis didi nawili daRlilobis an moyirWebis faqtoris zegavle-
niT iqneba miRebuli.
miRwevis doneebi: miRwevis doneebi anu moswavleTa SesaZlo
warmatebis doneebi, romelic testSi aris gansazRvruli, winaswar
unda iyos gawerili (hagersi, 1992, gv. 50). enaSi "daxelovnebis donee-
bi" SesaZloa gansazRvruli iyos monawilis/moswavlis mier sworad
gakeTebuli testuri davalebebis procentuli wiliT. mag., 75% da me-
ti testuri davalebebis sworad gakeTeba miuTiTebdes "daxelovnebis"
maRal doneze, 50%-dan 75%-mde testuri davalebebis sworad gakeTeba
- saSualoze maRal kompetenciaze, 25%-dan 50%-mde - saSualoze da-
balze, xolo ufro naklebis ki - Zalian dabal doneze. Tu testis
mizania kompetenciiis garkveuli donis moswavleTa gadarCeva (mag.,
enis swavlebis Semdeg safexurze gadasayvanad), maSin SesaZlebelia
avirCioT Sefasebis sxva midgoma: moswavles moeTxovebodes testis
srulad daZleva, magram imisTvis, rom Semdeg safexurze gadavides,
dawesdes minimaluri zRvari, mag., qulaTa 80%.
testis miznebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia miRwevis doneebi
ufro kompleqsuri iyos. mag., `enaTa flobis zogadevropuli
kompetenciebi~ gvTavazobs miRwevis doneebis skalas; sanimuSod
mogvyavs A2 donis aRwera (deskriptorebiTurT):
1. mosmena
nela da Zalian garkveviT naTqvami teqstis (mag., gamyidvelisa da myidvelis
dialogi maRaziaSi) mosmenisas Semswavlels SeuZlia sityvebisa da mokle
winadadebebis gageba.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
119
SemswavlelisTvis gasagebia saubari, romelic exeba avtomobilis an sxva
raime nivTis fers, zomas, wonas, moculobas.
Semswavlels SeuZlia gaigos teqsti, romelic misTvis nacnob Temebs (mag.,
swavla, samsaxuri, Tavisufali dro, ojaxi) exeba.
saubris mosmenisas Semswavleli xvdeba mosaubreebis ganwyobilebas (rogor
grZnoben isini Tavs, rogor xasiaTze arian; arian avad, kargad, mxned Tu
daRlilebi).
Semswavlels SeuZlia gaigos nela da garkveviT warmoTqmuli teqstis
ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, Tu igi sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebs exeba.
Semswavleli mokle da martivi Setyobinebebidan igebs ZiriTad informacias.
Semswavlels SeuZlia zepirad warmoTqmuli teqstis arsis gageba.
Tu saubroben nela da garkveviT, Semswavleli igebs ZiriTad informacias
sportuli angariSis, sasaqonlo reklamis, amindis prognozis Sesaxeb.
mokle, martivi Setyobinebebidan da ambebidan Semswavlels gamoaqvs
dedaazri, Tu teqsti dinjad da garkveviT aris naTqvami da misTvis nacnob
Temebs exeba.
roca Semswavlels gzas aswavlian, igi xvdeba, rogor unda mivides
daniSnul adgilamde fexiT, avtobusiT Tu metroTi.
roca Semswavlels maRaziaSi an transportSi esmis saubari, xvdeba, Tu ras
exeba igi.
zepiri mokle teqstidan Semswavlels esmis ZiriTadi informacia im Temebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic mas ainteresebs.
2. kiTxva
Semswavlels SeuZlia wignis saZiebelsa Tu sarCevSi misTvis saintereso
ZiriTadi informaciis moZieba da gageba.
Semswavlels SeuZlia Jurnal-gazeTebSi misTvis nawilobriv nacnob Temebze
agebuli martivi statiebis dedaazris gageba.
Semswavlels SeuZlia Jurnal-gazeTebis gadaTvalierebisas Tu internetSi
muSaobisas moipovos da gaigos misTvis saintereso martivi informaciis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
120
ZiriTadi azri, gaerkves Tu ras weren adamianebi sakuTar Tavze, rogor
axasiaTeben erTmaneTs da mixvdes, vis ra Tviseba aqvs.
Semswavlels SeuZlia gaigos mokle, martivi teqstis Tu Setyobinebis
ZiriTadi azri.
Semswavlels SeuZlia calkeuli frazebisa da xSirad xmarebuli sityvebis
gageba maSin, roca teqsti misTvis saintereso Temas exeba.
Semswavlels SeuZlia advilad misaxvedri informaciis moZieba ganrigSi,
cxrilSi, meniuSi, reklamaSi, gancxadebaSi...
Semswavlels SeuZlia piradi werilebis gageba.
3. laparaki
Semswavlels SeuZlia sakuTar Tavze mokle informaciis gacema (waradginos
Tavi _ Tqvas vinaoba, misamarTi, telefonis nomeri, saidan aris da sad
muSaobs).
Semswavlels SeuZlia martivi sityvebiT Tqvas, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs.
Semswavlels SeuZlia gadmosces sakuTari ojaxis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi
informacia (mag., vin arian, ra asakisa da profesiis arian misi ojaxis
wevrebi).
Semswavlels SeuZlia Tqvas, romeli sasmeli da saWmeli uyvars / moswons an
ar uyvars / ar moswons; romel garemoSi (sofelSi, qalaqSi, zRvaze, mTaSi...)
urCevnia yofna da mokled daasabuTos mizezi.
Semswavlels SeuZlia Tqvas, ra aris misi hobi (mag., musika, Teatri, kino,
ferwera, qandakeba, sporti).
Semswavlels SeuZlia winaswari momzadebis gareSe warmoadginos misTvis
nacnobi sagani / obieqti (qveyana, musikaluri jgufi, gundi).
Semswavlels SeuZlia Zalian martivi dasaxelebis sakvebi produqtisa da
sasmelis dasaxeleba misi yidvis an SekveTis mizniT.
Semswavlels SeuZlia Tavaziani formebis gamoyenebiT mimarTos sxvas da
dausvas arcTu rTuli SekiTxva.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
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Semswavlels SeuZlia mokled da martivad ilaparakos raime movlenis,
faqtis (mag., wveulebaze, eqskursiaze, gakveTilze) an sakuTari gancdis
Sesaxeb.
Semswavlels SeuZlia mokled aRweros sad cxovrobs da rogor SeiZleba
masTan misvla (transporti, mgzavrobis xangrZlivoba, manZili).
Semswavlels SeuZlia mokle ambis moyola da movlenebis Tanmimdevrulad
warmodgena.
Semswavlels SeuZlia msmenels miawodos informacia sakuTari samsaxuris
Sesaxeb.
Semswavlels SeuZlia mokled gadmosces, Tu ras apirebs kviris bolos an
ardadegebze; SeuZlia moyves, Tu rogor aRniSnaven Sobas an sxva
dResaswaulebs mis qveyanaSi.
Semswavlels SeuZlia mokle satelefono saubris warmarTva, mag., Sexvedris
adgilis daniSvna.
Semswavlels SeuZlia martivi sityvebiT gamoxatos Tavisi grZnobebi (mag., es
CemTvis naTelia, meSinia, mSia...).
Semswavlels SeuZlia iTxovos daxmareba da Sesabamisi reagireba moaxdinos,
roca mas sTxoven daxmarebas.
Semswavlels SeuZlia isaubros kviris dReebze, daasaxelos weliwadi, Tve,
ricxvi, saaTi da yovelive amis Sesaxeb Tavadac dasvas SekiTxvebi.
Semswavlels SeuZlia damarcvlos sityvebi.
Semswavlels SeuZlia sxvadasxva sakiTxze daTanxmeba, SekamaTeba, an uaris
Tqma.
4. wera
Semswavlels SeuZlia martivi sityvebiT daweros sakuTari saqmianobis
Sesaxeb (mag., samsaxuris, sportisa da Tavisufali drois Taobaze).
Semswavlels SeuZlia martivi sityvebiT daweros, rom gadaifiqra Sexvedra;
SeuZlia miwvevaze werilobiT reagireba.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
122
Semswavlels SeuZlia mokle da martivi sityvebiT megobrebs Seatyobinos,
rom agviandeba / avad aris / sxva saqmiT aris dakavebuli da ar SeuZlia
daniSnul adgilas misvla.
Semswavlels SeuZlia TavisTvis Camoweros samecadino gegma kviris dReebisa
da TariRebis miTiTebiT.
Semswavlels SeuZlia axloblebis saxelze daweros mosawvevi.
Semswavlels SeuZlia martivi winadadebebiT aRweros movlena, rodis da ra
viTarebaSi moxda igi.
Semswavlels SeuZlia mokle, martivi winadadebebiT misTvis nacnobi
sagnebisa da adgilebis aRwera.
Semswavlels SeuZlia nacnobi Temebis Sesaxeb martivi teqstebis Sedgena,
sakuTari azris werilobiT Camoyalibeba.
Semswavlels SeuZlia martivi istoriis moyola (mag., lamazad gatarebuli
ardadegebis an momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb).
Semswavlels SeuZlia eleqtronuli fostiT, mokle teqsturi SetyobinebiT
(SMS-iT) an mokle weriliT nacnobebsa da megobrebs saWiro martivi
informacia, rCeva miawodos (mag., ama Tu im disketis fasi sxvadasxva
maRaziaSi, romeli sportuli klubi, sacurao auzi jobs).
Semswavlels SeuZlia martivi, erTmaneTTan logikurad dakavSirebuli
winadadebebiT aRweros raime movlena.
Semswavlels SeuZlia suraTebiTa da mokle teqstebiT aRweros mogzaurobis
mizani.
Semswavlels SeuZlia martivi gancxadebis dawera, misTvis saintereso
gancxadebaze reagireba, informaciis ganTavseba axalgazrdul gazeTsa Tu
veb-gverdze.
Semswavlels SeuZlia saswavlo dRiurSi martivad Caiweros, rodis ra
gaakeTa da ra aqvs saswavli.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
123
roca tests vqmniT, unda gvaxsovdes, rom miRwevis doneebis
aseTi kompleqsuri skalebis SemTxvevaSi, didia subieqturi Sefasebis
safrTxe da, Sesabamisad, arasando Sedegebis miRebis albaToba.
amitom, aseT SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom Zalian
zustad moxdes im kognituri (enobrivi) operaciebis gawera, romlis
safuZvelzec keTdeba Sefaseba.
qvemoT warmodgenilia qarTulis, rogorc meore enis flobis
dasadgenad SemuSavebuli testis specifikaciis nimuSi, romelic
eyrdnoba erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris mier
maswavlebelTaTvis gamocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxiluli testis
specifikaciis formas (testuri, 2009, gv. 14).
qarTulis, rogorc meore enis testis specifikaciis nimuSi:
1. testis saTauri: qarTulis, rogorc meore enis flobis miRwevis
donis dadgena
2. testis ZiriTadi mizania Semswavlelis enobrivi kompetenciebis
dadgena saxelmwifo enis (meore enis) modulis (SL1-is) kompetencieb-
Tan mimarTebiT (kriteriumTan Sedarebaze dafuZnebuli testebi); ga-
moyenebuli iqneba miRwevebis testireba, romelic gulisxmobs gamo-
muSavebuli unarebis testirebas.
3. mocemuli testiT izomeba testirebis monawilis mier qarTulis,
rogorc meore enis im modulis (SL1-is) gavlis Sedegad aTvisebuli
enobrivi kompetenciebi, romlebic ganisazRvra Semswavlelis winaswa-
ri testirebis safuZvelze.
4. testireba utardebaT zrdasruli asakis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mqone araqarTulenovan pedagogebs, romelTaTvisac saxelmwifo –
qarTuli ena (romlis testirebac xdeba) meore enaa
5. testirebis paralelurad, romelic mxolod mosmenis, kiTxvisa da
weris unarebis Semowmebis saSualebas iZleva, laparakis unaris Se-
safaseblad dagegmilia intervius formati.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
124
6. informaciis gamoyenebis wesi dgindeba testis Semdgeneli jgufis
mier.
7. testirebis xangrZlivoba ganisazRvra 3 saaTiT.
8. informaciis testis Sinaarsi:
mimarTuleba: kiTxva
kiTxulobs da igebs sajaro warwerebs (gamafrTxilebeli warwera,
gaCerebis/quCis saxeli, maRaziis/sajaro Senobis dasaxeleba, informacia
yidva-daqiravebis Sesaxeb, memorialuri dafa, sxvadasxva tipis abra sxva),
savarjiSos pirobas.
kiTxulobs oficialuri/administraciuli xasiaTis dokumentebs, formula-
rebs (kviris ganrigi, gakveTilebis cxrili, anketa, savizito baraTi, pirado-
bis mowmoba, bileTi da sxva).
kiTxulobs da igebs yofiTi xasiaTis informaciul teqstebs (katalogi, sa-
marSruto gegma, meniu, kulinaruli recepti).
kiTxulobs da igebs martiv korespondencias: sxvadasxva xasiaTis Ria baraTs
(misaloci, mosawvevi, mowvevis samadlobelo da sxva), martiv Setyobinebas.
amoicnobs teqstis kompoziciur maxasiaTeblebs da naswavl enobriv formebs.
mimarTavs sxvadasxva strategias Sinaarsis gagebis gasaadvileblad.
mimarTuleba: wera
nimuSis mixedviT wers Ria baraTs.
modelis mixedviT wers sxvadasxva saxis mcire zomis pragmatul teqstebs
(katalogi, meniu, kulinaruli recepti da sxva).
modelis mixedviT wers mcire zomis aRweriT teqsts.
icavs werilobiTi teqstis struqturas, iZens elementarul enobriv unar-
Cvevebs da cdilobs funqciurad gamoiyenos isini.
mimarTavs weris strategiebs naweris gaumjobesebis mizniT.
9. matrica/formati: ix. gv. 118.
10. qulebis dawera: daxuruli tipis testur davalebebSi 1 an 2
quliT fasdeba; 1 qula iwereba iseT davalebebSi, romelic mosmenili
(wakiTxuli) teqstidan implicituri informaciis moZiebas
gulisxmnobs / martiv codnazea orientirebuli; 2 quliani Sefaseba –
maRali donis kognitur operaciebze (blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT)
orientirebul testur davalebebSi.
eses formatis (Ria tipis) davalebebSi maqsimaluri qula
ganisazRvreba 5 quliT; gradacia mocemuli iqneba davalebebSi.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
125
testis Sedgena/Seqmna: testSi unda Sediodes specifikaciaSi
gawerili Sinaarsi. Sinaarsobrivi validaciisa da saswavlo proces-
Tan kavSiridan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania, rom testi (testuri da-
valebebi) farTod asaxavdes Sinaarss. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,
testi srulad unda moicavdes yvela im unaris, codnisa da Rirebu-
lebebis Sesafasebel testur davalebebs, romlebic testis mizniT
gansazRvrul da testis specifikaciaSi dazustebul saswavlo Se-
degs/indikatoris Seadgenen. mniSvnelovania agreTve sxvadasxva donis
kognituri operaciebis gaTvaliswinebac da Sesabamisi unarebis Sefa-
seba.
arsebobs kognituri unarebis sxvadasxva taqsonomia, magram
maTgan ganaTlebis sferoSi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia benJamen
blumis kognituri operaciebis taqsonomia (ganmartebiTi,... 2007, gv. 7).
testebis didi nawilic am meTodologiur safuZvelzea agebuli. ami-
tom Cven mokled ganvixilavT blumis taqsonomias da testirebaSi mi-
si misi gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas.
blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT, kognituri operaciebi iyofa Sem-
deg doneebad:
1. codna;
2. gageba;
3. gamoyeneba;
4. analizi;
5. sinTezi;
6. Sefaseba.
blumis mixedviT, pirveli sami done azrovnebis qveda donis
operaciebia, xolo analizi, sinTezi da Sefaseba ki maRali donis
kognitur operaciaTa jgufs miekuTvneba.
codna es aris konkretuli masalis mexsierebaSi arseboba. es
masala SeiZleba iyos faqtebi, wesebi, procedurebi, terminebi da sxv.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
126
masSi igulisxmeba agreTve garkveuli informaciis damaxsovrebisa da
aRdgenis unarebic.
gageba gulisxmobs movlenebis, faqtebis, ambebisa da a.S. saku-
Tari sityvebiT gadmocemis unars, aseve teqstis ZiriTadi azris gad-
mocemis unars.
gamoyeneba es aris aTvisebuli codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebis
unari, kerZod, saazrovno amocanis gadawyvetis xerxis sxva amocanaze
gavrcobis/ gadatanis unari an nimuSis mixedviT davalebis Sesrule-
bis unari.
analizis dros xorcieldeba movlenaTa Semadgenel nawilebad
dayofa, maTi gancalkevebulad ganxilva an maT Soris kavSirebis
dadgena, mizezebis aRmoCena, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis gamovle-
na da sxv.
sinTezi moicavs movlenis calkeuli elementebis an nawilebis
axal struqturul erTeulSi gaerTianebas.
Sefaseba es aris garkveul kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT daskvne-
bis gamotanis unari. kerZod, es aris sakuTari poziciis argumentire-
buli dasabuTeba, teqstis struqturis Sefaseba an gamomxatvelobiTi
formebis Sefaseba da sxv.
testis Sedgenisas mniSvnelovania, rom gaviTvaliswinoT kogni-
turi operaciebis doneebi da monawilis/moswavlis enobrivi kompe-
tenciebi mxolod dabali an mxolod maRali donis operaciebze
dayrdnobiT ar SevamowmoT. sasurvelia testis Sinaarsi moicavdes
yvela donis operacias. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi (mag., moswavleTa
asakobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis gamo) SesaZlebelia da-
bali donis kognituri operaciebi ufro didi woniT iyos warmodge-
nili testSi, vidre - maRali donis saazrovno operaciebi. romeli
operaciebi da ra woniT Seadgenen Cveni testis Sinaarsobriv-
meTodologiur CarCos _ amis Sesaxeb winaswar unda iyos miRebuli
argumentirebuli gadawyvetileba. saqme isaa, rom codnis operaciebis
Sesatyvisi testuri davalebebis Sedgena Zalian advilia da xSirad
enis Sefaseba da testireba
127
swored aseTi testuri davalebebi gvxvdeba spontanurad, gauazreb-
lad Seqmnil testebSi didi doziT. cxadia, TavisTavad aseTi dava-
lebebis testSi arseboba cudi ar aris, magram mxolod codnaze
orientirebuli testuri davalebebi SesaZlebelia nakleb informaci-
uli aRmoCndes testis mizanTan mimarTebiT. gansakuTrebiT es exeba
enis tests, sadac maRali donis kognituri operaciebis monawileoba
Zalze mniSvnelovania monawilis/moswavlis enobrivi kompetenciiis
obieqturi, sando da validuri SefasebisTvis. qvemoT mogvyavs teqs-
tisa da kognituri operaciebis Sesabamisi testuri davalebebis nimu-
Sebi:
teqsti:
Cemi megobrebi
me bevri megobari myavs. Cemi uaxloesi megobrebi arian aCi da ana. Cven
erT ezoSi vcxovrobT, erTad vTamaSobT, erTad davdivarT skolaSi. Cven
erT klasSi varT.
wina kviras Cveni saxlis win garaJebi aiRes da fexburTis moedani
gaakeTes. bavSvebs Zalian gagvixarda, ubednieresebi viyaviT, ufrosebsac
gauxardaT. marto garaJis patronebi daRondnen.
axla ezoSi fexburTis gundi gvyavs. me da aCi am gundSi varT. ana ar
aris am gundSi, am gundSi mxolod biWebi vTamaSobT.
dRes TamaSi gvaqvs. TamaSi saRamos Svid saaTze iwyeba. dRes dilidan
wvims. Cven diliT vivarjiSeT da axla visvenebT.
me axla fanjarasTan vdgavar da viyurebi gareT da vfiqrob. isev
wvims. gamvlelebi qolgebiT dadian. yvelaferi ruxia, saxlic, moedanic,
gzebic, cac.
me ar miyvars wvimaSi TamaSi, aravis ar uyvars wvimaSi TamaSi. arc
mayurebels moswons aseT amindSi jdoma. is qolgiT an celofniT zis da
mainc sveldeba. dRes wvimam Tu ar gadaiRo, albaT aravin mova stadionze.
TamaSis dawyebamde sami saaTi rCeba. moedani carielia. yvela Tavis
saxlSia Tbilad da iq erToba: uyurebs televizors, kiTxulobs wigns. Cemi
klaselebi albaT ar movlen fexburTze. arc ana mova.
TamaSis dawyebamde erTi saaTi darCa. isev wvims, Zalian wvims. cudi
amindia.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
128
stadioni svelia. Cven stadionze mivdivarT. vemzadebiT matCisTvis.
tribunebic ivseba. mayureblebi modian da sxdebian. Cveni megobrebi
ukve movidnen. anac tribunaze zis. me aRar meSinia. ukve momwons wvimaSi Ta-
maSi, ukeTesia, sainteresoa.
TamaSi daiwyo. moedani svelia da sirbili Znelia. Cven xSirad vvar-
debiT miwaze, TamaSis dawyebamde Cven TeTri maisurebi gvecva, axla Cveni
maisurebi Savia. uZnelesi yofila cud amindSi TamaSi.
aCi burTiT Sevarda karSi da daeca.
me gubeSi Camivarda fexi, Tavi ver Sevikave, uaxloes moTamaSes daveci
zed da davagde.
mayurebeli erToba.
dro ise gavida, ver gavigeT.
TamaSis bolos erTi burTi gavitaneT.
Cveni megobrebi ubednieresebi iyvnen. tribunebze xtodnen da gvilo-
cavdnen yviriliT.
TamaSi male damTavrda. erTiT nuli movigeT. mowinaaRmdege gundma
nuliT erTi waago.
saxlebSi svelebi davbrundiT. axla cxeli wyali minda. cxeli wyali
da cxeli Cai.
gareT isev wvims. me saxlSi Tbilad vzivar da aRar vfiqrob wvimaze.
me Cems megobrebze vfiqrob, me Zalian miyvars isini. Cvenze ukeTesi megobrebi
aravis hyavs! Cven erTad gavimarjveT tribunasa da moedanze!
instruqcia: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT teqsti da pasuxi gaeciT
qvemoT moyvanil kiTxvebs.
vin arian aCis uaxloesi megobrebi?
vis gauxarda da vis – ewyina garaJebis aReba?
...
(am tipis davalebebi eqsplicituri informaciis
moZiebaze / martivi kognituri operaciebis Sesru-
lebazea orientirebuli).
enis Sefaseba da testireba
129
sanimuSod moyvanili davalebebi SedarebiT maRali donis kog-
nituri operaciebis Sesrulebazea orientirebuli: analizs, sinTezsa
Tu Sefasebas gulisxmobs:
ganmarteT teqstidan monakveTi:
`TamaSis dawyebamde Cven TeTri maisurebi gvecva, axla Cveni maisurebi
Savia~.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
rogor ganmartavT aCis sityvebs:
`Cven erTad gavimarjveT tribunasa da moedanze!~
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
da a.S.
testuri davalebebis Sedgena: xSirad gamoucdel maswavleb-
lebs miaCniaT, rom testuri davalebebis Sedgena Zalian advilia da
maT mier Sedgenili yvela testuri davaleba (kiTxva) kargia. sinamd-
vileSi testuri davalebebis Sedgena Zalian rTuli amocanaa da
umetes SemTxvevaSi pirvel jerze Sedgenili testuri davalebebis
did nawils xelaxali gadamuSaveba da daxvewa sWirdeba, nawili ki
ubralod ar varga da gadasagdebia.
Sedgenili testuri davalebebis pirveladi gadarCevisaTvis
saukeTeso gzaa eqspertuli analizi, raTa testur davalebebSi moi-
Zebnos Secdomebi, uzustobebi da dadgindes, romeli maTgani SiZleba,
rom gamoswordes / gadamuSavdes da romeli unda gadavagdoT. cnobi-
lia, rom testuri davalebebis damwerebs garkveuli emociuri damo-
kidebuleba uyalibdebaT sakuTari namuSevris mimarT da amitom mniSv-
nelovania, rom isini mimReblebi iyvnen kritikis mimarT da saqmis in-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
130
teresebidan gamomdinare, pozitiurad Seafason da miiRon kritikuli
SeniSvnebi.
qulebis dawera: roca testur davalebaSi mxolod erTi swori
pasuxia, maSin situacia martivia. magram xSirad saklaso testebSi,
miznidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia misaRebi iyos ramdenime pasuxi.
roca arsebobs alternatiuli swori pasuxebi, romlebic gansxvave-
buli qulebiT unda Sefasdes an SesaZlebelia testuri davalebis
pasuxi nawilobriv sworad CaiTvalos, am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis gamovlenaa saWiro da qulaTa ganawileba meTodolo-
giur safuZvels (Sesafasebeli sagnis/unaris taqsonomias) unda emya-
rebodes.
testuri davalebebis (kiTxvebis) empiriuli gamocda: testis
Sedgenis mniSvnelovani etapia testuri davalebebis gamocda. igi
xorcieldeba saboloo testirebaSi monawile moswavleebis msgavs
jgufze. am gziT xdeba Sefasebis problemebis identificireba. sac-
deli testirebebis safuZvelze xdeba testis sandoobis koeficientis
gamoTvla da dgindeba TiToeuli testuri davalebis gazomvisunaria-
noba.
Tu testireba ise Catardeba, rom ar moxdeba testuri davale-
bebis empiriuli gamocda da winaswari testireba, maSin cxadia, rom
yvela Secdoma da problema, romelic tests, rogorc gazomvis in-
struments gaaCnia, testirebis dros warmoCindeba. es SeiZleba iyos
testis dabali sandooba, Sefasebis araswori sqema/rubrika, qulaTa
miniWebis araadekvaturi sistema, ufunqcio an sulac cudad momuSave
testuri davaleba, proceduruli Secdomebi da sxv. amdenad, aseTi
testis Sedegebi eWvqveS dadgeba, magram ukve dagvianebuli iqneba
testis gadamuSaveba da xelaxali Catareba.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
131
5. testuri davalebebis tipebi
testirebaSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva tipis testuri davalebebi.
arsebobs maTi kategorizaciis sxvadasxva mcdelobac. terminologiis
aRrevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, Cven daveyrdnobiT erovnuli sas-
wavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris mier maswavlebelTaTvis Sed-
genil saxelmZRvaneloSi (testuri..., 2009, gv. 20) mocemul kategori-
zacias, mokled warmogidgenT testuri davalebis TiToeuli tipis
daxasiaTebas da moviyvanT magaliTs qarTulis, rogorc meore enis
testidan.
qvemoT ganvixilavT testuri davalebebis Semdegi tipebi:
Sesabamisobis (urTierTmisadagebis);
klasifikaciis;
mravlobiTi arCevanis;
Ria anu pasuxis konstruirebis moklepasuxiani;
Ria anu pasuxis konstruirebis gavrcobili pasuxis mqone;
Ria anu pasuxis konstruirebis teqstis "daxurvis";
Ria anu pasuxis konstruirebis winadadebis Sevsebis da dasru-
lebis;
WeSmariteba-mcdarobis;
problemis gadaWraze orientirebuli.
rogori tipisac ar unda iyos testuri davaleba (kiTxva) igi moi-
cavs or ZiriTad nawils. esaa miwodebuli masala (stimulis nawili)
da pasuxis nawili (testuri, 2009, gv. 21). ganvixiloT TiToeuli maT-
gani cal-calke.
miwodebuli masala anu stimuli orgvari SeiZleba iyos: informa-
ciuli da direqtiuli. xolo pasuxis nawili ki imazea damokidebuli,
Tu rogoria testuri davaleba. mravlobiTi arCevanis tipis davale-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
132
bebSi arsebobs pasuxTa alternativebi, romelTaganac erTi swori pa-
suxia da danarCeni ki _ araswori pasuxebi anu distraqtorebi. am
tipis davalebebSi pasuxi faqtiurad igive Sefasebis sqema anu rubri-
kaa. masSi warmodgenilia yvela SesaZlo swori pasuxi da yvela Se-
saZlo araswori pasuxi.
miwodebuli informaciuli xasiaTis masala _ es aris teqsti, nawy-
veti, leqsi, romelsac testuri davaleba eyrdnoba an sqema, diagra-
ma, fotosuraTi, naxati, naxazi, grafiki dasxv., romelic amocanis
(testuri davalebis) gadaWris safuZvelia.
miwodebuli direqtiuli xasiaTis masala (stimuli) moicavs wamyvan
winadadebas anu “birTvs”, romelSic miTiTebulia, Tu ra kiTxvas un-
da gasces pasuxi moswavlem an ra tipis davaleba unda Sesrulos man.
faqtobrivad, es aris sakuTriv testuri davalebis kiTxva an davale-
ba.
miwodebuli direqtiuli xasiaTis masala anu wamyvani winadadeba,
Cveulebriv, moicavs iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa, moiZie, amoiwere,
Seafase, Seadare, Seapirispire, moitane argumenti, gaakeTe inter-
pretacia, daamtkice, daasabuTe, moaxdine kategorizacia, moax-
dine klasifikacia, Seqmeni, Seadgine, moigone meTodi, gaakeTe
gegma da sxv.
qvemoT mocemulia testuri davalebis nawilebis nimuSebi.
miwodebuli masalis (stimulis) nimuSebi:
informaciuli xasiaTis masala (stimuli)
ixileT 49-e gverdze warmodgenil nimuSSi mocemuli werili.
direqtiuli xasiaTis masala (stimuli)
mag: `vin aris werilis adresati? vis swers avtori we-
rils?~
pasuxebis nimuSi mravlobiTi arCevanis tipis testuri davalebisTvis:
a. daviTs;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
133
b. lias;
g. zaurs;
d. levans.
pasuxebis nimuSi Ria tipis testuri davalebisTvis:
1. `rodis wers werils avtori? (daasaxeleT Tvis romeli
dRea da ricxvi)~
swori pasuxi: --------------Caiweros ---------------
qvemoT mocemulia mravlobiTi arCevanis tipis testuri davaleba, ro-
melSic identificirebulia misi Semadgeneli nawilebi:
nimuSi.
MmravlobiTi arCevanis Semcveli testis davalebis nawilebi
instruqcia enis
SemswavlelebisTvis
waikiTxeT Semdegi nawyveti da upasuxeT qve-
moT motanil kiTxvebs
informaciuli xa-
siaTis masala (sti-
muli)
gamarjoba, Svilo, rogor xar? deda ro-
gor aris? Seni Zma xom ar celqobs?
lia, quTaisSi veRar CamovaRwie. baTumidan
pirdapir samtrediaSi Cavedi, rogorc Sen
mTxove, Seni megobrisTvis saCuqris gadasace-
mad. kargi vqeni, rom Cavedi. mamamisi avad iyo
da miwa hqondaT gasaToxni. ar meubneboda, ma-
gram roca gavige, vuTxari, dagexmarebiT-meTqi.
gvianobamde vimuSaveT da Rame iq darCena momi-
wia. samSabaTs ki zugdidSi wavedi seminarze.
xom ici, 16 ivniss iwyeba seminari da dilis 9
saaTze iq Casvlas ver movaswrebdi. Rame zug-
didSi, Cems ZmasTan davrCebi.
direqtiuli xasia-
Tis masala (stimu-
li - zogadi)
yuradRebiT waikiTxeT teqsti da pasuxi gae-
ciT qvemoT moyvanil kiTxvebs
enis Sefaseba da testireba
134
wamyvani winadadeba
anu RerZi/birTvi
vin aris lia daviTisTvis?
pasuxis
variantebi
a. coli
b. Svili
g. da
d. megobari.
gasaRebi anu
swori pasuxi
a. coli
mcdari pasuxis va-
riantebi
b, g da d
testur davalebebs sam msxvil kategoriad yofen; esenia:
1. testuri davalebebi, romlebic pasuxis SerCevas moiTxovs.
am kategoriaSi Sedis
"WeSmariti-mcdari"-s tipis testuri davalebebi, sadac moce-
mulia pasuxis mxolod ori alternativaa mocemuli. testire-
bis monawile/moswavle an adasturebs stimulis nawilSi ga-
moTqmuli debulebis WeSmaritebas (irCevs pasuxs: "sworia") an
uaryofs mas da irCevs pasuxs "ar aris swori". am tipis tes-
turi davalebis dadebiTi mxarea is, rom igi advili Sesadge-
nia da misi interpretaciac advilia. Tumca mas aqvs uaryofi-
Ti mxareebic. kerZod, maTi nakli isaa, rom maRalia swori
pasuxis SemTxveviT gamocnobis albaToba (0.5). amavdroulad,
isini ver afaseben maRali donis kognitur operaciebs.
urTierTmisadagebis testuri davalebebi. urTierTmisadagebis
(Sesabamisobis) tipis testuri davalebebi, sadac moswavlem
testuri davalebis mocemul direqtiul nawilSi mocemuli
principiT garkveul stimulebs unda Seusabamos pasuxebi.
amasTan, pasuxebi SesaZlebelia winaswar gansazRvruli iyos
an moswavles uwevdes maTi moZebna teqstSi an sakuTar gamoc-
dilebaSi/codnaSi (mexsierebaSi). Tu pasuxebi winaswar aris
enis Sefaseba da testireba
135
mocemuli, maSin, Cveulebriv, maTi raodenoba aRemateba im
sityvebis raodenobas, romlebic wyvilebs qmnian. am tipis
testuri davalebebi sasargebloa kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis
testirebisaTvis, advilia Sefaseba, advilia am tipis testuri
davalebebis didi raodenobis Sedgena. maTi nakli isaa, rom
rTulia instruqciebis sityvieri formulireba.
mravlobiTi arCevanis tipis testuri davalebebi, sadac
testirebis monawiles moeTxoveba CamoTvlili SesaZlo
pasuxebidan airCios erTi pasuxi, romelic mas sworad miaCnia.
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom arCeviTpasuxian testur
davalebebSi mxolod erTi pasuxia swori, xolo danarCeni
pasuxebi distraqtorebis rols asruleben. aqve
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom, Cveulebriv, mravlobiTi
arCevanis tipis testur davalebebSi gamoiyeneba 3, 4 an 5
SesaZlo pasuxi. cxadia, rac ufro metia pasuxebis
alternativebi, miT ufro rTuli xdeba testuri davaleba da
miT ufro mcirdeba swori pasuxis gamocnobis albaToba.
pasuxTa sam alternativiani testuri davalebis swori pasuxis
SemTxveviTad gamocnobis albaToba 33%-s Seadgens, oTx
pasuxianis - 25%-s, xolo xuTi SesaZlo pasuxis SemTxvevaSi
gamocnobis albaToba mxolod 20%-ia. amdenad, rac ufro metia
pasuxTa alternativebi, miT ufro sarwmunoa, rom testuri
davaleba namdvilad moswavlis codnasa da unars zomavs, da
ara mis iRbals. Tumca gamocdilebam aCvena, rom TiTqmis
SeuZlebelia xuTze meti SesaZlo adekvaturi pasuxis
mofiqreba da maTi raodenobis gazrda mxolod xelovnurad
aris SesaZlebeli. es pasuxebi ar funqcionirebs, isini
arafers ar zomaven da, Sesabamisad, sruliad tyuilad
gvakargvineben jer dros maTze fiqriT da Semdgom adgils
testis rveulSi. am tipis testuri davalebebi
mravalferovania - gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva donis kognituri
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operaciebis gasazomad, maTi gamoyenebisas SeuZlebelia
subieqturi Sefaseba, Tumca Znelia mcdari pasuxis variantebis
formulireba.
klasifikaciis testuri davalebebi, romelSic testirebis
monawiles moeTxoveba testur davalebaSi mocemuli masalis
eqspliciturad an impliciturad mocemuli principiT
kategorizacia. am tipis testuri davalebebi SedarebiT iolia
Sesadgenia, advilia maTi Sefasebac, isini kargad gamoiyeneba
faqtobrivi xasiaTis informaciisa da martivi mimarTebebis
testirebisTvis. maTi uaryofiTi mxarea is, rom isini
SezRuduli kognituri operaciebis Sefasebis saSualebas
iZlevian, radgan ifarglebian faqtebis daxarisxebiT.
2. testuri davalebebi, romlebic pasuxis konstruirebas moiTxovs.
am tipis davalebebs xSirad Ria tipis davalebebs uwodeben
xolme, zemoT ganxiluli testuri davalebebisgan gansxvavebiT,
romlebic pasuxis SerCevas saWiroeben. am ukanasknelT e.w. daxuruli
tipis testur davalebebsac uwodeben. Ria testur davalebebSi
testirebis monawiles moeTxoveba pasuxis konstruireba. aq ar aris
winaswar mocemuli alternatiul pasuxTa CamonaTvali, monawilem
TviTon unda Caweros swori pasuxi. aqedan gamomdinare, swori pasuxis
daStampuli, erTaderTi forma ar arsebobs da SefasebisTvis
gamoiyeneba Sefasebis sqema/rubrika. testuri davalebebi, romlebic
pasuxis konstruirebas moiTxoven, Semdegi tipisaa:
moklepasuxiani testuri davalebebi, sadac erTi an ramdenime
sityviT xdeba pasuxis gacema. aseTi davaleba Cveulebriv
moiTxovs mokle da konkretul pasuxs. am tipis testuri
davalebebi kargad afaseben faqtobriv codnas, advili
Sesadgenia da advili Sesafasebelia, magram gamousadegaria
rTuli kognituri operaciebis Sesafaseblad.
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testuri davalebebi, romlebic teqstis gamotovebuli
adgilebis Sevsebas da winadadebebis dasrulebas moiTxovs. am
tipis testebSi Cveulebriv mocemulia winadadebebi, romlebic
swori pasuxiT unda dasruldes. swori pasuxis aRmniSvneli
sityva gamotovebulia. aseTi testuri davalebebi Zalian
sasargebloa, mag., enis leqsikuri maragis Sesafaseblad. am
tipis testuri davalebebiT advilia faqtobrivi codnis
Sefaseba, minimumamde dadis gamocnobis SesaZlebloba, isini
advili Sesadgeni da Sesafasebelia, magram isini ver zomaven
maRali donis kognitur operaciebs.
testuri davalebebi, romlebic teqstis "daxurvas" moiTxovs.
am tipis testebSi Cveulebriv mocemulia erTi an ramdenime
winadadeba, sadac gamotovebulia garkveuli sityvebi.
testirebis monawiles moeTxoveba winadadebebis dasruleba an
Sevseba. am tipis testuri davalebebi gansakuTrebiT farTod
gamoiyeneba enobrivi kompetenciebis Sesafaseblad. SesaZlebe-
lia, testur davalebaSi sityvebi ki ar iyos gamotovebuli,
aramed - sityvis TavsarTebi an bolosarTebi. am SemTxvevaSi
moswavles moeTxoveba gamotovebuli adgilebis Sevseba ise,
rom winadadeba gramatikulad gamarTuli iyos. aseTi tipis
testuri davalebebi advili Sesadgenia, kargad zomavs leqsi-
kur marags da gramatikuli wesebis codnas, Tumca dazRveuli
ar aris SemTxveviTi pasuxebisgan.
testuri davaleba, romelic gavrcobil pasuxs moiTxovs (Tema
da ese). aseTi tipis testuri davaleba kandidatisgan moiTxovs
raime Temaze testis teqstSi mocemul informaciaze an saku-
Tar gamocdilebze dayrdnobiTDSeadginos garkveuli argumen-
tirebuli Txzuleba. am tipis testuri davaleba metad Sroma-
tevadia, igi drosa da energias moiTxovs, rogorc testuri
davalebis Semqmnelisagan, aseve testirebaSi monawilisgan.
rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi, eses Sefasebis sqema winaswar
enis Sefaseba da testireba
138
unda iyos Camoyalibebuli da mkacrad gawerili. amasTan ze-
moT moyvanili nimuSi sulac ar warmoadgens erTaderT swor
Sefasebis sqemas esesa Tu TemisTvis. Sefasebis rubrika damo-
kidebulia imaze, Tu ris Sefaseba gvinda testiT da am kon-
kretuli testuri davalebiT. meore mxriv, eses an Temis dawe-
ras garkveuli dro sWirdeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, testire-
bis specifikaciaSi misTvis adekvaturi dro unda iyos ga-
moyofili. droiTi da sxva argumentebis (mag., standartizebis,
Sefasebis obieqturobis da a.S.) gaTvaliswinebiT, xSirad ase-
Ti testuri davalebis moculoba SemosazRvrulia sityvaTa
raodenobiT, mag., maqsimum 100-150 sityviT. aseTi testuri da-
valebebi iZleva maRali donis kognituri operaciebisa da un-
arebis Sefasebis saSualebas. maTTvis Zneli Sesadgenia Sefa-
sebis rubrika da Zneli da Sromatevadia Sefaseba. ar aris ga-
moricxuli subieqturoba.
problemis gadaWris Semcveli testuri davalebebi, romlebic
SesaZlebelia eses kategoriaSi movaTavsoT, radgan am tipis
davalebaSi Cveulebriv mocemulia erTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb ori
alternatiuli mosazreba da testirebis monawiles moeTxoveba
sakuTaris poziciis dafiqsireba da sakuTari gamocdilebidan
an wakiTxuli masalidan motanili magaliTebiT da argumente-
biT gamyareba. aseTi testuri davalebebic, iseve, rogorc ese
da Tema iZleva maRali donis kognituri operaciebisa da un-
arebis Sefasebis saSualebas. Tumca Zneli Sesadgenia Sefase-
bis rubrika da Zneli da Sromatevadia Sefaseba. igi ar aris
dazRveuli subieqturobisgan.
qvemoT ganxilulia testuri davalebebis nimuSebi:
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1. WeSmariti-mcdarobis tipis testuri davalebis nimuSi:
daviTi zugdidSi Tavis ZmasTan darCa.
a) sworia
b) mcdaria.
2. Sesabamisobis (urTierTmisadagebis) tipis testuri davalebis
nimuSi:
moZebneT sinonimuri wyvilebi da daakavSireT erTmaneTs isrebiT:
mamaci daasrula
daamTavra guladi
mokurcxla gadaeRoba
win gadaudga gaqusla
an
gaixsene sapirispiro sityva:
• dila .................................
• SuadRe .................................
• adriani ...........................
3. klasifikaciis tipis testuri davalebis nimuSi.
daalageT qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT, ra ris mere moxda:
a) sadili restoranSi
b) zugdidSi Casvla
g) dmanisis pirveli sajaro skolis direqtoris moxseneba
d) samtrediaSi Casvla
e) zugdidSi ZmasTan gasvla
v) seminaris dawyeba
z) ministris moadgilis gamosvla
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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4. mravlobiTi arCevanis tipis testuri davalebis nimuSi:
romel ricxvSi Cavida daviTi lias megobarTan:
a. 13-Si
b. 14-Si
g. 15-Si
d. 16-Si.
5. Ria anu pasuxis konstruirebis teqstis "daxurvis" tipis
testuri davalebis nimuSi:
daurTeT saTanado Tandebulebi saxelebs:
yvelani saxl......... vbrundebiT; am adamian........ yvela kargs am-
bobs; Teatr........ dRes premieraa; saxurav........ karlsoni dabi-
navda; am ambav....... didxans vfiqrobdi; skola........ mivdivar;
Tixis........ WurWeli keTdeba; saxlisa........ wavedi.
an
mocemuli formebidan SearCieT swori forma:
1. me salomesTan ___________________________________.
2. guSin skolaSi ver ___________________________________.
3. xval Sen ___________________________________ skolaSi?
4. naTia marikasTan ___________________________________ da mere
erTad _______________________________ CemTan.
5. sad ___________________________________ guSin Sen da rezo?
6. guSinwin da guSin skolaSi ar _________________________________.
7. sad ___________________________________ Sen da merabi?
midixarT movida waxval
miva waval midian wavsulvar mi-
dis wavedi waxvediT
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8. sad _____________________ nana? _ is da niniko TeatrSi
_____________________.
9. xval skolaSi ver ____________________________, avad var.
10. nona ____________________? _ ara, jer ar _______________________.
6. Ria anu pasuxis konstruirebis moklepasuxiani testuri dava-
lebis nimuSi.
moifiqre wakiTxuli moTxrobisaTvis saTauri.
an
rodis wers werils avtori? (daasaxeleT Tvis romeli dRea da ricx-
vi).
________________________________________________________________________
an
vis moxsenebebs daeswro seminaris pirvel dRes daviTi? CamoTvaleT.
________________________________________________________________________
7. nimuSi testuri davalebisa, romelic carieli adgilis Sevse-
basa da winadadebis dasrulebas moiTxovs:
daasruleT winadadeba:
`giorgim davaleba Seasrula da dafasTan . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Ria anu pasuxis konstruirebis ganvrcobili pasuxis mqone
testuri davalebis nimuSi (mokle Tema da ese)
warmoidgineT, rom wasuli xarT mivlinebaSi kolegasTan erTad.
miswereT werili Tqveni ojaxis wevrs (meuRles, dedas, Svils...);
mouyeviT, sad xarT, visTan erTad, rogori amindia, ras akeTebT
dilas, SuadRisas, saRamoTi; moifiqreT, ras gaakeTebT Tqveni ojaxis
wevrebTan erTad, roca mivlinebidan dabrundebiT.
sityvebis minimaluri raodenoba - 50, maqsimaluri _ 100
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9. gadasaWreli problemebis Semcveli testuri davalebis nimuSi
gamoxateT sakuTari pozicia mocemul TemasTan dakavSirebiT:
umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebaSi swavlisas saWiroa Tu
ara saSinao davalebebis Sesruleba?
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6. damatebiTi rCevebi testis SeqmnisaTvis
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, testis Seqmnisas mniSvnelovania
srulad davfaroT saswavlo masala da amisTvis ki aucilebelia
testSi sxvadasxva tipis testuri davalebebis gamoyeneba. isini saSu-
alebas gvaZleven, sxvadasxva gzebiT da wyaroebiT SevagrovoT in-
formacia testirebis monawilis enobrivi kompetenciebis Sesaxeb. ase-
Ti masala ki metad sando da validuria, vidre erTgvarovani testuri
davalebebidan Segrovebuli monacemebi.
testuri davalebebis formulirebisas gaiTvaliswineT, rom
isini Seesabamebodnen moswavleTa klasis, donis an saganmanaTleblo
safexurisTvis dadgenil garkveul standartebs an normebs.
aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia testuri davalebebis sirTulis da
moculobis Sesatyvisoba moswavleTa asakTan da maTi kognituri un-
arebis ganzomilebebTan. gamoiyeneT asakisa da codnis donis adekva-
turi sirTulis ena.
ecadeT, testuri davalebebi, gansakuTrebiT ki davalebis di-
reqtiuli masala martivad, cxadad da mokled iyos formulirebuli;
mravlobiTi arCevanis testur davalebebSi moerideT xelovnur
pasuxebs, ecadeT, SesaZlo pasuxebi bunebrivad JRerdnen; gaxsovdeT,
rom aseTi tipis davalebebSi mxolod erTi swori pasuxi unda iyos;
Ria tipis testur davalebebSi Sefasebis sqema/rubrika unda Seesa-
tyvisebodes Sesatyvisoba testur davalebas da igi maqsimalurad
sruli unda iyos.
daicaviT testuri davalebebis avtonomiuroba, rac imas niS-
navs, rom erTi testuri davaleba ar unda uwyobdes xels sxva tes-
tur davalebaze swori pasuxis gacemas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, erT
testur davalebaze gacemuli pasuxi ar unda iyos damokidebuli
meore testur davalebaSi nagulisxmev informaciaze. am Tvalsazri-
siT, cudi testuri davalebebis nimuSia Semdeg magaliTi:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
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stimuli (teqsti):
lia, quTaisSi veRar CamovaRwie. baTumidan pirdapir samtredia-
Si Cavedi, rogorc Sen mTxove, Seni megobrisTvis saCuqris gadasace-
mad. kargi vqeni, rom Cavedi. mamamisi avad iyo da miwa hqondaT gasa-
Toxni. ar meubneboda, magram roca gavige, vuTxari, dagexmarebiT-
meTqi. gvianobamde vimuSaveT da Rame iq darCena momiwia. samSabaTs ki
zugdidSi wavedi seminarze. xom ici, 16 ivniss iwyeba seminari da di-
lis 9 saaTze iq Casvlas ver movaswrebdi. Rame zugdidSi, Cems ZmasTan
davrCebi.
miwis Toxna daiwyes:
a. orSabaTs
b. samSabaTs
g. oTxSabaTs
d. kviras.
romel ricxvSi Cavida daviTi lias megobarTan:
a. 13-Si
b. 14-Si
g. 15-Si
d. 16-Si.
teqstis mixedviT, ra dRe iyo 14 maisi:
a. orSabaTi
b. samSabaTi
g. oTxSabaTi
d. kvira.
yvela am davalebaSi sakmaod rTuli logikuri operaciebis
Catarebaa saWiro swori pasuxebis amosacnobad (analizi, sinTezi...).
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki erTi maTganis amocnoba moaxerxa enis
Semswavlelma (logikuri operaciebis saSualebiT da ara SemTxveviTi
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145
mignebiT), danarCenebisTvis amave operaciebis warmoeba aRar uwevs da,
Sesabamisad, momdevno ori davaleba aRarafers gvaZlevs misi kompe-
tenciebis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT.
amasTanave, testuri davalebebis Sedgenisas moerideT:
rTuli Sedgenili winadadebebis gamoyenebas;
uaryofiT an ormagad uaryofiT winadadebebs;
ramdenime kiTxvis Semcvel direqtiul masalas;
zedmeti, arasaWiro, miznisgan daSorebuli informaciis
Semcvel masalas;
specialur maxeebs, “xrikebs”, “gamoWeras”;
zedmetad literaturul enas an Jargons;
iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa “yovelTvis”, “arasdros”;
sxvadasxva sigrZis pasuxebs.
gamoricxeT:
Secdomebi (SemTxveviTi, teqnikuri);
arasrulad miwodebuli masala;
pasuxis Semcveli masalis miwodeba;
ararsebuli/SeuZlebeli pasuxis micema.
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7. testirebis monacemebis pirveladi analizi
testis administrirebisa (Catarebisa) da monacemTa Segrovebis
Semdeg xorcieldeba testirebis Sedegebis - empiriuli monacemebis
fsiqometruli analizi testuri davalebebis daxvewis mizniT. amisT-
vis tardeba specialuri fsiqometruli analizi da pirvel rigSi
dgindeba TiToeuli testuri davalebis sirTule da diskriminaciis
indeqsi. sirTule pirvel etapze ganisazRvreba im moswavleTa (kandi-
datTa) procentuli wiliT, romlebmac sworad gaakeTes mocemuli
testuri davaleba. Cveulebriv, testis Semqmnelebi eridebian testSi
iseTi testuri davalebebis gamoyenebas, romlebic Zalian advilia an
Zalian rTulia. mag., Tu Tu testuri davalebas monawileTa TiTqmis
100%-ma gaarTva Tavi an piriqiT _ TiTqmis vercerTma moswavlem ver
gasca swori pasuxi, maSin aseTi testuri davaleba arafers ar zo-
mavs, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven mxolod is viciT, rom jgufis
yoveli wevrisaTvis es davaleba Zalian advilia anu yvelas aqvs sak-
marisi codna am davalebis Sesasruleblad, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
- jgufis yoveli wevrisaTvis es davaleba Zalian rTuli aRmoCnda
anu arc erT moswavles ar aRmoaCnda sakmarisi codna mis gadasawyve-
tad. aseTi testuri davalebebi ver gvexmarebian moswavleTa saseleq-
ciod codnisa da unarebis TvalsazrisiT. arc kriteriumze orienti-
rebuli interpretaciisTvis aris aseTi testuri davalebebi sasar-
geblo, radgan Cven ver vigebT, rogoria sxvaobebi testirebaSi mona-
wile moswavleebs Soris codnisa da unarebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca,
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am tipis davalebebi karg orientirs war-
moadgens maswavleblisTvis an damwyebi specialistisTvis testuri
davalebebis daxvewaSi.
meore mniSvnelovani Tviseba, romelic testur davalebas unda
hqondes, es aris diskriminaciis unari, romelsac gansazRvraven, ro-
gorc davalebis unars, gaarCios dabali, saSualo da maRali codnis
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donis mqone moswavleebi erTmaneTisgan. davalebis am unaris gamosaT-
vlelad specialuri fsiqometruli meTodebi gamoiyeneba. analizis
Sedegad dabali diskriminaciis unaris mqone testuri davalebebi sa-
Wiroa an gaumjobesdes, an, ubralod, `gadaiyaros~. Cveulebriv, tes-
turi davalebebis Sedegebis fsiqometruli analizis safuZvelze,
testis damwerebi da sagnis eqspertebi cdiloben, gaaumjobeson tes-
turi davalebebi. testis Seqmnis es etapi sakmaod rTulia da igi
specialur codnasa da gamocdilebas moiTxovs. am etapze xorciel-
deba TiToeuli e.w. "cudi" testuri davalebis detaluri analizi. ga-
nixileba testuri davalebis TiToeuli nawili (stimuli, birTvi, pa-
suxebi); mowmdeba Sinaarsobrivi mxaris siswore, teqnikuri gamarTu-
loba, sastimulo masalis Sesatyvisoba pasuxebTan, swori pasuxisa da
distraqtorebis adekvaturoba, Sefasebis sqemis anu rubrikis adekva-
turoba da sisrule.
amgvarad, sanam saboloo testi Sedgeba, masSi Semavali testu-
ri davalebebi safuZvlianad mowmdeba rogorc sagnis eqspertebis
mier, aseve - fsiqometruladac.
testis Sedegebis analizi rTul fsiqometrul meTodebzea da-
fuZnebuli da igi specialur codnas moiTxovs. Tumca, testirebis
Sedegebis martivi analizi SesaZlebelia saklaso pirobebSic. amitom
qvemoT mokled ganvixiloT testis Sedegebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeble-
bi da monacemTa Sedarebis instrumentebi.
sixSireTa ganawileba testSi monawileTa mier miRebuli qule-
bis (monacemebis) ubralo CamonaTvalia. magaliTad, marTlweris
testSi 19-ma moswavlem daagrova es qulebi: 100, 95, 90, 86, 84, 85, 80, 75,
75, 75, 70, 65, 60, 60, 55, 50, 50, 45, 40. am monacemebis warmodgena SesaZ-
lebelia grafikuladac, mag., histogramis saxiT.
centraluri tendenciis maCvenebeli da standartuli gadaxra.
saSualo, Cveulebriv, jgufis monacemebis saSualo ariTmetikulia.
mis gamosaTvlelad monacemebi unda SekriboT da miRebuli ricxvi
gavyoT monacemebis raodenobaze. magaliTad, Tu marTlweris testSi
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19 monawilem mTlianad daagrova 1340 qula, saSualo iqneba 1340/19,
anu 70,53. saSualos gamoTvla erT-erTi gzaa jgufis monacemTa cen-
traluri tendenciis Sesafaseblad.
Tumca, jgufSi arsebuli Zalian maRali an Zalian dabali qu-
lebi gavlenas axdens saSualoze da amaxinjebs saerTo suraTs. am
SemTxvevaSi jgufis maCveneblebis centraluri tendenciis Sesafaseb-
lad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva sazomebi. esenia mediana da moda. me-
diana aris zrdadobis an klebadobis mixedviT dalagebul monacemTa
ganawilebis Sualeduri ricxvi. zemoT ganxiluli 19 maCveneblis me-
diana aris 75. cxra maCvenebeli ganawilebaSi 75-ze meti an misi tolia
da cxrac masze naklebi. rodesac aris ramdenime Zalian maRali an
ramdenime Zalian dabali maCvenebeli, mediana SeiZleba ukeTesad war-
moadgendes jgufis mTavar tendencias. moda aris is maCvenebeli, ro-
melic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba. zemoT warmodgenil monacemebSi moda
85-a, radgan igi samjer meordeba.
jgufis monacemebis daxasiaTebisTvis mxolod centraluri
tendenciis sazomi ar aris sakmarisi, radgan SesaZlebelia ori jgu-
fis monacemTa saSualo ariTmetikuli erTnairi iyos, magram maTSi
monacemebi sxvadasxvagvarad iyos ganawilebuli. magaliTad, erTSi
monacemebi mcired gansxvavdebodes saSualo ariTmetikulisgan, xolo
meoreSi ki monacemTa gabnevis diapazoni didi iyos.
standartuli gadaxra gviCvenebs ramdenad gansxvavdeba maCve-
neblebi saSualosgan. rac ufro didia standartuli gadaxra, miT
ufro vrclad aris ganawilebuli maCveneblebi. da piriqiT rac ufro
mcirea standartuli gadaxra, miT ufro axlosaa saSualosTan mona-
cemebi ganlagebuli.
standartuli gadaxris gamoTvla skolis sabazo safexurze is-
wavleba, igi sakmaod advili gamosaTvlelia, magram mas garkveuli
dro sWirdeba. standartuli gadaxris gamoTvlis safexurebia:
1. monacemTa saSualo ariTmetikulis gamoTvla;
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149
2. TiToeuli monacemisa da saSualo ariTmetikulis sxvaobis ga-
moTvla;
3. miRebuli monacemebis kvadratebis gamoTvla;
4. miRebuli monacemebis saSualo ariTmetikulis gamoTvla;
5. miRebuli monacemidan kvadratuli fesvis amoReba.
N jgufis qulebis (monacemebis) saSualo ariTmetikulisa da
standartuli gadaxris codna gvexmareba moswavlis monacemis mniSv-
nelobis garkvevaSi. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom testSi miiReT 60 qula.
es faqti Zalian gagaxarebT, Tu gecodinebaT, rom jgufis saSualo
50-is tolia, xolo standartuli gadaxra 4-s udris. am SemTxvevaSi
Tqveni maCvenebeli saSualoze bevrad maRalia. magram Tu jgufis sa-
Sualo ariTmetikuli igivea, magram standartuli gadaxra 20-is to-
lia, maSin Tqveni monacemi aRar aris iseTi maRali, radgan igi axlos
aris saSualo qulasTan. sakiTxSi ukeT gasarkvevad ganvixiloT nor-
maluri ganawileba da misi maxasiaTeblebi.
normaluri ganawileba. Zalian bevri bunebrivad mimdinare fi-
zikuri, socialuri da fsiqologiuri fenomeni (maT Soris kognitu-
ri) normaluradaa ganawilebuli, rac martivi eniT imas niSnavs, rom
Zalian mcire da Zalian didi monacemebi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba,
xolo saSualo monacemebi ki SedarebiT xSirad. magaliTad, Zalian
iSviaTia Zalian Wkviani (geniosi) adamianebi da aseve iSviaTia Zalian
sulelic _ adamianTa umravlesobas saSualo inteleqti aqvs an iS-
viaTia Zalian dabali an Zalian maRali adamianebi, adamianebis umete-
soba saSualo simaRlisaa. igive viTarebaa testirebis drosac, cxa-
dia, rodesac testireba moswavleTa sakmarisad did jgufSi tardeba:
iSviaTad gvxvdeba Zalian dabali an zalian maRali qulebi da mos-
wavleTa umravlesobis qulebi saSualo diapazonSi Tavsdeba. swored
amitom standartuli gadaxra SesaniSnavi gzaa testis Sedegebis ga-
sagebad. gansakuTrebiT gvadgeba maSin, roca Sedegebi normalurad
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aris ganawilebuli. normalur ganawilebas grafikulad zaris forma
aqvs da igi qvemoT mocemul suraTzea warmodgenili.
normalur ganawilebaSi saSualo, mediana da moda erTmaneTs
emTxveva. amasTanave, monacemTa normaluri ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi
jgufis monacemTa 68% Tavsdeba intervalSi, romelic metia erTi
standartuli gadaxriT saSualo ariTmetikulze da aseve erTi stan-
dartuli gadaxriT naklebia masze. monacemTa 95% Tavsdeba saSualo
aritmetikulidan plius minus ori standartuli gadaxris interval-
Si, xolo monacemTa 99% ki – sami standartuli gadaxris intervalSi.
cxadia, am codnaze dayrdnobiT Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT, ramdenad
kargia testirebaSi miRebuli konkretuli qula. zemoT ganxilul ma-
galiTs Tu davubrundebiT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pirvel SemTxveva-
Si Tqveni qula 60 quliT Tqven saukeTeso 2%-Si moxvdiT, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni 60 qula saSualoa, radganac aseTi da masze me-
ti monacemi testirebaSi monawile moswavleebis naxevars aqvs.
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Tavi 4
Sefasebis meTodebi
1. skalebis SemuSavebis meTodebi
gansxvavebul doneTa arseboba gulisxmobs imas, rom unarebi
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mxolod erT da ara sxva dones da rom enis
flobis gansazRvruli donis parametrebi miekuTvneba erT
gansazRvrul dones da ara sxvas. yovelive es gulisxmobs garkveuli
erTgvarovani skalis arsebobas. arsebobs ramdenime meTodi, romelTa
daxmarebiT enis flobis parametrebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
gansxvavebul doneebs. es meTodebi SeiZleba davyoT sam jgufad:
intuituri, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi. enis flobis Sefasebis
arsebul skalaTa umetesoba da doneTa sxva sistemebi SemuSavda
intuituri meTodebis pirveli jgufis erT-erTi Semadgenlis
meSveobiT. saukeTeso midgoma aerTianebs samive meTods imgvarad, rom
maT Seavson da gaaZlieron dadebiTi zemoqmedeba erTi-meoris mimarT.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi gulisxmoben masalis intuitur momzadebasa da
SerCevas, amasTanave, Sedegis intuitur Sefasebas. raodenobrivi
meTodebi unda axorcielebdnen Tvisebrivi meTodebis saSualebiT
winaswar testirebuli masalis aRnusxvas; isini unda Seivsos
Sedegebis intuituri interpretaciiT. amgvarad, doneTa
zogadevropuli sistemis SemuSavebisas gamoyenebuli iqna intuituri,
Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis Sexameba..
Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas SeiZleba
daviwyoT rogorc indikatorebidan, ise qcevis nimuSebidan.
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indikatorebidan dawyebisas: pirveli amosavali punqti _ unda
iqnes gaazrebuli is, ris aRwerasac vapirebT, xolo Semdeg
movaxdinoT mniSvnelovani kategoriebisTvis aucilebeli
indikatorebis nusxis redaqtireba da Tavmoyra, raTa mivceT maT
Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis etapisTvis momzadebis saxe. aseTi
meTodika ufro gamarTlebulia iseTi kategoriis indikatorTa
SemuSavebisas, romlebic saswavlo programaSi Sedis, rogorc
qmedebis komunikaciuri saxeebi, magram igive meTodika SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT enobrivi kompetenciis calkeuli aspeqtebis indikatorTa
SemuSavebis drosac, dawyebiT etapze indikatorebisa da kategoriebis
formulireba iZleva Teoriulad dabalansebuli sistemis
Camoyalibebis saSualebas (dawvrilebiT ix. enaTa flobis... (1), 2008,
gv. 199-201).
qcevis nimuSebidan dawyebisas: alternatiuli midgoma, romlis
drosac indikatorTa sistemis SemuSaveba iwyeba enis flobis donis
Sefasebis mizniT, iwyeba qcevis tipobrivi nimuSebiT. aseTi
midgomisas gamomcdeli afasebs imas, rasac xedaven nimuSebTan
muSaobis procesSi. kerZod, Semfasebeli aRwers SemoTavazebul
nimuSebs. Semdgom es aRwera muSavdeba statistikuri meTodebis
gamoyenebiT, imis gamosavlenad, Tu romeli maxasiaTeblebia sakvanZo
ZiriTadi SefasebisTvis (Tvisebrivi meTodebi). am midgomis
upiratesoba isaa, rom miRebuli aRwera eyrdnoba konkretul
monacemebs.
statistikuri meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT ara mxolod
zogadi skalis SemuSavebisTvis, aramed skalis SemuSavebis
Semdgomac, misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis dasabuTebisa da gadasinjvis
dadgenis aucileblobisTvis.
(dawvrilebiT ix. enaTa flobis... (1), 2008, gv. 199-203).
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a. intuituri meTodebi
es meTodebi ar moiTxovs monacemTa specialurad organizebul
Tavmoyras, isini efuZneba gamocdilebis interpretacias garkveuli
principebis Sesabamisad.
I. eqsperti: skala iqmneba eqspertTa jgufis mier arsebuli
skalebis, saswavlo programebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani masalebis
safuZvelze. SesaZloa im jgufis moTxovnilebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT,
romlisTvisac es skala muSavdeba. amis Semdeg jgufi axdens skalis
aprobacias da koreqtirebas, dasaSvebia informantebis monawileobac.
II. komiteti: muSaobs iseve, rogorc eqsperti, Tumca aq CarTulia
SemmuSaveblis mcirericxovani da konsultantebis didi jgufi,
romelic axdens SemmuSaveblis mier SemoTavazebuli variantebis
recenzirebas. konsultantebma SeiZleba imuSaon intuiciaze
dayrdnobiT, TavianTi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, da / an sakuTari
Tavis SemswavlelebTan an urTierTSorisi sametyvelo qcevis
nimuSebis Sedarebis gziT.
III. gamocdilebis gziT: muSaobs iseve, rogorc komiteti, magram
procesi ufro didxans grZeldeba da dasruldeba `erTiani
Tvalsazrisis~ gamomuSavebiT. specialistTa jgufi iziarebs
Sefasebis kriteriumebisa da doneebis sistemis garkveul gagebas.
formulirebaTa dazustebis mizniT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
eqsperimentuli pilotireba da misi Sedegebis ganxilva.
gamomcdelebma SeiZleba imsjelon indikatorTa formulirebasa da
enobriv qcevas Soris arsebul mimarTebaze, an imaze, Tu rogor
iwvevs erTis cvlileba meoris cvlilebas. es _ enobrivi
kompetenciis doneTa SemuSavebis tradiciuli saSualebaa (enaTa
flobis... (1), 2008, gv. 200).
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b. Tvisebrivi meTodebi
es meTodebi gulisxmobs samuSao seqciaTa gamoyenebas
informatebis TanamonawileobiT da miRebuli Sedegebis Tvisebriv da
ara statikur interpretacias.
I. sakvanZo konceptebis formulireba: winaswari skalis Seqmnis
Semdeg yvelaze martivi meTodia _ misi dayofa nawilebad da
informantebisTvis (am skalis momxmarebelTa im jgufis tipobrivi
warmomadgenlebisTvis romlebic gamoiyeneben mas SemdgomSi)
miwodeba, raTa maT (a) ganalagon gansazRvrebebi im TanamimdevrobiT,
romelic maT miaCniaT marTebulad, (b) ganmarton, ratom miaCniaT ase
da mas mere, rac gamovlindeba sxvaoba Tavdapirvelsa da maT mier
SemoTavazebul wyobas Soris. (g) warmoaCinon, romeli sakvanZo
debulebebi exmarebodaT da romeli uSlidaT xels. es meTodi
SeiZleba gavarTuloT, movxsnaT erT-erTi done da SevTavazoT im
xarvezis moZebna, romelic miuTiTebs gamotovebul doneze. aseTi
meTodiT iqna SemuSavebuli skalebi sertificirebisTvis
evrocentrebSi.
II. sakvanZo cnebebi _ enobrivi qceva: indikatorebi Seefardeba
tipur enobriv qcevebs gamoyofil doneebze imgvarad, rom raimes
aRwera Seesabamebodes realurad mimdinare movlenebs. kembrijis
zogierT sagamocdo cnobarSi mocemulia am procesis aRwera
gamomcdelebisaTvis. aq erTmaneTs udardeba sxvadasxva skalis
indikatorTa formulirebebi da is Sefasebebi, rac daimsaxures
konkretulma sagamocdo namuSevrebma. enobrivi testirebis
saerTaSoriso sistemis (IELTS) CarCoSi indikatorTa Seqmnis procesSi
profesional gamomcdelebs sTxoves, ganesazRvraT `tipobrivi
namuSevris nimuSi~ yoveli donisTvis, Semdeg ki gamoevlinaT yoveli
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namuSevris `sakvanZo Taviseburebebi~. is Taviseburebebi, romlebic
sxvadasxva donisTvis tipobrivad iqneba miCneuli, sabolood
indikatorebSi ganTavseba saTanado msjelobis Semdeg.
III. pirveladi daxasiaTeba: individualuri informatorebi
ganalageben namuSevrebs (rogorc wesi, werilobiTs) garkveuli
TanamimdevrobiT. jgufuri ganxilvisas yvela daxarisxebuli
namuSevari ganlagdeba erTiani TanamimdevrobiT. Semdgom xdeba im
principis gamoyofa, misi gamovlenis aRwera, ris mixedviTac moxda
daxarisxeba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva im mimarTulebebs,
romlebic yoveli donisTvis individualuria. is, rac iyo aRwerili,
warmoadgens pirvelad daxasiaTebas, swored is gansazRvravs
ganlagebis wesebs. am meTodis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens namuSevrebis
ramdenime wyebad dalageba erTiani rigis nacvlad. am klasikur
midgomasac aqvs Tavisi mravalganzomilebiani sortirebis varianti.
am SemTxvevaSi sakvanZo Taviseburebebis meSveobiT xdeba pirveladi
maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra. Semdeg xdeba naSromebis sortireba
yoveli pirveladi maxasiaTeblis Sesabamisad. Sedegad vRebulobT
ara erTganzomilebian qolistur skalas erTi pirveladi
maxasiaTeblisTvis (TvisebisTvis), aramed mravalganzomilebian
analitikur skalas ramdenime maxasiaTeblisaTvis.
IV. ori variantidan erT-erTis amorCeva. es aris pirveladi
daxasiaTebis meTodis dadgenis kidev erTi varianti. pirvel etapze
xdeba warmodgenili nimuSebis sortireba ramdenime jgufad, maTi
donidan gamomdinare. Semdeg, doneTa Soris sazRvrebis dadgenis
principi mis Taobaze msjelobisas xdeba sakvanZo maxasiaTeblebis
gamoyofa (ix. meTodi #5). zemoxsenebuli meTodisgan gansxvavebiT,
xdeba yoveli sakvanZo maxasiaTeblis formulireba iseTi kiTxvis
saxiT, romelic gulisxmobs pasuxs: `ki / ara~. amgvarad, yalibdeba
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binarul opoziciaTa gaSlili struqtura. es struqtura aZlevs
gamomcdels gadawyvetilebis miRebis algoriTms.
V. SedarebiTi mcdelobebi: jgufebi wyvil-wyvilad adareben
sagamocdo namuSevrebs imis gansasazRvrad, Tu romeli maTgania
ukeTesi da ratom. es meTodi iZleva iseTi metaenis Seqmnis
saSualebas, romelic gamoiyeneba enobrivi kompetenciis Sefasebis
dros da emsaxureba yoveli donisTvis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblis
gamovlenas. es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg formulirdeba, rogorc
indikatorebi.
VI. sortireba: mas mere, rac Camoyalibdeba indikatorTa aRweris
pirveladi variantebi, informantebi miiReben winadadebas,
daakompleqton isini im kategoriaTa Sesabamisad, romlebsac isini
aRweren, da / an im doneTa Sesabamisad, romlebsac isini
ganekuTvnebian. informantebs SeuZliaT agreTve daazuston,
moaxdinon indikatorebis redaqtireba da / an sruliad uaryon isini,
agreTve gamoyon mniSvnelovani, mkafio, an sasargeblo indikatorebi.
am meTodikis SemweobiT arCeul iqna indikatorebis saerTo nusxa,
romlis safuZvelze Camoyalibda da redaqtireba gaukeTda aRweriT
skalebs (enaTa flobis... (1), 2008, gv. 201-202).
g. raodenobrivi meTodebi
raodenobrivi meTodebi gulisxmobs miRebuli Sedegebis
mniSvnelovan statistikur analizsa da gamowvlilviT
interpretacias.
I. diskriminantuli analizi: pirvel etapze rigi sagamocdo
namuSevari, romelmac gaiara sortireba (umjobesia gamomcdelTa
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jgufis mier) gaivlis diskursiul analizs. es Tvisebrivi analizi
gamoavlens da daajamebs sxvadasxva Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblis
sixSires. Semdeg mravlobiTi regresiis meSveobiT ganisazRvreba, Tu
gamoyofil maxasiaTebelTagan romeli ufro mniSvnelovania masalis
garkveuli donisaTvis misakuTvneblad. es sakvanZo maxasiaTeblebi
SemdgomSi daerTveba yoveli donis indikatoris formulirebas.
II. mravalaspeqtiani skalireba: saxelwodebis miuxedavad, es aris
aRweriTi meTodika, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba calkeuli sakvanZo
maxasiaTeblis gamoyofa da maT Soris mimarTebis gansazRvra.
enobrivi kompetenciis Sefaseba xdeba iseTi analitikuri skalis
meSveobiT, romelic ramdenime kategorias aerTianebs. analizi
aCvenebs, romelma kategoriebma iTamaSes ganmsazRvreli roli
enobrivi kompetenciis gamovlenis saqmeSi, ris Semdegac SeiZleba
SevadginoT diagrama, romelic gamoxatavs kategoriebis
Tanaarsebobas an maT daSorebas erTmaneTisagan. amrigad, es
moTodika gvaZlevs saSualebas, gamovavlinoT da eqsperimentis gziT
SevamowmoT mniSvnelobis mqone kategoriebi.
III. testur davalebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria (tddT) anu
`faruli (latenturi) unarebis / Tvisebebis~ analizi: tddT
gvTavazobs urTierTdakavSirebul ganzomilebaTa anu skalebis
modelebis sistemas (testirebis am midgomaze zemoT ukve iyo saubari
– ix. Tavi 3, aq ki ufro konkretulad ganvixilavT erT-erT pirvel
da yvelaze martiv models, romelsac danieli maTematikosis georg
raSis sapativcemulod raSis modeli ewoda).
tddT warmoadgens albaTobis Teoriis ganviTarebas da
gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad davalebaTa bankSi ama Tu im amocanis
sirTulis gansasazRvrad. Tu Tqveni enobrivi kompetencia
`ganviTarebulia~, maSin martiv SekiTxvebze Tqven mier gacemuli
pasuxis albaToba Zalian maRalia. damwyebisTvis ki swori pasuxis
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albaToba ganviTarebul doneze metad mcirea. es ubralo faqti
gadatanilia skalirebis meTodSi, romelic raSis modelzea
dafuZnebuli da romelic SemdgomSi gamoiyeneba erTi skalis
farglebSi punqtebis erTgvarovnebis uzrunvelsayofad. am midgomis
Semdgomi ganviTareba iZleva misi gamoyenebis saSualebas rogorc
komunikaciur CvevaTa xasiaTis mqone indikatorTa skalirebisaTvis,
aseve testuri davalebebis Sesasruleblad.
raSis meTodikiT analizisas, sxvadasxva testuri davaleba an
kiTxvari SeiZleba gardaiqmnas uwyvet jaWvad `Ruzis elementebis~
gamoyenebis wyalobiT, romlebic saerToa erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi
doneebisTvis. qvemoT moyvanil sqemaSi aRniSnuli `Ruzis elementebi~
nacrisfradaa Seferili. amgvarad, davaleba SeiZleba miesadagos
moswavleTa individualur kategoriebs da, amasTanave, darCes
erTiani skalis im SemswavlelTa SedegebisTvis, vinc agrovebs
qulaTa maqsimalur an minimalur raodenobas sxvadasxva doneze.
raSis meTodiT analizis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi iZleva iseTi
skalirebis miRebis saSualebas, romelic analizisTvis gamoyenebuli
testis an testuri davalebebis / kiTxvarebis konkretul Sedegebze
araa damokidebuli. miRebuli skalis mniSvnelobebi rCeba ucvleli
Semdgomi testirebisTvis im pirobiT, rom am testirebis obieqtebi
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc axali jgufebi mosaxleobis imave
statistikuri jgufis farglebSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi skalaTa
mniSvnelobis sistematuri cvlilebebi (magaliTad, saswavlo
testi A
testi B
testi C
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programis Secvlis an gamomcdelTa momzadebis gamo) SeiZleba
ricxobrivad iqnes gamoxatuli da gaTvaliswinebuli.
indikatorTa skalirebis mimarT raSis meTodiT analizi
SeiZleba nairgvarad gamoviyenoT:
(a) Tvisebrivi meTodebiT miRebuli monacemebi SeiZleba
aRiweros raSis meTodis moSveliebiT ariTmetikuli skalis saxiT.
(b) SeiZleba SemuSavdes testebi imisTvis, rom gamartivdes iseT
indikatorTa praqtikuli gamoyeneba, romlebic aRweren enis codnas,
kerZod ki sagamocdo davalebaSi. am davalebaTa skalireba SeiZleba
Catardes raSis meTodis saSualebiT da maTi mniSvnelobebi mocemul
skalaSi gamoxataven calkeuli indikatoris siZneles.
(g) indikatorebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc kiTxvaris
punqtebi maswavleblis mier Tavisi moswavleebis Sefasebis mizniT
(SeuZlia mas x davalebis Sesruleba?). amgvarad, indikatorebi
SeiZleba davayenoT erT yaidaze da ganvalagoT ariTmetikul
skalaze imgvarad, rogorc es xdeba davalebaTa bankSi davalebaTa
siZnelis mixedviT klasificirebisas.
skalaTa SemuSavebis garda, raSis meTodi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor xorcieldeba miRebuli Sefasebis
skalebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba. es iZleva arazusti formulirebebis
dazustebis, gamoyenebul skalaTa monakveTebis sididisa da maTi
gadaxedvis saSualebas (enaTa flobis... (1), 2008, gv. 202-203).
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Tavi 5
bilingvuri ganaTlebis procesis Sefaseba
1. bilingvuri / multilingvuri ganaTlebis arsi da
Sefasebis mniSvneloba
multilingvalia pirovneba, romelsac or an met enaze SeuZlia
laparaki. Tumca, imis gansazRvra, Tu vin aris bi/multilingvali da
vin _ ara, gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre SeiZleba Tavidan
mogveCvenos. multilingvizmis definicia SesaZlebelia
warmomavlobis, komperenturobis, funqciebisa da identifikaciis
kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT. umeteswilad definiciisTvis mTavar
kriteriumad gamoiyeneba mravalenovani pirovnebis lingvisturi
kompetenciebi.
multilingvizmis definiciebi:
`.,,multilingvizmi - ori an meti enis mSobliuri enis doneze floba.~
`...aqtiuri, ori an meti enis sruliad erTnair doneze floba.~
`...sruliad sxvadasxva ori (an meti) enis codna lingvistur
procesebSi erTmaneTis xelis SeSlis gareSe.~
`...bilingvizmi iwyeba maSin, roca erTi enis momxmarebels
dasrulebuli da Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT srulyofili azris
gamoTqma SeuZlia meore enaze.~
`ori (an meti enis alternatiuli gamoyenebis gamocdilebas SeiZleba
vuwodoT bilingvizmi da am praqtikis momxmarebels -
multilingvali.~
`multilingvizmad unda CaiTvalos ori an meti enis alternatiuli
gamoyeneba, Tu amas erTi individi akeTebs.~
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...multilingvalia adamiani, `romelic, situaciaTa umravlesobaSi,
komunikaciis saSualebad Tavisuflad iyenebs or an met enas da,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia erTidan meore enaze gadasvla”.
`multilingvalad SeiZleba CaiTvalos bavSvi, romelsac Tavis mier
Semofarglul enobriv da socialur garemoSi esmis yvelaferi da
agebinebs yvelafers (asakisa da situaciis Sesabamisad, romelSic igi
imyofeba).~
`mosaubre ar unda gamoirCeodes sazogadoebisgan, romelSic meore
enas xmarobs, sxvebma igi mSobliur enaze molaparaked unda aRiqvan.~
`namdvili multilingvalia pirovneba, romelsac ori sxvadasxva,
enobrivad daaxloebiT erTnairi, socialuri da kulturuli donis
mqone jgufi Tavisianad miiCnevs.~ (ix. bilingvuri ganaTleba, 2010, gv.
9-10).
Tavad terminidan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom, martivad, biling-
vizmi or enasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs gulisxmobs. Tumca, rogori
interpretaciac ar unda mieces termins - `bilingvali~ - oris enis
floba arcTu ise iolia... mniSvnelovania gavmijnoT bilingvizmi, ro-
gorc individualuri da rogorc jgufuri an socialuri fenomeni.
rasakvirvelia, individualur da jgufur bilingvizms Soris mniSv-
nelovani kavSiri arsebobs: arsebobs araerTi magaliTi, roca ada-
mianma icis ori ena, Tumca iyenebs mxolod erTs; an iyenebs yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi or enas, Tumca erT-erT enaSi SesaZloa gaaCndes
SezRuduli enobrivi kompetencia. ufro metic, SeiZleba adamianisTvis
sasaubro ena iyos erTi, xolo kiTxvisa da werisTvis iyenebdes meore
enas. Sesabamisad, rodesac vsaubrobT enaze, mniSvnelovania gavmijnoT
enis flobis unari da enis gamoyeneba (beikeri, 2010, gv. 2-3). Sesabami-
sad, rodesac bilingvalis enobrivi kompetenciebis Sefasebas vaxdenT,
imTaviTve unda ganisazRvros, raze vakeTebT aqcents...
bilingvuri ganaTlebis erT-erTi umTavresi principia _ ar
moxdes enobrivi kompetenciebis amaRleba sagnobrivi kompetenciebis
xarjze; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, meore enis dauflebaSi warmateba
enis Sefaseba da testireba
162
calsaxad ar niSnavs imas, rom bilingvuri ganaTlebis mocemuli
programa warmatebulia. magaliTad, SesaZloa, romelime `Zlieri~
saskolo bilingvuri ganaTlebis programis pirobebSi moswavlem maR-
al doneze Seiswavlos meore (aramSobliuri) ena, Tumca sagnobrivi
kompetenciebis TvalsazrisiT, dabali qulebi daimsaxuros... aseT
SemTxvevaSi aucileblad sakvlevia, es moxda xsenebuli programis
xarvezebis gamo Tu mizezi sxvaa (mSobliur enaze swavlebis pirobeb-
Sic amgvari Sedegi iqneboda)...
Sefasebisas aqcenti aseve keTdeba bilingvalebis meore enis
kompetenciaze da ar fasdeba is mniSvnelovani warmatebebi da
upiratesobebi, rac bilingvizms axlavs Tan (magaliTad, iseTi
faqtorebi, rogoricaa interpersonaluri unarebi _ informaciis
mopovebisa da interpretirebis unari, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis unari, pasuxismgeblobis aRebisa da ganawilebis,
solidarobisa da a.S. unarebi (ix. beikeri, 2010).
bilingvuri ganaTlebis mTeli procesis (bilingvali
Semswavlelis enobrivi kompetenciebi, bilingvuri programebis
Sefaseba, bilingvuri sagakveTilo procesi, Semswavlelis/moswavlis
sagnobrivi kompetenciebi, sxva eqstra-faqtorebi, romlebzec zemoT
iyo saubari...) adekvaturad, yvela aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT
Sefasebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. rogorc mxolod
kategorizacia ver asaxavs bilingvizmis srul suraTs, ise
bilingvizmis gazomvisa da Sefasebis mcdelobac warumatebeli iqneba
sruli suraTis warmosaCenad....
enis Sefaseba da testireba
163
2. orenovnebis (bilingvizmis) Sefaseba
bilingvizmis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mizniT
ganxorcieldes. qvemoT ganvixilavT bilingvalebis Sefasebis
ramdenime mizans da am miznebs Soris arsebul Tanxvedris wertilebs.
bilingvalebis Sefasebis magaliTia mosaxleobis aRwerisas
moTxovnili informacia ori enis gamoyenebis unaris Taobaze
(magaliTad aSS, kanada, irlandia, israeli). aRniSnuli monacemi
mkvlevars aZlevs informacias bilingvalebis raodenobisa da
(gadanawilebis) Sesaxeb konkretul geografiul arealSi. am
monacemebze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, geografiuli
rukis Sedgena ama Tu im qveyanaSi Tu regionSi umciresobaTa
jgufebis gansaxlebisa da maTi proporciebis Sesaxeb (uiliamsi, 2004).
bilingvalebi SeiZleba gamovyoT, rogor calke jgufi
seleqciis mizniT. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia, skolas surdes bavSvebis
dajgufeba klasebSi ori enis flobisa da maTi enobrivi fonis
Sesabamisad. bilingvalebi SeiZleba SevarCioT specialuri
saWiroebebis mqone moswavleebis klasisTvis. analogiurad,
samecniero kvlevis miznisTvis SesaZlebelia saWiro gaxdes kvlevaSi
monawileTa or an 3 jgufad dayofa (magaliTad, dabalansebuli
bilingvalebi, nawilobrivi bilingvalebi da monolingvalebi).
bilingvalebis Sefaseba
rogorc zemoT iTqva, enis flobis Sefaseba ZiriTadad ori
tipis testebis meSveobiT xdeba. pirveli gaxlavT normaze
dafuZnebuli testebi, romlebsac Semajamebeli / saboloo
Sefasebisas iyeneben da meore gaxlavT kriteriumze dafuZnebuli
Sefaseba, romelic mimdinare (formatuli) tipis Sefasebas
ganekuTvneba (ix. Tavi, I).
enis Sefaseba da testireba
164
bilingvalebis SemTxvevaSi, kriteriumze dafuZnebul
testirebas aqvs upiratesoba normaze dafuZnebul testirebasTan
mimarTebiT, radgan is ar iyenebs Sedarebis princips. Tumca, normaze
dafuZnebuli testirebisas SesaZlebelia bilingvalis Sedareba
moxdes monolingvalTan, rac Tavad bilingvuri swavlebis procesis
SefasebisTvis da misi upiratesobisTvis xazgasasmelad zogjer
aucilebelia.. am SemTxvevaSi normad ganisazRvreba mSobliur enaze
mosaubre, rac, araerTi mecnieris azriT, usamarTlo da
aravaliduria (frederiqsoni da kline, 1996, kuki, 2002, grosieni 1985,
1994; ix. beikeri, 2010).
kriteriumze dafuZnebuli testirebisas ki mowmdeba moswavlis
unarebi dawesebul standartTan mimarTebiT da, Sesabamisad, TiTqos
gamoiricxeba usamarTlo Sedareba bilingvalsa da monolingvals
Soris, Tumca, praqtikulad, kriteriumze dafuZnebuli testebis
Sedegebis gamoyenebac SeiZleba moxdes SedarebisTvis (magaliTad,
mSobliur enaze mosaubreTa da bilingvalebis maCveneblebis
Sedareba, sxvadasxva asakisa da skolis moswavleTa maCveneblebis
Sedareba).
bilingvali bavSvebis specialur saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis
mqone moswavleTa programebze gadanawileba efuZneba garkveul
Sefasebas. testebi xSirad ar aris akuratuli da ZiriTadad
emsaxureba moswavlis meore enaSi kompetenciis Semowmebas an enobrivi
umciresobis moswavleTaTvis misTvis sust enaze testirebas.
sakananonmdeblo bazis Secvlis, kvlevebisa da mecnierebis mier
gakeTebuli araerTi rekomendaciis miuxedavad, enobrivi umciresobis
moswavleebi diskriminirebulni arian testirebisa da Sefasebis
arsebuli sistemis pirobebSi. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania, ganvixiloT
is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs Sefasebis mikerZoebulobas da
am sistemis gamosworebis alternatiul gzebze vimsjeloT. am mxriv
kolin beikeri ramdenime rekomendacias gvTavazobs:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
165
mniSvnelovania gaimijnos moswavlis droebiTi da xangrZlivi
problemebi. magaliTad, imigranti bavSvis enobrivi Seferxeba
droebiT siZneles warmoadgens, romelic male daiZleva. xolo,
disleqsia, smenis dakargva, maRali neirocitizmi da sxva daavadebebi
aris ufro seriozuli da xangrZlivi problemebisa da siZneleebis
gamomwvevi da, Sesabamisad, maT dasaZlevad ufro xangrZlivi da
gansxvavebuli intervenciuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaa saWiro
(beikeri, 2010, gv. 355).
specialuri saWiroebebis diagnozireba unda gascdes mxolod
testirebis Sedegebs da Sefasebis ufro farTo da mravalmxrivi
meqanizmebiT unda moxdes. bavSvebis sxvadasxva konteqstSi dakvirveba
(klasSi da gareT), agreTve moswavlis ojaxis, Temis da kulturis
Seswavla moswavlis ufro marTebuli profilis Seqmnis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. mniSvnelovania, rom Sefaseba moaxdinos
multidisciplinarulma gundma da multidisciplinaruli gundis
mravalmxrivi Sefasebis meTodebiT gakeTebuli daskvna ufro metad
relevanturia.
moswavleTa SefasebisTvis da Sedegebis interpretaciisTvis
mniSvnelovania moswavleTa ojaxis, Temis, kulturis da
individualuri maxasiaTeblebis gaazreba. moswavleebi skolaSi
modian ojaxebidan, sadac swavla/swavlebis procesi gansxvavebulad
aRiqmeba. magaliTad, TamaSiT, SekiTxvebis dasmiT, dakvirvebiTa da
aRmoCenebiT swavla ar aris misaRebi zogierTi kulturisTvis. am
kulturaSi gavrcelebulia avtoritaruli swavlebis stili, sadac
bavSvs evaleba daimaxsovros ufrosis mier naswavlebi, magaliTad
`saRvTo wigni~ (beikeri, 2010, gv. 355); saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic
xSirad irRveva kulturuli (metwilad – religiuri) gansxvavebisadmi
pativiscemis principi: aris skolebi, romlebSic maswavleblebi
kategoriulad moiTxoven qristianuli datvirTvis mqone
literaturis aTvisebas, rac, rasakvirvelia, musulmanTaTvis
miuRebeli da diskomfortulia...
enis Sefaseba da testireba
166
mniSvnelovania moxdes testirebis Sedegebis dekonteqstualiza-
cia. testirebis sistemis rukis Sedgenis Sedareba iZleva TvalnaTel
suraTs. rukis Sedgenisas xdeba rukaze ama Tu im adgilis martivad
datana, xolo rukaze datanili obieqtebis Sesaxeb naklebi
informaciaa. magaliTad, adgili, romelic usayvarlesia SenTvis,
radgan aris ulamazesi tba da Tvalwarmtaci buneba _ es adgili
gamorCeulia. Tumca, rukaze is datanilia ubralod, rogorc tbisa
da, zogadad, bunebis silamaze da sxva mniSvnelovani Tvisebebi ar
Cans. analogiurad, testireba ver aCens moswavlis Rrma da farTo
maxasiaTeblebs da mxolod zedapirul suraTs iZleva bavSvis
monacemebis Sesaxeb (ix. beikeri, 2010, gv. 355).
SemfasebelTa SerCeva ganapirobebs Sefasebis Sedegebs.
Sefasebaze gavlenas moaxdens, Tuki Semfasebeli aris maRali donis
profesionali da, amave dros, warmoadgens Sesafasebeli moswavlis
enobriv jgufs. Semfaseblis asaki, sqesi, socialuri klasi,
Zalaufleba _ aseve ganapirobebs moswavlis pasuxebs da Sefasebis
Sedegebs. Sefaseba ar aris neitraluri procesi. SemfasebelTa
araswori SerCeva ori tipis xarvezs iwvevs Sefasebisas bilingval
bavSvebTan mimarTebiT: (1) problemis dadgena, roca realurad
problema ar arsebobs; (2) problemis verSemCneva misi arsebobis
pirobebSic ki (beikeri, 2010, gv. 356).
moswavlis Sefaseba unda moxdes moswavlisTvis ufro `Zlier~
enaSi, anu, romelsac ukeTesad flobs. Sefaseba, romelic tardeba
moswavlis `sust~ enaSi, xels uwyobs araswori diagnozis dasmas;
mSoblebi da maswavleblebi darwmunebulni unda iyvnen, rom
testebSi gamoyenebuli ena Sesabamisia. magaliTad, Tu testi
naTargmnia qarTulidan somxurad, SeiZleba Targmanis gamo araerTi
uzustoba gaiparos testSi, rac asaxvas hpovebs testebis Sedegebze.
amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia enaTa saxesxvaobebi, magaliTad,
somxur enas gaaCnia saxesxvaobebi da SesaZlebelia testebi iyos
somxur saliteraturo enaze _ erTi SexedviT, moswavlis mSobliur
enis Sefaseba da testireba
167
enaze. magram somxuri enis saxesxvaoba, romelic warmoadgens
moswavlis realur mSobliur enas (javaxeTSi somxuris erT-erT
gavrcelebul dialeqtze saubroben), ar iZleodes saSualebas,
Sefasdes moswavleTa realuri Sedegebi. Tuki testebSi moswavleTa
enobrivi kompetenciebis problemebi ikveTeba, mniSvnelovania
gaimijnos bavSvis enobrivi profili da enobrivi performansis
profili, romlebic xSirad erTmaneTs ar emTxveva (kuminsi, 1984).
performansis profili gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan aq
warmoCindeba moswavlis kognituri unarebic da ara mxolod enobrivi
kompetenciebi.
mniSvnelovani problemaa testirebisas mxolod moswavleze
fokusireba. testirebis Sedegebidan Cans, TiTqos mxolod moswavlea
damnaSave. mniSvnelovania, fokusma gadainacvlos bavSvisgan
skolisken. iqneb warumateblobis mizezi swored skolaa, romelic ar
sTavazobs moswavles mSobliur enaze swavlebis saSualebas da,
Sesabamisad, codnisa da unarebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs?
Sesabamisad, aseT situaciaSi gamosavali iqneba ara moswavlis
specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mqone moswavleebis (sssm)
programaSi gadayvana, aramed skolis filosofiis Secvla.
sazogadod, testirebam SesaZloa gamoiwvios bilingvali bavSvis
daZabuneba misi gaZlierebis nacvlad (kuminsi 1984). Sefasebam
SeiZleba gamoiwvios moswavleTa kategorizacia warmatebul da
CamorCenil moswavleebad da potencialis mqone moswavlis
Tavdajerebulobac ki minimumade daiyvanos, ramac asaxva SeiZleba
hpovos misi Semdgomi swavlis procesze da maTi saboloo
marginalizacia gamoiwvios; es uaRresad sensitiuri procesia da
pedagogs didi sifrTxile hmarTebs. mniSvnelovania bavSvis
maswavleblis poziciis mosmena Sefasebisas. maswavlebeli metad
icnobs moswavles da sainteresoa misi mosazreba, Tu ra aris
moswavlis akademiuri problemebis mizezi, ra gadawyvetisa da
intervenciis gzebia saWiro problemis mosagvareblad da a.S.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
168
bilingvalebis testireba, sazogadod, gavrcelda
monolingvalebis testirebaze dafuZnebiT. Tumca, amTaviTve unda
iTqvas, rom bilingvalebis enobrivi kompetencia gansxvavebulia,
radgan enas bilingvalebi sxvadasxva konteqstSi gamoiyeneben da
sxvadasxva situaciaSi maTi enobrivi kompetencia gansxvavebulia.
Sesabamisad, bilingvalebisa da monolingvalebis Sedareba enobrivi
kompetenciebis TvalsazrisiT usamarTloa. amasTanave, rogorc wesi,
testebi Sedgenilia dominanti kulturis warmomadgenlebis mier da,
Sesabamisad, kulturulad mikerZoebulia, radgan umravlesobis
enobriv stilsa da kulturas gamoxatavs. testebis umravlesoba
gulisxmobs ramdenime arCevanidan swori pasuxis SerCevas. msgavsi
testebisas SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva enobrivi unarebis Sefaseba,
salaparako / sasaubro ena ver fasdeba msgavsi tipis testirebis
gziT.
normaze dafuZnebuli testi adarebs erT moswavles sxvasTan.
bilingval bavSvTan mimarTebiT ki gacilebiT mniSvnelovania am
bavSvis codnisa da unarebis Semowmeba TiToeul saganSi, vidre maTi
Sedareba sxva moswavleebTan. Sesabamisad, alternatiuli midgomaa
bavSvis progresis Sefaseba saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvrul sagnebSi.
msgavsi testebi ufro mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva mSoblisTvis,
iseve, rogorc maswavleblisTvis, radgan TvalnaTels xdis, ras ver
miaRwia moswavlem konkretul saganSi (magaliTad, maTematikaSi) da
saswavlo procesSic aqcentireba ukve amis mixedviT keTdeba.
amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom kriteriumze dafuZnebuli testebic ar
aris dazRveuli kulturuli mikerZoebulobisagan.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
169
3. meore enis Sefaseba bilingvur gakveTilze
B bilingvuri swavlebis procesis Sefasebisas gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eqceva Tavad swavlebis processa (formatuli Sefaseba) da
Sedegebs (Semajamebeli Sefaseba). amisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
xerxi, kerZod: dakvirveba, interviu, testebi da sxva. producirebis
unarebis Sefaseba gulisxmobs pasuxs Semdeg kiTxvebze:
ra informaciis / sametyvelo funqciis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT
mSobliur da meore enaze moswavleebs SecdomebiT Tu uSec-
domod (dasaxuli amocanebis Sesrulebis Sefaseba)?
visTan _ maswavleblebTan, TanatolebTan da stumrebTan _
SeuZliaT urTierTqmedeba (komunikaciis problema)?
rogoria maTi lingvisturi unarebi (enobrivi konstruqciebis
aTvisebis donis Sefaseba da ara Secdomebis aRnusxva)?
SemfasebelTa amocanebSi unda Sediodes saswavlo procesis
analizi (dakvirveba klasSi), maswavleblis / moswavleebis /
mSoblebis urTierTobebi, saswavlo masalebi, aseve moswavleTa
kompetenciebis testireba (formatuli / Semajamebeli). klasSi
dakvirvebisas yuradReba unda mieqces ara marto moswavleebis, aramed
maswavleblis qcevasac: ra gavlenas axdens is moswavleebze da rodis
da rogor iyenebs enebs? rogor qmnis motivacias? rogor reagirebs
Secdomebze? Secdomebis gasworebis rogor formebs iyenebs:
modelirebas (swori formis Tanamimdevruli da xSiri gameoreba
Secdomebis pirdapiri Sesworebis gareSe) Tu xelaxla formulirebas
(moswavlis SecdomiT naTqvamis sworad da gasagebad formulireba)?
rogor aris organizebuli saswavlo procesi?
moswavleTa progresis Sesafaseblad bilingvur skolaSi
yuradReba unda mieqces maT miRwevebs saganSi. bilingvur skolaSi
moswavles xuTi weli mainc sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom igi daeuflos
enis Sefaseba da testireba
170
meore enas sagnebis Sesaswavlad. Aam xangrZlivobis gamo moswavles
SeiZleba gauCndes sakuTari ususurobis gancda, Camouyalibdes
dabali TviTSefaseba. am problemis gadasawyvetad arsebobs ori gza:
pirveli _ bilingvuri klasis moswavleTa Sefaseba specialurad
maTTvis Sedgenili standartebis mixedviT. am midgomam SeiZleba
mSoblebisa da sagnebis maswavlebelTa gansakuTrebuli daintereseba
gamoiwvios, radgan maTi survilia, moswavlis Sedegebi Seesabamebodes
saxelmwifo standarts. amis gamo aucilebeli xdeba Cveulebrivi
skolebisaTvis gankuTvnili testebis gamoyeneba. Mmagram, amasTan,
unda vifiqroT testebSi garkveuli cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, aseTi SeiZleba iyos orenovani testi. aseve SeiZleba
moswavleebs mieceT damatebiTi dro, neba davrToT, isargeblon
leqsikonebiT an gavumartivoT testuri davalebebis pirobebi.
vafasebT ra bilingvur programebs, ar unda SemovifargloT
mxolod enobrivi unarebis SefasebiT. unda Sefasdes Sinaarsi, mizani
da meTodika.
qvemoT gTavazobT Sesafasebel obieqtTa savaraudo
CamonaTvalis cxrils:
moswavleTa Sefaseba bilingvuri swavlebis
komponentebis Sefaseba
bilingvuri modelis
Sefaseba
ras
vafasebT?
kompetencias
mSobliur enaSi;
kompetencias sa-
ganSi;
kompetencias
meore enaSi;
motivacias;
sxva kompetenciebi
(kognituri unare-
bi, socialuri un-
arebi, sxva sas-
wavlo una-rebi);
swavlebis meTodika;
saswavlo Sinaarsi;
maswavlebelTa ur-
TierToba moswavle-
ebTan.
modelis efeq-
turoba;
bilingvuri
swavlebis mas-
wavlebelTa
momzadeba.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
171
vin
afasebs?
maswavleble-bi;
saatestacio /
saga-mocdo
komisia.
damkvirvebelTa jgufi.
gare monitor-
ingis jgufi.
mizani moswavleTa
Zlieri da susti
mxare-ebis
gamovlena;
standartis Sede-
gebis miRweva;
informacia mSo-
belTaTvis;
SerCeva.
xarisxis kontroli;
masalebis gadamuSa-veba;
maswavlebelTa mom-
zadebis done.
gadawyvetilebis
miReba modelis
SenarCuneba /
arSenarCunebaze,
ganviTarebaze.
rogor
vafasebT?
kiTxvarebi;
testebi;
interviu;
dakvirveba.
interviu;
dakvirveba klasSi
Catarebul samuSa-
oebze;
zepirmetyvelebis
analizi;
saswavlo masalebis
analizi.
saswavlo prog-
ramebis anali-
zi;
kiTxvarebi;
kvlevebi.
bilingvuri saswavlo procesis Sefasebisas gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens gakveTilis Sefaseba. gakveTilis Sefasebisas,
rekomendebulia, rom maswavleblebma upasuxon Semdeg kiTxvebs:
miRweuli iyo Tu ara gakveTilis miznebi?
SerCeuli strategiebis saSualebiT ramdenad moxerxda
gakveTilis winaSe dasmuli amocanebis (rogorc sagnobrivi, ise
enobrivi) gadaWra?
Seesabameba Tu ara gakveTilisaTvis gamoyofili drois
gadanawileba moswavleTa realur SesaZleblobebs,
saWiroebebsa da moTxovnebs?
enis Sefaseba da testireba
172
rogor gamoiyeneben moswavleebi gakveTilze miRebul codnas
momavalSi?
ra enobrivi kompetenciebis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli
gakveTilma?
ra SeiZleboda gakeTebuliyo sxvagvarad?
bilingvur gakveTilze mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvra, Tu ra da
rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes enis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.
imisaTvis, rom maswavleblebma ukeT gaiazron bilingvur gakve-
Tilze Sefasebis sagani da saSualebebi enis gamoyenebis kuTxiT,
gTavazobT gakveTilebis scenarebis nimuSebs TandarTuli rekomen-
daciebiT SefasebisaTvis.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
173
I klasi
sagani: buneba
Tema: frinvelebi da cxovelebi.
akademiuri miznebi: SeuZlia cxovelebisa da frinvelebis garCeva,
maTi amocnoba naxatze.
enobrivi miznebi: icis cxovelebisa da frinvelebis dasaxeleba da
ilustraciaze dayrdnobiT martivi kiTxvebis dasma? ra cxovelia? ra
frinvelia?
leqsika: cxovelebi, frinvelebi, daTvi, ZaRli, kata, Rori, cxeni, bu,
mamali, qaTami, arwivi...
socialuri miznebi: SeZlebs aqtiur mosmenas, monawileobas.
provocireba: maswavlebels gakveTilze Seaqvs cxovelebisa da frin-
velebis winaswar gamzadebuli suraTebi / naxatebi, akravs dafaze.
aqtivobebi: 1) moswavleebi mSobliur enaze asaxeleben naxatze moce-
mul cxovels an frinvels.
2) calke momzadebuli T sqemiT (qarTul-somxurad frinvelebi da
cxovelebi) ajgufeben cxovelebisa da frinvelebis suraTebs.
organizeba wuTi;
resursi: naxatebi,
momzadebuli T sqema.
3) sakomunikacio situacia: walkaSi unda gaxsnan zooparki, Tbilisi-
dan unda CamoviyvanoT cxovelebi da frinvelebi. viswavloT saxele-
bi qarTulad, rom zooparkis direqtors CamovuTvaloT sasurveli
cxovelebi, frinvelebi.
4) leqsikaze muSaoba:
cxovels / frinvels asaxelebs pedagogi da aCvenebs Sesabamis
naxats:
asaxelebs da bavSvebi aCveneben naxatebs;
maswavlebeli aCvenebs naxats, bavSvebi asaxeleben.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
174
O organizeba: 8 wuTi
5) kedelze ganTavsebul sityvebs (frinvelTa da cxovelTa saxelebi)
zemodan amagrebs Sesabamis suraTs da ekiTxeba qarTulad: ra cxo-
velia? ra frinvelia? vinc sworad upasuxebs, airCevs naxats, Seusa-
bamebs nawers da svams kiTxvas.
O organizeba: 8 wuTi.
6) bavSvebi muSaoben wyvilebSi. daxataven sayvarel cxovelsa Tu
frinvels, cvlian erTmaneTSi da adgenen maT qarTul saxelwodebas,
Semdeg akraven TavianT namuSevrebs, asaxeleben da kiTxuloben: cxo-
velia Tu frinveli?
saSinao davaleba: saxelmZRvanelodan amoWran da warwerian ujraSi
Caakran Sesabamisi cxovelisa da frinvelis naxati.
rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvsazRvroT, ras vafasebT? Dda rogor
vafasebT?
miznebidan gamomdinare,Ffasdeba rogorc akademiuri, ise enobrivi
unarebi. akademiuri unarebidan arsebiTia klasificirebis unari.
swored es unari Sefasdeba T sqemis Sevsebis procesSi dakvirvebis
saSualebiT. rac Seexeba enobriv aspeqtebs, unda Sefasdes;
a) martivi instruqciebis (funqciuri frazebis) gageba, kerZod:
gadaSaleT wignebi, CasviT cxrilSi, daasaxeleT, monaxeT
saxeli.
b) Seswavlili leqsikisa da enobrivi formulebis gamoyeneba.
g) “aris” zmnis Semoklebuli formis marTebuli gamoyeneba.
d) SekiTxvebis (ra aris es? ra hqvia? Ffrinvelia? cxovelia?)
gageba da sworad pasuxi.
TiToeulze SeiZleba Sedges Sefasebis sqema. magaliTad,
axalSeswavlili leqsikisa da enobrivi formulebis gamoyenebaze:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
175
kriteriumebi Kkargi damakmayof. aradamakmay.
naxatebis Sesabameba dasax-
elebebTan da piriqiT
warmoTqma (aqcenti specifi-
kur bgerebze)
komunikaciur situaciaSi
adekvaturi reagireba
enobrivi formulebis mar-
Tebuli gamoyeneba sakomu-
nikacio situaciaSi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
176
II klasi
sagani: NqarTuli ena
Tema: `zamTari~ (amjerad ivaraudeba, rom Sefaseba xdeba Temis
dasrulebis Semdeg).
mizani: moswavle SeZlebs
zamTris suraTis aRweras;
martivi sityvebis amokiTxvas (ilustraciaze dayrdnobiT);
martivi sityvebis daweras (ilustraciaze dayrdnobiT);
nimuSis safuZvelze martivi winadadebis dawerasa da
amokiTxvas;
suraTze da masze miweril saxelebze dayrdnobiT martivi
kiTxvebis dasmas da maTze pasuxs.
saWiro frazebi: Tovs. civa. yinvaa. mTebi TeTria.
romelia zamTris Tveebi? zamTris Tveebia dekemberi, ianvari,
Tebervali.
me miyvars / ar miyvars zamTari.
ras TamaSob zamTarSi? zamTarSi miyvars cigaoba, gundaoba, cigure-
biT sriali.
leqsika: Tovli, zamTari, Tovlis papa, civa, yinva,
TeTri, didi, gunda/gundaoba, ciga/cigaoba, TamaSi,
cigurebi.
(werisTvis aqedan airCeva sityvebi imisda mixedviT, Tu ra asoebi aqvT
gavlili da ra unda gaiaron).
enis Sefaseba da testireba
177
rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
Temis dasrulebis Semdeg, sasurvelia, moswavleebi Sefasdnen yve-
la mimarTulebiT: mosmena, kiTxva, wera da zepirmetyveleba. gTava-
zobT Sefasebis sqemebs yvela mimarTuebiT:
mosmena:
kriteriumi yovelTvis iSviaTad arasodes
yuradRebiT ismens
adekvaturad rea-
girebs instruq-
ciebze
mcire xmauric ki
xels uSlis mosme-
naSi
esmis dasmuli
SekiTxvis /
SekiTxvebis
Sinaarsi
kiTxva:
kriteriumi yovelTvis iSviaTad arasodes
Seusabamebs suraTs
amokiTxul sityvas
/ frazas
marcvlebisagan
awyobs sityvas
svams winadadebaSi
Sesabamis sityvas
enis Sefaseba da testireba
178
wera:
kriteriumi yovelTvis iSviaTad arasodes
nimuSis mixedviT
uSecdomod iwers
sityvas
ilustracias uke-
Tebs Sesabamis
warweras
aRadgens sityvaSi
gamotovebul asos
laparaki:
kriteriumi yovelTvis iSviaTad arasodes
mkafiod da sworad
warmoTqvams sity-
vebs (maT Soris
specifikur bge-
rebs)
aRwers suraTs
Seswavlili sity-
vebisa da frazebis
gamoyenebiT
svams martiv Se-
kiTxvas
upasuxebs sxvis
mier dasmul
martiv SekiTxvas
enis Sefaseba da testireba
179
III klasi
sagani: maTematika
Tema: geometriuli figurebi (ferTa mozaika, Cven vqmniT
kompoziciuri naxazebis silamazes).
saxelmZRvanelo: maTematika _ n. gvilava; e. CiloCava, s. CxeiZe.
akademiuri miznebi:
amoicnobs naxatze gamosaxul geometriul figurebs;
qmnis axal kompozicias;
gamoTvlis mocemuli figurebis gverdebis jams;
gamoTvlis TiToeuli Fferis figurebis raodenobas (metoba-
nakleboba).
enobrivi miznebi:
asaxelebs suraTze gamosaxul figurebs;
aRwers ilustracias ferebisa da figurebis miTiTebiT da gamoxatavs
sakuTar damokidebulebas (momwons / ar momwons, lamazia / ar aris
lamazi);
leqsika da konstruqciebi: ferebiT, figurebiT, wiTeli metia cis-
ferze /
naklebia, _iT,... gverdi, sigrZe...
socialuri miznebi:
SeuZlia Seafasos sxvisi da sakuTari namuSevari;
aRiaros sxvisi Rirseba;
hqondes erTobis gancda;
SeZlos resursebis ganawileba.
aqtivobebi:
aqtivoba 1: wyvilebi unda daukvirdnen saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebul
frangi mxatvris pol mondorianis naxats da gascen pasuxi Semdeg
kiTxvebs:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
180
ra aris gamosaxuli naxatze?
ra figurebia?
ramdeni kuTxe aqvs TiToeuls?
riT hgavs es figurebi erTmaneTs?
riT gansxvavdebian es figurebi erTmaneTisgan?
dro: 5 wuTi;
resursi: wigni, gv. 26;
organizeba - muSaoba wyvilebSi.
aqtivoba 2. _ moswavleebs isev vTxovT daukvirdnen naxats.
eZlevaT Sesavsebad cxrili, romelSic unda Caweron suraTze ferTa
raodenoba, ferebis dasaxeleba.
wyvilebi asruleben Semdeg davalebas: asaxeleben figurebis raode-
nobas ferebis mixedviT; akeTeben Canawers: cisferi figurebis raode-
noba metia Tu wiTlis? ramdeniT naklebia Savi feris figura na-
crisfer figuraze?
dro: 7 wuTi;
resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo gv. 26.;
organizeba _ muSaoba wyvilebSi.
aqtivoba 3. moswavleebs vurigebT sxvadasxva feris, zomis, formis
figurebs da vTxovT Seadginon msgavsi kompozicia.
dro: 10 wuTi;
resursi: feradi qaRaldebi (figurebi), TeTri furclebi, webo;
organizeba: jgufuri.
aqtivoba 4. jgufebi cvlian erTmaneTis namuSevrebs da upasuxeben
kiTxvebs (werilobiT):
ramdeni figuraa furcelze?
romeli ferebia gamoyenebuli?
romeli feris figuraa meti da ramdeniT?
(kiTxvebi Camowerilia dafaze)
enis Sefaseba da testireba
181
aqtivoba 5. jgufebi asruleben davalebas: zomaven mocemul fur-
celze yvelaze didi da yvelaze patara oTxkuTxedebis gverdebis
sigrZes da iTvlian TiToeulis sigrZeTa jams.
jgufebi akeTeben prezentacias (TiTo jgufs TiTo wuTi).
dro: 7 wuTi;
resursebi: jgufebis namuSevrebi, furclebi, kalmebi;
organizeba: jgufuri.
aqtivoba 6. amoicnon daviT kakabaZis naxatSi msgavsi figurebi da
daiTvalon ramdeni figuraa aseTi.
dro: 3 wuTi;
resursi: saxelmZRvanelo gv. 26;
organizeba: muSaoba jgufebSi.
aqtivoba 7. vurigebT baraTebs, romlebzec wertilebiT moniSnulia
oTxkuTxedebi. vTxovT, SeaerTon wertilebi da miaweron, ramdeni
oTxkuTxedia moniSnul baraTze?
dro: 7 wuTi,
resursi: baraTebi, markerebi;
organizeba: individualuri.
saSinao davaleba:
Seqmnan naxati sxva geometriuli figurebis gamoyenebiT
da miaweron, ramdeni figura gamoiyenes da ramdeni feri.
rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
enobrivi unarebis TvalsazrisiT unda Sefasdes:
davalebis pirobis / instruqciis gageba da adekvaturi
reagireba;
maTematikuri cnebebis (metia, naklebia) da terminebis
(samkuTxedi, oTxkuTxedi, wre, kuTxe, gverdi... da a.S.)
marTebuli gamoyeneba;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
182
gramatikuli konstruqciebis _ -iT naklebia, -iT metia, -iT
hgavs, -iT gansxvavdeba _ marTebuli gamoyeneba.
imisaTvis, rom moswavlem mizanmimarTulad warmarTos saswavlo
saqmianoba, man unda icodes, ras iTxoven misgan. roca moswavlem
icis is konkretuli miznebi, romelTa misaRwevadac warmarTavs samu-
Saos da icis kriteriumebic, romelTa mixedviTac Seafaseben, aris
ufro motivirebulic da mobilizebulic.
A amjerad Cven gTavazobT gakveTilze enis gamoyenebis Sefasebis
kriteriumebs:
kriteriumebi Kdiax ara SeniSvna
adekvaturad reagirebs instruqciebze
sworad amoicnobs da asaxelebs suraTze
gamosaxul geometriul figurebs
asaxelebs minimum erT gansxvavebas da
erT msgavsebas da marTebulad iyenebs
enobriv konstruqcias: hgavs –iT,
gansxvavdeba –iT.
marTebulad iyenebs enobriv konstruq-
cias: -iT metia, -iT naklebia.
icis ferebis saxelwodebebi (martivi da
Sedgenili).
iyenebs damokidebulebis gamomxatvel
enobriv formulebs: momwons / ar mom-
wons.
mniSvnelovania, maswavlebelma daadginos, maTematikis sakiTxebSi
Secdomebis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi moswavles ar hyofnis maTematikuri
codna Tu enobrivi, amitom Semowmebis mizniT SesaZlebelia pasuxis
dros qarTuli enis mSobliuriT Canacvleba.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
183
IV klasi
sagani: bunebismcodneoba
Tema: cxovelTa jgufebi
akademiuriMmiznebi: icis da asaxelebs cxovelTa jgufebs.
enobrivi miznebi: iswavlis cxovelTa klasebis dasaxelebas
(ZuZumwovari, qvewarmavali, amfibia...), am jgufebSi Semavali
cxovelebis saxelwodebebs da axasiaTebs cxovelebs gadaadgilebis
(daxoxavs, dafrinavs, curavs), arsebobis sxva maxasiaTeblebis (riT
ikvebeba, rogor mravldeba...)…mixedviT.
aqtivobebi:
aqtivoba 1:
bavSvi gamodis kalaTTan, iRebs cxovelis suraTs, ambobs
dasaxelebas qarTulad; klasifikacias _ jgufs akuTvnebs mSobliur
enaze, moZebnis im jgufs somxur enaze warweril plakatze,
waikiTxavs am sityvis qarTul Sesatyviss da ityvis winadadebas _
lomi aris ZuZumwovari cxoveli... ku aris qvewarmavali...
dro _ 20 wuTi; O
organizeba _ individualuri;
resursebi _ kalaTSi yria cxovelTa suraTebi; plakati cxovelTa
klasifikaciis dasaxelebebiT somxurad da
qarTulad.
aqtivoba 2:
maswavlebeli aZlevs mSobliur enaze ganmartebebs _
jgufebSi geZlevaT davaleba: daasaxeleT jgufebSi Semavali cxove-
lebi qmedebebis mixedviT, visac SeuZlia, qarTul enaze Semdegi saxis
winadadebebiT _ lomi aris ZuZumwovari cxoveli _ is dadis, darbis;
delfini aris ZuZumwvari cxoveli _ is dacuravs. Tu moswavles amis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
184
Tqma gauWirdeba, imaves ambobs mSobliur enaze, mxolod cxovelTa
jgufs plakatze vakiTxebT qarTulad.
dro: 15 wuTi;
organizeba: jgufebSi.
saSinao davaleba: vaZlevT Sefasebis sqemas (miTiTeba somxurad), ro-
melic unda Seavson (cxrili iqneba Sesavsebi qarTul enaze):
Sefaseba: prezentaciebis zepiri Sefaseba. formaluri dakvirvebiT da
CaniSvniT.
rekomendacia SefasebisaTvis
am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT TviTSefasebis sqema, ro-
melic kidev ufro konkretuli SeiZleba gavxadoT. es daexmareba ara
marto maswavlebels obieqturobis dacvaSi, aramed moswavlesac ob-
ieqtur TviTSefasebaSi. Sefasebis sqemaSi sasurvelia iyos ori sveti:
erTi moswavlisaTvis, meore _ maswavleblisaTvis. meore sveti mas-
wavlebels aZlevs saSualebas daakvirdes, ramdenad obieqturia mos-
wavle sakuTari saswavlo saqmianobis Sefasebisas. moswavles uvi-
Tardeba TviTSefasebis unari. is kargad xedavs sakuTar Zlier mxa-
reebs da imasac, ra unda gaaumjobesos. gTavazobT aseTi sqemis ni-
muSs (yvelgan igulisxmeba, rom CamoTvlil saswavlo qmedebebs mos-
wavle asrulebs meore enaze):
kriteriumi
moswavlis
TviTSefaseba
maswavleb-
lis Sefa-
seba ra unda ga-
vaumjobeso
diax ara diax ara
me yovelTvis vigeb maswav-
leblis instruqciebs
me SemiZlia cxovelTa da-
saxeleba suraTebis mixed-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
185
viT
me SemiZlia cxovelTa
jgufis (klasis) dasaxele-
ba
me SemiZlia zmnebis sworad
SerCeva
me SemiZlia sworad vupa-
suxo SekiTxvebs
me SemiZlia cxrilis Sevse-
ba
SeniSvna: dawyebiT klasebSi aseTi sqema SeiZleba gakeTdes or enaze.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
186
V klasi
sagani: xelovneba
Tema: xelovnebis ruka.
akademiuri miznebi: icis da asaxelebs qveynebis saxelwodebebsa da
qveynebis RirsSesaniSnav adgilebs.
enobrivi miznebi:
Sesaswavli cnebebi: safrangeTi, saberZneTi, egvipte, CineTi,
avstralia, brazilia, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.
Senoba taZari, nageboba, qandakeba.
enobrivi konstruqciebi: es Senoba mdebareobs . . . . . . . -Si.
aqtivoba 1. maswavlebeli mSobliur enaze sTxovs moswavleebs,
CamoTvalon qveynebi, romlebic ician da Tu ician, ra
RirSesaniSnaobebia im qveynebSi. ra RirSesaniSnaobebia maT
sofelSi/qalaqSi?
dro: 5-7 wuTi
aqtivoba 2. maswavlebeli akravs sqemas, romelSic mSobliur enaze
weria qveynebis saxelwodebebi. Mmoswavleebma wyvilebSi unda
mouZebnon maT qarTuli Sesatyvisebi.
wyvilebi cxrilSi pouloben qveynebis dasaxelebas mSobliur enaze,
kiTxuloben qarTul dasaxelebas da Sesabamis grafaSi weren swor
pasuxs.
dro _ 15 wuTi; resursi: saxelmZRvanelo, sqema;
organizeba: jgufuri muSaoba.
aqtivoba 3. maswavlebeli TiToeul jgufs unawilebs or-or tests
da qarTul enaze aZlevs miTiTebebs: waikiTxeT testi da dawereT,
romel qveyanaSia es Senoba?
enis Sefaseba da testireba
187
maswavlebeli qarTul enaze acnobs davalebis pirobas (saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, ganmartebebs vakeTebT maT mSobliur enaze): swori pa-
suxis rigiTi nomeri SemoxazeT, araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi gaas-
woreT da miuTiTeT swori varianti (testic, aseve, qarTul enazea).
dro – 10 wuTi;
resursi _ winaswar dabeWdili testebi. O
organizeba _ wyvilebSi.
aqtivoba 4. maswavlebeli mcire jgufebs aZlevs sqemas, romlis
mixedviTac unda daajgufon RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi Semdegi
klasifikaciiT:
taZari / Senoba-nageboba / qandakeba.
SeniSvna – es warwerebi qarTul enaze keTdeba.
keTdeba namuSevrebis prezentacia.
dro: 5 wuTi;
resursi: sqema;
organizeba: jgufuri muSaoba.
saSinao davaleba _ wignSi mocemuli rukis mixedviT gadaanawilon
RirSesaniSnaobebi qveynebis mixedviT.
rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
am gakveTilze efeqtiani iqneba urTierTSefasebis formis
gamoyeneba. meore aqtivobis Semdeg wyvilebi cvlian erTmaneTSi
namuSevrebs da erTi wyvili afasebs meore wyvilis namuSevars (TiTo
swori pasuxi – TiTo qula).
urTierTSefasebis forma SeiZleba gamoviyenoT meore aqtivobis
drosac. testebi moswavleebma unda gausworon erTmaneTs. gTavazobT
testis nimuSs:
sworia ar aris
swori
jvris taZari mdebareobs saqarTveloSi.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
188
piramidebi mdebareobs safrangeTSi.
Tavisuflebis qandakeba mdebareobs niu-
iorkSi.
CineTis kedeli mdebareobs egvipteSi.
qristes qandakeba mdebareobs braziliaSi.
luvri mdebareobs avstraliaSi.
Taj_mahali mdebareobs indoeTSi.
parTenoni mdebareobs saqarTveloSi.
M mewyvilis naweris Sesafaseblad moswavles SeuZlia daubrundes
teqsts. kidev erTxel gadaamowmos informacia, romelic amoikiTxa.
amdenad, urTierTSefaseba mxlod Sefasebis unars ki ar aviTarebs,
aramed codnis aTviseba-ganmtkicebis kargi saSualebacaa.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
189
VI klasi
sagani: Zveli msoflio istoria.
Tema - istoriuli (arqeologiuri) periodizacia.
akademiuri (sagnobrivi) miznebi: moswavleebi Seiswavlian istoriuli
periodizaciis aRmniSvnel terminebs (paleoliTi, mezoliTi,
neoliTi, eneoliTi, brinjaos xana, rkinis xana), TiToeuli periodis
dasawyissa da dasasruls.
enobrivi miznebi: Seiswavlian saerTaSoriso terminebis qarTul
Sesatyvisebs (paleoliTi = Zveli qvis xana, mezoliTi = Sua qvis
xana, neoliTi = axali qvis xana, eneoliTi = spilenZ-qvis xana, anu
spilenZis xana). daadgenen mimarTebas: aTaswleuli = 1000 weli,
aswleuli = 100 weli.
Sesaswavli leqsika: dro, periodi, Zveli, Sua, axali, qva, spilenZi,
brinjao, rkina, saukune, aswleuli, aTaswleuli.
aqtivobebi:
aqtivoba 1. maswavlebeli dafaze / formatze asaxavs terminebis
saerTo da gansxvavebul nawilebs:
,,Zveli’’ = pale
,,Sua’’ = mezzo
liTi = ,,qva ‘’
,,axali’’ = neo
,,spilenZi’’ = eneo
imis Sesamowmeblad, daimaxsovres Tu ara axali terminebi, maswavle-
beli ambobs qarTul sityvebs (Zveli, Sua, axali, spilenZi + qva),
moswavleebi daWril muyaoze dawerili Sesabamisi laTinuri sityve-
biT (pale, mezo, neo, eneo + liTi) adgenen periodebis saxelwode-
bebs.
dro _ 10 wuTi,
enis Sefaseba da testireba
190
organizeba _ muSaoba mTel jgufTan,
resursebi: muyao laTinuri sityvebiT.
aqtivoba 2. maswavlebeli jgufebs sTavazobs cxrils, romelSic un-
da Caweron TiToeuli periodis gaswvriv dasawyisi da misi
xangrZlivoba, e.w. qronologiuri CarCo. mag: paleoliTi _ adamianis
gaCenidan 12 aTaswleuli (12.000).
dro – 10 wuTi,
organizeba _ jgufuri,
resursi _ cxrilis qseroaslebi.
aqtivoba 3. moswavleebi individualurad kiTxuloben masalas sax-
elmZRvanelodan periodebis Sesaxeb.
dro _ 10 wT., organizeba _ individualuri,
resursi _ saxelmZRvanelo.
aqtivoba 4. maswavlebeli jgufebSi arigebs cxrilebs. TiToeuli
jgufi avsebs monacemebs qarTulad erTi periodisaTvis. Semdeg xdeba
TiToeuli
jgufis mier am masalis warmodgena.
periodi dro (TariRi)
ra mniSvnelovani
movlena ukavSirdeba
am dros
dro _ 15 wuTi;
organizeba _ jgufuri;
resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, cxrilebi.
saSinao davaleba:
1. gakveTilze Seswavlili sityvebis, terminebisa da frazebis gamoye-
nebiT Seadginon periodizaciis amsaxveli Sedgenili sruli cxrili
qarTul enaze.
2. moamzadon qarTulad prezentacia TiToeuli periodis Sesaxeb.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
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rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
am gakveTilze im terminebis damaxsovreba, romlebic laTinuri fu-
Zisaa, moswavleebs ar unda gauWirdeT. Uუfro metic, es terminebi
maTTvis SeiZleba erTgvar “kunZulebad” gamodges, romlebic mTliani
teqstis gagebas gauadvilebs. arsebiTi swored is aris, rom moswav-
leebma gaigon da gaiazron teqsti, romelzedac dayrdnobiT moaxde-
nen informaciis organizebas. mniSvnelovania, moswavleebi davakvir-
voT kompozitebis, warmoqmnili sityvebis Semadgenlobas (magaliTad,
aTaswleuli, aswleuli).
Sefaseba SesaZlebelia moxdes Semdegi rubrikebis saSualebiT.
kiTxvis procesze dakvirvebis safuZvelze maswavlebeli avsebs
cxrils. magaliTad:
rubrika diax ara SeniSvna
teqstis wakiTxvisas igebs ZiriTad
informacias;
teqstis gasaazreblad iyenebs
terminebs laTinuri fuZiT;
cxrilis Sesavsebad ramdenimegzis
ubrundeba teqsts, kiTxulobs Se-
sabamis adgilebs;
misTvis bundovani / gaugebari ad-
gilebis dasazusteblad svams
kiTxvebs / sTxovs daxmarebas mas-
wavlebels / Tanatolebs.
Mmoswavleebs eZlevaT prezentaciis Sefasebis sqemac, romlis mixed-
viTac afaseben erTmaneTis namuSevrebs. magaliTad:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
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1-2 3-5 6-7 8-10
informaciis sakmarisoba
(teqstidan ar tovebs arsebiT
da mniSvnelovan informacias)
informaciis sizuste (ar
amaxinjebs faqtebs, zustad
asaxelebs TariRebs)
Sesabamisi araverbaluri
saSualebebi (enobrivi
saSualebebis deficitis
SemTxvevaSi adekvaturad iyenebs
Jestebs, mimikas)
Sesaferisi ena (iyenebs
Seswavlil leqsikas, terminebsa
da frazebs)
Mmocemuli cxrlebi orientirebulia ara marto enis gamoyenebis
unaris Sefasebaze, aramed sagnobrivi codnisa da zogadi unarebis
(magaliTad, informaciis organizebis unari) Semowmebaze.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
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VII klasi
sagani: istoria
Tema – istoriuli dro
gakveTilis mizani - moswavleebi gaecnobian istoriuli drois
erTeulebsa da SeZleben maT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas.
Sesaswavli leqsika - dro, weli, aTwleuli, saukune, aTaswleuli,
istoriuli dro, geologiuri dro, aTvlis sistema, cxrili,
flifCarti, religia, islami,
teqnika, kalendari.
enobrivi mizani - moswavle Seiswavlis istoriuli periodebis
aRmniSvnel ZiriTad terminebs - mag. Zveli welTaRricxva, axali
welTaRricxva; aseve gaecnoba istoriis periodebad dayofis
aRmniSvnel terminebs - Zveli dro, Sua saukuneebi, axali dro.
funqciuri frazebi - gadaixazeT, iyofa, iwyeba, mTavrdeba,
gamoiangariSeT, gansazRvreT, SeavseT, CawereT, daviwyoT Temis
zogadi ganxilviT, axla gagacnobT gakveTilis Temasa da mizans, ras
SeviswavliT am gakveTilze, gadaSaleT saxelmZRvaneloebi,
waikiTxeT (gaecaniT), SekiTxvebi xom ar gaqvT? wera dasrulebulia -
CamabareT nawerebi.
dro - 45 wuTi.
resursebi - maswavlebeli - didi formatis qaRaldi (flifCarti),
dafa, carci; moswavleebi - saxelmZRvanelo me-7
klasi (moswavlis wigni), rveuli, kalmistari, saxatavi
furclebi.
aqtivobebi:
aqtivoba 1
maswavlebeli amowmebs saSinao davalebas: aTvalierebs SerCeviT
moswavleTa rveulebs da aseve zepirad gamoikiTxavs davalebas.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
194
saSinao davaleba
rveulSi gadaixazeT geologiuri da istoriuli drois cxrili
(cnoba 1). qveda, cariel grafebSi CawereT TiTo-TiTo iseTi movlena,
romelsac geologiuri da istoriuli droiT angariSoben (ix - me- 7
klasi saxelmZRvanelo, paragrafi 1 - ”dro da istoria”).
aqtivoba 2
maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs Sesaswavli gakveTilis Temasa da
mizans da wers dafaze. is saubrobs istoriuli drois
mniSvnelobaze.
aqtivobas eTmoba - 5 wT.
aqtivoba 3
maswavlebeli avalebs moswavleebs gaecnon Sesaswavli gakveTilis 1-
el qveTavs (ix. -me- 7 klasi saxelmZRvanelo, paragrafi 2 -
”istoriuli dro”) da svams SekiTxvebs, romlebsac moswavleebi
adgilidan pasuxoben.
SekiTxvebi:
• Tqveni azriT, ratom sWirdebaT istorikosebs erTiani aTvlis
sistema?
• im SemTxvevSi, Tu istorikosebi gamoiyenebdnen sxvadasxva aTvlis
sistemebs, ra moxdeboda?
aqtivobas eTmoba - 10 wT.
aqtivoba 4
maswavlebeli mokled saubrobs istoriuli drois erTeulebze da
winaswar momzadebuli flifCartis demonstrirebas axdens an (Tu
flifCarti ar aqvs), wers dafaze:
1 weli;
100 weli - 10 aTwleuli - 1 saukune;
1000 weli - 100 aTwleuli - 1 aTaswleuli.
maswavlebeli saubrisas ganumartavs moswavleebs, rom 1-eli saukune
grZeldeba 1-eli wlidan 100 wlis CaTvliT, me-2 saukune 101 wlidan
200 wlis CaTvliT da a.S. aseve uxsnis aTaswleulebs:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
195
1-eli aTaswleuli _ 1-eli wlidan 1000 CaTvliT,
me-2 aTaswleuli _ 1001 wlidan 2000 wlis CaTvliT da a.S. da wers
dafaze an winaswar aqvs momzadebuli flifCartze.
drois erTeulebis axsnis Semdeg moswavleebma SesaZlebelia dasvan
SekiTxvebi - maswavlebeli pasuxobs.
aqtivobas eTmoba 10 wT.
aqtivoba 5
maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs klasSi Sesasrulebel davalebas
(savarjiSo #1 da savarjiSo #2 - ix. danarTi # 1). am davalebis
teqsti mas winaswar aqvs dawerili flifCartze (akravs dafaze) an
dabeWdili aqvs Tabaxis furclebze (personalurad urigebs moswav-
leebs). maswavlebeli davalebas amowmebs gakveTilebis Semdeg:
aqtivobas eTmoba 15 wuTi.
rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
am SemTxvevaSi gakveTilis bolos moswavleebisaTvis micemuli sa-
varjiSoebi (minitestebi) ZiriTadad gakveTilze miRebuli codnis
Sefasebazea orientirebuli, magram, radgan isini qarTul enaze
sruldeba, garkveul enobriv kompetenciasac moiTxovs. am savarji-
SoebiT Semowmdeba:
pirobis gageba da gaazreba;
axladaTvisebuli terminebisa da specifikuri leqsikuri
erTeulebis codna da gamoyeneba;
rTuli ricxviTi saxelebis codna da adekvaturi gamoyeneba.
efeqtiania TviTSefasebis sqemis gamoyeneba, romelic kidev ufro
met informacias miscems maswavlebels moswavlis codnasa da unar-
Cvevebze, daexamereba mas imis dadgenaSi, Tu ra uZneldeba moswavles,
ra saWiroebebi aqvs, moswavles ki daafiqrebs imaze, ra gaaumjobesos.
gTavazobT TviTSefasebis sqemas am konkretuli gakveTilisaTvis:
enis Sefaseba da testireba
196
8-10 6-7 4-5 3-2 1-0
mosmena vigeb maswavleblis yvela
instruqcias.
maswavleblis saubrisas
CemTvis nacnob sityvebsa
da frazebze dayrdnobiT
SemiZlia saubris Sinaar-
sis gageba.
zepirmetyveleba vpasuxob maswavleblis
mier dasmul SekiTxvebs.
SemiZlia sakuTari misa-
zrebis gamoTqma.
kiTxva SemiZlia sakuTari mosa-
zrebis argumentirebisaT-
vis davimowmo (amovikiTxo)
saxelmZRvanelos Sesaba-
misi monakveTi.
teqstis kiTxvisas veyrd-
nobi Cems codnas Temis
Sesaxeb da nacnob sity-
vebsa da frazebs, risi
saSualebiTac vigeb wa-
kiTxulis Sinaarss.
wera vavseb cxrils mocemuli
instruqciis mixedviT.
leqsika TariRebis aRsaniSnavad
viyeneb martiv da rTul
ricxviT saxelebs, yvela
axladSeswavlil leqsi-
kur erTeuls.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
197
gasaumjobesebelia:
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enis Sefaseba da testireba
198
VIII klasi
sagani: qimia
Tema: mJava, marili. zogadi daxasiaTeba
gakveTilis mizani: araorganul naerTTa klasebis - mJavebisa da ma-
rilebis gacnoba-daxasiaTeba, formulebis Sedgena, dasaxeleba.
enobrivi mizani: moswavle Seiswavlis mJavebisa da marilebis qarTul
saxelwodebebs, qarTulad ganmartavs mJavebis klasifikacias, aRwers
sqematurad gamosaxul masalas qarTulad. amisaTvis iyenebs iseT
martiv winadadebebs, rogoricaa: gogirdmJava aris orfuZiani Jangba-
diani mJava; marilmJava aris erTfuZiani uJangbado mJava; marili
Sedgeba metalisa da mJavas naSTisagan da a.S.
nacnobi cnebebi: qimiuri elementi, oqsidi, metali, arametali, qimi-
uri elementis simbolo, qimiuri formula.
Sesaswavli cnebebi: mJava, mJavas naSTi, mJavas fuZianoba, Jangbadiano-
ba, marili, marilebis saxelwodebebi.
funqciuri frazebi: Seicavs mJavas naSTs, daaxasiaTeT fuZianobis
mixedviT, gansazRvreT mJavas naSTis valentoba, SeavseT cxrili,
daaxasiaTeT Jangbadianobis mixedviT, SeavseT gamotovebuli adgile-
bi, SeadgineT marilis formula, daasaxeleT naerTi.
xangrZlivoba: 45 wT.
resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, sqemebi, cxrilebi, perioduli sistema.
SeniSvna: detalurad gakveTilis scenari ix. broSuraSi . . . . . . . .
rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
gakveTilis scenarSi warmodgenili sqemebisa da cxrilebis Sevseba
mcire jgufebSi / wyvilebSi moswavleebs saSualebas miscems ara
marto gacvalon miRebuli informacia, aramed daexmaron erTmaneTs
gaugebari cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebaSi. imis Sesafaseblad,
ramdenad nayofieria jgufuri / wyvilebSi muSaoba, maswavlebeli
enis Sefaseba da testireba
199
unda akvirdebodes jgufebis muSaobas da iniSnavdes winaswar Semu-
Savebul formaSi TiToeuli jgufis saqmianobas. gTavazobT aseTi
formis nimuSs:
kriteriumebi 4-5 6-7 8-10
jgufis mier
davalebis pi-
robis, Sinaar-
sis gaazreba
jgufma davale-
bis piroba da
Sinaarsi kargad
ver gaigo
davalebis piroba
da Sinaarsi gai-
go mxolod mas-
wavleblis dama-
tebiTi komenta-
rebis Semdeg
jgufma
davalebis
piroba da
Sinaarsi kargad
gaigo da
gaacnobiera
jgufis mier
samuSaos orga-
nizeba
samuSao ar iyo
organizebuli.
jgufis wevre-
bidan sqemaze
muSaobda mxo-
lod is, vinc
enas ukeTesad
flobs.
samuSao organi-
zebuli iyo, ma-
gram jgufis we-
vrebs Soris
funqciebi araTa-
nabrad gadana-
wilda
samuSao kargad
iyo or-
ganizebuli,
jgufis wevrebs
Soris fun-
qciebi sworad
da Tanabrad
gadanawilda
jgufSi enis
gamoyeneba
jgufis wevrebi
mxolod mSob-
liur enaze
urTierTobdnen
muSaobis pro-
cesSi
jgufis wevrebi
ZiriTadad mSob-
liur enaze ur-
TierTobdnen,
Tumca muSaobis
procesSi iyo
momentebi, roca
meore enas iye-
nebdnen
jgufis wevrebi
adekvaturad
anacvlebdnen
mSobliursa da
meore enas
urTierTobisa
da muSaobis
procesSi
jgufis wevrTa
Soris urTier-
Toba
jgufis aqtiur
wevrsa da pa-
siur wevrebs
Soris zogjer
urTierTobebi
iZabeboda
jgufis wevrTa
Soris ZiriTadad
pozitiuri ur-
TierTobebi iyo
jgufis wevrTa
Soris iyo
pozitiuri da
saqmiani
urTierTobebi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
200
Aam gakveTilze SeiZleba aseve jgufis wevrTa TviTSefasebisa da
urTierTSefasebis kiTxvarebis gamoyenebac, romelTa nimuSebi zemoT
mogawodeT.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
201
IX klasi
sagani: samoqalaqo ganaTleba
Tema: referendumi da plebisciti
gakveTilis mizani - moswavleebi gaecnobian demokratiis iseT
cnebebs, rogorebicaa referendumi da plebisciti.
erTmaneTs Seadareben am or cnebas da daadgenen maT
msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas.
enobrivi mizani - moswavleebi Seiswavlian referendumTan da
plebiscitTan dakavSirebul qarTul da saerTaSoriso
terminologias.
Sesaswavli leqsika - demokratia, konstitucia, kanonmdebloba,
referendumi, plebisciti, prezidenti, parlamenti,
qmeduunaro, msjavrdebuli.
funqciuri frazebi - daakvirdiT, waikiTxeT, gaecaniT, daasaxeleT,
vin mipasuxebs, romel Tqvengans surs? vin daexmareba
amxanags? imuSaveT wyvilebSi, SeavseT testebi, SeavseT
gamotovebuli adgilebi, gaucvaleT Tqvens mewyviles,
SeafaseT Tqveni mewyvile, SeasworeT megobris naweri da
miuwereT komentarebi, klass warudgineT Tqveni
namuSevari, daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi, pasuxi saWiroebs
argumentacias, samuSao furclebs daawereT Tqveni
saxeli da gvari, daviwyoT Temis zogadi ganxilviT,
axla gagacnobT gakveTilis Temasa da mizans, ras
SeviswavliT am gakveTilze, gadaSaleT
saxelmZRvaneloebi, vin metyvis? vin mipasuxebs? daexmareT
mopasuxes, Tu arsebobs sxva mosazreba, SekiTxvebi xom ar
gaqvT? wera dasrulebulia - CamabareT nawerebi.
dro - 45 wuTi.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
202
resursebi - maswavlebeli - dafa, carci;. moswavleebi -
saxelmZRvanelo me-9 klasi (moswavlis wigni), ori feris
kalmistari, Savi fanqari, saweri furclebi, danarTi #1.
aqtivoba 1. maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs gakveTilis Temasa da
mizans (wers dafaze), xolo Semdeg sTxovs maT (gameorebis mizniT)
upasuxon SekiTxvebs:
- ra aris demokratia? (25 -e paragrafi);
- riTi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan pirdapiri da arCeviTi
demokratia (26 -paragrafi).
aqtivobas eTmoba 10 wuTi.
aqtivoba 2. maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs gaecnon 34-e paragrafis
(”referendumi da plebisciti”) teqsts da am teqstze dayrdnobiT
Seavson darigebuli testi.
(danarTi #1).
1. saqarTveloSi referendumi gaimarTa ...................wels
.................................................. sakiTxze.
2. referendumi aris
......................................................................................................................
3. plebisciti aris
........................................................................................................................
4. referendumSi da plebiscitSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba aqvs
moqalaqes .................... asakidan.
5. referendums niSnavs ........................................
6. plebiscits niSnavs ..............................................
weris dasrulebis Semdeg, maswavlebeli krebs nawerebs, erT-erT
moswavles iZaxebs dafasTan, gadascems sakuTar nawers da sTxovs
klasis winaSe waikiTxos sakuTari pasuxebi.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
203
aqtivoba - 2 fasdeba Semdegnairad: 1- eli da me - 4 SekiTxvebi
fasdeba 1 quliT, xolo me-2, me-3, me-4 da me-5 SekiTxvebi fasdeba 2
quliT.
aqtivobas eTmoba 20 wuTi.
aqtivoba 3. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs: gadaixazon dafidan
cxrili (maswavlebeli am cxrils winaswar xazavs dafaze, raTa dro
ar daikargos) da Caweron am cxrilSi sami msgavseba da sami
gansxvaveba referendumsa da plebiscits Soris:
msgavseba gansxvaveba
1.
2.
3.
rekomendaciebi SefasebebisaTvis
gakveTilis scenaris mixedviT, teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg moswav-
leebi avseben tests. imis miuxedavad, teqstis ra nawilia qarTu-
lad, testi qarTul enaze unda iyos da Seivsos mxolod qarTu-
lad. im variantis garda, romelic scenarSia (igulisxmeba moswav-
lis prezentacia da klasis gamoxmaureba), sasurvelia, maswavle-
belma gamoiyenos moswavleTa urTierTSefasebis forma. wyvilebi
gacvlian erTmaneTSi nawerebs da asworeben. maswavlebeli testebs
asworebs saxlSi da amowmebs rogorc Sesrulebuli testebis sis-
wores, ise gasworebis xarisxs (tests unda eweros rogorc uSu-
lod pasuxebis avtoris saxeli da gvari, ise gamsworeblisa).
testebiT Semowmdeba ara marto codna saganSi, aramed:
referendumTan da plebiscitTan dakavSirebul qarTuli da
saerTaSoriso terminologiis codna;
ganmartebebis formulireba qarTulad nakluli teqstis
gamoyenebiT;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
204
instruqciebis gageba.
imisaTvis, rom Semowmdes, ramdenad gaiazres referendumisa da
plebiscitis arsi da SeuZliaT Tu ara maTi damaxasiaTebeli niSne-
bis Camoyalibeba qarTulad, moswavleebi avseben cxrils. imisaTvis,
rom davadginoTAaxerxebs Tu ara moswavle teqstidan mTavari da
arsebiTi informaciis amoRebas, gTavazobT TviTSefasebis kiTxvars:
kriteriumi
moswavlis
TviTSefaseba ra unda gavaumjobeso
diax ara
teqstis kiTxvisas vaxerxebdi
arsebiTi da mniSvnelovani in-
formaciis moniSvnas.
imisaTvis, rom Sevavso cxrili,
teqsts xelaxla vubrundebi da
advilad vpoulob saWiro ad-
gils.
me SemiZlia qarTuli da saerTa-
Soriso terminologiis adekva-
turi gamoyeneba.
me SemiZlia referendumisa da
pebiscitis arsebiTi niSnebis Ca-
moTvla.
me SemiZlia gansxvavebebis danax-
va referendumisa da pebiscitis
niSnebs Soris.
me cxrilis Sevsebisas advilad
varCevdi saWiro leqsikasa da
enobriv konstruqciebs.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
205
X klasi
sagani: geografia
Tema _ geografiis Seswavlis obieqti da miznebi
gakveTilis miznebi _ moswavlem gaixsenos geografiis dargebi, misi
Seswavlis obieqti da kvlevis meTodebi; daakavSiros erTmaneTTan
geografiuli garsis Semadgenel komponentebi; ecodineba bunebrivi
resursebi da misi mravalferovneba. agreTve, geografiis mniSvneloba.
enobrivi miznebi _ moswavlem icodes geografiis dargebi da kvlevis
meTodebi; geografiuli garsi da misi Semadgenloba; bunebrivi
resursebi da misi klasifikacia.
Sesaswavli leqsika/terminebi _ sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivi
geografia, aRwerilobiTi da SedarebiTi meTodebi, geografiuli
garemo, resursi, bunebrivi resursebis klasifikacia
funqciuri frazebi _ ras niSnavs, . . . . niSnavs, daakavSire isrebiT,
aris Tu ara saWiro, imisaTvis aris saWiro, rom. . .
dro _ 45 wuTi.
resursebi _ saxelmZRvanelo, sqemebi, dafa, carci.
aqtivoba 1.
I. ras niSnavs sityva ,,geografia’’
,,geo” - miwa dedamiwis aRwera
,,grafos”-aRwera
enis Sefaseba da testireba
206
II. geografiis mimarTulebebi
sabunebismetyvelo
sazogadoebrivi
III. kvlevis meTodebi
aRwerilobiTi SedarebiTi
dro 10 wuTi.
aqtivoba 2
geografiuli garsis Semadgenloba
liTosfero biosfero
atmosfero
hidrosfero
liTosfero
liTos_qvis garsi
qerqi mantia guli/birTvi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
207
atmosfero
vakuumsfero
haeris ionosfero
garsi stratosfero
troposfero
hidrosfero
okeaneebi, zRvebi
wylis garsi miwisqveSa wylebi
xmeleTis wylebi
zedapiruli wylebi
biosfero
sicocxlis
garsi
mcenareebi
cxovelebi
adamianebi
dro 15 wT.
aqtivoba 3
bunebrivi resursi franguli _ qarT. maragi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
208
aqtivoba 4
bunebrivi resursebis klasifikacia
gamolevadi gamoulevadi
aRdgenadi aRudgenadi
dro 5 wuTi.
aqtivoba 5
maswavlebeli wyvilebs aZlevs savarjiSos.
qvemoT CamoTvlili bunebrivi resursebi daakavSireT isrebiT imis
mixedviT, romelia gamolevadi da romeli _ gamoulevadi:
msoflio okeanis
qari
niadagebi gamolevadi
tyis
mzis gamoulevadi
wiaRiseuli
dro 10 wuTi.
aqtivoba 6.
maswavlebeli svams SekiTxvas: aris Tu ara saWiro geografiis codna
da risTvis?
maswavlebeli klass uTiTebs teqsts saxelmZRvaneloSi da sTxovs mis
wakiTxvas. moswavleebi sakuTar pasuxebs adareben wakiTxuls.
dro 5 wuTi.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
209
rekomendaciebi SefasebebisaTvis
gakveTilis scenaris mixedviT, moswavleebma geografiaSi manamde
miRebul da axal codnaze dayrdnobiT unda moaxdinon informaciis
organizeba. radgan sqemebis Sevsebisas moswavleebs, upirveles yov-
lisa, sWirdebaT terminebisa da cnebebis codna, Sefasebis sqemis
Sedgenisas aqcenti unda gakeTdes zogadkognitur unarze (informa-
ciis organizebis unari) da geografiuli terminebisa da cnebebis
gaazrebul codnaze, agreTve imaze, ramdenad adekvaturad igebs in-
struqciebs: daakavSire isrebiT, SeavseT ierarqiuli diagrama, da a.S.
mniSvnelvania, rom bolo aqtivoba Sesruldes qarTul enaze. mos-
wavleebma unda gamoTqvan mosazrebebi geografiis codnis mniSvnelo-
baze. am aqtivobis Sesafaseblad SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT rogorc
moswavlis TviTSefasebis sqema,ise sqema maswavleblisaTvis gTava-
zobT am ukanasknelis nimuSs:
kriteriumi 3-4 5-6 7-8 9 10
igebs SekiTxvis Sinaarss da
adekvaturad upasuxebs
azrs SeuzRudavad gamoTqvams,
ar iborkeba enobrivi Secdomis
daSvebis SiSiT
adekvaturad iyenebs Seswavlil
cnebebsa da terminebs
SeniSvna: am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba ar unda mivaqcioT metyvelebaSi
daSvebul enobriv Secdomebs. mTavaria, moswavles gauCndes azris
gamoTqmis survili da moaxerxos am azris adresatamde mitana.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
210
XI klasi
sagani: fizika
Tema - rxeviTi moZraoba
სagnobrivi mizani: moswavle cdis saSualebiT akvirdeba qanqaris
rxevas, monacemebs warmoadgens cxrilis saxiT.
enobrivi miznebi: moswavle Seiswavlis qarTul terminebs, qarTulad
avsebs cxrils, daskvnas ayalibebs qarTulad.
Sesaswavli leqsika/terminebi: rxevis amplituda, rxevis sixSire,
rxevis periodi.
funqciuri frazebi: Caatare cda, dainiSne dro, daiTvale rxevaTa
ricxvi, gamoTvale rxevis periodi, gamoTvale
rxevis sixSire, Caiwere monacemebi, Seadgine
cxrili. Seitane dakvirvebis Sedegebi.
warmoadgineT Sedegebi, gaakeTeT daskvna.
resursebi: 40 da 50 sm sigrZis ori Zafi, ori tvirTi: 100 da 150 g
masis, wammzomi, skotCi, Tabaxis furclebi,
kalmistrebi
aqtivoba 1.
maswavlebeli dafaze wers gakveTilis mizans: ”rxeviTi
moZraobis Seswavla”. maswavlebeli axdens Tavisufali rxevis
demonstrirebas zambaraze dakidebuli tvirTis moZraobis
magaliTze da ganmartavs rxevis amplitudas, rxevis periods da
sixSires.
aqtivoba 2 _ eqsperimenti
mizani: qanqaras rxeviTi moZraobis Seswavla
moswavleTa organizeba: jgufuri, TiTo jgufSi 4-5 moswavle
eqsperimentis mizania gamoikvlion, aris Tu ara damokidebuli
rxevis periodi qanqaras sigrZeze da masaze da rogor.
TiToeul jgufs eZleva konkretuli davaleba.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
211
I jgufi: atarebs eqsperiments 100 g tvirTisTvis, roca qanqaras
sigrZea 50 sm.
II jgufi: m = 100 g, l = 40 sm.
III jgufi: m = 150 g, l = 50 sm.
IV jgufi: m = 150 g, l = 40 sm.
moswavleebi inawileben funqciebs: erTi _ iniSnavs dros, meore
_ iTvlis Sesrulebul rxevaTa ricxvs, mesame _ iTvlis rxevaTa
periods, meoTxe _ sixSires, mexuTe _ adgens cxrils, Seaqvs
dakvirvebis Sedegebi.
m_qanqaras
masa, g
ℓ_qanqaras
sigrZe, sm
t_rxevebis
dro, wm
N_rxevebis
ricxvi
T_ rxevis
periodi,wm
v_rxevis
sixSire,
1/wm
1 jg. 100 50 20 12 1,67 0,6
2 jg. 100 40 20 14 1.43 0.7
3 jg. 150 50 20 12 1.67 0.6
4 jg. 150 40 20 14 1.43 0.7
aqtivoba 3 _ prezentacia
jgufebi warmoadgenen sakuTar Sedegebs.
maswavleblis daxmarebiT keTdeba daskvnebi:
qanqaras rxevis periodi damokidebulia qanqaras sigrZeze.
rac metia qanqaras sigrZe, miT metia rxevis periodi.
qanqaras rxevis periodi masaze damokidebuli ar aris.
rekomendaciebi SefasebebisaTvis
mocemul gakveTilze, moswavleebis saswavlo saqmianobidan
gamomdinare, sasurvelia enaSi Semowmdes mosmenis, weris,
kiTxvis,zepirmetyvelebis unarebi. moswavlem unda gaigos
maswavleblis mier miwodebuli informacia, gaiazros eqsperimentis
Catarebis pirobebi, waikiTxos cxrilSi Cawerili monacemebi,
enis Sefaseba da testireba
212
gaakeTos Canawerebi, dabolos, gaakeTos eqsperimentis Sedegebis
prezentacia. aqedan gamomdinare, Sefasebis sqema iqneba kompleqsuri,
orientirebuli erTdroulad ramdenime unaris Sefasebaze. gTavazobT
aseTi sqemis nimuSs:
8-10 6-7 4-5 3-2 1-0
mosmena yuradRebiT ismens da
igebs maswavleblis mier
gadacemul informacias
igebs instruqciebsa da
pirobebs eqsperimentis
Casatareblad.
zepirmetyveleba upasuxebs maswavleblis
mier dasmul SekiTxvebs.
jgufSi muSaobisas cvli-
an informacias erTmaneT-
Si.
prezentaciisas iyenebs
eqsperimentis Sedegebis
SejamebisaTvis (daskvnis)
saWiro enobriv formu-
lebsa da Sesabamis cne-
bebsa da terminebs.
kiTxva adekvaturad igebs
cxrilSi mocemul cnebeb-
sa da pirobiT aRniSvnebs
wera avsebs cxrils mocemuli
instruqciis mixedviT.
gasaumjobesebelia:
______________________________________________________________
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enis Sefaseba da testireba
213
XII klasi
sagani: maTematika
Tema: `zogierTi racionaluri da iracionaluri funqcia~
sagnobrivi miznebi: moswavleebi Seiswavlian wilad-wrfiv funqcias,
gamoikvleven mis Tvisebebs da aageben grafiks; ganiviTareben
funqciaTa ojaxebis Sedarebis unar-Cvevevas iseTi Tvisebebis
mixedviT, rogorebicaa gansazRvris are da mniSvnelobaTa simravle,
fesvebisa
da eqstremumebis SesaZlo raodenoba, niSanmudmivobis da zrdadoba-
klebadobis Sualedebi, asimptoturi qceva, grafikis geometriuli
Tvisebebi.
winapirobebi: sakiTxis SeswavlisTvis moswavleebma unda icodnen
wrfivi funqcia da misi grafiki, cvladebs Soris ukuproporciuli
damokidebuleba, misi Tvisebebi da grafiki (hiperbola), polinomuri
funqcia; figuraTa geometriuli gardaqmnebi sibrtyeze; SeeZloT
martivi gardaqmnebis Sesruleba algebrul gamosaxulebebze.
enobrivi miznebi: moswavle Seiswavlis funqciis yofaqcevis
damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad terminebs, ecodineba funqciis Tvisebebis
qarTuli saxelwodebebi, SeZlebs qarTulad aRweros funqciis
grafikis Taviseburebani da ganmartos parametrebis zegavlena
funqciis Tvisebebze.
Sesaswavli leqsika/terminebi: racionaluri funqcia, wilad-wrfivi
funqcia, polinomur funqciaTa Sefardeba, grafikis asimptoti, funq-
ciis yofaqceva argumentis usasrulod gazrdis/Semcirebisas.
funqciuri frazebi: damoukideblad Seasrule savarjiSo, Seasrule
geometriuli/algebruli gardaqmnebi, aRwere funqciis yofaqceva, ga-
moiyene algebruli da grafikuli meTodebi, gamoikvlie parametrebis
zegavlena funqciis Tvisebebze.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
214
resursebi: gakveTili ar saWiroebs raime gansakuTrebuli instrumen-
tebis, TvalsaCinoebebisa da teqnologiebis gamoyenebas.
aqtivobebi
moswavleTa motivacia
moswavleebs davusvamT amocanas: gaarkvieT, ra funqciis grafiki mii-
Reba y = 1/x funqciis grafikisgan paraleluri gadataniT marcxniv (X
RerZis paralelurad) 1 erTeuliT da zemoT (y RerZis paralelurad
3 erTeuliT (ix. saxelmZRvanelo, nax. gv. 244).
dro - 2-3 wT.
kavSiri wina masalasTan
moswavleebs vTxovT y = 1/x funqciis grafikis agebas da funqciis yo-
faqcevis aRweras, roca argumenti usazRvrod izrdeba, an mcirdeba.
dro – 2-3 wT.
axali masalis wardgena
moswavleebs gavacnobT racionaluri funqciis, wilad-wrfivi funq-
ciis, funqciis grafikis asimptotis cnebebs, moswavleTa daxmarebT
aRvwer wilad-wrfivi funqciis yofaqcevas, roca argumenti
usazRvrod izrdeba an mcirdeba.
dro – 7-9 wT.
moswavleTa aqtivobebi
frontaluri muSaobisTvis moswavleebs SevTavazebT saxelmZRvanelos
savarjiSoebs # 1, 4, 5, 6, 14 (a, b).
dro – 10-12 wT.
codnis gamyareba
moswavleebs davavalebT, damoukideblad Seasrulon saxelmZRvanelos
# 17 (a, g), xolo maRali SesaZleblobebis moswavleebs damatebiT –
# 16 savarjiSoebi.
dro – 8-10 wT.
gakveTilze dasaxuli miznebis Sesrulebis Sefaseba
moswavleebs vTxovT, individualurad upasuxon saxelmZRvanelos
# 20 savarjiSos kiTxvebs.
dro – 3-5 wT.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
215
rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
mocemul gakveTilze enobrivi miznebidan umTavresia cnebebisa
da terminebis gageba-gaazreba da amicanebis, davalebebis pirobis
gageba-gaazreba. arsebiT problemas aq Seqmnis imis gansazRvra,
moswavlis Secdomas ganapirobebs maTematikuri codnisa Tu eno-
brivi kompetenciis nakleboba. amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze
efeqtiani TviTSefasebis kiTxvaris gamoyenebaa. gTavazobT aseTi
kiTxvaris nimuSs:
kriteriumebi diax ara SeniSvna
me mesmis funqciis yofaqcevis da-
maxasiaTebeli terminebis qarTuli
ganmartebebi.
SemiZlia funqciis Tvisebebis gan-
sazRvra axlad Seswavlili termi-
nebis gamoyenebiT.
SemiZlia aRvwero funqciis grafi-
kis Taviseburebani.
srulad vigeb amocanis / davale-
bis pirobas.
SemiZlia avago maTematikuri
msjeloba, ganvmarto parametrebis
zegavlena funqciis Tvisebebze.
SeniSvnis grafaSi moswavles SeuZlia Caweros komentari, ram
gauadvila / gaurTula maTematikuri davalebis Sesruleba, rac
saSualebas mogvcems gadavWraT zemoT dasaxelebuli problema.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
216
4. bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis Sefaseba
Sefasebisas aqcenti keTdeba bilingvalebis meore enis
kompetenciaze da ar fasdeba is mniSvnelovani warmatebebi da
upiratesobebi, rac, sazogadod, bilingvuri ganaTlebis process
axlavs Tan. saWiro unarebis miRwevis Sefasebis procesSi yuradReba
unda gamaxvildes iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa interpersonaluri
unarebi (gunduri muSaoba, molaparakeba, kulturulad mravalferovan
adamianebTan urTierToba da TanamSromloba da a.S.), informaciis
mopovebisa da interpretirebis unari, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis unari, pasuxismgeblobis aRebisa da ganawilebis,
solidarobisa da a.S. unarebi. am unarebis nawilSi ki bilingvalebis
upiratesoba monolingvalebTan SedarebiT kvlevebiTaa
dadasturebuli. Tuki Sefaseba daefuZneba da moicavs am unarebis
Sefasebasac da ara mxolod klasSi gamoxatul lingvisturi
kompetenciis Sefasebas, maSin bilingvali bavSvebisadmi da
bilingvizmisadmi sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebic pozitiurad Seicvleba.
Bbilingvuri programis, swavlebisa da Sefasebis erTmaneTTan
Sesabamisoba da Tanmimdevruloba erT-erT yvelaze rTul amocanas
warmoadgens. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac calkeuli sagnis
maswavleblebi mxolod TavianTi SexedulebiT adgenen Sefasebis
sqemebs, romelSic ver iTvaliswineben meore enis komponents, verc
imas, rogor Seusabamon erTmaneTs moTxovnebi saganSi da enaSi.
msgavsi mdgomareobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT skolis direqtorebsa
da maswavleblebs Semdeg startegiebs SeiZleba SevTavazoT:
kargad SeiswavleT standartebi da darwmundiT, rom kargad
gesmiT Tu ra unda icodnen da risi gakeTeba unda SeeZloT
moswavleebs mocemul sagansa da meore enaSi;
uzrunvelyaviT saskolo saswavlo gegmaSi Tanmimdevruloba
sagansa da enaSi safexurebis, klasebis mixedviT;
enis Sefaseba da testireba
217
saswavlo gegmebis SemuSavebis dros gamoiyeneT “ukuRma”
dagegmvis principi: standartebze dafuZnebiT, jer
gansazRvreT misaRwevi Sedegebi rogorc saganSi, ise enaSi
da Semdeg SeimuSaveTY misi miRwevisTvis saWiro saswavlo
programa;
gansazRvreT, saganSi saswavlo programis ra nawilis
dafarvas SeZlebT mocemuli drois monakveTSi mSobliur
enaze, ras – meore enaze;
gansazRvreT is meTodebi, romlebiTac SeafasebT rogorc
codnasa da unar-Cvevebs saganSi, ise enis flobasa da
gamoyenebas;
Sefaseba gaxadeT swavlebis procesis Semadgeneli nawili,
romelic mogcemT SesaZleblobas droulad aRmoaCinoT
“Cavardna” saganSi an/da enaSi da moaxdinoT koreqcia;
bilingvur skolebSi, sadac regularulad akvirdebian da
agroveben informacias imis Sesaxeb, rogor swavloben moswavleebi,
ra Sedegebi aqvT saganSi, rogor iyeneben klasSi enas rogorc
moswavleebi, ise maswavleblebi, yovelTvis iqneba imis garantia, rom
orenovani maswavleblebi ar gadauxveven moTxovnebs da
moswavleTaTvis swavlis gaadvilebis mizniT, mxolod mSobliur
enaze ar Caatareben gakveTils.
sasurveli miznis misaRwevad nebismier sferoSi, maT Soris
ganaTlebaSi, mniSvnelovania arsebuli mdgomareobis xSirad Sefaseba
sasurvel mdgomareobasTan mimarTebiT. monitoringis gareSe
SeuZlebelia swavlebisa da swavlis praqtikaSi arsebuli xarvezebis
identificireba da moswavleTa miRwevebis gaumjobesebis mizniT maTi
koreqtireba.
bilingvur skolebSi swavlisa da swavlebis monitoringi
orientirebuli unda iyos rogorc moswavleebis swavlis Sedegebze
sagansa da enaSi, aseve saklaso oTaxSi bilingvuri swavlebis
praqtikaze.
enis Sefaseba da testireba
218
swavlis monitoringi gulisxmobs moswavleebis akademiuri
progresis Sefasebas da miRebuli Sedegebis gaanalizebas sagansa da
enaSi. am mimarTulebiT swavlis, anu moswavleebis miRwevebis
monitorings ZiriTadad axorcielebs maswavlebeli sami saxis
Sefasebis xSiri gamoyenebiT, rogorebicaa:
sadiagnostiko Sefaseba - swavlis dawyebamde: ra ician
moswavleebma saganSi da ra - enaSi?
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba - swavlis dros: ras swavloben
moswavleebi saganSi da ras - enaSi?
ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba - swavlis Semdeg: ra iswavles
moswavleebma saganSi da ra - enaSi?
sadiagnostiko, ganmaviTarebeli da ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba
sadiagnostiko
ganmaviTarebeli
ganmsazRvreli
ra mizani aqvs? moswavlis
sawyisi
codnisa da
unar-Cvevebis
dadgena sagansa
da enaSi;
moswavlis
interesebisa
da swavlis
stilis
dadgena.
moswavlis
enobrivi
kompetenciisa da
sagnobrivi
codnisa da
unarebis
ganviTarebis
xelSewyoba.
moswavlis
miRwevebis
donis dadgena
sagansa da
enaSi.
ra fasdeba? sawyisi
mdgomareoba
sagansa da
enaSi.
swavlis
procesi.
swavlis
Sedegebi
sagansa da
enaSi.
Sefasebis Sede-
gad ra tipis
saswavlo pro-
cesis dagegmva
koreqtivebis
Setana saswavlo
moswrebis
donis
enis Sefaseba da testireba
219
gadawyvetilebas
viRebT?
– ra da rogor
unda vaswav-
loT imisTvis,
rom SevZloT
arsebulidan
sasurvel
mdgomareobaSi
gadasvla
procesSi (meTo-
debi, strategie-
bi, saswavlo ma-
salebi da a.S.)
gansazRvra
sagansada
enaSi;
swavlebis
momdevno
etapis
dagegmva.
rogor
ganisazRvreba
warmateba?
sagnisa da enis
standartiT
gansazRvruli
SedegebTan
Sesabamisobis
safuZvelze.
konkretuli
moswavlis
winsvlis
safuZvelze
(sakuTar
miRwevebTan
mimarTebiT – ra
dones flobda
da ra dones
flobs sagansa
da enaSi).
sagnisa da enis
standartiT
gansazRvruli
Sedegebis
miRwevis
safuZvelze.
Sefasebis
romeli
instrumentebi
gamoiyeneba?
testi;
SekiTxvebi;
zepiri
gasaubreba, ese
da sxva.
dakvirveba,
kiTxvebi,
grafikuli
organizatorebi,
individualuri
gasaubreba,
TviTSefasebis
kiTxvari,
saSinao
davaleba da
sxva.
Semajamebeli
zepiri an we-
rilobiTi ga-
mokiTxva,
portfolio da
sxva.
Sefasebis
forma
niSani an/da
komentari
zepiri an
werilobiTi
komentari
niSani an
qulebi
yvelaze rTuli problema, romelic SeiZleba Seiqmnas biling-
vuri saswavlo procesis Sefasebisas, es aris is, Tu rogor Sevafa-
soT adekvaturad moswavleTa codna saganSi da misi progresi enaSi?
enis Sefaseba da testireba
220
testebi, gamartivebuli formulirebebiTa da mokle arCeviTi
pasuxebiT, miT umetes, pasuxebiT – “diax” da “ara”, ar iZleva srul
informacias. aucilebelia Sefasebis Sefasebis alternatiuli siste-
mis gamoyenebac. alternatiuli Sefasebis qveS igulisxmeba saswavlo
procesSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Sefasebis kriteriumebis sis-
tema. erT-erTi aseTi meqanizmia moswavlis portfolio, proeqtebi,
romlebzedac zemoT gvqonda saubari, referati, romelic gulisxmobs
aRweras, dakvirvebas, kvlevas, Canawerebis gakeTebas. Tumca referate-
bis Sefasebisasac iCens Tavs sirTuleebi: ra moqmedebs referatis xa-
risxze: arasakmarisi enobrivi kompetencia Tu sakiTxis siRrmiseuli
codnis nakleboba? zogjer saintereso ideis xorcSesxmas, saintereso
Tvalsazrisis gaSlas xels uSlis ara imdenad saganSi codnis nak-
leboba, ramdenadac erTgvari SiSi, kompleqsi gramatikuli Secdome-
bis daSvebisa enaSi. es erTgvarad borkavs moswavlis `SemoqmedebiT
potencials~. am problemis gadaWris erT-erTi gza aris is, rom mos-
wavlem pirveli variantis Seqmnisas ifiqros mxolod saganze. SeiZle-
ba referatis bilingvurad dawerac ki. naSroms, upirveles yovlisa,
afasebs sagnis maswavlebeli mxolod sagnobrivi kuTxiT, Semdeg kiT-
xulobs enis maswavlebeli da moswavlesTan erTad xvews nawers eno-
brivad.
Sefasebisas efeqtiania maswavleblis Canawerebis gamoyenebac.
TiToeul gkveTilze maswavlebels JurnalSi / rveulSi TiToeuli
moswavlisaTvis daTmobili adgili gayofili aqvs or svetad, erTSi
is wers im kompetenciebs, romelTa Semowmebac surs saganSi, meoreSi
ki – enobrivs. TiToeuli sveti dayofilia imden ujrad, ramdeni un-
aris Semowmebac unda maswavlebels. magaliTad, gamosaxulebis Cawe-
ra, movlenis analizi. . . enobrivSi – terminebis gageba da adekvaturi
gamoyeneba, movlenis axsna meore enaze. . .…
adre moswavleebis miRwevebis monitoringi gulisxmobda maswav-
leblis mier moswavlis swavlis procesisa Tu Sedegebis Sefasebas
da swavlebis praqtikaSi Sesabamisi koreqtivebis Setanas. Tumca aR-
enis Sefaseba da testireba
221
niSnul procesSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba moswavlis TviTSefa-
sebas. bilingvur skolebSi maswavleblebTan erTad monitoringis
procesSi aqtiurad unda monawileoben moswavleebi, romlebic akvir-
debian sakuTari swavlis process rogorc saganSi, ise enaSi, aanali-
zeben da iReben Sesabamis zomebs. TviTSefaseba SeiZleba moxdes ro-
gorc aTbaliani sistemiT, ise aRweriTi formiTac. maswavleblebs
SeuZliaT mniSvnelovnad daexmaron moswavleebs TviTSefasebis gan-
xorcielebaSi sxvadasxva kiTxvisa da davalebis saSualebiT. magali-
Tad:
Tqveni namuSevris romeli nawili iyo yvelaze metad efeqturi?
ratom fiqrobT ase? rodis grZnobdiT Tavs yvelaze ufro kom-
fortulad enas gamoyenebisas?
rodis dabrkoldiT enis gamoyenebis procesSi? ra leqsikuri
erTeulebisa da enobrivi konstruqciebis nakleboba igrZeniT?
Tavidan rom swavlobdeT aRniSnul sakiTxs, ras gaakeTebdiT
gansxvavebulad?
ra dagexmarebaT ukeTesi Sedegebis miRwevaSi?
TviTSefaseba rom sando da obieqturi iyos, masTan erTad
mniSvnelovania moswavleTa urTierTSefasebis gamoyenebac. Sefasebis
alternatiul formebSi moiazreba prezentaciebi, ese, interviu.
mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvra, romel unars vafasebT. es
SeiZleba iyos:
1. problemis gadaWra. am unaris farglebSi moswavlem unda
SeZlos Seswavlili masalis grafikulad warmodgena
(diagramebi, sqemebi, cxrilebi da a.S.), obieqtebis
klasificireba, cdebisa da eqsperimentis Sedegebis axsna
TanaklaselebisaTvis, problemis gadaWris alternatiuli
gzebis SeTavazeba.
2. SinaarsSi orientireba da misi adekvaturi aRqma. moswavlem
unda gamoavlinos, rom mas esmis davalebis Sinaarsi
(magaliTad, gaamartive algebruli gamosaxuleba, Seadgine
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qimiuri reaqciis toloba, monaxe rukaze...). es ufro
damokidebulia moswavlis saerTo ganviTarebis doneze, radgan
mwiri enobrivi kompetenciis moswavleebsac ki SeuZliaT
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamovlena saganSi, Tu adekvaturad
aRiqvamen sagnobrivi masalis Sinaarss. Mmoswavles SeuZlia
warmatebiT gamoiyenos pirobiTi aRniSvnebi, laTinuri
warmoSobis (Ziris) sityvebi, saerTaSoriso terminologia.
moswavleebs unda SeeZloT kompiuteruli leqsikonebiT
sargebloba. es xels Seuwyobs enis dauflebis processac.
3. koncefciis gageba da gaazreba. moswavlem unda daamtkicos,
rom marto davalebis Sinaarsi ki ar gaigo, SeuZlia sakuTari
codnis gamoyenebac. magaliTad, advilad arCevs erTmaneTisgan
perimetris cnebasa da farTobis cnebas, SeuZlia grafikulad
gamosaxuli informaciis axsna, SeuZlia Seadginos qarTvel
mefeTa genealogiuri xe da a.S.
4. akademiuri miznebisaTvis enis gamoyenebis xarisxi. marTebulad
iyeneben Tu ara moswavle akademiur terminologias, SeuZlia
Tu ara koreqtulad gamoiyenos is, axerxebs Tu ara
gansxvavebis danaxvas logikuri operaciebisaTvis saWiro
sityvebs Soris (magaliTad, „zogjer“, „iSviaTad“, „xSirad“
„regularulad“ da a.S.)
5. komunikaciuri unarebi. moswavlem unda SeZlos sakuTari
saqmianobis etapebis axsna da am saqmianobis Sesaxeb sxvebis
informireba, ideebis gaziareba, sakuTari Tvalsazrisis
gamoxatva.
6. TanamSromloba. Mmoswavles unda SeeZlos saerTo saqmeSi
sakuTari wvlilis Setana, daxmarebis gaweva sxvebisaTvis,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu jgufSi problema Seiqmna enis
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT an, piriqiT, mimarTavs Tu ara
TviTon megobrebs daxmarebisaTvis enis gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
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7. damokidebuleba. maswavlebelma unda Seafasos moswavlis
damokidebuleba sagnisa da enis mimarT. xalisiT ukavSirebs Tu
ara codnas cxovrebiseul sakiTxebs, uxaria Tu ara raimes
aRmoCena saganSi, “iZulebiT” da amitom uxalisod saubrobs Tu
ara meore enaze.
bilingvur skolebSi moswavleebis swavlis procesisa da
swavlis Sedegebis paralelurad monitoringi unda gaewios uSualod
swavlebis process. swavlebis monitoringisTvisac saWiroa
informaciis Segroveba da analizi im procesebisa da praqtikis
Sesaxeb, romlebic saklaso oTaxebSi mimdinareobs. am mimarTulebiT
monitoringi fokusirebuli unda iyos ramdenime ZiriTadi sakiTxis
garSemo:
ra saswavlo miznebi (codnis SeZena da unar-Cvevebis
ganviTareba sagansa da enaSi) aqvT maswavleblebs
dasaxuli moswavleebisTvis?
rogor uzrunvelyofen maswavleblebi moswavleebis mier
aRniSnuli miznebis miRwevas?
ra doziT aris gamoyenebuli ena gakveTilze?
aris TuU ara klasSi emociurad da inteleqtualurad
usafrTxo garemo?
xdeba Tu ara interkulturuli elementebis adekvaturi
gamoyeneba?
bilingvuri swavlebis monitoringze upirvelesi pasuxismgebeli
piri aris skolis direqtori. misi uSualo monawileobiTa da
xelmZRvanelobiT skolis administracia unda darwmundes, rom
skolaSi swavleba mimdinareobs skolis mier SemuSavebuli miznebis
Sesabamisad da Tanamedrove meTodebisa da saswavlo masalebis
gamoyenebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi izolirebuli saklaso oTaxebSi
enis Sefaseba da testireba
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maswavleblebi akeTeben imas, rac SeuZliaT da/an rac surT, rac
yovelTvis ar niSnavs xarisxian swavlebas.
monitoringis saSualebebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs gakveTilze formalur an araformalur daswrebas. swored
gakveTilebze xSiri daswrebiTa da maswavleblebisTvis
rekomendaciebis micemiT SeuZlia skolis direqtorsa da
administraciis sxva warmomadgenlebs yvelaze didi gavlena
moaxdinon moswavleebis Sedegebze.
gakveTilze daswreba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos
swavlebis monitoringis Sedegiani instrumenti, Tu skolis
direqtorma an Sesabamisma uflebamosilma pirma zustad icis, ras
akvirdeba, ris Sesaxeb agrovebs informacias da ras afasebs.
gTavazobT bilingvuri gakveTilze dakvirvebis sqemis erT-erT
variants:
# saqmianobebis aRwera xSirad iSviaTad arasodes
1. Mmkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli gak-
veTilis mizani saganSi da eno-
brivi miznebi.
2. iTvaliswinebs moswavleTa wi-
nare codnas rogorc saganSi,
ise enaSi.
3.
moswavleebs aZlevs mkafio da
advilad aRsaqmel instruqciebs.
4. svams rogorc faqtologiur,
ise maRali donis saazrovno
SekiTxvebs.
5. maRali donis saazrovno
SekiTxvebis dasmisas adevnebs
Tvals, xom ar Seeqmna
moswavles enobrivi problemebi.
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225
amisaTvis azustebs SekiTxvas,
exmareba meore enaze pasuxis
formulirebaSi.
6. iyenebs informaciis organize-
bis saSualebebs, masalis vizu-
alizacias.
7. amyarebs kavSirs sxva sagnebTan.
8. iyenebs aqtiur meTodebs.
9. iyenebs TanamSromlobis
formebs (muSaoba wyvilebSi,
jgufebSi) da yuradRebiT
adevnebs Tvals moswavleebis
muSaobas imis dasadgenad,
ramdenad iyeneben urTierTobaSi
meore enas da akeTebs
Canawerebs.
10. afasebs moswavleebs winaswar
SemuSavebuli kriteriumebis
safuZvelze (Sefasebis sqemebis,
rubrikebis gamoyenebiT) da
aZlevs ganmaviTarebel
komentars.
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terminTa ganmarteba
auTenturi – anu TviTmyofi; namdvili, sarwmuno, pirvelwyaroze
damyarebuli, dednis Sesabamisi.
bilingvizmi sxvadasxva saxisa SeiZleba iyos: gawonasworebuli _
roca orive ena Tanabrad ukavSirdeba azrovnebas da adamiani
gonebaSi xan erT enaze metyvelebs da xan _ meoreze; an
dominirebuli _ roca meore ena azrovnebas mxolod maSin
ukavSirdeba, roca adamiani am enaze urTierTobis viTarebaSi
moxvdeba, marto yofnisas ki, rogorc wesi, mxolod mSobliur
enaze metyvelebs gonebaSi.
gazomvis standartuli Secdoma – maCveneblebi, romlebsac moswavle
iRebs testSi, yovelTvis moicavs garkveul Secdomas. rac
ufro sandoa testi, miT ufro naklebad aris mosalodneli
Secdoma. standartizebul testebze muSaobisas misi Semdgen-
lebi amas iTvaliswineben da cdiloben Seafason, Tu ramdenad
gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos moswavlis monacemi, Tu igi gan-
meorebiT Seasrulebda tests. amas gazomvis standartuli
Secdoma ewodeba. amdenad, sando testi SeiZleba asec gani-
sazRvros, rom esaa testi, romelsac gazomvis mcire standar-
tuli Secdoma aqvs.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba emsaxureba moswavleTa swavlis procesisa
da warmatebebis gaumjobesebas. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
dros moswavle, maswavleblis gamoxmaurebisa da komentarebis
daxmarebiT, mudmivad iRebs iseT informacias, romelic
sakuTari swavlis gaTviTcnobierebaSi exmareba. maswavleblis
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mizania: aswavlos moswavles, rogor iswavlos (swavlis
swavla) da, amave dros, miiRos informacia moswavlis
saswavlo saWiroebebis Sesaxeb, raTa daexmaros mas swori
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba emsaxureba
swavlebis daregulirebas – dagrovebul informaciaze
dayrdnobiT TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis saTanado daxmarebis
aRmoCenasa da pedagogiuri praqtikis gaumjobesebas.
ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas `swavlisaTvis Sefasebasac~
uwodeben. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
formebia werilobiTi komentarebi, Sefaseba cxrilebis
(rubrikebis) saSualebiT da sxv.
deskriptorebi – `enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebis~ mier
gansazRvruli doneTa skalebSi oTxive sametyvelo funqciis
(laparaki, mosmena, kiTxva, wera) mixedviT aris gawerili
deskriptorebi _ indikatorebi, romelTa Sesrulebis
SemTxvevaSic miiCneva, rom standartiT gansazRvruli Sedegi
miiRweva.
diagnostikuri Sefaseba – diagnostikuri Sefaseba ganmaviTarebeli
(mimdinare) Sefasebis komponentad ganixileba. diagnostikuri
Sefasebis dros xdeba moswavlis garkveuli momentisaTvis
arsebuli codnis donis da unar-Cvevebis Sefaseba, raTa
zustad daigegmos swavlis procesi moswavlis susti da
Zlieri mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT. diagnostikuri Sefasebis
mizania moswavlis momzadebis sawyisi donis dadgena.
moswavlis Sedegebs vadarebT ara dadgenil standarts, aramed
sawyis dones. diagnostikuri Sefasebis saSualebiT Cven
vigebT, ra viTarebaa klasSi, arian Tu ara moswavleebi mzad
axali saprogramo masalis aTvisebisaTvis, ra sirTuleebi
SeiZleba Segveqmnas da rogor davZlioT isini. miRebuli
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informacia gamoiyeneba calkeuli moswavlis an moswavleTa
jgufis saswavlo saWiroebebis dasadgenad da igi gvexmareba
saswavlo miznebis sworad gansazRvraSi, am miznebis miRwevis
optimaluri gzebis monaxvaSi. diagnostikuri Sefaseba,
rogorc wesi, tardeba saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi an axali
Temis swavlebamde.
diskursi warmoadgens raRac konkretuli praqtikis sagnis garSemo
codnis konstruirebas an am saganze msjelobis gzebs:
kompleqsi (erToblioba) ideebisa, gamosaxulebebisa da
praqtikisa, rac dakavSirebulia garkveul TemasTan, socialur
aqtivobasTan an instituticiasTan sazogadoebaSi. es
diskursuli Camoyalibebuli erToblioba gansazRvravs, Tu ra
aris da ra ar aris misaRebi ama Tu im konkretuli sagnisa Tu
socialuri aqtivobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, ra codna aris
aucilebeli da aqtualuri im mocemul konteqstSi da ra
tipis individebi atareben am maxasiaTeblebs.
Tanamedrove humanitarul mecnierebebSi diskursis
gansxvavebuli ganmertebebi gvxvdeba. magaliTad, lingvistikur
da semiotikur terminTa inglisur-rusul leqsikonSi
diskursi gansazRvrulia, rogorc Tematurad, kulturulad an
kidev rame niSniT urTierTdakavSirebuli teqstebis
erToblioba, romlis ganviTareba da Sevseba SesaZlebelia
damatebiTi teqstebiT. meore ganmartebiT, romelic
sociologiasa da socialur semiotikaSia miRebuli, diskursi
aris urTierToba, romelic ganixileba rogorc garkveuli
diskursuli „praqtikebis~ ganxorcieleba (m. fuko). mesame
definicia aseve gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, magram gamoiyeneba
agreTve logikasa da filosofiaSic: igi gansazRvrulia
rogorc sametyvelo komunikaciis saxeoba, romelic
gulisxmobs socialuri cxovrebis RirebulebaTa, normaTa da
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wesTa racionalur kritikul ganxilvas da romlis
erTaderTi motivia urTierTgagebis miRweva (i. habermasi).
evropuli enobrivi portfolio _ aRiarebuli dokumenti, romelic
farTod gamoiyeneba da romelSic fiqsirdeba enaTa
Seswavlisas miRebuli miRwevebis done.
enaTa flobis zogadevropuli kompetenciebi _ saxelmZRvanelo, sadac
warmodgenilia enaTa dauflebis doneebis, swavlebisa da
Seswavlis procesebisa da saSualebebisadmi zogadi midgoma.
enobrivi biografia _ dokumenti, romelic mxars uWers winare
swavlisa da TviTSefasebis asaxvas.
enobrivi pasporti _ dokumenti, romelSic momxmareblebi iweren
informacias donis Sesaxeb yvela im enaSi, romelic maT ician
an swavloben.
enobrivi repertuari _ enobrivi saxesxvaobebis jgufi (pirveli ena,
regionuli ena, skolaSi Seswavlili enebi...), erTi
molaparakis mier dauflebuli codnis sxvadasxva doneze da
sxvadasxva gamoyenebisTvis. es individualuri repertuari
cvlis individis cxovrebas (axali enebis daufleba,
Seswavlili `daviwyebadi~' enebi).
validoba – es aris sakvlevi instrumentis - testis Sesatyvisoba
sakvlev unarTan / codnasTan. testi validuria, Tu is zustad
imas afasebs, risTvisac is aris gansazRvruli.
TviTmyofi – ix. auTenturi.
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TviTSefaseba aris procesi, romlis saSulebiTac moswavle erTveba
sakuTari swavlis miznebis Camoyalibebasa da sakuTari
swavlis procesis marTvaSi. imisaTvis, rom moswavle SeeCvios
sakuTari pasuxis Semowmebas, Camouyalibdes Secdomis mimarT
swori damokidebuleba, daZlios SiSi Secdomis winaSe, xSirad
unda mivceT sakuTari namuSevris Sefasebis saSualeba.
TviTSefaseba mas exmareba imis gacnobierebaSi, rom
Secdomebis aRiareba da gamosworeba winsvlis aucilebeli
pirobaa. TviTSefasebiT igi grZnobs met valdebulebas da
cdilobs iyos maqsimalurad obieqturi. TviTSefasebis mudmivi
warmoeba moswavleebs uyalibebs Secdomis mimarT swor
damokidebulebas. moswavle xvdeba, rom mxolod Secdomis
gamosworebiT aris SesaZlebeli misi TviTganviTareba.
kriterialuri validoba _ validobis nairsaxeoba, romelic fasdeba
imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba testis Sedegebi mos-
wavlis Sesafasebeli unaris sazom sxva damoukidebeli ins-
trumentis Sedegebs.
kriteriumze orientirebuli Sefaseba - iseTi Sefaseba, rodesac
moswavlis moswrebas adareben winaswar dadgenil
kriteriumebs; kriteriumze orientirebuli Sefaseba adgens,
miaRwia Tu ara moswavlem kriteriumebiT gansazRvrul dones
an ramdenma moswavlem miaRwia amas klasSi.
mediana – mediana aris zrdadobis an klebadobis mixedviT dalagebul
monacemTa ganawilebis Sualeduri ricxvi.
mimdinare, anu formatuli Sefaseba xdeba yovel gakveTilze,
yoveldRe, yoveli aqtivobis dros. ar aris savaldebulo
qulebiT Sefaseba. mniSvnelovania is, rom aseTi Sefaseba
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gvaZlevs moswavlis mravalmxrivi Seswavlis saSualebas, aqvs
Tu ara winsvla, Tu ara _ ra aris warumateblobis mizezi an
ra ganapirobebs mis warmatebas, aqvs Tu ara ganviTarebuli
SemoqmedebiTi, saazrovno da socialuri unarebi, rogoria
misi interesebis sfero, individualuri Taviseburebebi, ra
Zlieri da susti mxareebi aqvs. mimdinare Sefasebis procesSi
mniSvnelovania ara imdenad qulebis dawera (niSniT Sefaseba),
ramdenadac Cveni rCevebi, ra da rogor gaaumjobesos.
formatuli Sefaseba moswavlis Sesaxeb amomwurav,
mravalmxriv informacias iZleva da obieqturobis garantia.
moda _ moda aris is maCvenebeli, romelic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba.
monitoringi aris specifikuri indikatorebis (maCveneblebis) mixedviT
monacemebis Segrovebis da gaanalizebis sistemuri procesi,
romelic miznad isaxavs mocemuli situaciis / viTarebis
Seswavlis da miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Sesabamisi
Carevebis ganxorcielebas. ganaTlebis sferoSi monitoringi
aris saswavlo procesze meTvalyureoba, dakvirveba, romlis
Sedegadac miRebuli monacemebi (procesis zusti aRricxva)
safuZvlad edeba analizsa da Sefasebas. mniSvnelovania, rom
monitoringis mimdinareobisas Tavi avaridoT SefasebiT
damokidebulebebs. mTavaria, zustad vicodeT, ras vakvirdebiT
da rogor, ra formiT aRvnusxoT monitoringis sagnis
TiToeuli aspeqti ise, rom masze dafuZnebuli Sefaseba
obieqturi iyos.
mravalenovneba _ sazogadoebis an misi sakmao nawilis mier ramdenime
enis floba (floba _ da ara mxolod pasiuri codna). rogorc
wesi, esaa ori ena da, Sesabamisad, mravalenovnebis mTavari
saxea orenovneba (bilingvizmi).
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multilingvizmi – ix. mravalenovneba.
normaze orientirebuli Sefaseba – iseTi Sefaseba, rodesac xdeba
calkeuli moswavleebis moswrebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba, an
moswavlis moswrebisa _ dadgenil normasTan (norma
ganisazRvreba romelime jgufis moswrebiT).
orenovneba _ ix. bilingvizmi.
percefcia – obieqturi samyaros, sinamdvilis asaxva grZnobis
organoebis saSualebiT; aRqma.
pirovnebaze orientirebuli Sefaseba _ iseTi Sefaseba, rodesac
moswavlis moswrebas adareben mis warsul moswrebas.
portfolio – ix. saqaRalde.
prediqtoruli validoba _ kriterialuri validobis erT-erTi saxeo-
baa, romelic fasdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebe-
lia testis Sedegebis mixedviT vivaraudoT (viwinaswarmetyve-
loT) moswavlis momavali warmatebebi. mag., Tu enis flobis
testSi miRebuli maRali qula maRal korelaciaSia momavalSi
umaRles saswavlebelSi qarTuli enis testSi miRebul qu-
lasTan, maSin SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom enis flobis Sesafa-
sebel tests maRali prediqtoruli validoba aqvs.
referenti _ kavSirSi myofi, Setyobinebis gamgzavni.
rubrikebi aris konkretuli informacia Cveni moTxovnebisa da
Sefasebis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb; moswavleTa Cabma Sefasebis
procesSi gaadvildeba, Tu isini kargad gaacnobiereben, ras
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iTxoven, ra Sedegebs elian maTgan. amis gacnobierebaSi maT
daexmareba martivad, maTTvis gasagebi eniT Camoyalibebuli
kriteriumebi, anu e.w. rubrikebi.
sandooba _ es aris testis maxasiaTebeli, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad aris damokidebuli testiT miRebuli qulebi gazom-
vis cTomilebebze, ganasxvavebsTuara testuri kiTxva
Zlierdasustmoswavleebs.
saqaRalde anu e.w. “portfolio" Sefasebis xangrZlivi da
Sromatevadi formaa. maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs
Sefasebis mizans. maswavlebeli da moswavle winaswar
Tanxmdebian im masalebze, romlebic daadastureben, rom
moswavlem daakmayofila moTxovnebi da miaRwia saswavlo
Sedegs. moswavle xsnis sakuTar saqaRaldes, romelSic ideba
samuSaos Sefasebisas gamosayenebeli namuSevrebi. Sefasebis
periodis dasrulebisaTvis moswavle wers eses, romelSic
aRwers, Tu ra iswavla Sefasebis procesSi da ratom SearCia
saqaRaldisaTvis maincdamainc warmodgenili masala.
saqaRaldiT moswavlis Sefaseba saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali
gavadevnoT moswavlis individualuri progress, SevadaroT
sxvadasxva dros Seqmnili namuSevrebi erTmaneTs, vnaxoT,
rogor gaiTvaliswina man Cveni komentarebi da rCevebi,
romlebsac drodadro vaZlevdiT.
standartuli gadaxra _ standartuli gadaxra gviCvenebs, ramdenad
gansxvavdeba maCveneblebi saSualosgan. rac ufro didia
standartuli gadaxra, miT ufro vrclad aris ganawilebuli
maCveneblebi. da piriqiT _ rac ufro mcirea standartuli
gadaxra, miT ufro axlosaa saSualosTan monacemebi
ganlagebuli.
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234
testis specifikacia _ testis Seqmna misi detaluri gegmis Camoyali-
bebiT iwyeba. aseT gegmas testis specifikacias uwodeben. igi
testirebis miznebze dayrdnobiT yalibdeba da moicavs deta-
lur informacias testis miznis, Sinaarsisa da administrire-
bis Sesaxeb. testis specifikacias sxvadasxva saxe SeiZleba
hqondes, magram yvela maTgani unda moicavdes testis mizans,
Sinaarss, formats (Sesafasebeli unarebis/codnis, gamoyenebu-
li testuri davalebebis da testSi maTi wonis matricas),
agreTve informacias monawileebis, Sefasebis sistemisa da ad-
ministrirebis Sesaxeb.
transferi erTgvar situaciaSi naswavlis sxvagvar, gansxvavebul
situaciaSi gamoyenebas niSnavs.
Semajamebeli Sefaseba adgens moswavlis warmatebas swavlebisa da
swavlis konkretul etapze: Temis dasrulebisas, semestris
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