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KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

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WHAT IS KHILAFAT

Concept : In political lexicon Khilafat is the name of

Muslim Rule in an Islamic StateMix of Political and Religious Authority in

one figure It started from 632 the rule of Hazrat Abu

Bakar RA and ends with Khallifa Abdul Hameed 2nd of Ottoman empire 1924(Almost 1292 Years)

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KHILAFAT

Various Phases of Khilafat Khilafat-e-Rashida 632 to 662 AD Khilafat-e-Banu Ummya/Ummayad

662 to750 Khilafat-e-Banu Abbass/Abbasids

751 to 1258 Fatimid in Egypts 909 to 1171 Ottomans /Usmani Turky 1299 to

1924

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BACK GROUND

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HISTORY

It had originally migrated from Medina to Damascus and from Damascus to Baghdad. For sometime it was located in Egypt, then it fell to the lot of Turkey

Till Mughal Empire had been in existence, the Muslims of India did not recognize Khilafat

At this critical juncture, when the Muslims of the Sub-continent had no sovereign ruler of their own, they began to see the necessity of recognizing the Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph

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CONT…

The European powers had played a leading role in reducing the might of Turkey in Europe to Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and the straits in the Balkan Wars (1912-13)

To seek revenge, the Turks decided to side with the Germans against the Allied Forces. The Indian Muslims supported this decision

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OBJECTIVES

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OBJECTIVES

1. To maintain the Turkish Caliphate

2. To protect the holy places of the

Muslims

3. To maintain the unity of the Ottoman

Empire

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CAUSES

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INTERNATIONAL

Legacy of Khilafat Spiritual leader of Mughals Sultan gave fatwa against Tipu and in

1857 in favor of English Turks tilt toward Germany for defense 1st WW , Shrif-e-Makkah’s rebellion

against Turks trigger by Lawrance of Arabia

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THOMAS EDWARD

LAWRENCE1888 to 1935

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CONT….

Attack on Syria by Arab,

Fall of Damascus, Belfour

Declaration Reshmi Romal

Movement A letter of Mulana

Obaid Ullah Sindhi to Molana Mahmood Ul Hassan

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NATIONAL

Home Rule League of Ms.Annie Basent and BG Tilak Sep-3-1916

Rolat Act 1919 Sitya Girah of Gandhi (Nonviolence Movement)

Swami Sherdha Nanad’s lead and offer to shoot bullet at him, Muslim took him to Shahi Masjid Dilhi

Ch-Khaleeq u Zaman called it “Foolish Enthusiasm” 19-4-1919 Hindu Muslim Unity Day and single

meal, water by all. Quaid on Khilafat Movement

Jalyianwla Bagh Tragedy

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THE COURSE OF STRUGGLE

Khilafat Committee and its demands: To keep the ottoman empire intact No change in territory of Turkish Khalifat All Holy Places to be in control of Calipah

Khilafat Delegations to Governor General India London

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MDKC GANDHI AND KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Non Cooperation Movement Surrendering of Titles Resignation from Jobs/(Shabas

Chander Bosh) Non Payments of Govt dues Refusing financial aid by Educational

Institutes Failure of Closure of Aligrah and

Islamia College Railway Road Swadeshi Movement

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CONT….

Migration Movement and Verdict of Mulana Azad (Around 925 eminent Muslims signed this fatwa)

Rebellion of Moplas (August 1921, agrarian riots broke out in Nilambur. Moplah peasants revolted against the Hindu landlord's oppressive policies)

Civil Disobedience Incidence of Chura Chori 1922 Gorakpure UP

(Around a hundred prisoners, confined in a closed and almost airtight goods van, were transported by rail)

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END OF MOVEMENT

13 Feb 1922 ,Announced by Gandhi where as Hakeem Ajmal Khan was president and Dr.Mukhtar Ansari was GS of Congress

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KHILAFAT IN TURKEY

Fall of Khalifa and rise of Mustafa Kamal Ata Turk

The Treaty of Lausanne Khilafat was seperated from State on 21-Nov-

1922 Symbolic Institution of Khalifa was abolish on

3 March,1924 Verdict that Elected Assembly can perform

the function of Khilafat was endorsed by Allama Iqbal

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TWO IMPORTANT TREATIES

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THE TREATY OF SÈVRES  (10 August 1920) was the peace

treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War I.

The Tripartite Agreement confirmed Britain's oil and commercial concessions and turned the former German enterprises in the Ottoman Empire over to a Tripartite corporation.

April 1920. France, Italy, and Great Britain, however, had secretly begun the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1915.

The Treaty of Sèvres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.

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THE TREATY OF LAUSANNE

A peace treaty signed in Lausanne, Switzerland on 24 July 1923,

 Treaty of Sèvres was rejected before it had been ratified, by the Turkish national movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,

The Treaty of Lausanne ended the conflict and defined the borders of the modern Turkish state except for details of the border with Iraq

In the treaty, Turkey gave up all claims to the remainder of the Ottoman Empire and in return the other signatories recognized Turkish sovereignty within its new borders

The treaty was ratified by Turkey on 23 August 1923,

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TURKEY AFTER THE TREATY OF LAUSANNE

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REASON OF FAILURE

Surface level unity of Hindu Muslims Separate motive for movement of Hindu and

Muslims Separate Ideology of Turks and Muslims of

Subcontinent War of Turks fought by Muslims of India Migration Movement Moplas Tragedy

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EFFECTS •National @ subcontinent•At Turkey herself•At Ummah

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NATIONAL

Ulema in Politics Establishment of Jamit-e-Ulema Hind by Adbul

Bari Farangi Mahal Demand of Home Rule Demand of Full Independence Political Consciousness Revolution in Thoughts Dream of Hindu Muslim Unity Banged Student in Politics

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CONT….

British Rajj accepted ,the Treaty of Lausanne British Rajj was shaken Muslims got the experience of practical politics Muslim Came to know how to run a movement Use of Religion in Politics Strengthening two nation theory Muslim joined Congress Congress as National party Divided Muslim Nationalism

Nationalist Muslims Muslim Nationalists

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CONT…

Gandhi became Mahatama/Baapu Seeds of Separation were sowed Hindu Mentality was exposed/using Muslim

for their purposes Failure recorded for Muslim Leadership Failure of Using Religion in Politics Forces were diverted towards separation Emergence of Second generation of Muslim

Leadership

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CONT….

Although holding talks with the British and continuing their activities, the struggle of Khilafat weakened as Muslims were divided between Working for the Congress For cause of Khilafat Muslim League

The final blow came with the victory of Mustafa Kemal's forces, who overthrew the Ottoman rule to establish a pro-Western, secular republic in independent Turkey.

He abolished the Chalipath role and sought no help from Indians

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CONT….

The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different political lines. Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari created Majlis-e-Ahrar-

e-Islam  Dr. Ansari,Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal

Khan remained strong supporters of Gandhi and the Congress

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AT TURKEY

Emergence of New Modern Turkey

Central Position of Turkey Ended

Turkey became modern and ended Religion in Politics but today Turks are back to Religion

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AT UMMAH

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EX

ILE O

F K

HA

LIFA

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CONT….

A central Institution of Khalifat was abolished Emergence of New Arab States Division of Arab and Non Arab widen KSA took the central role of Religion

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EPILOGUE The Khilafat struggle evokes controversy and

strong opinions it is regarded as a political agitation based on a pan-Islamic, fundamentalist platform and being largely indifferent to the cause of Indian Independence

Proponents of the Khilafat see it as the spark that led to the non-cooperation movement in India and a major milestone in improving Hindu-Muslim relations, while advocates of Pakistan and Muslim separatism see it as a major step towards establishing the separate Muslim state

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CONT….

The Ali brothers are regarded as founding-fathers of Pakistan, while Azad, Dr. Ansari and Hakim Ajmal Khan are widely celebrated as national heroes in India

Critics of the Khilafat see its Alliance with the Congress as a marriage of convenience.

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