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Joshua Baker
11th Grade
February 11, 2014
RMSST Student
Showcase
Optimization of Concrete Composites using CCBs as Additives
• Each year, hundreds of millions of tons of coal-fired power plant waste is dumped into landfills
• Has potential to leach into groundwater and contaminate water supplies
• Little is ever reused, though much of it can be
• Carbon footprint can be greatly reduced if some byproducts are reused
Introduction
Image 1: A coal waste landfill in Henrico County, VA
Purpose
• To determine the structural impact of coal combustion byproduct additives at the “optimal” replacement rate, 25-30%
Rationale
• Management of CCBs in coal-reliant nations must be addressed before they pose an environmental hazard
• Concrete is a versatile building material with potential for integration of numerous additives
• Successfully using CCBs as additives at a 25% replacement rate would greatly decrease human environmental impact and provide a strong, environmentally responsible composite that can be adapted to new uses
Introduction
• Independent Variable: Concrete Composition
• Dependent Variable: Concrete Performance
• In an ongoing experiment, it is being determined whether it is plausible to create cement-free concrete using geopolymers, eliminating the CO2 released when normal concrete hardens
Background
Procedures – Concrete Mixing
Image 2: Mixes 1 (Portland Cement, Sand, Stone) and 2 (75% Portland Cement, 25% Class C Fly Ash, Sand, Stone) in their mid-mixing stages.
Procedures – Air Content
Image 3: Unit Weight container with Air Content gauge attached
Procedures - Slump
Image 4: Slump test; the bottom of the metal rod (right) is used as the starting point for determining how far the concrete falls and spreads out.
Procedures – Compressive Strength
Image 5: The hydraulic press, used for compressive strength testing (right); an example of Class 5 fracturing (left) and Class 2 fracturing (center).
Control Fly Ash Bottom Ash0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
54606.6666666667 55350
42946.6666666667
79870
93276.67
73530
Average Ultimate Load
Ultimate Load (lb) - Day 7Ultimate Load (lb) - Day 56
Figure 1: The average ultimate load of each composite mix, which is a direct measurement the maximum load a sample can withstand before fracturing.
Control Fly Ash Bottom Ash0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
4343.33333333333 4403.33333333333
3416.66666666667
6356.67
7420
5850
Average Compressive Strength
Compressive Strength (psi) - Day 7Compressive Strength (psi) - Day 56
Figure 2: The average compressive strength of each composite mix, a calculated measurement of the maximum force a sample can withstand before fracturing.
Control 25% Class C Fly Ash 25% Bottom Ash0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
2
1.2
2.1
Air Content
Mix Type
Air
Conte
nt
(%)
Figure 3: The percentage of air entrained in a unit of concrete, 1 ft3. The percentage of air in a mixture contains impacts both the flexural strength and the overall weight of the concrete.
Control 25% Fly Ash 25% Bottom Ash0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
3.5 3.5
4.25
Slump
Mix Type
Slu
mp (
inches)
Figure 4: The measured slump of each concrete mix, a measurement of mix consistency. This variable is most significant when comparing mixes of similar composition.
Control 25% Class C Fly Ash 25% Bottom Ash136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
147.6
146.4
141.7
149.8
150.7
145.8
Density
Target DensityMeasured Density
Mix Type
Densit
y (
lb/f
3)
Figure 5: The calculated (blue) and target (red) densities of each mix, a measure of the mass of a cubic foot of a given mix design. It is used when determining factors that influence the strength of concretes.
• Group 2 (Fly Ash additive) outperformed control in ultimate load/compressive strength tests at both testing times
• Group 3 (Bottom Ash additive), on average, performed either similarly to (Day 56) or worse than (Day 7) the control in ultimate load/compressive strength tests
• Fly ash group continues to show trend of gaining strength over long periods of time
Data Trends and Analysis
• Based on the currently available data from experimentation and from data analysis, Mix 2 performed within the 20% margin of similarity to the control for its average compressive strength and ultimate load, thus rejecting the null hypothesis
• The data gathered for Mix 3 performed outside of this margin, supporting the null hypothesis
• Final ultimate load and compressive strength data will be collected at the 90 Day curing point
Discussion and Conclusion
• Determining the chemical leaching capability of CCBs and their flammability at different burn stages
• Investigating the environmental effects of using CCB-containing concrete composites
Future Research
RMSST:
• John Hendrix
TEC Services:
• Steven Maloof and Technicians
• Brian Smith
• Brian Wolfe
Ernst Enterprises of Georgia:
• Tony Dowdy
Acknowledgements
Bumjoo, K., Prezzi, M., & Salgado, R. (2005, July). Geotechnical properties of fly and bottom ash mixtures. Retrieved from https://engineering.purdue.edu/~mprezzi/pdf/10900241_geotechnical_properties.pdf
Concrete tests. (2003, September 01). Retrieved from http://www.dot.state.mn.us/materials/manuals/concrete/Chapter5.pdf
EPA – Coal Combustion Products. (May 2013). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/imr/ccps
Kalyoncu, R. S. (2000). Retrieved from website: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/coal/874400.pdf
Kosmatka, S. H., & Wilson, M. L. (2011). Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures: The Guide to Applications, Methods, and Materials. (15th ed.). Washington, DC: Portland Cement Association.
Mohanty, M. K., & Kumar, S. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2011). Sustainable Utilization of Coal Combustion Byproducts through the Production of High Grade Minerals and Cement-less Green Concrete. Retrieved from website: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/9588/report/0
Sahu, S. P. (2010). Characterization of Coal Combustion By-products (CCBs) for their Effective Management and Utilization. (Bachelor's thesis) Retrieved from http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1708/1/final_thesis_edited.pdf
References
• Nominated to attend the Governor’s Honors Program for Chemistry
• Prestigious program that bolsters student
interest in their nomination areas
• This program will provide valuable insight into
my field of interest, and help when deciding
how future years will be spent
Achievements - GHP
• 4 on the AP Biology Exam
• 3 on the AP World History Exam
• Shows how my work ethic and study skills have improved as my time at Magnet progressed
Achievements – AP Exams