June 2011 - CSG Justice Center · • During the same period, the number of arrests for reported rape offenses relative to the number of offenses fell by 30 percent. In 2009, the

Justice Reinvestment in HawaiiOverview

There is consensus among policymakers in Hawaii that the state needs to reduce its dependence on out-of-state prisons, where, as of 2011, approximately one-third of the state’s adult prison population is housed. At the same time, state leaders are determined to reduce vio-lent crime, which, like the state prison population, has increased significantly over the last decade.

Governor Neil Abercrombie, Chief Justice Mark Reck-tenwald, Senate President Shan Tsutsui, House Speaker Calvin Say and Department of Public Safety Director Jodie Maesaka-Hirata seek to employ a data-driven justice reinvestment strategy to bring out-of-state prisoners back to Hawaii, reduce spending on corrections, and rein-vest savings generated in strategies that would reverse recent crime trends.

To this end, they sought assistance from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, a division of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the Pew Center on the States. The state leaders agreed to establish a bipartisan, inter-branch Justice Reinvestment Working Group comprising leading state and local officials which would receive inten-sive technical assistance from the Council of State Governments Justice Center, in partnership with the Pew Center on the States. The CSG Justice Center will assist the working group in analyzing data and developing a comprehensive set of policy options.

June 2011

Property crime has declined, but violent crime has increased.

• Hawaii’s violent crime rate was relatively low in 2009, at 275 reported incidents per 100,000 residents, which ranks it thirty-fifth among the states. This crime rate, however, is up from what it was in 2000. Hawaii was one of only twelve states to experience an increase in violent crime rates during this period.1

• Violent crime increases were driven by a significant rise in the reported rape rate, up five percent from 2000, and aggravated assaults, up 37 percent from 2000. Murder and robbery rates dropped by 38 percent and 14 percent, respectively.2

• During the same period, the number of arrests for reported rape offenses relative to the number of offenses fell by 30 percent. In 2009, the Honolulu Police Department estimated the department has a backlog of somewhere between 143 and 203 sexual assault kits left unexamined.3

• Between 2000 and 2009, the property crime rate dropped 26 percent in Hawaii, from 4,9554 to 3,6615 reported crimes per 100,000 residents. Despite this decline, Hawaii’s property crime rate remains above the national average; it is the twelfth highest in the nation.6

Criminal Justice Trends in Hawaii

MontanaCommissiononSentencingThirdMee)ng:SystemAnalysesMarch1and2,2016TheCouncilofStateGovernmentsJus8ceCenterKarenChung,PolicyAnalystChrisFisher,SeniorPolicyAdvisorGraceCall,SeniorPolicyAnalyst

Allfiguresaresubjecttofurtheranalysisandrevision.

TheCouncilofStateGovernmentsJus>ceCenter

CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus>ceCenter 2

•  Na>onalnonprofit,nonpar>sanmembershipassocia>onofstategovernmentofficials

•  Engagesmembersofallthreebranchesofstategovernment

•  Jus>ceCenterprovidesprac>cal,nonpar>sanadviceinformedbythebestavailableevidence

Jus>ceReinvestmentinMontana


Adata-drivenapproachtoreducecorrec)onsspendingandreinvestsavingsinstrategiesthatcandecreaserecidivismandincreasepublicsafety

TheJus>ceReinvestmentIni>a>veissupportedbyfundingfromtheU.S.DepartmentofJus>ce’sBureauofJus8ceAssistance(BJA)andThePewCharitableTrusts

StateleadersrequestedassistancetoconductacomprehensiveanalysisofMontana’scriminaljus>cesystem.

SB224createdtheMontanaCommissiononSentencingwithamandateforempiricalstudyandevidence-basedprac>ces.


TheCouncilofStateGovernmentsisana>onalnonprofit,nonpar>sanmembershipassocia>onofstategovernmentofficialsthatengagesmembersofallthreebranchesofstategovernment.

TheCSGJus8ceCenterprovidesprac>cal,nonpar>sanadviceinformedbythebestavailableevidence.

FollowingtheSecondMontanaCommissiononSentencingmee>ng,CSGJus>ceCenterstaffconductedvisitstofacili>esandwithstakeholderstogaingreaterinsightintotheMontanajus>cesystem.CSGJus>ceCenterstaffreceivedalargeamountofquan>ta>veandqualita>vedatafromvarioussectorsofthejus>cesystemandprovidedearlyversionsofsomeanalysestotheCommission.Theremaininganalyseswillbepresentedanddiscussedduringthismee>ng.CurrentsystemtrendsandstrategiesusedinotherstateswillbesharedwiththeCommissionduringthispresenta>on.CSGJus>ceCenterstaffan>cipatethattheCommissionwillhighlightareasfordeeperanalysisandpolicyexplora>onattheconclusionofthismee>ng.

2017Session

CSGsharesSentencing/Popula>ons/SupervisionPresenta>ons

CSGsharesFront-EndJus>ceTrends

Presenta>on

SentencingCommissionMee>ng5

BillIntroduc>on

FinalReportRollout

Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov DecJan



Jus>ceReinvestmentTimeline

SincetheLastMee>ng


StakeholderEngagement BehavioralHealth:HelenaIndianAlliance,DPHHS,WesternMontanaMentalHealthCenter,DOCclinicalstaffandleadershipLawEnforcement:HelenaPoliceDepartment,LewisandClarkCountySheriff’sOffice,Buê-SilverBowSheriff’sOffice;presenta>ontoSheriffsandPeaceOfficers’Associa>on;surveydistributedand12responsesreceivedCountyAQorneys:Presenta>ontoMCAA;surveydistributedand13responsesreceivedVic8ms:RyanUnited,Vic>msCompensa>on,DOCVic>msProgramProba8onandParole:Focusgroupsandmee>ngswithfieldproba>onofficersandsupervisors,ins>tu>onalproba>onandparoleofficers,paroleboardanalysts,and3paroleboardmembersCommunityCorrec8ons:TouredMissoulaPrereleaseCenter,HelenaPrereleaseCenter,BillingsPrereleaseCenter(Passages),ElkhornTreatmentCenter,WarmSpringsAddic>onandTreatmentforChange(WATCh),andSanc>onTreatmentAssessmentRevoca>onandTransi>on(START)

FacilityandProgramObserva8on

•  ChemicalDependencyGroupatElkhorn•  RelapsePreven>onGroupatSTART•  ThinkingforaChangeatWATCh•  Cogni>vePrinciplesandRestructuringatMissoulaPrereleaseCenter•  Therapeu>cCommuni>esGroupsatWATChandConnec>onsCorrec>onsProgram•  IntakeatMissoulaAssessmentandSanc>onsCenter(MASC)•  ParoleBoardhearingsatMontanaStatePrison•  TourofBuê-SilverBowJail•  Conversa>onswithresidentsofvariousfacili>esandpar>cipantsofvarious

programs

SummaryofLastMee>ng


RiskAssessment:Reducingcriminalbehaviorrequiresfocusingonrisk,need,andresponsivity(RNR);notadheringtotheRNRprinciplescanincreaserecidivism.

BehavioralHealth:Mentalhealthandchemicaldependencycomplexi>esimpactsuccessfulreentryandlengthofstay.Effec>vebehavioralhealthinterven>onsrequirecoordinatedsystemresponsesandenhancemo>va>ontochange.

Supervision:Bestprac>cesincludeassessingforriskandneed,targe>nghigh-riskindividuals,frontloadingsupervisionandtreatment,implemen>ngprovenprograms,addressingcriminalthinking,holdingindividualsaccountable,andmeasuringoutcomes.

Local-LevelCriminalJus>ceChallenges:Localgovernmentsfacemanycriminaljus>cepressuresandchallenges.CSGhashelpedstatescraepolicyandreinvestmentstrategiesthatareresponsivetolocalneedsandpriori>es.

Presenta>onOverview


FrontEndpreven>on&

interven>onefforts

Pretrialpriori>zeservices&expediteoutcomes

Correc8onsmatchrisk/needsto

servicetype/availabilitytoimproveoutcomes

Court&JailPressures

•  Presenta>onofquan>ta>vefindings

•  Presenta>onofqualita>vefindings

•  Pretrialbestprac>cesdiscussion

•  Legalfinancialobliga>onsbestprac>cesexamples

•  Ques>ons/discussion

DOCPopula>onTrends&ProgramsAssessments

•  Presenta>onofquan>ta>vefindings

•  Costinforma>onreview•  Presenta>onofsubjectmaêrexperts’reviewsfindings

•  Sharingofbestprac>ceexamples


Crime&ArrestsTrends

•  Reviewofini>alanalyses•  Presenta>onofqualita>vefindings

•  Sharingofbestprac>ceexamples


OverallCrimeandArrestFindings

8CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus>ceCenter

PartIreportedcrimeshavedecreasedsoconsistentlythattheylikelyarenotexer)ngpressureonfront-endresources.Therela)onshipbetweendrugsandmisdemeanorcrimesisplayingakeyroleinthepressurethat

front-endlawenforcementisexperiencing.

8

OverallPartIcrimehasdecreased

18%from2000to2014.

MontanahasfewerPartIindexcrimestodaythanin2000.Inthefaceofalargedecreaseinthesecrimes,drivenbya

consistentdecreaseinpropertycrimematchedagainstasmallincreaseinviolentcrime,arrestshaveconsistentlyincreased.

Propertycrimehasdecreasedby31%,whileviolentcrimeincreasedby4%.Propertycrimeisatitslowestrateinmorethan25years.Violentcrimehasrecentlyincreasedbutremainsunderthelevelsoftheearly-tomid-2000s.

Drug-relatedchargesaccountforaboutone-fiehofallmisdemeanorarrests,aswellas24%offelonyarrests.

BetweenFY2009andFY2015,arrestsincreasedby4,000.Duringthesameperiod,PartIcrimesdecreasedby1,000reportedincidents.

Totalreportedarrestshaveincreased

12%fromFY2009toFY2015.

64%ofarrestsareformisdemeanor

charges.

AmericanIndiansaccountfor

27%ofarrestsrelatedtosupervision/FTA.

AmericanIndians/AlaskanNa>vesare7%oftheMontanapopula>on,19%ofallarrests,and27%ofsupervisionandfailuretoappear(FTA)arrests.

Overall,reportedindexcrimeisdown18percentasaresultofasteadydecreaseinpropertycrimes.

9CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus>ceCenter9

3,569

2,473

311 324

IndexCrimesper100,000Popula>on,2000–2014(2ver>calaxespresentedfortrendclarity)

Source:FBIUCROnlineDataToolandCrimeintheU.S.,2014.“Legacy”rapedefini>onselected.

PropertyCrimeRatefell31%

ViolentCrimeRate

increased4%

PropertycrimesincludeBurglary,Larceny-Thee,&MotorVehicle

Thee

Larceny-Thee,down7,004incidents(26%),accountedforalmostallofthedecreaseinthenumberofpropertycrimes.

ViolentcrimesincludeMurder,Rape,Robbery&Aggravated

Assault

Aggravatedassaults,up256incidents(11%),accountedfor

51%oftheincreaseinthenumberofviolentcrimes.

Despitethedeclineinreportedcrimes,totalarrestshaveincreased12percent(4,000arrests)betweenFY2009andFY2015.


ArrestsReportedtoMontana’sDepartmentofJus>ceFY2009–FY2015

Source:MontanaDepartmentofJus>ceArrestData,FY2009–FY2015

26,93426,201

27,118

30,27931,388

30,19030,890

19,419 19,31418,405

20,741 21,251 21,011 20,997

14,881 14,71214,005

15,341 15,700 15,558 15,276

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

TotalArrestChargesup12%

UniqueArrest

IncidentsUp8%

UniqueIndividualsArrestedUp5%

45%ofthepopula>ongrowthbetween2009and2014and76%oftheincreaseinarrestsbetweenFY2009andFY2015occurredin6locali>es.


Billings37%arrestincrease3%popula>onincrease

Missoula26%arrestincrease1%popula>onincrease

BuQe/SilverBow25%arrestincrease5%popula>onincrease

GreatFalls30%arrestincrease0%popula>onincrease

Yellowstone20%arrestincrease7%popula>onincrease

Helena8%arrestincrease0%popula>onincrease

Montana’spopula>onincreased5%between2009

and2014.

45%oftotalarrestsoccurredinthesesixlocali>es.

ArrestsinBillings,alone,accountedfor35%ofthe

overallincrease.


Thenumberandpropor>onofarrestsinvolvingrevoca>ons/viola>ons/FTAshaveincreasedandaccountfor45%oftheincreaseintotalarrests.


TotalNumberofArrests

Revoca8on/Viola8on/FTAArrests(8%to15%)

FelonyArrests(20%to21%)

MisdemeanorArrests(70%to64%)

26,934

Revoca>on/viola>on/FTAarrestsaccountfor45%oftheincreaseinoverallarrests.

Misdemeanorarrestsincreased5%andaccountfor23%oftheoverallincrease.

Felonyarrestsincreased12%andaccountfor32%ofthe

overallincrease.

Totalarrestsincreased12%from2009–2015.


26,201 27,118 30,279 31,388 30,190 30,890

TotalArrests,FY2009–2015

5,275 4,030 5,192 5,815 5,597 5,926 6,559

18,93918,941

18,71020,517 21,190 19,972 19,847

2,7203,230

3,216

3,9474,601

4,292 4,484

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Theincreaseinarrestsforviola>ons/revoca>ons/FTAsisdrivenbyrecentsteepincreasesinparoleviola>ons,proba>onviola>ons,andespeciallyfailurestoappear.


Revoca8onSuspended/DeferredSentence(Rawincreaseof5%)

Proba8onViola8on(Rawincreaseof75%)

FailuretoAppear(Rawincreaseof189%)

ViolateReleaseCondi8ons(Rawincreaseof65%)

ParoleViola8on(Rawincreaseof241%)

Bail/BondRevoca8on(Rawincreaseof109%)

1,258 1,412 1,363 1,3731,671

1,414 1,327

692811

7021,034

1,188

1,2211,212

342

416380

474

702

621989

192

213194

297

346

320

317

111

167368

521

441

420

378

125

211 209

248

253

296261

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2,720 3,230 3,216 3,947 4,601 4,292 4,484


ArrestsforProba>onandParoleViola>ons,Revoca>ons,andFailuretoAppear,FY2009–FY2015.

Drug-relatedarrestshaveincreased62%andnowaccountfor18%ofallarrests.


2,534 2,483 2,3982,929 3,137

3,5033,735

911 1,045 1,046

1,245

1,419

1,717

1,834

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

3,445

Felonydrugarrestsincreased100%

(increasedfrom3%to6%ofallarrests)

Misdemeanordrugarrestsincreased47%(increasedfrom9%to12%ofallarrests)

5,569


FelonyandMisdemeanorArrestsforDrugOffenses,FY2009–FY2015

ArrestsforAmericanIndian/AlaskanNa>vepeoplearedrivenbyhigherratesforarrestsforfailuretoappearorsupervisionviola>ons.


7%

19%

16%18%

13%

27%

MontanaPopula>on Arrests FelonyArrests MisdemeanorArrests DrugArrests FTA/Viola>onArrests

Propor>onofAmericanIndian/AlaskanNa>veAmongMontanaPopula>onandArrestCategories,FY2015


Ini>alSurveyResults–Sheriffs


CrimeConcerns(12respondents)•  Primarycrimeandenforcementconcernsaredrugs,sexoffenses,thee,DUI,anddomes>c

violence.Themostfrequenttopconcernsweredrugsfollowedbysexualassault.

•  Amongtherespondents,anaverageof35%ofcallsforserviceinvolveabehavioralhealthneed,withthehighestbeing80%.

•  Amongtherespondents,anaverageof24%ofcallsforserviceinvolveapersononDOCsupervision,withthehighestbeing50%,andanaverageof36%areforarrests,withthehighestbeing80%.

Source:CSGJus>ceCenterSurveyofMontanaSheriffs(Distributedon1/12/16viatheMontanaSheriffsandPeaceOfficers’Associa>on)

Ini>alSurveyResults–CountyAôrneys


CrimeConcerns(13respondents)•  Primarycrimeconcernsaredrugs,domes>cviolence,burglary,andparole/proba>on

viola>ons.Drugs(RXandmeth)werethemostfrequenttopconcernsamongrespondents.

•  Amongrespondents,anaverageof26%ofcasesinvolveanallegedoffenderwitha

mentalhealthneed,withthehighestbeing90%.•  Amongrespondents,anaverageof70%ofcasesinvolveanallegedoffenderwitha

substanceusedisorder,withthehighestbeing90%,and45%ofcasesinvolveanallegedoffenderwithaco-occurringdisorder,withthehighestbeing90%.

Source:CSGJus>ceCenterSurveyofMontanaCountyAôrneys(Distributedon2/3/16viatheMontanaCountyAôrneysAssocia>on)

Front-EndJus>ceBestPrac>ces


•  Reclassifyselectedlow-levelmisdemeanorstocivilstatutes•  Increasepoliceopportuni>estociteandrelease;issueappearance

>cketsinlieuofdeten>on

•  Police-assisteddiversiontotreatmentforoffensesdrivenby

substanceuseissues(Sea^le,WA;Albany,NY;SantaFe,NM;Portland,ME)

•  SinglePointofEntry(SPOE)pre-bookingassessmentanddiversioncenter

•  Outsourcingfinecollec>onandreduc>onprograms;communityservice/slidingscale

CommentsandDiscussion


StakeholderResponses•  MarkMurphyonbehalfofPoliceChiefsandCountyAôrneys•  SheriffT.J.McDermo^,MissoulaCounty•  SheriffDonnaWhi^,TooleCounty

2.CourtandJailPressures

20CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus>ceCenter20

Theincreasingtrendinarrestsappearstobedrivinganincreaseincasefilingsindistrictcourt,lengthiercaseprocessing,andpressureoncountyjails.

BetweenFY2012andFY2015,>mefrompleatodisposi>onincreasedfrom77daysto123days.

BetweenFY2011andFY2015,casefilingsincreased29percent.

Districtcourtcasefilingsincreased

20%betweenFY2009andFY2015.

Timefrompleatodisposi>onincreased


Montana’sjailincarcera>onrateincreased

67%between2011and2013.

Montana’sjailincarcera>onrategrewsignificantlyfasterthanotherstatesintheregionandat360isthehighestintheregion.

Timefromcasefilingtodisposi>onincreased


BetweenFY2012andFY2015,>mefromcasefilingtodisposi>onincreasedfrom181daysto213days.

Districtcourtcasefilingshaverisensharplyinthelastfouryears.Almosthalfoftheincreaseappearstobedrivenbyariseinfelonydrugpossessionfilings.


7,726 7,454 7,249

8,3129,147 9,339

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Source:MontanaDistrictCourtCaseFilingsandDisposi>ons,2005-2014.Casesincludenewoffensesand“re-openings.”

DistrictCourtCriminalCaseFilings2011–2014

+29%

The>meittakesforacaseindistrictcourttoreachdisposi>onfromvariousstageshasincreased.

Source:MontanaDistrictCourtCaseFilingsandDisposi>ons,2005-2014*Timecalcula>onsarebasedonthe“oldest”filingforeachuniquefiling.Toaêmpttocontrolforabscond-delayedcases,thosewitha>metodisposi>onover500dayswereexcluded.Revoca>onproceedingsalsowereexcludedforthisanalysis..

CaseProcessingMeasures,FY2012andFY2015

FilingtoDisposi>on–181DaysFY2012

FilingtoDisposi>on–213DaysFY2015+18%sinceFY12

–13%sinceFY12 +60%sinceFY12

FilingtoPlea–104DaysPleatoDisposi>on–

77Days

FilingtoPlea–90Days PleatoDisposi>on–123Days

Justice Reinvestment in HawaiiOverview

There is consensus among policymakers in Hawaii that the state needs to reduce its dependence on out-of-state prisons, where, as of 2011, approximately one-third of the state’s adult prison population is housed. At the same time, state leaders are determined to reduce vio-lent crime, which, like the state prison population, has increased significantly over the last decade.

Governor Neil Abercrombie, Chief Justice Mark Reck-tenwald, Senate President Shan Tsutsui, House Speaker Calvin Say and Department of Public Safety Director Jodie Maesaka-Hirata seek to employ a data-driven justice reinvestment strategy to bring out-of-state prisoners back to Hawaii, reduce spending on corrections, and rein-vest savings generated in strategies that would reverse recent crime trends.

To this end, they sought assistance from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, a division of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the Pew Center on the States. The state leaders agreed to establish a bipartisan, inter-branch Justice Reinvestment Working Group comprising leading state and local officials which would receive inten-sive technical assistance from the Council of State Governments Justice Center, in partnership with the Pew Center on the States. The CSG Justice Center will assist the working group in analyzing data and developing a comprehensive set of policy options.

June 2011

Property crime has declined, but violent crime has increased.

• Hawaii’s violent crime rate was relatively low in 2009, at 275 reported incidents per 100,000 residents, which ranks it thirty-fifth among the states. This crime rate, however, is up from what it was in 2000. Hawaii was one of only twelve states to experience an increase in violent crime rates during this period.1

• Violent crime increases were driven by a significant rise in the reported rape rate, up five percent from 2000, and aggravated assaults, up 37 percent from 2000. Murder and robbery rates dropped by 38 percent and 14 percent, respectively.2

• During the same period, the number of arrests for reported rape offenses relative to the number of offenses fell by 30 percent. In 2009, the Honolulu Police Department estimated the department has a backlog of somewhere between 143 and 203 sexual assault kits left unexamined.3

• Between 2000 and 2009, the property crime rate dropped 26 percent in Hawaii, from 4,9554 to 3,6615 reported crimes per 100,000 residents. Despite this decline, Hawaii’s property crime rate remains above the national average; it is the twelfth highest in the nation.6

Criminal Justice Trends in Hawaii

150360 220

260280

240320

290350

2013JailIncarcera8onRatePer100,000residents

Montana’sjailincarcera>onrateincreasedsignificantlyinrecentyears,andisthehighestofitsneighbors.Jaillengthofstayisaboveaverage.

PercentChangeinJailIncarcera>onRate,2011–2013

21 22

12 12 12 13

20

27

18

MT CO ID ND SD MN WY UT NE

West/MidwestJailLOSAverage:18days

JailAverageLengthofStay,2013

Source:US.DepartmentofJus>ce,CensusofJails:Popula)onChanges,1999-2013

67%

-1%-11%

7% 2% 5% 6% 4% 7%

MT CO ID ND SD MN WY UT NE

Ini>alSurveyResults—Sheriffs

CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus>ceCenter

SystemConcerns(12respondents)•  Averagejailcapacityisat86%,with5jailsclosetoorsignificantlyovercapacity.

•  Amongrespondents,34%ofthejailpopula>onwerepretrialfelonyoffenders(peakof69%)

and28%werepretrialmisdemeanoroffenders(peak70%).

•  Amongrespondents,17%ofthejailpopula>onwerestateholdsand10%wereviola>ons.

•  Mostsheriffsareadministeringmedical,mentalhealth,substance,suicide,andgeneralriskinstrumentsinjail.

•  Sheriffsreporttrainingneedsforcrisisinterven>on,useofforce,andviolentcrimepreven>onstrategies.

•  SheriffsreportthatDOCcommitmentsare“ready”fortoolongandconsumebeddayswhilewai>ngforplacement.

24

Ini>alSurveyResults—CountyAôrneys


SystemConcerns(13respondents)•  Closeto50%ofcasesinvolvethecrimelab.

•  Upto10%ofmisdemeanorsareoffereddiversion(5%orlessforfelonies).

•  Almostallreportalackofbehavioralhealthresourcestosupportcaseneeds.

•  24/7andSCRAMarereportedastoptoolstoprotectthepublicwithoutaddingtocorrec>on

popula>on.

•  Manyreportproba>onasavitaltool,butsomesaytheydon’thaveenoughofficers(PSIstakemonths).

•  Pretrialservicesconsistentlyiden>fiedasastronglyneededtool,inaddi>ontoaeercareforsubstanceuse.

EightPretrialBestPrac>ces


RiskAssessment

PretrialSupervision

Cita>onRelease

EliminateSchedules

EarlyScreening

DefenseCounsel

Preven>veDeten>on

DataCollec>on

Source:PretrialJus>ceIns>tute,h^p://www.pretrial.org/solu>ons/

Conductariskassessment,usingapretrialriskassessmenttool,onalldefendantsincustodytoinformreleasedecisions.

Createapretrialsupervisionprogramthatsupervisesandmonitorsdefendantsreleasedbythecourtandremindsthemofcourtdates.

Usecita>onreleasesbylawenforcementinlieuofcustodialarrestsfornonviolentoffenseswhenthereisnoreasonablecausetosuggestarisktothecommunity.

Eliminatebondschedulesandreplacethemwithvalidatedpretrialriskassessments.

Ensureanexperiencedprosecutorconductsearlyscreeningsofcriminalcasesbeforetheini>alcourtappearancetoallowforappropriatechargingand>melydismissalsaswellasearlydiversion.

Ensurethatdefensecounselisengagedpriortotheini>alappearanceandispreparedtorepresentthedefendantontheissueofbail.

Allowforrisk-basedpreven>vedeten>on,usingriskasthebasisforallowingpretrialdeten>onforthosewhoposeunmanageableriskstopublicsafety.

Collectandanalyzepretrialperformanceandoutcomemeasures.

PretrialBestPrac>ces—Examples


•  Useapretrialriskinstrumenttoinformreleaseanddeten>ondecisions.•  Supportapretrialmonitoringunittosupervisethecomple>onofserviceandfineandprogram

requirements.•  Implementanautomatedcourtdateremindersystemandatrackersystemforthosewhoare

difficulttoreach.•  Implementpresump>vedeferredsentencingforlow-level,limited-historyoffenders.•  U>lizepretrialmonitoringtoincreasedeferredprosecu>on.•  Implementanacceleratedmisdemeanorsysteminwhichpre-pleacasesaredismisseduponthe

comple>onofcommunityservice.•  Increasetheu>liza>onofcommunitycourtanddismisschargesuponcomple>on.•  U>lizeswie,certain,andfairsanc>onsforviola>onsofdiversionanddeferralcondi>ons.



StakeholderResponses•  JudgeIngridGustafson,YellowstoneCounty•  CommissionerPeterOhman•  CommissionerMaryAnnRies,PonderaCounty

ResearchonPolicing


•  Increasingthevisibilityofpoliceandtheperceivedriskofapprehensionthroughintelligentalloca>oncanhavesubstan>almarginaleffectsoncrime.•  Increasingincarcera>vesanc>onshasamodesteffectatbest,whilenon-custodial

sanc>onsaremorelikelytopreventreoffending.

•  Smarterpolicinginvolvesusingcrimeanalysis,technology,alterna>veresponses,andproceduraljus>cetomaketherightarrests.•  “Sen>nelvs.Apprehension”or“Guardianvs.Warrior”

•  Brokenwindowsorzerotolerancepolicinghavebeeneffec>veforimposingorderinspecificareaswheresocialcontrolhascompletelyfailed;however,thesemethodsbringhighcostsifimplementedoverprolongedperiodsof>me.

•  Economicmodelshavefoundthatforeverydollarspentonpolice,approximately$1.60issavedthroughreducedvic>miza>oncosts.

3.DOCPopula>onTrends&ProgramsAssessments


CourtsinMontanadirectmostnewplacementstoaproba)onplacement,withalargepor)onofthoseplacementsassessedashigh/very-highrisk.Aquarterof

exitsfromAlterna)veshaveasubsequentadmissiontoprison.

Prisonplacementsare8%,buthavegrown42%betweenFY2012andFY2015.Proba>onplacementshavethehighestrateofhigh/veryhighriskoffenders(44%).

Peopleinprisonmakeup20%,andpeopleinAlterna>vesmakeup12%ofthedailypopula>on.

Peopleoncommunitysupervisionaverage

68%oftheDOCpopula>on.

Proba>onplacementsmakeup

~62%ofini>alplacementsfororiginal

sentences.

Ofthoseoriginallyplacedtoanalterna>ve,

26%wenttoprisonwithinthenext3years.

199peoplewithanoriginalsentenceinFY2012had5ormoresubsequentsystemadmissionsbytheendofFY2015.

Violentoffendersmakeup

41%oftheprisonpopula>on.

Peopleonproba>onspendanaverageofjustunder3yearsonsupervision,withsexualoffenders,propertyoffenders,andDUIoffendersonsupervisionthelongest.

Supervisionpopula>onup1%,prisonup10%,alterna>vesup29%.


8,884 8,888 8,742 8,682 8,512 8,375 8,437 8,783 8,932

2,3732,491 2,513 2,543 2,546 2,509 2,537 2,628 2,600

1,6051,647 1,731 1,766 1,819 1,972 2,009 1,963 2,064

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

DOCAverageDailyPopula>onbyTypeofSupervision,FY2008–2016

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>ons–AdultPopula>onSummary–ActualFY2008to2014;emailcommunica>onwithDOConFebruary26,2016.Figuresfor2016representcumula>veADPthroughJanuary2016.

Alterna>ves:12–15%ofpopula>on

Prison:18–20%ofpopula>on

CommunitySupervision:69–65%

ofpopula>on

Violentoffensescons>tute25%oftheoverallDOCpopula>on.Mostprisonsentenceslastlessthan2years,exceptforsexualoffenses.


41%

23%

31%27%

24%

6%

10%

3%

15%

25%

20%

25%

7%

18%

12% 23%

5%

12% 10%

11%

9%

16% 17%11%

Prison Proba>on Parole CR

566days

490days

447days

466days

422days563days1,184days 562days

566days

1,150days 554days415days

855days 598days

615days

1,156days

530days1,264days

1,642days

1029days

907days

1,058days828days

Violentoffendersare41%oftheprisonpopula>on,butaremainly

oncommunitysupervision(25%ofpopula>on).

Sexualoffendersaremostlikelyinprison(9%ofpopula>on).

Propertyoffendersaremostlyoncommunitysupervision(21%ofpopula>on).

Drugoffendersaremostlyoncommunitysupervision(15%ofpopula>on).

DUIoffendersaremostlyoncommunitysupervision(9%ofpopula>on).

Thecollec>onof“other”offensesaremostlyoncommunitysupervision(22%ofpopula>on).

399days

Overall455days

Overall657days

Overall1,071days

DOCStockPopula>onbySupervisionType,Charge,&ReleaseLengthofStay,FY2015

Overall712days

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>onsStockPopula>onData

Morethan60%ofindividualssuccessfullycomple>ngproba>ondosoaeerservingmorethanthreeyearsonsupervision.


3% 3% 4% 1% 3% 2% 2%

37% 36% 34% 39%31% 32% 29%

34% 34%32% 29%

33% 37%38%

26% 27% 30% 30% 33% 29% 31%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

<1Year 1-3Years 3-5Years 5+Years

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>onsFYReleaseData

FY2015Proba>onReleaseeLengthofStayforSuccessful“Completers”

Placementsintoprisononoriginalsentenceshaveincreased,thoughproba>oncon>nuestoreceiveamajorityofplacements.


1,6671,848 1,977 2,077

193219

249275862

838875

966

2012 2013 2014 2015

Proba8on

2,737 2,919 3,123 3,344

Proba>onconsistently~62%ofplacements

(25%rawincrease)

Proba>onincludesdeferredsentencesandfullysuspended

sentences

Prisonconsistently8%ofplacements(42%rawincrease)PrisonincludesNo&

Par>alSuspendedSentences

DOCCommitconsistently~29%ofplacements

(12%rawincrease)

DOCCommitincludesNo&

Par>alSuspendedSentences

NewConvic>ononOriginalSentencesbyTypeofIni>alPlacement,FY2012–2015

Prison

DOCCommit

DPHHS

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>onsOffenseHistoryData

Amajorityofnew“entrances”tothesystemeitherenterproba>onandremainthereforthedura>on,orproceedtoalterna>vesaeerproba>on.Most“entrances”haveanaverageofjustover2systemadmitsinthe>meperiod,though199have5ormore.


2,046FY2012OriginalSentences

1stAdmission Prison

130(6%)

Proba>on1,346(66%)

Alterna>ves564(28%)

2ndAdmission

50(38%)nootheradmits

Proba>on15(12%)

Parole33(25%)

Alts32(25%)

2%Overall2%Overall1%Overall

Proba>on20(2%)

Prison47(4%)

Alts396(30%)


1%Overall 2%Overall 19%Overall

Proba>on235(42%)

Prison148(26%)

CR171(30%)

2(0%)nootheradmits

11%Overall 7%Overall 9%Overall

0%Overall43%Overall2%Overall

AdmissionPaêrnsforFY2012OriginalSentences

throughFY2015

Proba>on19(5%)

Prison107(27%)

CR209(53%)


3rdAdmission


Alts43(18%)

Prison9(4%)

80%have3orfewersystemadmitsbythe

endofFY2015

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>onsSentencingData

*1%wentdirectlytoCRorParole

Theuseofmul>plesystems,asopposedtoone,accruessignificantlyhighercostsalthoughoutcomesaresimilar.


Proba>on–5years

Proba>on PRC Prison Parole

$9,398

1year:$1,880

180days:$10,969

1.5years:$55,954

2years:$3,739

$72,542

TotalCosts

Source:CostscalculatedusingFY2015AverageOffenderCostsPerDayandhypothe>callengthsofstay.MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>ons,“2015BiennialReport.”

Es>matedCostsofTypicalSystemPaêrns

Proba>oncarriesthelargestpropor>onofhigh-riskoffenders,thoughitisvitaltolowerthenumberofcasesmissingriskinforma>on.


Missing

Low

Medium

Moderate

High/VeryHigh

Admission&StockRiskLevelofFY2015StockPopula>ons

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>onsAdmission&StockData

38% 38%

23% 23%28% 28%

9%

26%

18%

30%11%

33%3%

4%

6%

6%

6%

7%18%

26%

23%

32%

11%

20%

31%

7%

30%

8%

44%

12%

Parole-Admit Parole-Stock CR-Admit CR-Stock Proba>on-Admit

Proba>on-Stock

Missing Low Medium Moderate High/VeryHigh

Resentencinganalysisdemonstrateddiminishedrecidivismwithpassageof>me.


MonthstoResentencingAmongThoseResentencedWithinThreeYears,FY2012Proba>onAdmissionCohort

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00

33%15%

47%

41%ofnewadmitswereresentencedwithinthreeyears.

47%ofthoseresentencedduringfirstthree

yearsdidsowithinthefirst12months.

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>onsAdmissions&OffenseHistoryData

Three-yearrearrestratessuggestthatdischargethroughparoleandproba>onachievereduc>onsinreoffending.


55%

25%

17%

47%

33%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Prison Parole Proba>on Alterna>ves Condi>onalRelease

34%

26%

18%

30%32%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Prison Parole Proba>on Alterna>ves Condi>onalRelease

Post-Release(FY2012)Three-YearRearrestRates

Note:Manyreleasesprogressimmediatelytoanothersystem,somul>pleeffectsareinplay.

Post-Release(FY2012)Three-YearRearrestRatesforThoseDirectlyDischarged

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>onsAdmissions&OffenseHistoryData

TheDepartmentofCorrec>onshelpsinmatesmeetimportanttermsofasentencebycollec>ngres>tu>onandfeesthroughoffenderaccounts.


$2,661,735$2,827,601 $2,725,094

$2,348,016

$3,325,837

$2,790,198

$264,223 $286,968$457,175 $483,668 $464,762 $498,053

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Res>tu>onDisbursed FeeCollected

Source:MontanaDepartmentofCorrec>onswebsite

SystemChecklist:ReducingRecidivism


Assessriskandneed1

2 Targettherightpeople

3 Frontloadsupervisionandtreatment

4 Implementprovenprograms

5 Addresscriminalthinking

6 Holdindividualsaccountable

7 Measureandincen>vizeoutcomes

1.AssessRiskandNeed:Montanahasadoptedariskandneedsassessmenttool,yetnoteveryoneinthesystemhasbeenassessed.


Validatedriskandneedassessmenttoolwithperiodicreassessment

Noriskassessment

CurrentPrac8ce

•  DOCusestheMontanaOffenderReentryRiskAssessment(MORRA)whichhasbeenvalidatedonDOC’spopula>on

•  Approximately10%oftheprison,P&P,andalterna>vespopula>onaremissingrisklevelinDOC’sdata(23–38%aremissing,butmostareinterstatecompact)

•  Theparoleboardandsomealterna>vesfacili>esu>lizeassessmenttoolsotherthantheMORRA

Fullriskassessment

MovingForward

•  Developconsistentpoliciestoensureassessmentsareconductedoneveryoffender

•  ImplementtheMORRAsystem-wideforthepost-sentencingpopula>on

•  Developpoliciesaroundreassessmentprac>cesandimplementaqualityassuranceprocessforassessments

2.TargettheRightPeople:Supervisionandprogramsarenotadequatelyfocusedonpeoplewithhigherrisk/need.


Supervisionandprogramsfocused

onhighrisk

Supervisionnotdifferen>atedbyrisk

CurrentPrac8ces•  Supervisionisdifferen>atedbyrisk•  Riskassessmentsdonotdrivedecisions

aboutplacement,lengthofstay,orspecialcondi>ons

•  ThereisalackofcommonlyagreedupondecisionalprotocolbetweenDOCandtheparoleboard

•  Thecurrentparoleboardstructurecouldleadtoinconsistenciesintheevalua>onofcases

Supervisiondifferen>ated

byrisk

MovingForward

•  DevelopactuarialguidelinesandaresponsematrixthatincorporatestheMORRAtoensurethatassessmentcentersandtheparoleboarduseriskandneedsassessmentstodetermineplacementsandspecialcondi>ons

•  Ensurealterna>vefacili>esandP&Puseriskandneedsassessmentstodetermineprogramplacement,lengthofstay,andcondi>ons

•  Guaranteecommunitycorrec>onsprogramshaveadequateresourcestoaddresshigh-riskindividualsandpriori>zeprogrammingresourcesforindividualswhoaremostlikelytooffend

3.FrontloadSupervisionandTreatment:Proba>ontermsarelongandaccesstotreatmentattheoutsetislimited.


Frontloadedsupervisionandservices

Nofrontloading

Frontloadedsupervision

CurrentPrac8ce•  Theincen>vesandinterven>onsgridguides

proba>onandparoleofficerstoincreasethefrequencyofcontactsinresponsetoviola>ons

•  InFY2015,31%ofthosedischargedfromproba>onwereonproba>onformorethan5years

•  Viola>onsaretoooeentheonlywaytoaccessneededprogrammingandtreatment

•  Currentlawrequiresthatallspecialcondi>onsofparolebeestablishedexclusivelybytheboard

MovingForward

•  Increaseaccesstocommunity-basedtreatmentandprogramssooffenderscanpar>cipateinrecidivism-reducingprogramsbeforeaviola>onhappens

•  AllowPOstoestablishspecialcondi>onsandmodifyexis>ngspecialcondi>onsbasedonriskandneedswithoutapprovalfromtheboardorcourt

4.ImplementProvenPrograms:Montanadoesnothaveadequateresourcestoaddressitsneeds.


Programsbasedonwhatworksandregularlyassessedforquality

Programsdonotadheretobestprac>ces

Programsbasedon

whatworks

CurrentPrac8ce

•  Montanadoesnothaveadequatebehavioralhealthresourcestoaddressitspopula>on’sneeds

•  Acrossthesystem,treatmentisnotinformedbyriskassessmentandthereisalackofindividualizedtreatmentplanning

•  Thesystemlacksaneffec>vequalityassuranceandoversightprocesstoensureprogramconsistency,fidelity,andqualityinprisonsandincommunitycorrec>ons

MovingForward•  Specifyatreatmentmodelandstrengthen

minimumclinicalstandardsforDOCandcontractfacili>es

•  Ins>tutequalityassurancemechanismsandstrengthenstandardstoensureaccountabilityandperformance

•  Establishincen>vestocreate>melyaccesstoeffec>vecommunity-basedbehavioralhealthservices

•  Providetrainingtostaffonevidence-basedprinciplesandcorecorrec>onalprac>ces

46CSGJus>ceCenter

5.CriminalThinking:DOCandalterna>vefacili>esofferCBT,buttheprogramsarenotalwaysevidence-based.

CBTprogramming&CBT-drivensupervision

NoCBTprogramming

CBTprogramming

CouncilofStateGovernmentsJus>ceCenter

CurrentPrac8ce•  DOCandalterna>vefacili>esiden>fied

theneedtoswitchthecogni>vebehavioraltherapy(CBT)offeringfromCogni>vePrinciplesandRestructuring(CP&R)totheevidence-basedThinkingforaChangeProgram,yetCP&Rcon>nuestobeofferedwidely

MovingForward•  Con>nuephasingoutCP&Randfully

implementThinkingforaChange•  TrainPOsandadjustworkloadtoallow

POstodeliverCBTtohigherriskproba>oners

•  Ins>tutequalityassurancemechanismstoensurethateffec>veprac>cesarecon>nuallyused

6.Holdindividualsaccountable:Itisunclearhowconsistentlyswieandcertainsanc>onsarebeingu>lized.


Delayed,inconsistent,andseveresanc>ons

Useofconsistentresponsestonon-compliance

Applyingswie,certain,andfairsanc>ons

CurrentPrac8ce•  DOCusesanincen>vesandinterven>ons

gridtoguidePOs,butitisunclearifthereisaformalprocesstoensureconsistency.

•  Sanc>onsinclude1–30dayjailstaysand30–60daysanc>ons

•  ThelackofjailbedsacrossthestatepreventsPOsfromusingshortjailstaysassanc>ons

MovingForward•  Conductanassessmentofhowthe

incen>vesandinterven>onsgridisbeingusedbyPOsinprac>ce

•  TrainPOstoensureconsistencyintheuseofsanc>onsandincen>ves

•  Reallocateresourcestoensurethatswieandcertainsanc>onscanbeu>lizedconsistentlytorespondtobehaviors

7.MeasureOutcomes:DOCmeasuresrecidivism,butdoesnottrackoutcomesbyprovidersandprograms.


Incen>vizingoutcomes

Notmeasuringoutcomes

Trackingoutcomes

CurrentPrac8ce

•  Recidivismmeasuresarebroad•  DOCdoesnotmeasureoutcomesby

providersandprograms•  DOCdoesnotmeasureoutcomesofits

placementdecisions

MovingForward•  RequireDOCtomeasuretheoutcomesby

providersandprogramsinaddi>ontotheoutcomesofitsplacementdecisions

•  Exploreincen>vestoimproveaccessandqualityofcommunityinterven>ons

SystemChecklist:ReducingRecidivism


Assessriskandneed1

2 Targettherightpeople

3 Frontloadsupervisionandtreatment

4 Implementprovenprograms

5 Addresscriminalthinking

6 Holdindividualsaccountable

7 Measureandincen>vizeoutcomes



StakeholderResponses•  CommissionerJennieHansen•  DirectorMikeBa>sta•  CommissionerDerekGibbs•  CommissionerRoxanneKlingensmith

Presenta>onSummary


FrontEnd:Drug-andsupervision-relatedarrestsaredrivingfront-endpressuresontheen>resystem.Improvedpreven>oneffortsandalterna>veresponsemodelsfortheseoffensescouldincreasepublicsafetyandlessenback-endpressures.

Admissions:TheMontanacriminaljus>cesystemplacesalargepropor>onofsentencedoffenders—includinghigh/very-highrisk—onproba>on.Theprisonpopula>onprimarilyconsistsofviolentoffenders.

Flow&Outcomes:Apor>onoftheDOCpopula>ongoesthroughuptofivedifferent“frontdoors”ofthesysteminunderthreeyears.Ofthoseoriginallyplacedtoanalterna>ve,26%wereadmiêdtoprisonnextwithin3years.Proba>on&paroleproducelowerrearrestratesthanothersystemactors.Closeto50%ofpost-proba>on“recidivism”occursinthefirstyearonproba>on.

BestPrac>ces:Decisionscaninvolveobjec>vedata,inastructuredprocessthatcanbeevaluated.Supervisiondecisions,includingwheretosuperviseandwhenandhowtosanc>on,shouldbegroundedinassessmentsofrisksandneeds.

MovingForward


NextSteps•  FourthCommissiononSentencingmee>nginMay/June•  Conductaddi>onalstakeholderengagement,includingaêndingassocia>onmee>ngsforjudges,

sheriffs,countyaôrneys,andpolicechiefs•  Con>nuestrategicdiscussionswiththeparoleboard,vic>madvocates,DOC,community

correc>ons,andotherstakeholders•  Organizevisitswithna>onalexpertsontopicsofspecificinteresttocommissioners(pretrial,

sentencing,etc.)•  Workattherequestofstateleaders,stakeholders,andthecommissiontodevelopapackageof

policyop>onswithimpactprojec>onsQues8ons/Research

•  Iden>fytrendsrequiringdeeperquan>ta>veandqualita>veanalyses•  Developincreasedintelligenceonrecidivismtrendsacrosssystems•  Specifyini>alpolicyop>onsforfurtherinves>ga>onandbeginprojec>oncalcula>onsonpoten>al

policyrecommenda>ons•  Workwithlocalstakeholdersandexpertstodevelopincreasedclarityaroundchallengesfacing

AmericanIndians/Na>veAlaskans•  Iden>fyaddi>onalstakeholderswehavenotyetcontacted


ThankYouKarenChung,PolicyAnalystChrisFisher,SeniorPolicyAdvisorGraceCall,SeniorPolicyAdvisor

ThismaterialwaspreparedfortheStateofMontana.Thepresenta>onwasdevelopedbymembersofTheCouncilofStateGovernmentsJus>ceCenterstaff.Becausepresenta>onsarenotsubjecttothesamerigorousreviewprocessasotherprintedmaterials,thestatementsmadereflecttheviewsoftheauthors,andshouldnotbeconsideredtheofficialposi>onoftheJus>ceCenter,themembersofTheCouncilofStateGovernments,orthefundingagencysuppor>ngthework.

C SG J U S T I C E C EN T E R . O RG / SUB S C R I B E

Documents

June 2011 - CSG Justice Center · • During the same period, the number of arrests for reported rape offenses relative to the number of offenses fell by 30 percent. In 2009, the