JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR ... · The best time to explore the Western Himalayas (which covers the extreme northern part of India stretching from Jammu & Kashmir

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.625, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 3, Issue 4, May 2015

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THE ANAMOLIES OF TEMPERATURE, WIND AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA

Dr. VENNAPU. LAKSHMANA RAO*

*Assistant Professor (C) Dept. of Meteorology &Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is observing the seasonal variations of atmospheric parameters

from the year 2009 to 2013. In the year 2013 the winds are weak over the land when compare

to the previous year such as 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. For the year 2013 February month,

we can observe the wind circulation pattern over Bay of Bengal which is in clock wise

direction. Due to this circulation pattern winds are moving on the land towards north from

Bay of Bengal. In Arabian Sea we can observe strong winds from North to towards south

west along Gujarat coast and fewer winds over North India. The maximum SST distribution

we can see here from south east Arabian Sea to south east Bay of Bengal along with Kerala

and Srilanka coasts. Here the interesting factor is that the SST is 1°K greater than all the

years of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. 2010 April in this year the maximum temperature is

30.8°C over land which is noticed greater than all years. The minimum is 29.2°C over the

land which in central part of in the year 2013during November month.

INTRODUCTION

India is characterized by a hot tropical climate which varies from region to region. The

winters fall between November to mid-March and summers from April to June. Northern

India remains dry, dusty, and unpleasant during the summer months. The nature of monsoon,

which lies between mid-July and September, is erratic where some areas experience heavy

rains the others experience drought and still others get flooded. Northern Plains of India

which lie to the north of River Ganges have extreme climate. The area is characterized by

hot, humid, and very harsh summers. Light cottons are recommended for this season. The

rainy season lies between the month of July and the month of September where monsoon

brings with it most of the rain received in this region. Nights can be freezing cold so heavy

woolens should be brought here. The best time to explore the Western Himalayas (which

covers the extreme northern part of India stretching from Jammu & Kashmir to Himachal

Pradesh) are the summers, as the climate remains desirable with slightly cold evenings and

plenty of sunny days. The Western Himalayas offer great opportunities for adventure sports

like trekking, hiking, white water rafting, and mountaineering during the summers. During


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winters, there is heavy snowfall, due to which the area becomes inaccessible but, places like

Auli, Manali, and Kufri are famous for skiing. The two Central Indian states, namely,

Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, experience summer with moderate temperatures where

the winters are moderate as well. The monsoons fall between July and September this brings

heavy downpour which is essential. The region is characterized by summers that are

extremely hot accompanied with very high humidity. Monsoon falls between mid-June and

mid-September and the winters during the months of November and February where the

evenings can be slightly cold. For most of the year one requires lightweight cottons and linen,

warmer clothes are required for the winters and waterproof material for the soon monsoon.

The months of summer are characterized by high temperature and extremely high humidity.

Monsoon brings rains between late April and July and the most pleasant weather is from

November to March. The coastal areas have more or less same temperatures and are

characterized by heavy rainfall.

There are a variety of techniques for measuring SST. These include the thermometers

and thermistors mounted on drifting or moored buoys and remote sensing by satellites. In

case of satellites the ocean radiation in certain wavelengths of an electromagnetic spectrum is

sensed and related to SST. Microwave radiometry based on an imaging radiometer called the

moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer is also popularly used to record SST Reff

(Kalpesh Patil, 1 M. C. Deo,1 Subimal Ghosh,1 and M. Ravichandran2).

Climatic regions of India

Tropical Rain Forest: This type of climate is found on the west coastal plain and Sahyadris

and in parts of Assam. The temperatures are high, not falling below 18.2 degree C even

during winter and rising to 29 degree C in April and May, the hottest months. Dense, forests

and plantation agriculture with crops like tea, coffee and spices are the characteristics

vegetation in the area.

Tropical savanna: Most of the peninsula, except the semiarid zone in the lee side of the

Sahyadris experiences this type of climate. A long dry weather lasting through winter and

early summer and high temperature remaining above 18.2 degree C even during the winter

seasons and rising as high as 32 degree C in summer are the chief characteristics of this

climate. Nagpur has a mean temperature of 35.4 degree C for May which is the hottest month

and 20.7 degree C for December the coldest month in the year. The natural vegetation all

over the area is savanna.


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Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate: The rain-shadow belt, running southward from central

Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu, in the lee side of the Sahyadris and Cardamom Hills come under

this type of climate of low and uncertain rainfall. Temperature varying from 20 degree C to

23.8 degree C for December and 32.8 degree C for May. Agriculturally, the climate is

suitable only for dry farming and livestock rearing.

Tropical and Sub-Tropical Steppe: This type of climate occurs over a broad crescent from

Punjab to Kachchh between the Thar Desert to its west and the more humid climates of the

Ganga Plain and the Peninsula to its east and south respectively. The climate, therefore, is

transitional between these two areas. The annual rainfall is not only low but it is also highly

erratic.

Tropical Desert: The western part of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner districts of Rajasthan and

most of the part of Kachchh from the sandy wastes of the Thar which experiences a typical

desert climate. Ganganagar has recorded a maximum temperature of 50 degree C, the highest

record.

Humid Sub-Tropical With Winter: A large area to the south of the Himalayas, east of the

tropical and sub-tropical steppe and north of the tropical savanna running in a long belt from

Punjab to Assam with a south-westward extension into Rajasthan east of the Aravalli Range,

has this type of climate. Winters are dry except for a little rain received from the westerly

depressions.

Mountain Climate: The Himalayan and Karakoram ranges experience this type of climate

with sharp contrasts between the temperatures of the sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal

range of temperatures and high variability of rainfall. The trans-Himalayan region, Ladakh,

where the south-west monsoon fails to reach, has a dry and cold climate and a spare and

stunned vegetation.

Drought in India: The dry areas of Rajasthan and the adjoining part of Haryana and Gujarat

are liable to frequent drought conditions. Another area liable to frequent drought lies on the

leeward side of the Western Ghats.

Season based on Monsoon: The climate of India may be described as tropical monsoon. Even

northern India, lying beyond the tropical zone, acquires a tropical touch marked by the

relatively high temperatures. The large size of the country and its varied relief play a crucial

role in determining the climatic variations in different part of India. But the seasonal rhythm

of the monsoon is apparent throughout India. It may conveniently from the basis for dividing


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the year into different seasons. The most characteristic feature of the monsoon is the

complete reversal of winds.

The year is divided into four seasons:

The Cold Weather Season: (N.E. Monsoons) The Cold weather seasons starts in

January. The north-east monsoon is fully established over India this season. The mean

January day temperature in Chennai and Calicut is about 24-25 degree C while in the

northern plains it is about 10-15 degree C. In December, the sunshine directly over the Tropic

of Capricorn. The landmass of Asia, including the sub-continent, cools down very rapidly.

There is a high pressure over the continent. The Indian Ocean, being warmer, has a relatively

low pressure.

N.E.Trade Winds (prevailing winds in the tropical Latitudes), blow, land to sea. These

winds, being off shore do not give rain. In this season western disturbances bring light

rainfall, most beneficial to the Rabi crop in N.W. India. This rainfall decreases towards the

east and the south. The Peninsular region of India however does not have any well-defined

cold weather season. There is hardly any seasonal change in the distribution pattern of the

temperature in coastal areas because of moderating influence of sea and the proximity to

equator. The Hot Weather Season, From mid March to May the sun moves over the Equator

towards tropic of Cancer. By June 21, it is directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer. In March,

the highest day temperatures of about 38 degree C occur in the Deccan Plateau. Therefore,

Peninsular India, places south of Satpuras experience temperature between 26-32 degree C.

Central India, consisting of Delhi and Madhya Pradesh experience temperature between 40-

45 degree C. North-West India, comprising mainly of Rajasthan has very high temperature

(45 degree C), due also to features like sandy soil, direct insulation and lack of cloud cover.

Data and Methodology

Here for this study the data has been taken from ERA (European Reanalysis data) for

analyze seasonal variations of atmospheric parameters in the months of February, April,

August and November from the year 2009 to 2013. The figures are drawn by using Grads

software for this study. The observed and the seasonal variations of atmospheric parameters

are SSTK (Sea Surface Temperature degree Kelvin), Air Temperature and Wind.


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In the year 2009 during February month we can see westerly winds towards south

westerly in Arabian Sea and in Bay of Bengal winds are moving towards south as south

westerly winds. Over the land we can see calm or weak winds. In the year 2010 we can

observe the strong winds over Sea when compared with 2009 year. 2011 February, for this

year winds are moving towards south as south westerly in Arabian Sea and over Bay of

Bengal winds are north easterlies moving towards south and some winds are towards land. In

the year 2012 winds are west as westerly towards southwest over Arabian Sea and over Bay

of Bengal the winds are from north to south and some winds are towards land especially in

south India region. And less winds we can see over the land. For the year 2013 February

month, we can observe the wind circulation pattern over Bay of Bengal which is in clock

wise direction. Due to this circulation pattern winds are moving on the land towards north

from Bay of Bengal. In Arabian Sea we can observe strong winds from North to towards

south west along Gujarat coast and fewer winds over North India. During April month in

2009 year the winds are moving from west to towards north east India along the coast

through Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. 2010 April, for this year we can observe the strong

winds in the North Arabian Sea those are moving towards land that northern region. Here we

can see one interesting wind pattern over Bay of Bengal that the winds are circulating in

clockwise direction. The strong winds move towards north east from Bay of Bengal that we

can see in figure. In the year 2011 the winds are from west to north east through Arabian Sea

and North West Bengal along the coast. Here one interesting factor we can observe over Bay

of Bengal that the wind circulation pattern of wind which is in clockwise direction. In the

year 2012 April month the winds are moving from north to north east through Arabian Sea

and Bay of Bengal along the coast. Here one interesting factor is that the lee or weak winds

are we can observe over central Bay of Bengal it may due to divergence (high pressure). In

the year 2013 during April month we can observe the strong wind system from south west to

northeast India through both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Due to strong winds from south

west region the winds are also covers the land maximum from North to South. During the

month August in the year of 2009 the winds are south westerly toward North East. The strong

winds are we can see both over Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal also. South westerly winds

cover maximum part of the land from North to South. In the year 2010 August, for this

month we can see the strong south westerly winds over both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

The wind system is moving from southwest as North Easterly. We can see the strong winds


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over the land in southern region. In the year 2011 August, for this month we can see the

strong south westerly winds over both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The wind system is

moving from southwest towards North East. Here we can see the strong winds over the land

up to central part of India. In the year 2012 August, for this month we can see the strong

south westerly winds over both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The wind system is moving

from southwest to towards North East. The strong winds are maximum covers the land from

south to North. In the year 2013 the winds are weak over the land when compare to the

previous years such as 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. In the year 2009 November month we can

observe the two types of wind patterns from the figure. One is the winds are from North to

towards south west over Arabian Sea. The second one is winds are Northerlies towards west

over Bay of Bengal and some winds are turned to southern region over south Arabian Sea.

2010 November, for this year we can see that the winds are northerlies towards west through

Southern region of Land and again turned to south in south Arabian Sea. In this year we can

see the north westerly winds over Arabian Sea. Over Bay of Bengal the winds are from north

to towards west and some winds are as north easterlies towards south. Westerly winds are

maximum covers the land also in southern region. During November month in the year 2012

winds are from west to south westerly over Arabian Sea and Over Bay of Bengal winds are

from North to South along the east coast of India. In the year 2013 winds are from west to

south westerly over Arabian Sea and Over Bay of Bengal winds are from North to South

along the east coast of India. But here we can see the strong winds over both Arabian Sea and

Bay of Bengal when compare with 2012 year.

In the year 2009 during the February month the maximum Sea Surface Temperature

(SST) is observed 301.5°K along south of the Arabian Sea to Kerala coast and the minimum

sea surface temperature (SST) is observed 296.5°K in north of the Arabian sea near to

Gujarat Coast. For the year 2010 during February month the maximum sea surface

temperature is 302.5°K in Bay of Bengal southern region and the minimum temperature is

297.5°K in north Arabian Sea. Spatially the maximum distribution of Sea Surface

Temperature 302°K along south Arabian Sea to Southern Bay of Bengal. There is 1°K

temperature difference noticed between 2009 and 2010 years, while minimum temperature

also same. In the year 2011 during February month the maximum SST is 302°K observed in

southern Bay of Bengal which distributed towards east and minimum temperature is 297°K

over north Arabian Sea towards Gujarat coast. Along the coast the maximum sea surface

temperature 301.5°K we can observe near to Kerala. For the year 2012 I have observed


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maximum SST 302°K from south Bay of Bengal towards south east and minimum

temperature 296°K near Gujarat coast. The SST 301°K distributed largely from the south

Arabian Sea to south east Bay of Bengal that we can observe in this year. In this year noticed

the maximum SST is 303°K from south Bay of Bengal to South East Bay of Bengal near to

the coast. The minimum SST is 298.5°K in north Arabian Sea and near Gujarat coast. The

maximum SST distribution we can see here from south east Arabian Sea to south east Bay of

Bengal along with Kerala and Srilanka coasts. Here the interesting factor is that the SST is

1°K greater than all the years of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. In the year 2009 April the

maximum sea surface temperature is noticed that 303.5°K as small distributed region in East

Bay of Bengal 13°N and 97°E. And the minimum temperature is 299.5°K from 19- 24°N

over North Arabian Sea towards Gujarat coast. The maximum distributed SST is 303°K from

south east Arabian Sea along with Karnataka and Kerala coasts to south east Bay of Bengal

with Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh coasts. 2010 April in this year the maximum SST 304°K

is observed from over south east Bay of Bengal (5°N- 14°N to 84°E - 98°E) and the

minimum SST is 20°N near to Gujarat coast. Here we can observe the SST difference that

0.5°K greater in this year than 2009 and the minimum temperature is also had same SST

difference. In the year 2011 the maximum SST is 303°K over SE Arabian Sea along Kerala

coast (1°N-11°N to 81°E-93°E). The minimum SST is 300.5°K in 22°N - 24°N and 62°E.

The maximum spatially distributed SST is 302.5°K we can see it in the figure. In the year

2012 during the April month the maximum SST is 303.5°K which is in eastern Bay of Bengal

(11°N-14°N and 94°E-96°E). The minimum SST is 299.5°K (24°N) towards Gujarat coast.

The SST distribution 303°K is maximum over south Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal except

North Bay of Bengal along coastal region of Tamilnadu and Srilanka coast. In the year 2013

the maximum SST 303.9°K is observe in the east Bay of Bengal (94°E and 14°N) and the

minimum temperature is 301.8°K which is near to Gujarat coast. Here one important

condition we can observe that SST fluxes in Bay of Bengal during the April month. 2013

year has the maximum sea surface temperature that 303.9°K than the other years 2009, 2010,

2011 and 2012. During the period August month in 2009 year the maximum SST is 302.5°K

over south Arabian Sea and East coast of India from east coast of Srilanka to West Bengal.

The minimum SST is 298.5°K in West Arabian Sea. Here we can see several SST differences

in Arabian and which is shown in figure. In this year the maximum SST is 303°K and which

is from East coast of India, from Tamilnadu to West Bengal. The minimum SST is 299°K in

West Arabian Sea. Here some SST differences are we can observe in the West Arabian Sea,


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while those are increasing gradually towards land. The SST maximum for 2011 year is

302.5°K that noticed at Tamilnadu coast and West Bengal coast. The minimum SST is 298°K

over North West Arabian Sea (21°N). Here we can observe the SST differences from Arabian

Sea towards land which is gradually increasing and again we can see SST decreasing from

south Arabian Sea towards North. During 2012 August month the SST maximum is 303°K in

south Arabian Sea (1-5°N, 62-73°E). From there we can see SST decreasing gradually

towards north. The minimum SST is 299.5°K over West Arabian Sea (14°N - 23°N) from

there we can see the SST increasing towards land gradually. Here we can observe the two

condition of SST increasing and decreasing only in Arabian Sea. 2013 August, for this year

the maximum SST is 302.5°K over North West Bay of Bengal along coastal Andhra Pradesh

and Odessa. From there I could observe SST decreases gradually towards Sea. The minimum

SST is 299.5°K in West Arabian Sea (10 - 23°N) since there we can observe the SST

increasing towards land simultaneously. Here one interest condition is inversion condition

between Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. In the year 2009 during the November month the

maximum SST is 302.5°K in south eastern Arabian Sea (70°E – 76°E to 1°N- 11°N) near to

Kerala coast. From there the SST gradually decreasing from north Arabian Sea and Bay of

Bengal also. The minimum SST is 300°K at Gujarat coast. Here we can identify the SST

difference between Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal is 0.5°K.During the month of November

in 2010 year the maximum SST is 302.4°K and which is in Arabian Sea near to Karnataka

coast. From there the SST is gradually decreasing towards sea. The minimum SST is 299.7°K

at Gujarat coast from their SST is increasing gradually towards land. Here we can observe the

SST inversion condition between Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. In the year 2011 during the

month of November the maximum SST is 302.4°K in Arabian Sea at Kerala and Karnataka

coast. From there we can see SST decreasing gradually from land to towards sea in Arabian

Sea. The minimum SST is in Arabian Sea and North Bay of Bengal. In Bay of Bengal we can

observe SST inversion condition when compare with Arabian Sea. 2012 November month,

for this year the maximum SST is 303.3°K at coastal Andhra Pradesh (Visakhapatnam) and

Odessa (Bhubaneswar). In this year observed SST conditions are quite opposite to previous

year (2009, 2010, and 2011) that there is an inversion conditions between Bay of Bengal and

Arabian Sea. But in this year SST is decreasing towards going land from sea in both Bay of

Bengal and Arabian Sea. In the year 2013 during month of November the SST maximum is

302°K over south east Arabian Sea and south Bay of Bengal. The minimum SST is at Gujarat

coast and North Bay of Bengal near to West Bengal (Kolkata). Here we can observe SST


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decreasing from South to North in Arabian Sea and inversion condition observed from land

towards sea in Bay of Bengal.

Here calculated the trends in mean temperature for different season viz. February

(winter), April (Pre monsoon), August (monsoon) and November (post monsoon) from 2009

to 2013. In the month of February the maximum temperature is 30°C and which is above

normal by 2 to 3°C over the most of the country except the peninsular India. The maximum

temperature was noticed during the month February over northwest and north of Telangana

State and Andhra Pradesh state and eastern region of Maharashtra. Minimum temperature is

observed in Nepal, Bhutan, Nagaland and Myanmar. In the year 2010 the maximum

temperature is 30°C during the February month. The maximum temperature is above normal

2°C over north western part of the country and 3°C over the some part of Himachal Pradesh.

However, minimum temperatures over different parts of the country were generally above

normal by 1°C to 2°C during the February month. The spatial distribution of the maximum

temperature over the land is high when compared to year 2009. In the year 2011 during the

February month maximum temperature was generally above normal over most part of the

country. The maximum temperature was is along eastern region of Arabian Sea near to Goa

coast. Over the land the maximum temperature was located along Kerala to East coast of

Andhra Pradesh through Tamilnadu. In the year 2012 February month the maximum and

minimum temperatures were 30°C and 29.4°C over most parts of the country. Over the ocean

the maximum temperature is 30°C in north Indian region while in the east Bay of Bengal

region. Over the land the high temperature is 30°C during winter season over the Telangana

State region. The spatial distribution of maximum temperature over the land is lower than

2009, 2010 and 2011 years. For this year 2013 during the February month the maximum

temperature is noticed 30.4°C over the land and the minimum temperature is 29.8°C over the

north east of the country. The maximum temperature was observed over the land (17°N)

north of the Kerala and minimum temperature is along North West to north east India. The

spatial distribution of temperature 30.2°C is larger over sea than land. For the year 2009 in

the month of April the maximum temperature 30.6°C noticed over the north of Karnataka,

East of Maharashtra and Telangana state. The minimum temperature is along north east India

during pre monsoon period. The spatial distribution of temperature that 30.2°C is high along

peninsular India from west towards north east India. 2010 April in this year the maximum

temperature is 30.8°C over land which is 0.2°C greater than 2009 April temperature. The

spatial distribution of mean temperature is 30.6°C over the land from central India to North


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India. Minimum temperature is 30°C over north east India and which is 0.2°C greater than

the previous year 2009. For the year 2011 the maximum temperature is 30.4°C over the land

from north Andhra Pradesh to North West India (Gujarat) through Telangana and

Maharashtra which is 0.4°C less than 2010 temperature and the minimum temperature is

29.8°C which is also 0.2°C less than 2010 temperature. The temperature difference difficult

between land and sea during the 2011 April month. In the year 2012 the maximum

temperature is 30.6°C over the land at Nagpur (Maharashtra state) and the minimum

temperature is 29.6°C in North East Indian region. The mean temperature distribution is over

the land 30.4°C from the Andhra Pradesh to central part of the India. The temperature

difference between land and sea is 0.4°C. For the year 2013 the maximum temperature is

31°C and which is above normal by 2°C and minimum temperature is 30°C. Over the land

the temperature is 1°C greater than sea in 2013 during April month. While 2013 is the high

temperature year than 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. The maximum temperature over the is

31°C and over the sea is 30.4°C and the minimum temperature over the land is 30.6°C and

over the sea is 30.2°C. Here we can observe the temperature difference between land and sea

is 0.6°C. In the year 2009 the maximum temperature is observed 30.2°C from NW India to

North India and Coastal Tamilnadu to Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Minimum temperature is

29.8°C over Kerala and Mangalore (Karnataka) region. For the year 2010 during the August

month the maximum temperature is 30.3°C in Northern Arabian Sea near to Gujarat Coast

and the minimum temperature is 29.8°C which is over the land from Kerala to Mumbai. The

high spatial distribution of temperature is 30.1°C which is over the Arabian Sea and East Bay

of Bengal. For the year 2012 August the maximum temperature is 30.5°C and which is

noticed in Gujarat State. The minimum temperature is 29.8°C which is over the land from

Kerala to Mumbai. Here more temperature fluxes observed over Tamilnadu to Coastal

Andhra Pradesh and over Kerala also. The spatial distribution of temperature 31°C is

maximum over the land and Ocean also. In the year 2013 during the August month

temperature maximum is 30.3°C Gujarat and there is small depression observed in the month

and the minimum temperature is 29.8°C over Maharashtra. Here I have observed some

temperature fluxes over the land especially Southern region of India. In the year 2009 during

November month the maximum temperature is 30.2°C over east bay of Bengal and minimum

is 29.6°C over land from north to north east India. The maximum mean temperature

distribution is 30°C over both Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea also. Over the land we can

observe the some temperature fluxes. In the year 2010 during the November month maximum


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temperature is 30°C which covers total both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and the

minimum temperature is 29.6°C over north India. In the year 2011 during the November

month maximum temperature is 30.2°C over the North East Arabian Sea near to Maharashtra

coast and the minimum is 29.6°C over north India from north to North East. The maximum

spatial distribution of temperature is 30°C over both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal also. For

the year 2012 the maximum temperature is 30°C and it covers both Arabian Sea and Bay of

Bengal completely and also spatially it is maximum. The minimum temperature is 29.4°C

over central India (Madhya Pradesh, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)). Over the land the maximum

the maximum temperature is 30°C along the coast from West (Gujarat) to East (Mizoram)

and which is maximum over Andhra Pradesh. In the year 2013 the maximum temperature is

30°C over South East Arabian Sea to South East Bay of Bengal along the coasts of Karnataka

and Kerala. The minimum is 29.2°C over the land which in central part of India (Madhya

Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSSIONS

Over the land we can see calm or weak winds. In the year 2010 we can observe the

strong winds over Sea when compared with 2009 year. 2011 February, for this year winds are

moving towards south as south westerly in Arabian Sea and over Bay of Bengal winds are

north easterlies moving towards south and some winds are towards land. For the year 2013

February month, we can observe the wind circulation pattern over Bay of Bengal which is in

clock wise direction. Due to this circulation pattern winds are moving on the land towards

north from Bay of Bengal. In Arabian Sea we can observe strong winds from North to

towards south west along Gujarat coast and fewer winds over North India. For the year 2010

during February month the maximum sea surface temperature is 302.5°K in Bay of Bengal

southern region and the minimum temperature is 297.5°K in north Arabian Sea. Spatially the

maximum distribution of Sea Surface Temperature 302°K along south Arabian Sea to

Southern Bay of Bengal. Here the interesting factor is that the SST is 1°K greater than all the

years of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012.


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Mean monthly wind speed (Knots) in February month from 2009 to 2013

a) b)

c) d)

e)


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Mean monthly wind speed (Knots) in April from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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Mean monthly wind speed (Knots) in August from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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Mean monthly wind speed (Knots) in November from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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Mean monthly SSTK in February month from 2009 to 2013

c) a) b)

d) e)


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Mean monthly SSTK in April month from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

e)

d)


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Mean monthly SSTK in August month from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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Mean monthly SSTK in November month from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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Mean monthly Air Temperature in February month from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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Mean monthly Air Temperature in April month from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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Mean monthly Air Temperature in August month from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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Mean monthly Air Temperature in November month from 2009 to 2013

a) b) c)

d) e)


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as Compared to QuikSCAT and Moored Buoy Winds, Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. (Earth & Planetary Sci.), 112, No. 1, March 2003, pp. 61-77.

2. Goswami B. N. and Annamalai H. 1996: Origin of a trend in ECMWF wind analysis and its objective removal: Importance in interannual variability studies, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Earth & Planetary Sci.), 105, 101-117.

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