JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGYVOLUME 29 JANUARY 1991 * NUMBER 1

Richard C. Tilton, Editor in Chief (1994)North American Laboratory Group, Ltd. Marilyn A. Menegus, Editor (1994)New Britain, Conn. University ofRochester MedicalRichard F. D'Amato, Editor (1992) CenterThe Catholic Medical Center of Rochester, N. Y.Brooklyn and Queens, Inc. Patrick R. Murray, Editor (1994)

Jamaica, N. Y. Washington University School ofSteven D. Douglas, Editor (1993) MedicineChildren's Hospital ofPhiladelphia St. Louis, Mo.Philadelphia, Pa.

Ira F. Salkin, Editor (1995)New York State Department ofHealth

Albany, N.Y.Joseph L. Staneck, Editor (1994)University HospitalCincinnati, OhioFred C. Tenover, Editor (1994)Centers for Disease ControlAtlanta, Ga.

EDITORIAL BOARDDonald G. Ahearn (1993)Libero Ajello (1992)William L. Albritton (1993)Daniel Amsterdam (1992)Michael Ascher (1992)Lawrence Ash (1992)Rhoda Ashley (1991)Alan G. Barbour (1992)Ellen Jo Baron (1991)Arthur L. Barry (1993)Raymond C. Bartlett (1993)Barry J. Beaty (1993)M. J. Blaser (1993)Barbara Body (1992)Victor D. Bokkenhauser (1991)Alexander Borczyk (1992)Patrick J. Brennan (1993)Don J. Brenner (1992)Kenneth Bromberg (1991)George F. Brooks (1993)Arnold Brown (1993)Kay Buchanan (1993)Joseph M. Campos (1992)Leland E. Carmichael (1991)Walter S. Ceglowski (1993)Dennis J. Cleri (1993)Wallace A. Clyde, Jr. (1991)Mitchell L. Cohen (1991)Richard W. Cone (1992)Alan L. Coykendall (1992)Marie B. Coyle (1993)Jack T. Crawford (1993)George Cukor (1993)Dennis Dixon (1991)Sam T. Donta (1992)Stephen C. Edberg (1991)Paul H. Edelstein (1991)

Mario R. Escobar (1992)J. J. Farmer III (1992)Paul M. Feorino (1993)Mary Jane Ferraro (1993)Patricia Ferrieri (1992)Marianne Forsgren (1993)Lynn S. Garcia (1992)Michael A. Gerber (1993)Mary J. Gilchrist (1993)Monica Grandien (1993)Larry D. Gray (1993)Harry Greenberg (1993)Peter A. Gross (1992)Joseph J. Guarneri (1993)Ian D. Gust (1991)Margaret R. Hammerschlag (1993)Maurice W. Harmon (1991)William J. Hausler (1992)George R. Healy (1992)Nancy K. Henry (1991)John E. Herrmann (1992)Kenneth L. Herrmann (1991)Dwight C. Hirsh (1992)Rick Hodinka (1992)Barry Holmes (1991)Russell C. Johnson (1991)Ronald N. Jones (1993)James H. Jorgensen (1991)Naynesh Kamani (1993)Neil E. Kay (1991)George E. Kenny (1991)Timothy Kiehn (1991)Mogens Kilian (1991)Wesley E. Kloos (1991)Peter J. Krause (1993)Geoffrey A. Land (1993)Paul Lehmann (1992)

Phyllis A. Leist (1993)Walter J. Loesche (1991)James D. MacLowry (1992)Louis Magnarelli (1992)Kenneth McClatchy (1992)Joseph E. McDade (1991)Patrick L. McDonough (1993)Geoffrey A. McKinley (1991)John C. McKitrick (1993)James C. McLaughlin (1993)Patricia Mickelsen (1992)Lillian V. H. Moore (1991)Josephine A. Morello (1993)Stephen A. Morse (1992)Steve L. Moseley (1991)Maurice A. Mufson (1992)Brian R. Murphy (1991)Irving Nachamkin (1991)Cynthia Needham (1993)Marguerite A. Neill (1993)Paul A. Offit (1992)Andrew B. Onderdonk (1992)Joseph V. Osterman (1991)Timothy L. Overman (1991)Andrew Pachner (1993)Demosthenes Pappagianis (1992)Charlotte D. Parker (1992)A. William Pasculle (1992)John L. Penner (1993)David H. Persing (1992)Edward Pesanti (1991)Stephen R. Petteway, Jr. (1993)Marie T. Pezzlo (1992)Michael A. Pfaller (1993)M. John Pickett (1991)Lucy Rasmussen (1991)Jack S. Remington (1992)

Michael Rinaldi (1991)Barbara Robinson (1992)Frank G. Rodgers (1993)Richard F. Ross (1992)Steve Rowell (1992)Lorry G. Rubin (1993)Kathryn L. Ruoff (1993)Eugene W. Rypka (1992)R. Bradley Sack (1993)Daniel F. Sahm (1993)Paul C. Scheckenberger (1993)Joseph D. Schwartzman (1991)Emmett B. Shotts, Jr. (1992)Salman Siddiqi (1992)Stephen Spector (1991)Charles W. Stratton (1993)Richard Summerbell (1991)Ella M. Swierkosz (1993)Jason Tanzer (1991)Patricia E. Taylor (1991)Kenneth W. Theil (1991)Grace M. Thorne (1991)Clyde Thornsberry (1992)Bent Faber Vestergaard (1993)Alexander von Graevenitz (1992)I. Kaye Wachsmuth (1993)Kenneth W. Walls (1992)Joseph L. Waner (1992)Lawrence G. Wayne (1992)Melvin P. Weinstein (1992)Robert W. Wilmott (1991)Alec E. Wittek (1992)Kwei-Hay Wong (1992)G. N. Woode (1991)Charles H. Zierdt (1991)Steven Zuckerman (1991)

Barbara H. Iglewski, Chairman, Publications BoardLinda M. Illig, Director, Journals Carol J. Neff, Production Editor

The Journal of Clinical Microbiology (ISSN 0095-1137), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1325 Massachusetts Ave.,N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171, is devoted to the dissemination of new knowledge concerning the applied microbiological aspects ofhuman and animal infections and infestations, particularly regarding their etiologic agents, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Papers dealing withantibiotics and antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, with fundamental aspects of infection and immunity, and with food or dairymicrobiology fall within the scope of other ASM publications. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year; reprintsare available from the editors and the Journals Division. The Journal is published monthly, one volume per year. The nonmember subscriptionprices are $250 (U.S. and Canada) and $280 (foreign; air drop shipping) per year; single copies are $40. The member subscription prices are$43 (U.S. and Canada) and $73 (foreign; air drop shipping) per year; single copies are $10. Correspondence relating to subscriptions, reprints,defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submitted manuscripts, and general editorial matters should bedirected to the ASM Journals Division, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171 (phone: 202 737-3600).Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication ofthe issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claims for issues missing becauseof failure to report an address change or for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed.Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20005, and at additional mailing offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Journal of Clinical Microbiology, ASM, 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC20005-4171.Made in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper.Copyright © 1991, American Society for Microbiology. a6 ¢t$ I t4 ti-,- L8 ;;r ( IlOAll Rights Reserved.The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the arti-cle may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier paythe stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permittedby Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for generaldistribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.

Author IndexAbbott, Sharon L., 148Akerlind-Stopner, Britt, 162Alejandre, M. C., 219Allard, F., 38, 138Anderson, Larry J., 115Ansorg, R., 51Arko, Robert J., 70Asada, Hideo, 76Ausina, V., 120

Bae, I., 215Baker, J. F., 154Barry, J. D., 202Barteluk, Roberta L., 90Bartley, Suzette L., 33Belda, F., 120Bellefeuille, Margaret, 83Belshe, Robert B., 162Benfield, D. A., 215Bernard, Kathryn A., 83Bester, A. J., 158Boeufgras, J. M., 38, 138Boudreau, Madeleine, 54Brondz, Ilia, 183Brown, Vicki K., 33Brussow, Harald, 208Burkard, S., 174Burstain, Jennifer M., 62Byrne, Sean, 90

Carter, M. E., 154Celma, C., 120Chen, Cheng-Yen, 70Chipowsky, Stefan, 104Claas, H. C. J., 42Clark, H. Fred, 208Clemons, Karl V., 205Clifton, Nancy L., 80Courtier, C., 38

Daly, Judy A., 80Davis, J. R., 154Desmonceaux, M., 138Dickerson, Jennifer W., 21Dowell, Vulus R., Jr., 33Doyle, Michael P., 99Duperron, M. T., 38du Toit, R., 158

Edelstein, Martha A. C., 190Edelstein, Paul H., 190Englund, Janet A., 115Ewan, E. Pauline, 83

Farrington, M., 200Fleurette, J., 38, 138Freney, J., 38, 138

Garcia Barcel6, M., 120Ge, Yuan, 90Gerber, Michael, 1Gerig, T. M., 16Gilbert, Mark, 142Gooch, W. Manford, III, 80Gray, J. J., 200Greene, R. T., 16Greiser-Wilke, Irene M., 131Grimprel, Emmanuel, 62Guan, De Hua, 90

Hansen, Klaus, 166Hansen, W., 38Hartman, Antoinette B., 27Hayakawa, Yasuhiko, 76He, Xin, 90Heberling, R. L., 202Herve, C., 138Higashi, Kazuhiro, 76Higgins, Robert, 54Hill, H., 215Hirsch, D. A., 16Hooper, N. M., 154Howell, Anne W., 109Hurta, Ann Beth, 1

Ikaheimo, Risto, 221

Jackwood, D. J., 215Janda, J. Michael, 148Jensen, J. Skov, 46Jorgensen, James H., 109

Kaaden, Oskar-Ruger, 131Kain, Kevin C., 90Kalter, S. S., 202Karkkainen, Ulla, 221Katila, Marja-Leena, 221Kato, Haru, 33Kato, Naoki, 33Kelly, Michael T., 90Kido, Shinji, 76Kirihara, Jean, 142Knapp, Joan S., 70Kokka, Robert P., 148Kondo, Kazuhiro, 76Kosako, Yoshimasa, 197

Krause, Peter J., 1Kwasnik, Irene, 1

Lebech, Anne-Mette, 166Lee, James W., 192Libonati, J. P., 154Lind, Klaus, 46Litwin, Christine M., 104L6pez Calahorra, F., 120Luedke, Albert J., 212Luger, Steven, 1Lukehart, Sheila A., 62Luquin, M., 120

Maher, Louise A., 109Mantyjarvi, Rauno, 221Mathews, Henry M., 21Melcher, Gregory P., 192Mills, John, 142Mittal, Khyali R., 54Moennig, Volker, 131Monget, D., 38, 138Morishima, Tsuneo, 76Morse, Stephen A., 70Moss, Delynn M., 21Muckle, C. Anne, 10Mufson, Maurice A., 162Murray, Patrick R., 96

Niederman, James, 1Niesters, H. G. M., 42Norgard, Michael V., 62Norrby, Erling, 162

Olsen, Ingar, 183Orvell, Claes, 162Ou, Chin-Yih, 33Ozaki, Takao, 76

Padhye, Nisha V., 99Papp, John R., 10Pii, Kurt, 166Pizzo, Phillip A., 192Pomarius, R., 51Prats, G., 120Proctor, Eileen M., 90

Quint, W. G. V., 42

Radolf, Justin D., 62Reed, Kurt D., 192Rezusta, A., 219Rhame, Frank S., 115

Richardson, Malcolm D., 205Rinaldi, Michael G., 192Rottman, P. L., 16Rubio, M. C., 219Ruiz, Maria M., 27Ryan, Kenneth J., 104Ryan, Raymond, 1

Saif, L. J., 215Sarafian, Samuel K., 70Schafer, H., 174Schalla, William O., 70Schmid, E. N., 51Schultz, Clyde L., 27Seskin, Kay C., 80Shankland, Gillian S., 205Shimada, Toshio, 197Shope, Robert E., 131Siddiqi, S. H., 154Sidoti, Josette, 208S0nderga.rd-Andersen, J., 46Spielman, Andrew, 1Stager, C. E., 154Stevens, David A., 205Stiver, H. Grant, 90Storm, Andrea L., 104

Takahashi, Michiaki, 76Taylor, Curtis L., 70Telford, Sam R., III, 1Tio, T. T., 42

Ueno, Kazue, 33Uldum, S. A., 46

van Helden, P. D., 158van Oirschot, J. T., 5Van Rijsoort-Vos, J. H., 42van Zyl, J., 158Victor, T., 158Visvesvara, Govinda S., 21Von Recklinghausen, G., 51Vuust, Jens, 46

Wagenvoort, J. H. T., 42Walker, Essie M., 21Walsh, Thomas J., 192Ward, K. N., 200Warren, R. E., 200Washburn, Patty J., 59Watts, Jeffrey L., 59Wechsler, Sally J., 212Wesley, R. D., 215

Yamanishi, Koichi, 76

Zoller, L., 174

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1991

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTSSubmit manuscripts directly to: Journals Division,

American Society for Microbiology, 1325 MassachusettsAve., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171. Since allsubmissions must be processed through this office,alternate routings, such as to an editor, will delayinitiation of the review process. The manuscript mustbe accompanied by a covering letter stating the follow-ing: the journal to which the manuscript is beingsubmitted, the most appropriate section of the journal,the complete mailing address (including the street) andtelephone and fax numbers of the corresponding au-thor, and the former ASM manuscript number andyear if it is a resubmission. In addition, include writtenassurance that permission to cite personal communica-tions and preprints has been granted.

Submit three complete copies of each manuscript,including figures and tables. Type every portion of themanuscript double spaced (a minimum of 6 mm be-tween lines), including figure legends, table footnotes,and References, and number all pages in sequence,including the abstract, figure legends, and tables. Placethe last two items after the References section. See p.vi for detailed instructions about illustrations.Copies of "in press" and "submitted" manuscripts

that are important for judgment of the present manu-script should be enclosed to facilitate the review.Three copies of each such manuscript should beprovided.

Authors unsure of proper English usage should havetheir manuscripts checked by someone proficient inthe English language. Manuscripts may be rejected onthe basis of poor English or lack of conformity toaccepted standards of style.

EDITORIAL POLICYManuscripts submitted to thejournal must represent

reports of original research. All authors of a manu-script must have agreed to its submission and areequally responsible for its content, including appropri-ate citations and acknowledgments. By submission ofa manuscript to the journal, the authors guarantee thatthe manuscript, or one substantially the same, was notpublished previously, is not being considered or pub-lished elsewhere, and was not rejected on scientificgrounds by another ASM journal.By publishing in the journal, the authors agree that

any plasmids, viruses, and living materials such asmicrobial strains and cell lines newly described in thearticle are available from a national collection or willbe made available in a timely fashion and at reasonablecost to members of the scientific community for non-commercial purposes.

Failure to comply with the above-mentioned poli-cies may result in a 3- to 5-year suspension of publish-

ing privileges in ASM journals. (For further details,see the minutes of the March 1984 Publications Boardmeeting [ASM News 50:260-263, 1984] and the Octo-ber 1990 Publications Board meeting [in press].)

Primary PublicationThe American Society for Microbiology accepts the

definition of primary publication as defined in How toWrite and Publish a Scientific Paper, third edition, byRobert A. Day, to wit: ". . . (i) the first publication oforiginal research results, (ii) in a form whereby peersof the author can repeat the experiments and test theconclusions, and (iii) in a journal or other sourcedocument [emphasis added] readily available withinthe scientific community."A scientific paper published in a conference report,

symposium proceeding, technical bulletin, or anyother retrievable source is unacceptable for submis-sion to an ASM journal on grounds of prior publica-tion. A preliminary disclosure of research findingspublished in abstract form as an adjunct to a meeting,e.g., part of a program, is not considered "priorpublication" because it does not meet the criteria for ascientific paper.

It is incumbent upon the author to acknowledge anyprior publication of the data contained in a manuscriptsubmitted to an ASM journal even though he or shemay not consider such publication in violation ofASMpolicy. A copy of the relevant work should accompanythe paper.

PermissionsIt is the author's responsibility to obtain permission

from the copyright owner to reproduce figures, tables,or text (exactly, in altered form, or in part) fromprevious publications, either his own or those ofanother author. Note that the journal or publisher (notthe author) is the copyright owner; however, as amatter of courtesy the author's permission should beobtained as well.

AuthorshipAn author is one who made a substantial contribu-

tion to the "overall design and execution of theexperiments"; therefore, ASM considers all coauthorsequally responsible for the entire paper. Individualswho provided assistance, e.g., supplied strains orreagents or critiqued the paper, need not be listed asauthors but may be recognized in the Acknowledg-ment section.

All authors must agree to the order in which theirnames are listed in the byline. Footnotes regardingattribution of work (e.g., X. Jones and Y. Smithcontributed equally to ...) are not permitted. If nec-essary, such statements may be included in the Ac-knowledgment section.

i

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Page ChargesIt is anticipated that page charges, currently $20 per

printed page (price subject to change), will be paid byauthors whose research was supported by specialfunds, grants (departmental, governmental, institu-tional, etc.), or contracts or whose research was doneas part of their official duties. A bill for page charges issent with the page proofs and reprint order form.

If the research was not supported by any of themeans described above, a request to waive the chargesmay be sent to the Journals Division, American Soci-ety for Microbiology, 1325 Massachusetts Ave.,N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171, with the submit-ted manuscript. This request, which must be separatefrom the covering letter, must indicate how the workwas supported and should be accompanied by a copyof the Acknowledgment section.

Minireviews and Letters to the Editor (see p. v) arenot subject to page charges.

CopyrightTo maintain and protect the Society's ownership

and rights and to protect the original authors frommisappropriation of their published work, ASM re-quires authors to sign a copyright transfer agreement.This agreement is sent to the submitting author whenthe manuscript is accepted for publication. Unless thisagreement is executed, ASM will not publish the manu-script. (U.S. government employees may file a state-ment attesting that a manuscript was prepared as partof their official duties. If they elect to do so, theyshould not sign the ASM copyright transfer agree-ment.)

ScopeThe Journal of Clinical Microbiology is devoted to

the dissemination of new knowledge concerning themicrobiological aspects of human and animal infec-tions and infestations, particularly their etiologicalagents, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Case reports willbe considered if they are novel, add to existing knowl-edge, and are oriented toward microbiology. Manu-scripts which describe the "normal" microbiota ofhumans which in turn become involved in diseaseproduction or complication, or manuscripts dealingwith the interactions of hospitalized patients and themicrobial environment of the hospital, may also besubmitted for consideration.ASM publishes a number of different journals cov-

ering various aspects of the field of microbiology.Each journal has a prescribed scope which must beconsidered in determining the most appropriate jour-nal for each manuscript. The following guidelines maybe of assistance.

(i) The Journal of Clinical Microbiology will con-sider manuscripts: (a) that describe the use of antimi-crobial, antiparasitic, or anticancer agents as tools inthe isolation, identification, or epidemiology of micro-organisms associated with disease; (b) that are con-cerned with quality control procedures for diffusion,

elution, or dilution tests for determining susceptibili-ties to antimicrobial agents in clinical laboratories; and(c) that deal with applications of commercially pre-pared tests or kits to assays performed in clinicallaboratories to measure the activities of establishedantimicrobial agents or their concentrations in bodyfluids. Manuscripts on all other aspects of antimicro-bial, antiparasitic, or anticancer agents, including re-ports concerned with development or modification ofassay methods and validation of their sensitivity andspecificity, will be considered for publication in Anti-microbial Agents and Chemotherapy.

(ii) The Journal of Clinical Microbiology will con-sider manuscripts dealing with the isolation or identi-fication of viral agents from humans and animals andwith the diagnosis of viral diseases. In addition, epi-demiological studies of viral diseases or those involv-ing the use of bacteriophages as a typing system or toidentify bacteria will be considered. However, paperson the biology of phages and other viruses are moreappropriate for the Journal of Virology or the Journalof Bacteriology.

(iii) Reports of clinical microbiology investigationsor studies of the hospital population and the environ-ment as they relate to nosocomial infections should besubmitted to the Journal of Clinical Microbiology.Manuscripts dealing with ecology or environmentalstudies, or with the application of microorganisms toagricultural or industrial processes, are more appro-priate for Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

(iv) Papers that contain data on the use of immunol-ogy and serology as aids in the diagnosis and epidemi-ology of infectious diseases or that describe immuno-logical responses during the course of disease aresuitable for the Journal of Clinical Microbiology.Manuscripts dealing with basic immunology or withmechanisms of pathogenicity are appropriate for In-fection and Immunity.

(v) Papers that include extensive taxonomic material(e.g., descriptions or designations of new taxa) shouldbe submitted to the International Journal of System-atic Bacteriology (IJSB), which is published by ASMfor the International Union of Microbiological Socie-ties. If the main thrust of the manuscript is nottaxonomy, divide the manuscript and submit the tax-onomic portion to IJSB; if such division would weakenthe main thrust, submit the manuscript to the journalof choice.

Questions about these guidelines may be directed tothe editor in chief of the journal being considered.

If transfer to another ASM journal is recommendedby an editor, the author will be contacted.Note that a manuscript rejected by one ASM journal

on scientific grounds or on the basis of its generalsuitability for publication is considered rejected by allother ASM journals.

Culture DepositionThe Journal of Clinical Microbiology encourages

authors to deposit important strains in publicly acces-

. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

sible culture collections and to refer to the collectionsand strain numbers in the text. Since the authenticityof subcultures of culture collection specimens that aredistributed by individuals cannot be ensured, authorsshould indicate laboratory strain designations and do-nor source as well as original culture collection iden-tification numbers.

Nucleotide SequencesInclusion of a GenBank/EMBL accession number

for primary nucleotide and/or amino acid sequencedata is a criterion for acceptance. The accessionnumber must be included in the original manuscript orbe inserted when the manuscript is modified. (Theaccession number should be included as a separateparagraph at the end of the Materials and Methodssection for full-length papers or at the end of the text ofNotes.) The manuscript will not be accepted by theeditor until this number has been provided.GenBank may be contacted at: GenBank Submis-

sions, Mail Stop K710, Los Alamos National Lab-oratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, U.S.A.; tele-phone: (505) 665-2177; electronic mail (submissions):gbsub%life@lanl.gov. The EMBL Data Library maybe contacted at: EMBL Data Library Submissions,Postfach 10.2209, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 6900 Heidel-berg, Germany; telephone: 011 49 (6221) 387258; fax:011 49 (6221) 387306; electronic mail (data submis-sions): datasubs@embl.bitnet.See p. vi for nucleic acid sequence formatting in-

structions.

Editorial StyleThe editorial style of ASM journals conforms to the

CBE Style Manual (5th ed., 1983; Council of BiologyEditors, Inc., 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Md.),ASM Style Manualfor Journals and Books (AmericanSociety for Microbiology, 1991), Robert A. Day's Howto Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (3rd ed., 1988,Oryx Press), and Scientific Writing for Graduate Stu-dents (Council of Biology Editors, Inc., 1968), asinterpreted and modified by the editors and the ASMJournals Division. The editors and the Journals Divi-sion reserve the privilege of editing manuscripts toconform with the stylistic conventions set forth in theaforesaid publications and in these instructions.

Review ProcessAll manuscripts are reviewed by the editors, mem-

bers of the editorial board, or qualified ad hoc review-ers. When a manuscript is submitted to the journal, itis given a manuscript control number and assigned toone of the editors. The authors are notified of thisnumber and the editor to whom the manuscript hasbeen assigned. (It is the responsibility of the corre-sponding author to inform the coauthors of the manu-script's status throughout the review and publicationprocesses.) The reviewers operate under strict guide-lines set forth in "Guidelines for Reviewers" and areexpected to complete their reviews expeditiously.

Authors are notified as soon as possible of the editor'sdecision to accept, reject, or require modification.Telephone inquiries concerning the status of a manu-script are discouraged. There are occasions when thereview process may require additional time. When amanuscript is returned to the author for modification,it should be returned to the editor within 2 months;otherwise, the manuscript may be considered with-drawn.

Notification of AcceptanceWhen an editor has decided that a manuscript is

acceptable for publication, it is sent to the JournalsDivision, where it is checked by the production editor.If the manuscript is completely acceptable accordingto the criteria set forth in these instructions, it isscheduled for the next available issue and an accept-ance letter that indicates the month of publication,approximate page proof dates, and section is mailed tothe author. The editorial staff of the ASM JournalsDivision completes the editing of the manuscript tobring it into conformity with prescribed style andEnglish usage.

Page ProofsThe printer sends page proofs, the copy-edited

manuscript, and a page charge/reprint order form tothe author. As soon as the page proofs are corrected(within 48 h), they should be mailed to the ASMJournals Division.The proof stage is not the time to make extensive

corrections, additions, or deletions. Important newinformation that has become available between accep-tance of the manuscript and receipt of the proofs maybe inserted as an Addendum in Proof with the permis-sion of the editor. If references to unpublished data orpersonal communications are added, include writtenassurance that permission to cite them has beengranted. Limit changes to correction of spelling errors,incorrect data, grammatical errors, and updated infor-mation for "submitted" and "in press" references.

Questions about late proofs and problems in theproofs should be directed to the ASM Journals Divi-sion, telephone (202) 737-3600.

ReprintsReprints (in multiples of 100) may be purchased by

the author(s). An order form that includes a tableshowing the cost of reprints is sent with each proof.

ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT

Regular PapersRegular full-length papers include the elements de-

scribed in this section.Title. Each manuscript should present the results of

an independent, cohesive study; thus, numbered se-ries titles are not permitted. Exercise care in compos-ing a title. Avoid the main title/subtitle arrangement,complete sentences, and unnecessary articles. On the

. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

title page include the title, running title (not to exceed54 characters and spaces), name of each author,address(es) ot the institution(s) at which the work wasperformed, each author's affiliation, and a footnoteindicating the present address(es) of any author(s) nolonger at the institution where the work was per-formed. Place an asterisk after the name of the authorto whom inquiries regarding the paper should bedirected and give that author's telephone number.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words or fewerand concisely summarize the basic content of thepaper without presenting extensive experimental de-tails. Avoid abbreviations and do not include dia-grams. When it is essential to include a reference, usethe References citation but omit the article title. Be-cause the abstract will be published separately byabstracting services, it must be complete and under-standable without reference to the text.

Introduction. The introduction should supply suffi-cient background information to allow the reader tounderstand and evaluate the results of the presentstudy without referring to previous publications on thetopic. The introduction should also provide the ratio-nale for the present study. Choose references carefullyto provide the most salient background rather than anexhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The Materials and Methodssection must include sufficient technical information toallow the experiments to be repeated. The sources ofall media (i.e., name and location of manufacturer) orcomponents of a new formulation must be provided.When centrifugation conditions are critical, giveenough information to enable another investigator torepeat the procedure: make of centrifuge, model ofrotor, temperature, time at maximum speed, and cen-trifugal force (x g rather than revolutions per minute).For commonly used materials and methods (e.g.,media and protein determinations), a simple referenceor specifically recommended product or procedure issufficient. If several alternative methods are com-monly used, it is helpful to identify the method brieflyas well as to cite the reference. For example, it ispreferable to state "cells were broken by ultrasonictreatment as previously described (9)" rather than tostate "cells were broken as previously described (9)."The reader should be allowed to assess the methodwithout constant reference to previous publications.Describe new methods completely, and give sourcesof unusual chemicals, reagents, equipment, or micro-bial strains. When large numbers of microbial strainsor mutants are used in a study, include tables identi-fying the sources and properties of the strains, mu-tants, bacteriophages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of several

experiments reported in the paper may be described inthe Results section or very briefly (one or two sen-tences) in a table footnote or figure legend.

Results. In the Results section, include the rationaleor design of the experiments as well as the results;reserve extensive interpretation of the results for theDiscussion section. Present the results as concisely aspossible in one of the following: text, table(s), orfigure(s). Avoid extensive use of graphs to presentdata which might be more concisely presented in thetext or tables. For example, except in unusual cases,double-reciprocal plots used to determine apparent Kmvalues should not be presented as graphs; instead, thevalues should be stated in the text. Similarly, graphsillustrating other methods commonly used to derivekinetic or physical constants (e.g., reduced viscosityplots, plots used to determine sedimentation velocity)need not be shown except in unusual circumstances.All tabular data must be accompanied by either stan-dard deviation values or standard errors of the means.The number of replicate determinations (or animals)used for making such calculations must also be in-cluded. All statements concerning the significance ofthe differences observed should be accompanied byprobability values given in parentheses. The statisticalprocedure used should be stated in Materials andMethods. Limit illustrations (particularly photomicro-graphs and electron micrographs) to those that areabsolutely necessary to show the experimental find-ings. Number figures and tables in the order in whichthey are cited in the text, and be sure to cite all figuresand tables.

Discussion. The Discussion section should providean interpretation of the results in relation to previouslypublished work and to the experimental system athand. It must not contain extensive repetition of theResults section or reiteration of the introduction. Inshort papers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financialassistance and of personal assistance should be givenin separate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl-edgment of grant support is as follows: "This workwas supported by Public Health Service grant CA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen-tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles,authors, and References sections that are distinct fromthose of the primary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in thebyline or the Acknowledgment section of the primaryarticle, rewrite the appendix so that it can be consid-ered for publication as an independent article, eitherfull-length or Note style. Equations, tables, and figuresshould be labeled with the letter "A" preceding thenumeral to distinguish them from those cited in themain body of the text.

References. The References section must include allrelevant sources, and all listed references must be

IV

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

cited in the text. Arrange the citations in alphabeticalorder by first author and number consecutively. Abbre-viate journal names according to Serial Sources forthe BIOSIS Data Base (BioSciences Information Ser-vice, 1990). Cite each listed reference by number inthe text.

Follow the styles shown in the examples below.

1. Agger, W. A., and D. G. Maki. 1978. Efficacy of directGram stain in differentiating staphylococci from strepto-cocci in blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci.J. Clin. Microbiol. 7:111-113.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schles-singer (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Cox, C. S., B. R. Brown, and J. C. Smith. J. Gen.Genet., in press.*

4. Dhople, A., I. Ortega, and C. Berauer. 1989. Effect ofoxygen on in vitro growth of Mycobacterium leprae,abstr. U-82, p. 168. Abstr. 89th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1989.

5. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding.1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co-ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

6. Fitzgerald, G., and D. Shaw. In A. E. Waters (ed.),Clinical microbiology, in press. EFH Publishing Co.,Boston.

7. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p.169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manualof clinical immunology. American Society for Microbi-ology, Washington, D.C.

8. Gustlethwaite, F. P. 1985. Letter. Lancet i-:327.9. Jacoby, J., R. Grimm, J. Bostic, V. Dean, and G. Starke.

Submitted for publication.10. Jensen, C., and D. S. Schumacher. Unpublished data.11. Jones, A. (Yale University). 1990. Personal communica-

tion.12. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomen

novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gib-bons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacte-riology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Balti-more.

13. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p.352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.

14. Powers, R. D., W. M. Dotson, Jr., and F. G. Hayden.1982. Program Abstr. 22nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., abstr. 448.

15. Sacks, L. E. 1973. Influence of intra- and extracellularcations on the germination of bacterial spores, p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Camp-bell (ed.), Spores V. American Society for Microbiol-ogy, Washington, D.C.

16. Sigma Chemical Co. 1989. Sigma manual. Sigma Chem-ical Co., St. Louis, Mo.

17. Smith, J. C. April 1970. U.S. patent 484,363,770.18. Smyth, D. R. 1972. Ph.D. thesis. University of Califor-

nia, Los Angeles.19. Yagupsky, P., and M. A. Menegus. 1989. Intraluminal

colonization as a source of catheter-related infection.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:2025. (Letter.)

* Note that an "in press" reference to an ASMpublication should state the control number (e.g., JCM123-91) or the name of the publication if it is a book.

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length papers.

They receive the same review, they are not publishedmore rapidly than full-length papers, and they are notconsidered preliminary communications. The Noteformat is intended for the presentation of brief obser-vations that do not warrant full-length papers. How-ever, Notes should contain firm data; observationsalone are not acceptable.Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50

words. Do not use section headings in the body of theNote; report methods, results, and discussion in asingle section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. Thetext should be kept to a minimum and if possibleshould not exceed 1,000 words; the number of figuresand tables should also be kept to a minimum. Materialsand methods should be described in the text, not infigure legends or table footnotes. Acknowledgmentsshould be presented as in full-length papers, but noseparate heading is used. The References section isidentical to that of full-length papers.

MinireviewsMinireviews are brief summaries (limit of 4 printed

pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. Theymust be based on published articles; they may addressany subject within the scope ofJCM. Minireviews maybe either solicited or proffered by authors respondingto a recognized need. Irrespective of origin, mini-reviews are subject to editorial review.

Letters to the EditorLetters to the Editor must include data to support

the writer's argument and are intended only for com-ments on articles published previously in the journal.They may be no more than 500 words long. Send lettersto the Journals Division. They will be processed andsent to the editor who handled the article in question.If the editor believes that publication is warranted, hewill solicit a reply from the author of the article andmake a recommendation to the editor in chief. Finalapproval for publication rests with the editor in chief.All letters intended for publication must be typeddouble spaced.

ErrataThe Erratum section provides a means of correcting

errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles.Changes in data and the addition of new material arenot permitted. Send errata directly to the JournalsDivision.

Author's CorrectionsThe Author's Correction section provides a means

of adding citations that were overlooked in a publishedarticle. The author who failed to cite a reference and

v

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

the author whose paper was not cited must agree tosuch a publication; the editor, editor in chief, andchairman of the Publications Board will not be in-volved. Letters from both authors must accompanythe author's correction sent to the Journals Division.

DisclaimersStatements disclaiming governmental or any other

type of endorsement or approval will be deleted by theJournals Division.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLESThe figure number and authors' names should be

written on all figures, either in the margin or on theback (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro-graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well.Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu-

script with paper clips. Insert small figures in anenvelope.

Continuous-Tone and Composite PhotographsWhen submitting continuous-tone photographs (e.g.,

polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journal pagewidth: 35/16 inches for a single column and 67/8 inches fora double column (maximum). Include only the signifi-cant portion of an illustration. Photos must be ofsufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss ofcontrast and detail inherent in the printing process.Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figurefor each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are notacceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should bethe size they will appear when published so that noreduction is necessary. If they must be reduced, makesure that all elements, including labeling, can withstandreduction and remain legible.

If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tonephotograph and a drawing or labeling, the originalcomposite must be provided for the printer (i.e., not aphotograph of the composite). This original, labeled"printer's copy," may be sent with the modifiedmanuscript to the editor.

Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop-ies of the original negative. Indicate the magnificationwith a scale marker on each micrograph.

Color PhotographsColor photographs are discouraged. However, if

they are necessary, include an extra copy at the timeof manuscript submission so that a cost estimate forprinting may be obtained. The cost of printing colorphotographs must be borne by the author.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, complicated chemical or

mathematical formulas, diagrams, and other drawingsas glossy photographs made from finished drawingsnot requiring additional artwork or typesetting. Com-puter-generated graphics produced on high-quality la-ser printers are also usually acceptable. No part of thegraph or drawing should be handwritten. Both axes of

a graph must be labeled. Most graphs will be reducedto one-column width (35/16 inches), and all elements inthe drawing should be large enough to withstand thisreduction. Avoid heavy letters, which tend to close upwhen reduced, and unusual symbols, which the printermay not be able to reproduce in the legend.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well astable column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num-bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to usethe appropriate SI symbols (,u for 10-6, m for 10-3, kfor 10', M for 106, etc.). A complete listing of SIsymbols can be found in the International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual ofSymbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan-tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figureordinate should be made by the number 20, accompa-nied by the label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be used, the journal

requires that the exponent power be associated withthe number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml,the numeral of the ordinate would be "2" and the labelwould be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x10-4"'). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/mllabeled as mU (or milliunits) per ml.

Presentation of Nucleic Acid SequencesNucleic acid sequences of limited length which are

the primary subject of a study may be presentedfreestyle in the most effective format. Longer nucleicacid sequences must be presented in the followingformat to conserve space. Submit the sequence ascamera-ready copy of dimensions 8½2" x 11" (orslightly less) in standard (portrait) orientation. Printthe sequence in lines of 100 bases, each in a nonpro-portional (monospace) font which is easily legiblewhen published at 100 bases/6 inches. Uppercase andlowercase letters may be used to designate the exon/intron structure, transcribed regions, etc., if the low-ercase letters remain legible at 100 bases/6 inches.Number the sequence line by line; place numerals,representing the first base of each line, to the left of thelines. Minimize spacing between adjacent lines ofsequence, leaving room only for annotation of thesequence. Annotation may include boldface, underlin-ing, brackets, boxes, etc. Encoded amino acid se-quences may be presented, if necessary, immediatelyabove the first nucleotide of each codon, using thesingle-letter amino acid symbols. Comparisons of mul-tiple nucleic acid sequences should conform as nearlyas possible to the same format.

Figure LegendsLegends should provide enough information so that

the figure is understandable without frequent referenceto the text. However, detailed experimental methodsmust be described in the Materials and Methodssection, not in a figure legend. A method that is unique

Vi

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

to one of several experiments may be reported in alegend only if the discussion is very brief (one or twosentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations usedin the figure that have not been defined elsewhere.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange the

data so that columns of like material read down, notacross. The headings should be sufficiently clear sothat the meaning of the data will be understandablewithout reference to the text. See the Abbreviationssection of these instructions for those that should beused in tables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable,but more extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of the experi-ment. Tables must include enough information towarrant table format; those with fewer than six piecesof data will be incorporated into the text by the copyeditor. Table 1 is an example of a well-constructedtable.

TABLE 1. Correlation between detection of V-Z viral antibodyby neutralization and by EIA and IAHAI

No. of serum samples withAntibody V-Z neutralizing antibody Correlation

Positiveb Negative

EIAPositive 50 4 94Negative 3 64

IAHAPositivec 37 0 87Negative 16 68

a Sera from individuals without evidence of a current V-Z virus infection.b Titer > 1:4.Titer > 1:8.

Tables that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting or artwork arereferred to as "camera ready." They should not behand lettered and must be carefully prepared to con-form to the style of the journal. The advantage ofsubmitting camera-ready copy is that the material willappear exactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is particularlyadvantageous when there are long, complicated tablesand when the division of material and spacing areimportant.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of chemical

compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical AbstractService, Ohio State University, Columbus) and itsindexes. The Merck Index (llth ed., 1989; Merck &Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.) is also an excellent source.For biochemical terminology, including abbreviationsand symbols, consult the following: Biochemical No-

menclature and Related Documents (1978; reprintedfor The Biochemical Society, London), instructions toauthors of the Journal ofBiological Chemistry and theArchives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (first issuesof each year), and the Handbook ofBiochemistry andMolecular Biology (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., CRCPress, Inc., 1976).Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec-

ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass isexpressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1984).If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper(trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstractand text. Use the EC number when one has beenassigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of micromoles perminute.

DrugsWhenever possible, use generic names of drugs; the

use of trade names is not permitted.

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names, consisting of a generic name and a

specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), must be usedfor all microorganisms. Names of higher categoriesmay be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi-thets may not. A specific epithet must be preceded bya generic name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated tothe initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided therecan be no confusion with other genera used in thepaper. Names of all taxa (phyla, classes, orders,families, genera, species, subspecies) are printed initalics and should be underlined (or italicized) in themanuscript; strain designations and numbers are not.The spelling of names should follow the Approved

Lists ofBacterial Names (amended edition) (V. B. D.Skerman, V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath, ed.) andthe Index of the Bacterial and Yeast NomenclaturalChanges Published in the International Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology since the 1980 ApprovedLists ofBacterial Names (1 January 1980 to I January1989) (W. E. C. Moore and L. V. H. Moore, ed.), bothpublished by the American Society for Microbiologyin 1989, and the validation lists and articles publishedin the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriol-ogy since 1 January 1989. If there is reason to use aname that does not have standing in nomenclature, thename should be enclosed in quotation marks and anappropriate statement concerning the nomenclaturalstatus of the name should be made in the text (for anexample, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556, 1980).

It is recommended that a strain be deposited in arecognized culture collection when that strain is nec-essary for the description of a new taxon (see Bacte-

*ii

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

riological Code, 1975 Revision, American Society forMicrobiology, 1975).

Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it isthe responsibility of the author to determine the ac-cepted binomial for a given organism. Some sourcesfor these names include The Yeasts: a TaxonomicStudy, 3rd ed. (N. J. W. Kreger-van Rij, ed., ElsevierScience Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984) andAinsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, In-cluding the Lichens, 7th ed. (Commonwealth Myco-logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1983).Names used for viruses should be those approved

by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Vi-ruses (ICTV) and published in the 4th Report of theICTV Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses(Intervirology 17:23-199, 1982). If desired, synonymsmay be added parenthetically when the name is firstmentioned. Approved generic (or group) and familynames may also be used.

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should begiven designations consisting of letters and serial num-bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker'sinitials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory,etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant,isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial)designation. This designation should be distinct fromthose of the genotype and phenotype, and italicizedgenotypic and phenotypic symbols should not be in-cluded.

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria are

described in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. Thephenotype describes the observable properties of anorganism. The genotype refers to the genetic consti-tution of an organism, usually in reference to somestandard wild type. Use the recommendations ofDemerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-64, 1966) as a guide tothe use of these terms. If your manuscript containsinformation including genetic nomenclature, pleaserefer to the Instructions to Authors in the Januaryissue of the Journal ofBacteriology.

"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc-tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primarysequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (astrain carrying one or more mutations). One mayspeak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannotmap a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no geneticlocus, only a phenotype.

Viruses. The genetic nomenclature for viruses dif-fers from that for bacteria. In most instances, viruseshave no phenotype, since they have no metabolismoutside host cells. Therefore, distinctions betweenphenotype and genotype cannot be made. Superscriptsare used to indicate hybrid genomes. Genetic symbolsmay be one, two, or three letters.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Patient IdentificationTo protect the privacy of individuals mentioned in

clinical studies, in case histories, and as sources ofisolates, do not identify them by their initials, even aspart of a strain designation. Change the initials tonumerals or use randomly chosen letters. Do not givehospital unit numbers; if a designation is needed, useonly the last two digits of the unit. (Note: Establisheddesignations of some viruses and cell lines, althoughthey consist of initials, are acceptable [e.g., JC virus,BK virus, HeLa cells].)

Verb TenseASM strongly recommends that for clarity you use

the past tense to narrate particular events in the past,including the procedures, observations, and data ofthe study that you are reporting. Use the present tensefor your own general conclusions, the conclusions ofprevious researchers, and generally accepted facts.Thus, most of the abstract, Materials and Methods,and Results sections will be in the past tense, and mostof the introduction and some of the Discussion will bein the present tense.Be aware that it may be necessary to vary the tense

in a single sentence. For example, it is correct to say"White (30) demonstrated that XYZ cells grow at pH6.8," "Figure 2 shows that ABC cells failed to grow atroom temperature," and "Air was removed from thechamber and the mice died, which proves that micerequire air." In reporting statistics and calculations, itis correct to say "The values for the ABC cells arestatistically significant, indicating that the drug inhib-ited...."For an in-depth discussion of tense in scientific

writing, see p. 158-160 in How to Write and Publish aScientific Paper, 3rd ed.

AbbreviationsGeneral. Abbreviations should be used as an aid to

the reader, rather than as a convenience for theauthor, and therefore their use should be limited.Abbreviations other than those recommended by theIUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and RelatedDocuments, 1978) should be used only when a casecan be made for necessity, such as in tables andfigures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrasea long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "thesubstrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivialnames or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighboringtext.

It is strongly recommended that all abbreviationsexcept those listed below be introduced in the firstparagraph in Materials and Methods. Alternatively,define each abbreviation and introduce it in parenthe-ses the first time it is used; e.g., "Cultures were grownin Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)." Gener-

. .i.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

ally, eliminate abbreviations that are not used at leastfive times in the text (including tables and figurelegends).

Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-tions for Systeme International d'Unites (SI) units ofmeasurement, other common units (e.g., bp, kb, andDa), and chemical symbols for the elements, thefollowing should be used without definition in the title,abstract, text, figure legends, and tables: DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid); cDNA (complementary DNA);RNA (ribonucleic acid); cRNA (complementaryRNA); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyribonu-clease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA (messengerRNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP,dAMP, ddATP, GTP, etc. (for the respective 5' phos-phates of adenosine and other nucleosides) (add 2'-,3'-, or 5'- when needed for contrast); ATPase, dGT-Pase, etc. (adenosine triphosphatase, deoxyguanosinetriphosphatase, etc.);NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinu-cleotide); NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,oxidized); NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,reduced); NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidephosphate); NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucle-otide phosphate, reduced); NADP+ (nicotinamide ad-enine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized); poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic acid, polydeoxythymidylicacid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc. (oligodeoxythymidylic acid,etc.); Pi (orthophosphate); PPi (pyrophosphate); UV(ultraviolet); PFU (plaque-forming units); CFU (colo-ny-forming units); MIC (minimal inhibitory concentra-tion); MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration); Tris[tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]; DEAE (dieth-ylaminoethyl); A260 (absorbance at 260 nm); EDTA(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid); and AIDS (acquiredimmunodeficiency [or immune deficiency] syndrome).Abbreviations for cell lines (e.g., HeLa) also need notbe defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:

amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)exptl (experimental)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)

prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

Reporting Numerical Data

yr (year)

Standard metric units are used for reporting length,weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p for 10-3, 10-6, 1o-9,and 10- 2, respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for103. Avoid compound prefixes such as m,u or ,u,. Usep,g/ml or ,g/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units oftemperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express units such as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use wholeunits, such as "g" or "min," in the denominatorinstead of fractional or multiple units, such as ,ug or 10min. For example, "pmol/min" would be preferable to"nmol/10 min," and ",umol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/p,g." It is also preferable that an unambiguousform such as exponential notation be used; for exam-ple, ",umol g-1 min -1"' is preferable to "'4imol/g/min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de-tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con-tained in this source is information on the appropriateSI units for reporting illumination, energy, frequency,and other physical terms. Always report numericaldata in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, labeling is indicated in the

chemical formula (e.g., 14Co2, 3H20, H235S04).Brackets are not used when the isotopic symbol isattached to the name of a compound that in its naturalstate does not contain the element (e.g., 32S-ATP) orto a word that is not a specific chemical name (e.g.,1311-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotope

introduced is placed in square brackets directly pre-ceding the part of the name that describes the labeledentity. Note that configuration symbols and modifiersprecede the isotopic symbol. The following examplesillustrate correct usage:["4C]ureaL-[methyl-'4C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine[a-'4C]lysine

UDP-[U-'4C]glucoseE. coli [32P]DNAfructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate[y-32P]ATP

This journal follows the same conventions for iso-topic labeling as the Journal of Biological Chemistry,and more detailed information can be found in theinstructions to authors of that journal (first issue ofeach year).

IX

NOTICE TO AUTHORSEffective with the January 1991 issues, articles in all ASM journals will contain aReferences section instead of a Literature Cited section. Thus, items that were notpermitted in the Literature Cited section (unpublished data, personal communications,manuscripts in preparation [which must be changed to "unpublished data"], manu-scripts submitted, "in press" references, pamphlets, abstracts, patents, theses,dissertations, newsletters, letters to the editor, editorials, and material that has notbeen peer reviewed) must be placed in the References section. Samples of correctcitations are shown below.

The Journals Division will assume the responsibility of incorporating text referencesinto the new section for accepted manuscripts during most of 1991. Thereafter, authorswill be expected to submit their manuscripts with the correct format or be asked tocorrect them at the modification stage.

If you have any questions, please feel free to call the production editor or JenniferOwens, Manager, Editorial Style and Training.

1. Anagnostopoulos, C., and J. Spizizen. 1961. Requirements for transformation in Bacilluls slubtilis.J. Bacteriol. 81:741-746.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements forenzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology-1977.American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Cox, C. S., B. R. Brown, and J. C. Smith. J. Gen. Genet., in press.*4. Dhople, A., I. Ortega, and C. Berauer. 1989. Effect of oxygen on in vitro growth of Mycobac terilum

leprae, abstr. U-82, p. 168. Abstr. 89th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1989.5. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic

bacteriology. Coordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

6. Fitzgerald, G., and D. Shaw. In A. E. Waters (ed.), Clinical microbiology, in press. EFH PublishingCo., Boston.

7. Gustlethwaite, F. P. 1985. Letter. Lancet ii:327.8. Jacoby, J., R. Grimm, J. Bostic, V. Dean, and G. Starke. Submitted for publication.9. Jensen, C., and D. S. Schumacher. Unpublished data.

10. Jones, A. (Yale University). 1990. Personal communication.11. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomen novumr p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E.

Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & WilkinsCo., Baltimore.

12. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p. 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

13. Powers, R. D., W. M. Dotson, Jr., and F. G. Hayden. 1982. Program Abstr. 22nd Intersci. Conf.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. 448.

14. Sigma Chemical Co. 1989. Sigma manual. Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.15. Smith, J. C. April 1970. U.S. patent 484,363,770.16. Smyth, D. R. 1972. Ph.D. thesis. University of California, Los Angeles.17. Yagupsky, P., and M. A. Menegus. 1989. Intraluminal colonization as a source of catheter-related

infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:2025. (Letter.)

* Note that an "in press" reference to an ASM publication should state the control number(e.g., AEM 576-91) or the name of the publication, if it is a book.