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Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an ElectricDrive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART

Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

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Page 1: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive BulldozerSteven Sokolsky, CALSTART

Page 2: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

CALSTARTCALSTART is a unique national, non‐profit, advanced transportation technologies organization. 

Founded in 1992 as a public‐private partnership to launch and grow a clean transportation industry.

Mission: via programs and services support and expand the growth of a clean transportation technologies industry that will:

»Create high‐quality jobs;»Clean the air;»Reduce dependence on foreign oil; and»Reduce global warming emissions

Page 3: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

HTUF – More Than A Decade of Progress

» User‐driven process to commercialize medium‐ and heavy‐duty hybrid, electric & advanced  vehicles 

» Partially funded by U.S. Army (TARDEC‐NAC); operated by CALSTART

» Process speeds advanced dual‐use truck commercialization» By creating common fleet requirements, 

volume purchase commitments, targeted development, leveraging DOE/DOD/DOT investments

» Working Groups formed around high‐promise candidate commercial truck applications in weight/function benefitting military needs

All Major Truck Makers and System Suppliers involved

(partial list)

Page 4: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Cat D7E Evaluation ProjectElectric‐Drive Bulldozer – Data Collection and Verification

• Goals were to verify expected 25% fuel savings, 10% increase in productivity

• Tests completed November 2011

• Project Partners: U.S. Army (TARDEC), U.S. Navy (Seabees), Caterpillar, Trimble

Page 5: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Cat D7E Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Specs» Engine: Cat C9.3 ACERT; 235 hp (175 kW) net power

» Drivetrain: Electric drive» Operating weight: 56,669 lbs.

» Engine turns electric generator that converts mechanical energy to AC current for propulsion & DC power for accessories

Page 6: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Cat D7E Bulldozer Evaluation» Purpose: Evaluate fuel consumption & efficiency of conventional & electric‐drive dozers in field tests

» Variables measured: fuel consumption, productivity, engine RPM, effect of operator experience, use of GPS‐based machine control systems

» Desired outcomes: establish fuel consumption baselines for hybrid & conventional machines, identify limitations or potential improvements to operating methods

Page 7: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Measurement Criteria

» Fuel efficiency = cubic yards of soil moved/gallons of fuel consumed (yd3per gallon)

» Productivity = cubic yards of soil moved/time to move (yd3 per hour)

» Fuel consumption = gallons of fuel consumed/time (gallons per hour)

Page 8: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Bulldozer Evaluation: Tests Performed

Slot dozing: dig an 80‐foot trench to depth of 1 blade height ‐required ~ 20 passesBackfilling: fill in all slots dug in initial cycleNo load travel @ high idleIdling without movementPad building: 100’ x 100’ helicopter landing pad with 1‐degree pitch3 dozers performed each test: D7E electric‐drive, D7R (Army), D6T (Navy)

Page 9: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

D7E Productivity Study

» 5 Navy Operators and one expert operator» Each of 4* tractors dug 12 slots for 48 slots total» 3 hours of slot dozing, 3 hours of backfilling in AM

» 3 hours of slot dozing, 3 hours of backfilling in PM

*D7E ran two sets of slots, one set with blade control and one without.

Page 10: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Project DetailDuty Cycles» Repeatable» Representative of 

military activity» Consistent with 

commercial practice when possible

» Evaluate full machine operational capability (idle, travel, full load, part load)

» Defined machine and site conditions

Page 11: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Pad Building with Blade Control» D7E with GPS‐guided blade control» D7E without blade control» D7R without blade control» Surveyors needed for tests of              without of dozers w/o blade control system

Page 12: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Pad Building with Blade Control

D7E w/ blade control completed task 48% faster than D7R, 16% faster than D7E w/o controlsD7E w/ blade control fuel consumption slightly higher than other configurations

Page 13: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Project DetailResults

Favorable results have been observed, 5%‐30% efficiency increase.  Distribution of actual test results is limited due to:» Operator influence (technique and operating parameters)» Site Conditions (ground and environment)» Duty Cycles» Equipment Type» Sample Size Limitations » Army is not endorsing a product or manufacturer Training is the low hanging fruit.− Expert operators showed higher productivity− Military operators receive limited stick time− Machine operating parameters are not optimized− Efficient operating technique has not been taught

Page 14: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Test Results

» Productivity (slot dozing & backfilling): D7E was 1 to 7% better than D7R and D6T

» Fuel consumption (light and heavy dozing, no‐load travel & idling): D7E was 11 to 30% better than D7R and D6T

» Pad‐building results were mixed when measuring effects of blade‐control – need to re‐run some tests due to soil condition

Page 15: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Field Evaluations at Port Hueneme, CA

Page 16: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Challenges for Military• JP‐8 Single Fuel Policy: Future operational energy technologies (at OEM level) are being engineered for Tier IV compliant systems.  JP‐8 is not compatible with Tier IV emission control technologies.

• Business case development – wartime vs. peacetime operation: Many systems operate at extremely low hours during CONUS operations.  Business case for many fuel efficient technologies cannot be justified in this scenario.

• Technology integration with primarily commercial systems: Army relies on commercial industry for extended system support (beyond normal commercial life expectancy).  Integration of technology may impair the OEM’s ability to support.

• Technology integration with military systems: Added cost of technical manuals, provisioning and soldier training complicates integration to existing systems.

• Rely on Commercial Market: For the Army to benefit, in most cases the commercial market must adopt the technology – is commercial payback reasonable?

Page 17: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Next Steps

» Two additional D7E evaluations underway:

1. 5‐mile border road building at Nogales, AZ

2. UAV airstrip building through grassy area at Fort Riley, KS

» Evaluating D7E efficiency, productivity, and affects of blade‐control technologies

Page 18: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

Calif Energy Commission Off‐Road Hybrid Demos

» Two pre‐production projects chosen by CEC for demos involving Caterpillar & Volvo

» First is a large hybrid excavator used for earthmoving by commercial contractors

» Second is a mid‐size hybrid wheel loader used at a landfill

Page 19: Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric ... · Joint Military Evaluation of the Benefits of an Electric‐Drive Bulldozer Steven Sokolsky, CALSTART. CALSTART CALSTART

CALSTART Clean Transportation Technologies 

and SolutionsSteven Sokolsky, Senior Project Manager

[email protected](510) 307‐8772