JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY - Woods Hole …ijgofs.whoi.edu/Publications/Report_Series/JGOFS39.pdf · The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research

JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY A Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

JGOFS REPORT No. 39

MINUTES of the 16th MEETING of the JGOFS

SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE





October 2003

Published in Bergen, Norway, October 2003 by: Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and JGOFS International Project Office Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources The Johns Hopkins University University of Bergen Baltimore, MD 21218 5020 Bergen USA NORWAY The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) is a Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). It is planned by a SCOR/IGBP Scientific Steering Committee. In addition to funds from the JGOFS sponsors, SCOR and IGBP, support is provided for international JGOFS planning and synthesis activities by several agencies and organizations. These are gratefully acknowledged and include the US National Science Foundation, the International Council of Scientific Unions (by funds from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, the Research Council of Norway and the University of Bergen, Norway. Disclaimer Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) or editors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) or any other funding bodies, including SCOR, IGBP and JRC. Citation: Minutes of the 16th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Joint Global

Ocean Flux Study. Minutes of the 17th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Minutes of the 18th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. October 2003

ISSN: 1016-7331 Cover: JGOFS and SCOR Logos The JGOFS Reports are distributed free of charge to scientists involved in global change research. Additional copies of the JGOFS reports are available from: Ms. Judith Stokke, Administrative Assistant Tel: +47 5558 4246 JGOFS International Project Office Fax: +47 5558 9687 Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources E-mail: [email protected] University of Bergen N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY or, from the International JGOFS website: http://www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html

JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY

– JGOFS –

REPORT No. 39







October 2003

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Minutes from the 16th Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee

Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 7-8 July 2001

Contents

1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 1.1. Welcome and Opening Remarks ........................................................................................1 1.2. Report from the Chair ........................................................................................................1 1.3. Approval of the Agenda.....................................................................................................1 1.4. Amsterdam reimbursements and local arrangements ..........................................................1

2. Old Business......................................................................................................................1 2.1. Approval of the Minutes from the 15th SSC Meeting .........................................................1 2.2. Second Open Science Conference (Bergen) .......................................................................2 2.3. Synthesis Products: Publication Update .............................................................................2

3. Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Business .........................................................................2 3.1. EPSG (Equatorial Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group) ..................................................3 3.2. NASG (North Atlantic Synthesis & Modelling Group).......................................................3 3.3. IOSG (Indian Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group)..........................................................4 3.4. SOSG (Southern Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) .....................................................4 3.5. NPSG (North Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group) .........................................................4 3.6. PJTT (Paleo JGOFS Task Team) .......................................................................................5 3.7. CMTT (Continental Margin Task Team)............................................................................5 3.8. DMTT (Data Management Task Team) .............................................................................5 3.9. PMTT (Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team) .............................................................5 3.10. JGTT (JGOFS-GAIM Task Team).....................................................................................5 3.11. GSWG (Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group) ................................................6

4. International Programmes ..................................................................................................6 4.1. IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) .....................................................6

4.1.1. Futures Meeting on Ocean Biogeochemistry ............................................................6 4.1.2. Open Science Conference (Amsterdam, July 2001) ..................................................7

4.2. SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research)...........................................................7 4.2.1. Future Ocean Biogeochemistry ................................................................................7 4.2.2. SCOR–IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 ..............................................................8 4.2.3. IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group) .......................................8

4.3. WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment)..................................................................8 4.4. POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans) ................................................9

5. National Programmes ........................................................................................................9 5.1. United States (Abbott) .......................................................................................................9 5.2. Germany (Lochte) ...........................................................................................................10 5.3. China-Taipei (Gong)........................................................................................................10 5.4. Japan (Saino) ...................................................................................................................10 5.5. Chile (Quiñones) .............................................................................................................11 5.6. Norway (Johannessen) .....................................................................................................12 5.7. Spain (Duarte) .................................................................................................................13 5.8. China-Beijing (Hong) ......................................................................................................14

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5.8.1. Activity Report (Hu) ..............................................................................................15 6. Scientific Steering Committee..........................................................................................15

6.1. Business Issues ................................................................................................................15 6.2. Other Matters Arising: Executive and SSC Meetings .......................................................15

7. International Project Office..............................................................................................15 7.1. Data Management Activities (Avril) ................................................................................15 7.2. Review Budget and Expenses (Hanson) ...........................................................................15

8. Other Business.................................................................................................................15 8.1. Next SSC Meeting ...........................................................................................................15

9. Meeting Adjourns ............................................................................................................15 10. Acronyms........................................................................................................................15 11. WMO – World Meteorological Organization – www.wmo.chAppendices ........................15 11. Appendices......................................................................................................................15

11.1. APPENDIX 1: List of Participants ...................................................................................15 11.2. APPENDIX 2: Interim Report (USJN article) ..................................................................15 11.3. APPENDIX 3: Activity Calendar & Timeline (updated November 2001).........................15 11.4. APPENDIX 4: Practical Information (provided before the Meeting) ................................15 11.5. APPENDIX 5: Draft Agenda (provided before the meeting).............................................15 11.6. APPENDIX 6: Status of Actions from the 15th SSC (Bergen 2000) .................................15 11.7. APPENDIX 7: Conference Funds and Expenses (Final Report)........................................15 11.8. APPENDIX 8: IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book (updated July 2001).....................................15 11.9. APPENDIX 9: Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (Le Borgne).......................................15 11.10. APPENDIX 10: North Atlantic Synthesis Group (Garçon) ...............................................15 11.11. APPENDIX 11: Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (Burkill) .................................................15 11.12. APPENDIX 12: Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (Tréguer)............................................15 11.13. APPENDIX 13: North Pacific Synthesis Group (Bychkov) ..............................................15 11.14. APPENDIX 14: Paleo-JGOFS Task Team (Lochte) .........................................................15 11.15. APPENDIX 15: Continental Margins Task Team (Quiñones) ..........................................15 11.16. APPENDIX 16: Data Management Task Team (Conkright) .............................................15 11.17. APPENDIX 17: PMTT Activity Report (Laws) ...............................................................15 11.18. APPENDIX 18: JGOFS-GAIM Task Team (Monfray).....................................................15 11.19. APPENDIX 19: Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (Schlitzer) ..................15 11.20. APPENDIX 20: The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change......................................15 11.21. APPENDIX 21: SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 (Wallace).............................15 11.22. APPENDIX 22: IOCCG Activity Report (Stuart).............................................................15 11.23. APPENDIX 23: Global Hydrography (Gould) .................................................................15 11.24. APPENDIX 24: POGO Activity Report (Sathyendranath)................................................15 11.25. APPENDIX 25: List of SSC Members (as of June 2001)..................................................15 11.26. APPENDIX 26: Year 2000 Budget Table (Final) .............................................................15 11.27. APPENDIX 27: Year 2001 Budget Table (as of August 2001) .........................................15 11.28. APPENDIX 28: Working Budget and Requests for Year 2002 Allocations ......................15 11.29. APPENDIX 29: The relationships among the JGOFS regional synthesis groups, task teams,

program-wide synthesis and global synthesis (updated and redrawn, July 2001). ..............15

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1. INTRODUCTION

The 16th meeting of the JGOFS SSC was held at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and hosted by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Academy. Ducklow, Chair of the SSC, opened the meeting at 0900 on Saturday, 7 July 2001.

1.1. Welcome and Opening Remarks Ducklow greeted the members, new members and guests, and described the objectives and format for the 2-day meeting. Each participant gave short introductory presentations, and after the introductions, Ducklow announced the regrets from Peter Burkill, Bronte Tilbrook, Trevor Platt, Douglas Wallace and Paul Falkowski. Special recognition was provided to the new members, Reiner Schlitzer (Germany), chair of the newly formed Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (GSWG), and Huasheng Hong (China-Beijing), 2nd term at-large member approved by IGBP and SCOR Officers. Following the departure of Neil Swanberg (IGBP) and Elizabeth Gross (SCOR), the new IGBP Deputy Director for Natural Sciences, Wendy Broadgate, and the new Executive Director of SCOR, Ed Urban, were recognized and acknowledged at their first JGOFS SSC meeting. In Platt’s absence, Nicolas Hoepffner (JRC, Ispra, Italy) represented IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group). Ducklow also recognised the new staff at the IPO (International Project Office), Bernard Avril and Reidun Gjerde and welcomed them to their first SSC meeting. Guests during the meeting included Larry Atkinson from LOICZ (CMTT) and Ken Buesseler from US JGOFS Planning Office. A list of participants that attended this meeting is given in APPENDIX 1.

1.2. Report from the Chair Ducklow briefly reviewed JGOFS progress towards synthesis and modelling since the 15th Meeting (April 2000) and addressed several points made recently in an USJN article (APPENDIX 2): fieldwork nears completion, regional synthesis and modelling activities continues along with parallel activities in IGBP synthesis, retrieval of all JGOFS data sets remains a high priority, new activities initiated in ocean modelling, transition programmes in ocean biogeochemistry fully recognized internationally, and the release of publications from the project, e.g., AMBIO Special Report No. 10, IGBP Science Series No. 2, and Deep-Sea Research Part II volumes. To the chairs of the synthesis groups and task teams contributing to the Synthesis Plan (Figure 1), he expressed his gratitude and appreciation, and pointed towards the activities that lies immediately ahead on the calendar (APPENDIX 3).

1.3. Approval of the Agenda A draft agenda and working papers was distributed before the meeting, and the agenda was approved without comments, additions or deletions (APPENDIX 4). The agenda focuses on the progress of the regional groups and task teams engaged in synthesis, review of the international and national efforts engaged in the future of ocean biogeochemistry, review of national efforts engaged in synthesis and modelling activities, and plans for the third and final JGOFS Open Science Conference. The minutes of the 16th SSC Meeting include all submitted working papers (reports on activities and progress) since the 15th SSC Meeting in April 2000 (Bergen, Norway). A list of all acronyms appears on page 26 of the minutes.

1.4. Amsterdam reimbursements and local arrangements Reidun Gjerde (IPO) provided information on the local arrangements, reimbursement procedures and bank forms, and logistics for the SSC dinner (APPENDIX 5).

2. OLD BUSINESS

2.1. Approval of the Minutes from the 15th SSC Meeting The SSC reviewed the minutes and status of each action items (APPENDIX 6) from the 15th Meeting in Bergen, April 2000. The SSC approved the minutes as written. Hanson mentioned that the minutes will be placed on the JGOFS web site and later printed in the JGOFS Report Series.

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2.2. Second Open Science Conference (Bergen) Hanson reported on the final statistics and finances of the 2nd JGOFS OSC held in Bergen last April 2000. Briefly, 218 participants registered that included 10 invited speakers, 58 contributing speakers, 110 posters, 40 general participants, and 5+ unregistered students (day participants). Over 23 countries were represented at the Conference. Countries with >30 abstracts included USA (36)1, France (31) and Germany (31); countries with 10-12 abstracts each were UK, Norway, Japan and India; and countries with <9 abstracts each were Australia, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Chile, China-Beijing, China-Taipei, Columbia, Denmark, Italy, Kenya, Monaco, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Spain and Turkey. The Best Student Speaker was Laurent Bopp with co-authors Patrick Monfray, Olivier Aumont, James C. Orr, Jean-Louis Dufresne and Hervé Le Treut (France) on “Potential impact of climate change on marine production”; and the Best Student Poster was Xavier Giraud with co-authors Philippe Bertrand, Véronique Garçon and Isabelle Dadou (France) on “Sensitivity of the NW African and Benguela upwelling systems to the sea level change: a modelling approach using nitrogen isotopes”. The conference cost US$164,700, and the final finances are given in APPENDIX 7.

2.3. Synthesis Products: Publication Update Hanson reported that the editors completed the science editing of the AMBIO Special Report No. 10 (May 2001) and the IGBP Science Series No. 2 (July 2001) and that both issues are now being distributed to the JGOFS community. The former publication is targeted to the global climate research scientists and ocean biogeochemists while the latter is written in a style adapted for ministers and directors of funding agencies, government officials, NGO (non-governmental organizations) and other decision-makers. For the Springer-Verlag book, Hanson informed the SSC that Fasham has received 8 of the 12 chapters, and they are out for peer review or being revised (APPENDIX 8). The others are expected shortly and are needed to fill the gaps. Publication has now slipped from late 2001 to mid 2002. Fasham also reported that Angela Bayfield was hired as the book’s editor manager. She is presently the managing editor for Progress in Oceanography. Lochte felt that some pressure on chapter authors is needed and that there is help available. Ducklow agreed and has offered Fasham help in retrieving chapters. Hanson emphasised that the technical editing must be completed this year due to the conditions under the ICSU funds, or unused funds must be returned to ICSU, which would embarrass SCOR Officers and hinder future efforts to raise ICSU funds.

3. SYNTHESIS GROUPS & TASK TEAMS BUSINESS

Ducklow briefly reviewed the future plans for the global synthesis of JGOFS research (see Illustration: APPENDIX 29). In addition, US JGOFS confirmed that the 3rd and final JGOFS Open Science Conference would be held 5-8 May 2003, which coincides with the completion of USA funding. The conference site is the US National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC. Planning has begun and full international participation is essential to its success. Public lectures in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution are being considered. Mark Abbott, US JGOFS SC Chair, requested suggestions from the international JGOFS SSC for special sessions, speakers, and activities (see §6.1 US JGOFS national report) Ducklow requested a brief progress report from the chairs of the Synthesis Groups, Task Teams and Working Group.

1 Abstracts from the aforementioned country

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3.1. EPSG (Equatorial Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group) Le Borgne reported on the EPSG membership and described past activities and future plans of the EPSG (APPENDIX 9). A concern arising from the report was the need of data from Japan for the forthcoming CD-ROM. Saino mentioned that (Nozaki), chair of the data management advisory group at JODC (Japan Ocean Data Centre) should be contacted, as almost all metadata from North Pacific Process Study has been written. Le Borgne, as well as Conkright, felt that they are missing cruise and observation data in the inventory of the North and the Equatorial Pacific Process Studies and the CO2 survey. Saino explained that the problems are related to data policy in JODC, which is different from that at JAMSTEC, where the data are held 2-3 years before it is sent to JODC. Le Borgne requested help from DMTT to retrieve at least the metadata and the relevant references of publications. Saino also mentioned a project-tagging problem, i.e., if a project is not identified as a JGOFS project, then data will not be released to JGOFS researchers. Le Borgne updated the SSC on the DSR II volume, co-editors R. Feely, D. Mackey and R. Le Borgne, planned for publication in 2002. The editors met in Hobart recently and wrote the introduction to the Equatorial Pacific synthesis volume. All manuscripts are due August 2001 for peer review. ACTION: Le Borgne will submit a workshop proposal and request financial support in Year 2002.

3.2. NASG (North Atlantic Synthesis & Modelling Group) Garçon reported on the NASG membership and described past activities and future plans of the NASG (APPENDIX 10). The 3rd NASG meeting was held in Arcachon, 15-16 January 2001. A report is now available on the JGOFS web site and will be printed in the JGOFS Report Series. Next year the group will move to replace Drange and Wallace who are rotating off, and the group is announcing a Special Issue publication in Deep Sea Research Part II on JGOFS Research in the North Atlantic Ocean: A Decade of Research, Synthesis and Modelling, Volume 48, No 10, May 2001. Wolfgang Koeve and Hugh Ducklow are guest editors. Garçon also reported on the “Green Ocean Model” workshop held in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, June 2001. The “Green Ocean” meeting was organised by Corinne LeQuéré with financial support also from IGBP/GAIM Task Force. Participants focussed on several key issues, such as the controls of CO2 at different time scales, tracers of the carbon cycle, DMS, Fe, services to fisheries, and CO2 sequestration. ”Green Ocean” wants to bring more dynamics in the coupling of biophysical models. Regarding the “Green Ocean Model” and GAIM Task Force, Ducklow felt that GAIM needs stronger interactions with GLOBEC and LOICZ in the future, in addition to their links with JGOFS via JGTT (OCMIP) group. Anderson concurred and provided another example where stronger ties are urgently required: Continental Margins. How do we integrate margins in inverse modelling? The answer will help us setting boundary conditions between margins and oceans. Garçon returned to the issue of the AMT (Atlantic Meridional Transect) and data availability, which was discussed last year in Bergen. The NASG recommends that future AMT ship schedule not undergo any major change and certainly not less than the frequency of twice a year cruises (see Footnote #2). The AMT programme after a one-year hiatus measures physical, biological and bio-optical properties and processes through the diverse ecosystems of the North and South Atlantic Oceans. The primary objective is to improve the understanding and interpretation of the functional relationships between biological particles and processes, and ocean colour. Modelling work covers in particular the North Atlantic, including shelf waters. A special issue of Progress in Oceanography, Volume 45, No. 3-4, 2000, is devoted to the Atlantic Meridional Transect. NASG future plans and needs include a synthesis group meeting, a link in the France-JGOFS website to PI and groups, a CMTT link to NASG (plus OMEX), initiating of interactions between NASG and GSTT, and planning of a joint session at the 2002 EGS meeting.

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ACTION: Garçon will request nominations for the new members and seek JGOFS Executive approval of candidates. ACTION: Garçon recommends that JGOFS support the AMT application to NERC for the continuation of the programme2. ACTION: Garçon will submit a proposal requesting Year 2002 financial support.

3.3. IOSG (Indian Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) Burkill sent regrets and asked Ducklow/Hanson to report on the IOSG membership and to describe past activities and future plans of the IOSG (APPENDIX 11). Hanson informed the SSC that Louisa Watts, Peter Burkill and Sharon Smith edited a synthesis report in June and now available for comments. The draft report was circulated among the SSC. After review, the committee strongly endorsed the report and recommended that the editors and authors finish the editing process, and send it to the IPO for the JGOFS Report Series and the JGOFS International web site. After a long search, Burkill recommended Sharon Smith to lead the IOSG activities and requested SSC approval. ACTION: The SSC unanimously supported Burkill recommendation and approved Smith as the next Chair of the IOSG. Burkill remains on the IOSG until the synthesis group disbands.

3.4. SOSG (Southern Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) Tréguer reported on the SOSG membership and past and future activities (APPENDIX 12). From the 3rd Southern Ocean Brest symposium, 2 special issues in DSR II are planned: one will be submitted in July (P. Tréguer, P. Pondaven, B. Anderson, M. Abbott, eds.) and another in October 2001. In 2002, SOSG is planning a special Southern Ocean session at the AGU/ASLO OSM in February and a SOSG workshop-meeting following the OSM at the University of Hawaii. APPENDIX 12 includes several national reports (recent and future plans). In addition to the Fe experiments mentioned in the German-JGOFS report (see §6.2), Lochte informed the SSC that Victor Smetacek is also preparing an Iron Experiment for this fall (2001), where north and south polar waters are to be distinguished. ACTION: SOSG has not finished revising their new synthesis modelling ToR. IPO sent the Executive comments on revision of the ToR to Bathmann back in June 2000.

3.5. NPSG (North Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group) Bychkov reported on the NPSG membership, past activities and future plans (APPENDIX 13). Bychkov described two joint PICES-JGOFS sessions on carbon cycle and ecosystem dynamics during the PICES IX meeting in Japan last October and the upcoming joint session on plankton size classes and function during PICES X meeting in Canada this October. A publication will follow in Oceanography. For data synthesis, a workshop was held during PICES IX and the National Institute will publish a report for Environmental Studies (NIES) and in the PICES Science Report series. For CO2 data intercomparison, there were 15 labs involved (7 from Japan; 4 from USA; one from Canada, Russian Federation, South Korea, and China-Taipei. A report is also expected from NIES. For the data exchange and integration (see PICES newsletter, Volume 9 (2): 20-21, 2001), JODC, US-NODC, CDIAC, MEDS, etc. have formed links to compile an International North Pacific Data Inventory for CO2 and CO2-related data. This inventory will be available through the JODC (MIRC/IJCD) web site. Garçon asked how much of those data are included in the last Takahashi’s inventory and what is the status of the data inventory? Bychkov estimated that 30% of the inventory might be included in Takahashi’s latest assessment. Bychkov also reported that NPSG expects an issue in Deep-Sea Research II with Arthur Chen, Paul Harrison, Toshiro Saino and Alexander Bychkov (eds.) in early 2002. At present, there are six papers from Canada and Japan, 1 paper each from China-Beijing and China-Taipei. The USA has not submitted any papers to the issue. Another publication is expected in Journal of Oceanography (late 2003). Conkright asked whether the CD-ROM in the DSR II issue includes data. Bychkov felt that it 2 Update on the AMT application. In November 2001, NERC notified Carol Robinson at PML that the application to continue the AMT programme was approved (the first NERC consortium grant). The first of six cruises is planned for September 2002, but actual time depends on ships logistics.

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depends on the funding agency policy, and JAMSTEC is one of the most reluctant to provide access to data because of its data releasing policy. Plans for future cruises in the North Pacific still continue. Canada plans to support three cruises per year to Station PAPA, and Japan has scheduled two annual cruises (summer and winter) in western North Pacific (Station KNOT). In addition, there are plans for an Iron Fertilisation Experiment at station PAPA in the North Pacific in May 2003. ACTION: Bychkov confirmed that the overdue reports on past NPSG meetings would be submitted soon.

3.6. PJTT (Paleo JGOFS Task Team) Lochte reported on the PJTT membership and its past and future activities (APPENDIX 14). The first meeting of the PJTT was last summer and at a subsequent meeting in Germany, plans were made to propose a new SCOR Working Group, which will promote the main tasks of the PJTT. In the fall (2001), an international, 2-day workshop is planned, which is opened to all interested scientists (30-40 participants plus 2 invited speakers). The important function of this workshop will be to provide input to the plan for Future Ocean Biogeochemistry Studies that is being developed now as a new future IGBP focus.

3.7. CMTT (Continental Margin Task Team) Quiñones reported on the CMTT membership and on its past and future activities (APPENDIX 15). The CMTT synthesis plan, including the publication of a book, is well underway with the completion of several workshops on the Eastern-Western Boundary Current Systems (Fall 2000), the Polar Margins and Seas (Summer 2001), and the Tropical Margins and Seas (planned for Fall 2001). A book is being prepared for publication in 2003 on the assessment of carbon exchanges at the margins. However, to fill an obvious gap on global coverage in the assessment, Task Team and workshop Chairs recommended that a fourth workshop be held in the near future on Sub-Polar Ecosystems. Quiñones also reported on an upcoming meeting at UNESCO in Paris from 8-11 August 2001, called COASTS (Coastal Ocean Advanced Scientific and Technical Studies). Several members of JGOFS and LOICZ will attend.

3.8. DMTT (Data Management Task Team) Conkright reported on the DMTT membership and on its recent and future activities (APPENDIX 16). She mentioned that the last proposal to NASA has been rejected and there are no USA funds to gather JGOFS level 1 datasets and burn on CD-ROM(s). Steffen suggested that NIAES might help. NIAES is designed for data collection of environmental projects and that Robert (Bob) Costanza in the US might help. Conkright will contact Costanza and also provide her proposal (to NSF) to anyone who is interested is seeking DMTT support. Lochte volunteered to lead a proposal through the EU for possible funding and Steffen mentioned that he would send a letter and/or discuss the issue of JGOFS data management at the next Intergovernmental Funding Agencies meeting. ACTION: Conkright and Avril agreed to draft a letter that supports the urgent funding for international data management to assist global synthesis and modelling groups. Conkright also urged the SG and TT chairs to invite a DMTT member or a national data manager to their meetings when such meetings are held in their countries. Such action would facilitate greater cooperation between observationalists, modellers and data managers.

3.9. PMTT (Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team) Hanson reported that the PMTT, disbanded in 1999, is finishing up with the last remaining task, the Photosynthesis Measurement Manual (APPENDIX 17). We plan to print it in JGOFS Report Series later this year.

3.10. JGTT (JGOFS-GAIM Task Team) Monfray reported on the JGTT membership and Terms of Reference (APPENDIX 18) and its recent and future activities. Regarding members, Monfray requested approval of Nicolas Gruber (UCLA, USA) replacing Raymond Najjar on the Task Team. Future activities include model comparison with tracers such as 13C, 3He, etc. and participation in OCMIP posters cluster. Monfray also proposed an

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open workshop with GAIM-TF, JGOFS-GAIM Task Team and the new JGOFS GSWG in Italy in May-June 2002. Critical for this workshop is data accessibility. ACTION: SSC approved the membership change of Nikki Gruber for Ray Najjar.

3.11. GSWG (Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group) Schlitzer reported on the GSWG membership and Terms of Reference and its plans for future activities (APPENDIX 19). He mentioned that he and the members drafted its ToR following the model of previous synthesis groups and recommended that the new initiative be called a Working Group to avoid confusion with the disbanded Global Synthesis and Modelling Task Team (1999) and because of its closer ties to the observational approach. Ducklow felt that the ToR needed more focus, e.g., specific products, to insure that the results are transferred to future programmes and requested that the SSC members provide further inputs to GSWG ToR. Schlitzer confirmed that he and the GSWG would revise/modify the ToR after considering SSC comments for approval. Regarding data acquisition for the working group, Schlitzer emphasised that model validation and calibration are made with very few large datasets because of a lack of agreement between the algorithms and the methods. He felt that the GSWG could help alleviate some of the data availability problem experienced thus far mentioned in JGOFS (DMTT and JGTT). Hoepffner also mentioned that there is a similar need for the validation and calibration of satellite data, e.g., SIMBIOS.

4. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES

4.1. IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) Steffen reported that after several meetings, a prospectus has been drafted regarding the next decade of Global Change Research, called the “Joint Carbon Project” (JCP). The joint sponsors are IGBP, WCRP, IHDP and DIVERSITAS. The JCP prospectus focuses on (i) spatial and temporal patterns, and variabilities, (ii) underlying processes and feedbacks (up to socio-economic aspects), and (iii) carbon futures (including societal consequences). The JCP adds value compared to what there is now. He announced that next Saturday, there would be a Carbon meeting at the KNAW, open to all interested global change research scientists. The JCP will include the future of global ocean science(s) with SOLAS, CLIVAR and possibly marine biogeochemistry. Lochte mentioned that the new joint plan has common characteristics with future EU Marine Framework; and Ducklow added with the earlier US Carbon Science Plan. Elements of those plans and reports from other ocean meetings were taken into account during the development of the JCP. Anderson questioned the 10-year life span attached to the future plans? Steffen replied that the JCP must be visible and realistic, and a timeline forces synthesis. The national funding agencies support this science framework (fieldwork, integration and assessment). Atkinson asked how does IGOS fit into those plans. Steffen replied that IGOS would be integrated along with IPCC matters. Hoepffner added that the EU initiative will have an environment-monitoring component in its plans, and Bychkov inserted that there will also be a CLIVAR / PICES session at the next annual PICES meeting in B.C., Canada in October 2001. Haugan also cited that during the Southampton meeting on ocean transport of heat, CO2, etc., CLIVAR offered to help with logistics. Monfray added that there is not only a need for repetitive transects (WOCE lines) but also moorings, time-series, and automatic buoys.

4.1.1. Futures Meeting on Ocean Biogeochemistry Broadgate briefly presented the Ocean Futures Plan, lead by Peter Burkill (chair). The next steps will be to set recommendations, research strategy and identify new projects in a coherent framework. Ducklow emphasised that there is a need for a clearly identified framework for marine biogeochemistry. Steffen acknowledged this concern and mentioned that the gap after JGOFS must be minimised. Ducklow asserted that JGOFS sunset date is approaching fast and the ocean biogeochemistry community will need an implementation plan soon. Input from JGOFS synthesis and modelling phase will help the process, says Steffen. The details of the ocean biogeochemical framework will be heard from John Field later (see Section 4.2.1 under SCOR).

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4.1.2. Open Science Conference (Amsterdam, July 2001) Broadgate commented briefly on the plenary, sessions and posters at the OSC, 10-13 July in Amsterdam. She felt that the OSC would provide an important platform to launch IGBP-WCRP-IHDP-DIVERSITAS new joint efforts in global change research. A document, called the Amsterdam Declaration (APPENDIX 20) and signed by the four directors of the international programmes, would be circulated for signatures during the conference. In regards to the poster sessions, Hanson informed the SSC that the IPO developed two posters on JGOFS (one on the organization and structure with other programmes, and another on major science highlights). Avril circulated coloured A4 copies of the posters. For the JGOFS displays, Hanson asked for SSC volunteers to stand by the posters at the IGBP / IHDP / WCRP booth during the breaks and lunches, meet the global change communities, and answer questions/inquiries on JGOFS research. It is important for the community to hear from the JGOFS experts in the field of ocean biogeochemistry. The following people volunteered: Lochte, Ducklow, Le Borgne, Garçon, Atkinson, Anderson, Hong, and Saino. In addition to the booth posters, a duplicate set of posters would be displayed with US JGOFS handout material (brochure) during the Ocean and Coastal Poster sessions. Lochte informed the participants of the joint JGOFS-LOICZ-GLOBEC Ocean and Coastal session at the OSC and invited everyone to attend.

4.2. SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) Urban reviewed a few activities at SCOR. He mentioned in particular the new initiatives on harmful algal blooms, GEOHAB (Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, SSC Chair Patrick Gentien, France), air-sea interactions, SOLAS (Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere Study, SSC Chair Peter Liss, UK), phytoplankton and global change (Marine Phytoplankton and Global Climate Regulation: the Phaeocystis spp. Cluster as a Model, WG 120, WC Chair Winfred Gieskes, The Netherlands), and export production (Sediment Trap and Th-234 Methods for Particulate Organic Carbon Export in the Upper Ocean, WG 116, WG Chair Ken Buesseler, WHOI, USA). In response to Haugan’s question on GEOHAB, Urban said that there is no link to IGBP at the moment, but SCOR would entertain joint partners.

4.2.1. Future Ocean Biogeochemistry Field presented an overview of the Future Ocean Biogeochemistry plans and issues arising. At present the SCOR-IGBP Ocean Future Committee (OFC) consists of Peter Burkill (Chair), John Field (SCOR reporter), Robert Costanza, Raja Ganeshram, Julie Hall, W. Jenkins, Kon-Kee Liu, Celia Marrasé, Patrick Monfray, Richard Matear, Bradley Opdyke, Shubha Sathyendranath, John Steele, and Doug Wallace. The key questions are: What controls the time-varying biogeochemical state of the oceanic system and how it changes in response to global change? How do marine food web respond? How will the accumulations of carbon compounds within the ocean respond? The common themes are (1) role of the marine food web in the twilight zone, (2) comparison of food web structures and functions in the continental margin and the open ocean, (3) change in the marine food web on decadal or centennial time scales, (4) integrate across the size spectrum from bacteria to fishes, and (5) coupling-decoupling of the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, Si. He also mentioned the need to involve CLIVAR (WCRP), SOLAS and other international marine programmes. A draft progress report of the OFC will be delivered to SCOR in October 2001, and the final meeting will be held in Barcelona, December 2001. In 2002, OFC will request IGBP SC review. Field received good feedbacks on the ocean future report from the SSC, for example, improper wording should be checked, like “accumulation of respired carbon”; what is the “twilight zone?”. Field defined the “twilight zone” between the 1%-PAR and 1000-m depths; paleo-aspects should be more explicit; present focus is on a biological approach of the ecosystem; ocean future needs to involve CLIVAR; Fe is missing in the list of elements for which cycle will be studied; ocean future need to involve GOOS for long-term observations and monitoring; must define how ocean futures fit into the current-future, national-international frameworks. Field commented that this is only a recommendation to SCOR and IGBP and the group work will end at the end of 2001; report needs to be more than just recommendations but needs to prioritise and address mid-term questions; there should be an

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announcement of opportunity; there is a need for bottom-up inputs from scientists; need realistic, shorter-term, more focused items. It is too broad. Why another plan from IGBP & SCOR when money will be let from national agencies, which may not follow that plan? Field mentioned that there exists feedback but it is a perennial problem in timing. The European Marine Science Plan could also be helpful; and the plans are quite similar at the international and the national levels. So, there are some agreements in future plans.

4.2.2. SCOR–IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 Ducklow announced Doug Wallace regrets and asked Haugan to provide a brief report on the Advisory Panel committee (APPENDIX 21). Haugan reported that the Advisory Panel, which has evolved from the previous IOC-JGOFS CO2 Advisory Panel, with Doug Wallace as chair. The revised ToR for the Advisory Panel includes long-term carbon observations as one of the primary targets. Scott Doney (NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA) and Maria Hood (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, France), with broad input from the community, have prepared a background report on ocean carbon observations as a contribution to the integrated global observing system (IGOS) process. The report is available from Maria Hood at IOC. The Advisory Panel furthermore continues activities started by the previous panel in particular on maintaining high quality on ocean carbon observations, and has also started the process of assembling information in order to keep a watching brief on activities of ocean carbon sequestration. This panel will be actively used by the OOPC and thereby GOOS. The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) structure has changed recently. A GOOS Steering Committee now oversees development in interaction with the intergovernmental committee (I-GOOS) and the GOOS Office at IOC in Paris. The Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC), chaired by Neville Smith, takes responsibility for designing global observing systems for the deep ocean, while a new Coastal Ocean Observations Panel (COOP), formed from three previously existing panels, deals with issues like living resources and pollution. The OOPC with its broad mandate relies on a number of panels and committees for input and advice. There was a discussion concerning the many facets of GOOS and different related groups and organizations. With particular reference to JGOFS science, the Partnership for Global Observations (POGO) was mentioned as potentially useful for deep ocean carbon and tracer work (in conjunction with hydrography). The question was raised to what extent CLIVAR is interested in carbon cycle science. CLIVAR certainly aims to contribute to design of long-term climate observations with clear links to GOOS.

4.2.3. IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group) Hoepffner reported that Trevor Platt is the IOCCG Chair and the website is www.ioccg.org/. Three reports are now available from the working groups (WGs). There are several ongoing WGs, such as calibration (Robert Frouin), comparison of algorithms (M. Wang), coordination of datasets (?), operational ocean color (Chris Brown), level 3 (composite) products (David Antoine), extraterrestrial solar flux (J. Müller), and reports will follow. Courses are being offered on remote sensing for scientists from developing countries. Tréguer asked what the recent progresses are in remote sensing of non-chlorophyll pigments and in remote sensing in coastal waters. Not much, replied Hoepffner. Hong asked what about detection of red tides? Hoepffner gave the same answer. Venetia Stuart (IOCCG, c/o BIO, Halifax, N.S., Canada) provided an overview of IOCCG activity (APPENDIX 22)

4.3. WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) Haugan provided a brief recap of the JGOFS/WOCE Ocean CO2 Transport workshop held in Southampton, 25-29 June. A discussion and an initiative developed during the workshop for a joint WCRP/IGBP initiative to ensure that hydrographic measurements already planned (and identified as being required) go ahead to the mutual benefit of WCRP (through CLIVAR) and IGBP (through JGOFS and new ocean biogeochemistry programmes). A recent communication on the Global Hydrography Initiative is given in APPENDICES 23.

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4.4. POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans) Following Field’s presentation on the future of ocean biogeochemistry (see §5.2), Ducklow asked Field for a brief report and update on POGO, as he chaired the recent Biology Workshop for POGO. Details of the workshop are highlighted in POGO activity report (APPENDIX 24). For further information, please visit the website: www.sioworld.ucsd.edu/pogo.html.

5. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES

National chairs and contacts provided the following national reports before the meeting. Unfortunately, time did not allow for any oral presentation during the SSC meeting. Reports are provided here as part of the record.

5.1. United States (Abbott) 1) Field Work: Field programmes continue at the Time Series Stations located near Bermuda and Hawaii. A workshop on time series research will be held at the Bermuda Biological Research Station in September 2001. 2) Publications: The following Deep-Sea Research II special issues have been recently published: Volume 47(15-16), 2000, U.S. Southern Ocean JGOFS Program (AESOPS). Volume 48(6-7), 2001, The 1994-1996 Arabian Sea Expedition: Oceanic Response to Monsoonal Forcing, Part 4. Volume 48(8-9), 2001, HOT and BATS: Interpretations of Open Ocean Biogeochemical Processes. A second Southern Ocean volume is in press, a third Southern Ocean volume is presently soliciting manuscripts, and a fifth Arabian Sea issue is in preparation. The US-JGOFS Newsletter (USJN) is published four times per year and distributed to approximately 1800 scientists, program managers, policy makers and educational centres. A searchable subject index for past issues is maintained on the US JGOFS web site and new issues are available on line in PDF format. 3) Steering Committee Activities: The SC is continuing to focus on management of the Time-Series Stations and the US JGOFS Data Management Office (DMO), oversight of the Synthesis and Modeling Program (SMP). The SC convened last in February 2000, and will meet again 16-18 October 2001 in Woods Hole. 4) Synthesis and Modeling Program: Principal investigators of the Synthesis and Modeling Program (SMP) held their annual workshop in at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in July 2000. The next SMP workshop is planned for 16-20 July 2001. A topical workshop on marine calcification was recently held at WHOI (6-8 June 2001) and another topical workshop on iron dynamics is planned for 19-21 September 2001 in Monterey, California. Results from SMP research and standard data sets are now being delivered using the SMP/Live Access Server, which can be accessed via the US-JGOFS web site. 5) Research Opportunities: The US National Science Foundation anticipates issuing one more Announcement of Opportunity (August 2001) for proposals to carry out research in support of the Synthesis and Modeling Program. This represents the final opportunity to obtain support from the US NSF for US JGOFS research. NASA will be announcing the results of its first Carbon Cycle Science solicitation shortly. The NASA program includes ocean, land, and atmosphere studies of carbon cycling. 6) Public Outreach: US JGOFS has two "legacy documents" highlighting US JGOFS achievements. The first is a brochure designed for the general public, which can be ordered from usjgofs.whoi.edu. Over 4000 copies of this brochure have already been distributed worldwide. The second is a series of articles designed for non-JGOFS scientists that will appear in Oceanography (published by The Oceanography Society) in November 2001. Manuscripts for this special issue are presently being

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reviewed. The US JGOFS web site has been completely redesigned to make it easier for JGOFS and non-JGOFS researchers to learn about US JGOFS activities and locate data sets. 7) Open Science Conference: US JGOFS is planning to host the next JGOFS Open Science Conference, 5-8 May 2003 in Washington DC, to coincide the completion of the JGOFS funding cycle in the US. The conference will be held at the facilities of the US National Academy of Sciences. Planning has begun for this conference. Suggestions for special sessions, speakers, and activities are welcome! Public lectures in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution are being considered. International participation is essential to the success of this conference. 8) Future Carbon Cycle Science Programs: Research agencies in the US have begun active discussions and planning for continuing research on carbon cycle processes, including land, atmosphere, and ocean. US JGOFS researchers are active participants in these planning activities. 9) Ocean Color Satellites: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are presently considering the continued operation of SeaWiFS. SeaWiFS is providing essential benchmark measurements critical for other ocean color sensors, such as MODIS, GLI, and MERIS.

5.2. Germany (Lochte) German JGOFS continues to carry out synthesis and modelling activities in the Arabian Sea and in the North Atlantic Ocean. The German Ministry of Research funds these two projects for two years until end of 2002 and summer 2003, respectively. In both cases, the emphasis is on analysing the data from the previous field studies and on bringing together the results of many different groups in order to achieve a synthesis of main driving processes and to improve the coupled biogeochemical models. Data archiving for long-term stewardship is another main aim of both projects. The Alfred-Wegener Institute coordinates the Southern Ocean JGOFS activities in Germany. An iron fertilisation experiment (EISENEX) was carried out with R/V Polarstern with international participation. The results supported the earlier SOIREE study and more detailed analyses were carried out in the EISENEX study promising interesting new insights. A further iron enrichment experiment is presently planned.

5.3. China-Taipei (Gong) Taiwan has been actively engaged in research related to the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) since 1989. The major contribution of Taiwan to JGOFS was the Kuroshio Edge Exchange Processes (KEEP) project, which ended in July 2000. A special issue of the Continental Shelf Research on KEEP was published as the initial product of the synthesis effort of KEEP (Wong et al., 2000). The outcome of KEEP along with other contemporary biogeochemical studies on continental margins have drawn global attention as to raise the issue that the continental margin carbon fluxes are significant in the global carbon cycle (Liu et al., 2000a,b). While the JGOFS has entered the synthesis stage, oceanographers on Taiwan continue to organize new projects for the ocean biogeochemistry related to Global Change Research. Three new projects are emerging: the Long-term Observation & Research of the East China Sea (LORECS), the South China Sea Integrated Biogeochemical Experiment (SIBEX) and the South-East Asia Time-series Station (SEATS). The goal of LORECS is to investigate the biogeochemical processes in the ECS that lead to uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and to detect the likely changes resulting from damming of the Changjiang (previously the Yangtze River) in the future. The goal of SIBEX is to study major biogeochemical processes and the food webs of the South China Sea. The goal of SEATS is to understand the upper ocean dynamics and biogeochemical fluxes in the water column at a time-series station in the South China Sea in response to different physical forcings, from monsoon to El Niño events.

5.4. Japan (Saino) The JGOFS North Pacific Process Study (NPPS), for which JGOFS-Japan took a major part, completed its phase of intensive filed observations in March 2000. Some of the sub-programmes of the North Pacific Process Study, e.g., CREST-KNOT (Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time Series) observation, SAGE (Sub Arctic Gyre Experiment), CREST-Okhotsk Sea programme (Air-Sea-Ice Interaction),

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West-COSMIC (CO2 dumping assessment), are still on-going. In addition to those, the GCMAPS (Global Carbon Cycle Mapping) programme is conducting field survey in the western equatorial Pacific. Some of the results from the NPPS are submitted to the Deep-Sea Research II special volume on the North Pacific Biogeochemical Processes, to be published in June 2002. The National Committee of JGOFS was re-organized in October 2000. The chairmanship of Nobuhiko Handa (Aichi Prefectural University) was taken over by Toshiro Saino, and Yukihiro Nojiri (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba) was appointed as a new chair of the Data Management Advisory Group. New committee members’ term is from October 2000 through September 2003. The committee has met twice and determined its objectives. Those are 1) to lead the synthesis phase of the Japanese JGOFS North Pacific Process Study, 2) to promote management and archiving of the data not only obtained in the NPPS, but also historical data utilized in the synthesis studies, and 3) to establish a national plan for the future ocean biogeochemistry study in conjunction with national committees for LOICZ, GLOBEC, and newly established committee for SOLAS. The National Committee for SOLAS was established in November 2000. Chairman is Mitsuo Uematsu (Ocean Research Institute, Univ. Tokyo) and some of the members are shared with the JGOFS Committee. It is planned that the draft report be completed by the end of March 2002. JGOFS Japan is working closely with PICES. Yukihiro Nojiri serves as a member of PICES WG13 on CO2 data integration. A PICES CO2 Data Integration Implementation Workshop will be held in Tokyo from July 31 to August 2, 2001. Nojiri also leads a working group named IJCD (Inventory for Japanese Chemical-oceanographic Data) whose member are comprised of data originators in most of the major organisations, data managers of JODC, and scientists of Marine Information Research Centre associated with JODC. Now, a test web site is established at MIRC (www.mirc.jha.or.jp/).

5.5. Chile (Quiñones) The activities of JGOFS-Chile can be classified in three major periods: 1991-1997, 1997-2000, 2000-to date. In what follows, a brief description of each of the periods is given: 1991-1997 Funded mostly by the project "Marine Natural Resources: JGOFS/SAREC" (Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation), the JGOFS-Chile Programme started in 1991. The study site was located offshore Coquimbo (central-north Chile, 30ºS) and included the mooring of deep sediment traps and current meters. These moorings and its time-series have been kept until today. Biogeochemical intensive studies were conducted mostly on 15 short cruises (about one week each). This is also the period when JGOFS-Chile has a well-structured organization with periodic meetings and some funding for organizational matters. It is important to note that these activities were essential in triggering the higher levels of funding obtained in the next period. 2) 1997-2000 This period is characterized by the Chilean-government funding of two major research programmes. Both programmes were affiliated to JGOFS-Chile. a) Primary production and its fate in the pelagic food web and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange in the upwelling ecosystem of Antofagasta. Grant SECTORIAL/FONDECYT 5960002-96 (CONICYT, Chile). Total Funds: US$350.000. Duration: 2 years. This multidisciplinary grant conducted two major cruises fully dedicated to the study of biogeochemical processes (January 1997, July 1998) in the Antofagasta area (23ºS). Measurements never conducted before in the Humboldt Current System were implemented such as pC02 and DOC measurements. b) FONDAP-Humboldt Programme “Circulation and Physical-Biological Interactions in the Humboldt Current System (HCS) and their Impact upon Regional Biogeochemical Cycling” (CONICYT, Chile). Total Funds: US$ 1.5 Million. Duration 3 years.

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The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme is the bigger grant ever funded by the Chilean Government to conduct basic oceanography. Major improvements in equipment were attained. A total of over 35 cruises of different duration, including four major ones, were conducted. Intensive process studies took place off Concepción (37ºS) and Iquique (20ºS). The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme produced already 40 published papers, 19 in press, 28 in review and 29 in preparation. All of them destined to main international journals (ISI). This grant included, in addition to pelagic research, an important benthic component. The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme was also connected to international GLOBEC. During this period, the knowledge on the biogeochemistry and physical oceanography of the Humboldt Current System has improved tremendously. Nevertheless, the IGBP-related programmes in Chile did not have financial support for organizational matters. In addition, the small JGOFS-Chile community was “fully loaded” with field programmes, and accordingly, the JGOFS-Chile Programme is characterized in this period by a “loose” organizational structure. 3) 2000-2003 After the end of the FONDAP-Humboldt Programme (September 2000), the JGOFS-Chile Programme has kept field programmes based on three grants funded by CONICYT (Chile) to individual researchers (see below). In addition, a proposal for a new major FONDAP-Programme in oceanography was sent to CONICYT in April 2001. It is expected that a final decision about this proposal will be taken by CONICYT in October 2001. On the other hand, R. Quiñones is conducting exploratory conversations with CONICYT authorities to obtain some basic funding for organizational matters related to the coordination of the Chilean oceanographic contribution to IGBP Projects (i.e., JGOFS, GLOBEC, LOICZ). It is expected that this initiative could provide the needed umbrella not only for improving JGOFS-Chile organization but also for stimulating Chilean incorporation into the new international initiatives related to marine biogeochemistry. Grants affiliated with JGOFS-Chile, 2001-2003 Decomposition of organic matter in the water column: The role of bacteria and zooplankton in modifying chemical structure and fluxes in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Chile. Principal Investigator: Silvio Pantoja, Co-PI: Humberto González (Austral University of Chile, Valdivia), Duration: 2000-2003, Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000366 (CONICYT, Chile), Total: US$ 140000. Trophic Ecology of the Gelatinous Zooplankton (Carnivorous and Filter-feeding) and its significance in the carbon flux of the northern Humboldt Current System. Principal Investigator: Dr. Humberto González (Austral University of Chile, Valdivia), Co-PI: Sergio Palma (Catholic University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso), Leonardo Castro (University of Concepción, Concepción). Duration: 2000-2003, Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000419 (CONICYT, Chile). Total: US$ 164000. The use of dissolved ATP as an energy source for the pelagic bacterial community of a highly productive ecosystem. Principal Investigator: Renato Quiñones (University of Concepción, Concepción), Co-PI: Silvio Pantoja (University of Concepción, Concepción). Duration: 2000-2003, Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000373 (CONICYT, Chile), Total: US$ 145000. Eastern Pacific Consortium for Research on Global Change (Note: The Consortium includes scientists from Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, United States, and Canada. It is also connected to GLOBEC), Principal Investigator: Timothy R. Baumgartner (CICESE. Mexico), Co-PI’s (Chile): Giovanni Daneri (University of the Sea, Valparaíso), Renato Quiñones (University of Concepción, Concepción), Osvaldo Ulloa (University of Concepción, Concepción), Duration: 1999-2003, Funding Agency: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, Total: US$800000.

5.6. Norway (Johannessen) We are presently working on a synthesis of all work done in the Nordic Seas. There is an overview based upon work done. Most of the activities reflected in this work is based upon our cooperation with

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other countries as well and can for this reason not be stated as a Norwegian activity. Most of the funding for studies of biogeochemistry in Norway comes from the EU funding system. During the fall, we hope to have a synthesis ready that covers the whole Nordic Seas and will include the new TRACTOR work. For an overview of the Norwegian activities, please find the following references that can be used as a guide for the present status. There are more papers from other scientists as well were my name is not included. I think that Baliño before she left the JGOFS IPO has an updated author list with these references. Of new activities to be announced is: New proposals to fund future studies in biogeochemistry and development of autonomous sensors have been sent to different funding agencies. This is as far as I can get before I leave for a short vacation. The joint WOCE/JGOFS/IOC workshop was a success.

5.7. Spain (Duarte) The Spanish IGBP Committee has been recently reorganised (as of April 2001), with the aim of entering a more operative phase after a period of inactivity and a past period aimed at identifying the scientists within the country working on JGOFS-relevant issues. A new subcommittee on Oceanic Programmes (JGOFS-GLOBEC-SOLAS) has been set up, with the following composition: Subcomité Programas de Ecosistemas Marinos Celia Marrasé (coordinator - Chair) Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC) Passeig Joan de Borbo s/n, 08039 Barcelona, Spain Tel. 34 93 2216416, Fax 34 93 2217340

Javier Ruiz Departamento de Biología y Ecología Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro s/n 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz). Spain Tlf.- 34 956 016028

Fiz Fernández Pérez Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC) Eduardo Cabello, 6 E-36208 Vigo Tlf.- 34 986 231930

Antonio Bode Riestra Centro Oceanográfico de la Coruña Instituto Oceanográfico de la Coruña Muelle de Ánimas, s/n, Apdo. 130 15080 La Coruña Tel 34 981-205362 Fax 34 981-229077

Carlos M. Duarte Quesada Presidente Ejecutivo, miembro de oficio Profesor de Investigacion CSIC Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados CSIC-Univ. Illes Balears C/ Miquel Marques 21 07190 Esporles (Islas Baleares) Tel: 34 971 611725 (Oficina - 34 971 611726 (Laboratorio) Fax: 34 971 611761

Where Carlos M. Duarte acts de oficio, as President of the Spanish IGBP Committee. Celia Marrasé is an active member of the IGBP community (member of scientific committee of GLOBEC, and member of the SCOR/IGBP Planning Committee on the Future of Ocean Biogeochemistry Research), and should be able to lead the committee through fruitful avenues. A web page has been set up, although still under construction, where information on Spanish JGOFS activities is to be found at: www.eeza.csic.es/igbp/default.htm. Including a report, in Spanish, of JGOFS-like activities, capacities, expenditure, and plans at www.eeza.csic.es/igbp/actividades2.htm.

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The list of JGOFS-relevant Spanish and European projects, along with the PI’s involved has been updated and is attached below. Items for future action include: a Spanish IGBP Newsletter, which will include a monographic issue on JGOFS activities in Spain, and the development of research infrastructure, such as an oceanographic data centre, which is presently lacking in Spain.

5.8. China-Beijing (Hong) For JGOFS/LOICZ, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) funded three projects in the East China Sea (ECS), South China Sea (SCS) and the Taiwan Strait, respectively. Among them, two have ended, while that of SCS is still going on. The East China Sea (ECS): “Land-Ocean Margin processes in the ECS and environmental effects” is the first important project on ocean-continent interaction done by the Science Institute of China. This project incorporates field investigation, information collection, data arrangement and analysis, land-based laboratory experiments, numerical modelling and theoretical study. Twenty-one papers as well as one monograph have been published. Here are some results. The temporal variability of DIN and DIP in the Yangtze River since the 1960’s has been shown through this research to be closely coupled with fertilization in this drainage area. This study is the first to reveal this link. Through this research, formation mechanisms of the sludge areas in both the region offshore Zhejiang and the Okinawa Trough have been put forward. It is suggested that the sludge in the Okinawa Trough comes mainly from the old Yellow River estuary in northern Jiangsu. In addition, field observations taking place during this study have provided, for the first time, a boundary location representing primary productivity limitation factor near the Yangtze River estuary in spring and autumn. The numerical model shows that there is an elliptic cyclonic circumfluence to the west of the Kuroshio current and an anti-clockwise mesoscale eddy in the northern part of the Taiwan Strait during autumn, winter and spring. The results of numerical modelling of sediment transport in the ECS are relatively consistent with the observed distribution of suspended material and surface sediments in the Yellow Sea and the ECS. This field data further validates the theoretical model, which hypothesises that the sludge in the Okinawa Trough is mainly formed due to the vertical circumfluence driven by wind in winter. A concept model is now put forth, showing that the distribution of suspended material in the cold eddy area in the ECS is closely connected with upwelling and downwelling. Sample analysis shows that the Taiwan warm current invades north with the strongest intensity in winter, a finding completely contrary to the reported conclusion that the invasion is strongest in summer. It is pointed out that the anoxia in Pearl River Estuary bottom water is a potential danger, which may be described as a “chemical time bomb”. The South China Sea: The project “Biogeochemical Carbon Cycling in the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea” is run by the Environmental Science Research Centre (ESRC), Xiamen University. The main emphasis of this project is to look at carbon dynamics within this region and to investigate the interaction between the biological, physical and chemical influences on these processes. One goal of this project is to be able to elucidate the fate of carbon within the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal region. This is in part dependent on the rate of particle sinking, the remineralisation of particulate to dissolved species as well as the flocculation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to particles. The cycling between dissolved organic carbon (DOC), colloidal organic carbon (COC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) is being investigated, as well as air-sea carbon transfer rates. In addition, the link between nutrient dynamics and primary production is being investigated in order to gain insight into this important influence on carbon cycling within the region. Remote sensing is used as a tool to study the chlorophyll-a distribution in this area. Data collected through remote sensing will be used in conjunction with discrete samples and fluorometric data gathered on research cruises. Projects on these cruises have utilized isotopes as tracers in order to quantify sources of organic carbon, export rates and biogenic cycling rates. The group is also focusing on transformation rates between dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), COC and DOC, in order to further investigate Carbon cycling in the region. The ultimate goal of this ambitious project is to create a model of biogeochemical cycling for this region.

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Two research cruises have taken place; one in July-August 2000 and the second in May-June 2001. These two investigations have involved collaborations between the ESRC and the Fujian Province Oceanographic Institute, as well as the Ocean Research Centre of Taibei University. Collaborators from the University of Georgia, USA and the University of Massachusetts, USA, have also participated in this project. A third cruise is scheduled to take place in December 2001, in order to gain seasonal data, thus providing a more comprehensive view of these processes. Data completed to date includes the measurement of DOC concentrations from samples collected along transects from the mouth of the Pearl River to offshore stations, as well as water column profiles taken at offshore stations, from surface waters to depths of 300 meters. In addition, data has been analysed in order to study the spatial distribution of chromophoric material within the estuary and coastal area, the picoplankton dynamics within the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea, nutrient dynamics as well as DIC and Dissolved Oxygen levels. Further samples have been processed in order to measure natural levels of Thorium within the water column. Those Thorium data are critical in determining the cycling rates of dissolved, particulate and colloidal carbon. Taiwan Strait: A NSFC key programme, “Study of Biogeochemical Processes of Bioactive Elements in the Taiwan Strait” was also done by the Environmental Science Research Centre (ESRC), Xiamen University. During three cruises from 1997 to 1998, it was found that occurred some irregular marine hydrodynamic changes and responsive signals of relevant biological and chemical factors, as well as variations in fishery resources. Because the period of this study represents an ENSO year, it may be worthwhile to investigate the connections between marine eco-environmental changes and ENSO event. (1) Coastal upwelling weakening in summer 1997: During the investigation in August 1997, it was found that southern coastal upwelling within the Taiwan Strait, especially around Nan’ao Island, was much weaker than that observed in this region during the same time in past years, such as August 1988 and 1994. Similarly, areas of surface high-temperature, and-low-salinity water were smaller than those in August 1988 and 1994, and surface water temperature in the upwelling region, at 26°C, was 3 degrees higher than that measured in August 1988. Studies of plankton indicator species also provide evidence to support the observed changes in upwelling intensity. Moreover, measured nutrient levels were found to be generally lower than those during the same season in previous years. The supplement from upwelling and coastal water seems decreasing. Because the summer coastal upwelling in the Taiwan Strait is mainly driven by monsoon, the strength of upwelling is correlated with the Southwest monsoon. It is widely presumed that the 1997 El Niño served to weaken the Chinese monsoon, to increase surface seawater temperature, to decrease the frequencies of typhoons, and to decrease river runoff. So, we are left with the question: “Are the observed weakening of coastal upwelling and that of influences of dilution water in this region, some reflections of the El Niño irregularity during the same periods?” (2) Warm water input in winter 1998 and its ecological impacts: In the winter 1998, the input of Kuroshio water to the Strait was greater than that in the past, so that 18°C isotherm moved north to about 26°N. Satellite Sea Surface Temperature data (AVHRR SST) also show warm water moving north and steadily strengthening during mid-February to mid-March. Nutrient concentration levels were also found to be much lower than those of the same time period in 1995. For example, in the North-central region of the Strait, surface phosphate concentration was measured at roughly 0.2 mg m-3, while the concentration in the same location and time period in 1995 is 0.5 mg m-3. SeaWiFS images from March 27 1998 show telemetric Chl a values generally less than 1 mg/m3 over the entire eastern Taiwan Strait. And these images clearly show paths through which oligotrophic warm water current flowing from the North-east South China Sea through Peng-Hu water passage into the southern Taiwan Strait, where telemetric Chl a is at less than 0.2 mg m-3.

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Variations of plankton size-fraction and zooplankton species also show a strong warm water input. In brief, the intensity of Kuroshio water input into this sea area is out of the ordinary. Corresponding chemical and biological factors are different from the usual either. These may be related to the El Niño event during 1997 to 1998 and the winter monsoon weakening. (3) Low–temperature, high-salinity water distributes wider in summer 1998: Underway CTD observations show an inverse relationship between water temperature and salinity, with water temperature low in the west and high in the east, while salinity low in the east and high in the west. Furthermore, three obvious low-temperature, high-salinity areas along the coast were observed. Northeastern areas of Taiwan shallow are relatively easy to be defined as a low-temperature, high-salinity region, where temperature < 26°C and salinity > 34. Compared with past studies of coastal upwelling in this region, our result shows more significant T–S gradient over the whole marine area, as well as more obvious phenomena of low-temperature, high-salinity in the coastal area. These may be related to enhanced southwest monsoon and northward warm current caused by El Niño decline and La Niña arising during the period of investigation. The variation of marine eco-environment may affect primary production and introduce changes in the biotic population structure as well. For example, pico-plankton abundance and individual abundances of three categories of the pico-plankton within the Strait were all higher during summer 1998 than during summer 1997. All these variations in marine environmental conditions in the Taiwan Strait during 1997 to 1998, as well as associated changes in ecological processes, probably had somehow teleconnection with global ENSO events, that needs to be further explored in the future.

5.8.1. Activity Report (Hu) The Chinese Committee for JGOFS has been combined with LOICZ called Chinese LOICZ/JGOFS Committee since 1998. Annual Committee meeting took place with workshop. Through the committee effort, LOICZ and JGOFS have become quite popular in China. The NFSC has funded JGOFS studies with its four Key Projects and a number of general projects since 1992. The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) funded LOICZ research with its Major Project on LOICZ Study in China Seas from 1997 and its Innovation Project on LOICZ study from 2000. Within CAS, scientists are proposing a big CAS programme on carbon cycle including the land and ocean surrounding now, as synthesis procedure. Four books on LOICZ/JGOFS have been published (in Chinese): Margin Flux in the East China Sea (D. Hu and S. Tsunogai, 1999) Land-Ocean Interactions in Major Chinese Estuaries (J. Zhang et al., 2000) Key Processes of Ocean Fluxes in the East China Sea (D. Hu et al., 2001) Land-Ocean Interactions in the Yangtze, Pearl Estuaries and the Adjacent Area (D. Hu et al., 2001) New findings and conclusions: The East China Sea is a weak sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, absorbing about 4.3 MtC from the atmosphere annually. The mud in the Okinawa Trough is transported by wind-driven vertical circulation during wintertime, instead of summer and mainly from abandoned Yellow River mouth, instead of the Yangtze.

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6. SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE

6.1. Business Issues Ducklow reviewed the terms of the at-large members and the chairs of the groups and teams (APPENDIX 25). He noted that 5 members (Anderson, Tilbrook, Falkowski, Hong and Wallace) were scheduled to rotate off the SSC this year and that all needed to be invited back as at-large member until the sunset date of 31 December 2003. He would decide on a replacement, if anyone elects to rotate off, pending the need(s) of JGOFS synthesis and modelling efforts. At this late time in the projects life span, Hanson suggested that JGOFS seeks sponsors’ approval to extend all at-large members to the sunset, regardless of the number of terms or time served. Following the response of the at-large members and assessment of JGOFS future needs, the Executives will seek sponsors’ approval of new members, and block extension of all at-large members to 31 December 2003.

6.2. Other Matters Arising: Executive and SSC Meetings Ducklow summarised the plans for the remaining SSC meetings (2002 and 2003). This year, the SSC is being held alongside the IGBP OSC in Amsterdam. As agreed in 2000, the 2002 SSC meeting will be held alongside a planned Training Course on ocean biogeochemistry in Concepción, Chile, during the austral spring (September-November). Quiñones will host and organise the meeting and training course. Because of the long period between SSC meetings (summer 2001 and austral spring 2002), Ducklow suggested that SSC members attending the AGU/ASLO OSM in February 2002 meet with the 3rd JGOFS OSC Planning Committees and assist with the organisation of the final OSC in Washington DC, 5-8 May 2003. He also suggested that the final SSC meeting would be held alongside the 3rd JGOFS OSC. The committee agreed to hold the final SSC meeting in Washington DC along the final Open Science Conference. Because of other obligations, the Executive meeting will not be held this year. Ducklow also announced that Lochte has resigned from the Executive Committee due to new responsibilities at the University of Kiel and internationally (SC-IGBP), and that he accepted her resignation with regrets and thanked her for her long service on the Executive Committee. In the spring 2001, Ducklow invited Véronique Garçon on the Executive Committee, and she kindly accepted. With departure of Lochte off and acceptance of Garçon on the Executives, Ducklow plans to select a new Vice-Chair after of the SSC meeting.

7. INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE

Since the last report, Hanson reported that the Office staff focused considerable effort and time in the support of SSC synthesis activities, such as travel support for 2000/01 meetings, publication of the AMBIO article (May 2001) and the IGBP Science Series No. 2 (July 2001), assistance with the Springer-Verlag textbook (expected publication date is summer 2002), production of two posters and presentations at the IGBP Open Science Conference (Amsterdam) and printing several JGOFS Reports. The latter two items will be placed on online at the JGOFS web site for easy access to information and downloading of figures and illustrations. Printed copies are also available. The Springer-Verlag book expenses for 2001 are estimated at US$28K and remaining ICSU funds will go to cover the publication cost of the AMBIO article and support new global synthesis activities. He also reported that the Office staff has changed, as many of you aware. Beatriz Baliño moved to the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research at the University of Bergen, Norway, as the new project coordinator for the Centre, and a search for a new Assistant Executive Officer in February 2001 was successfully completed in March this year. The new Assistant EO is Dr. Bernard Avril from France. The Office also hired a half time financial officer, Ms. Reidun Gjerde, to assist Judy Stokke, who has returned half time after an extended illness. Ducklow welcomed Avril and Gjerde to their first JGOFS SSC meeting.

7.1. Data Management Activities (Avril) As JGOFS completes the synthesis phase, the Data Management Task Team (DMTT) and the JGOFS International Project Office (IPO) are in the process of documenting and compiling all data collected under the JGOFS umbrella. Avril has taken over the work started by Baliño and the DMTT, in

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compiling all JGOFS research projects and cruises from each contributing country since 1988. This inventory also includes aspects of national data management, i.e., the whereabouts and archival of JGOFS data collected during the fieldwork. This information will also assist the DMTT in their activities directed at securing the long-term stewardship of the JGOFS data sets. Avril is also building upon the metadata catalogue started by Baliño of the datasets from those national activities lacking data management support. The metadata will be archived in the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) at NASA. The steering committee and project office has given high priority to building this catalogue. The ultimate purpose is to provide scientists with a comprehensive biogeochemical data set, in a common file and data format. The product is called the JGOFS Master Data Set, for use not only in current synthesis activities, but also as a JGOFS legacy for future global change studies. It is the responsibility of the DMTT and IPO to ensure the future availability and long-term archiving of these valuable data sets. It is planned that the Master Data Set will be deposited in the ICSU’s World Data Centres System. Principal investigators (and their institutions) who submit data will be given full credit for their data within the Master Data Set and will have priority access to it. ACTION: Conkright and Avril will prepare a letter, signed by Ducklow, to request that all SSC members and National Contacts to help and assist the DMTT and IPO to develop and expand the international cruise inventory (data and metadata). Since the JGOFS project began its final phase, the international JGOFS website (www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html) is currently being revised, updated and formatted with two main concerns in mind: first, to be more directly useful to all within and outside the JGOFS community at the present time, and second, when JGOFS will come to an end, to facilitate the forthcoming handover of the website to the IGBP secretariat with minimal support needed in the future. The Norwegian JGOFS database project, fostered by the IPO and financed by the Research Council of Norway, continues with the aim to centralise all JGOFS data gathered by Norway at the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) and further publication on CD-ROM. Quality-controlled data sets derived from JGOFS-Norway research in the Nordic Seas since 1990 will be archived in a database developed by IMR. Datasets to be included are from the following projects: Carbon profiles in the Nordic Seas (CARNOR); Carbon dioxide and deep water formation circulation in the Nordic Seas (CARDEEP); the carbon cycle in the Greenland Sea from ESOP-2; Carbon Time-Series in the Norwegian Sea at Station M and the Norwegian contribution to Continental Margins Studies (OMEX I). A steering group supervises the database project with representatives from IMR, the Norwegian JGOFS Committee and the IPO. Avril will assist Baliño and IMR in the collection of those datasets.

7.2. Review Budget and Expenses (Hanson) In Year 2000, Hanson reported that the project completed an operating budget from the Research Council of Norway (NRC), SCOR, University of Bergen (UiB) and IGBP of US$328,955 (APPENDIX 26). Total expenses were US$308,754 (This figure is exclusive of the Open Science Conference in Bergen, which costs US$167,000). A budget excess of US$20,201 resulted from holding the SSC alongside of the JGOFS OSC, which encumbered some SSC expenses, and several groups and task teams secured significant cost sharing in holding meetings, particularly the DMTT and SOSG in 2000. Project funds covered administration costs, overheads for the project and facilities, publications, committee and group meetings, workshops and symposia. In Year 2001, Hanson reported that the project funds from NRC, SCOR, IOC, ICSU, UiB, and IGBP, including the carry over of Year 2000 assets, totalled US$437,346 (APPENDIX 27). With changes in project activities, such as the cancellation of the JGTT Workshop, cost reduction of the CO2 Transport Workshop and other activities, the expected expenditure for Year 2001 is US$437,108. As of July 2001, the balance is US$238 and remaining funds will be carried over to Year 2002. Hanson reported that Year 2002 requests for JGOFS support exceed present allocations for Year 2002 from NRC, SCOR, UiB and IGBP (APPENDIX 28). He reviewed and summarised the budgetary impact of all requests made during the SSC meeting. The SSC decided on the final prioritises for 2002

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fund allocations. After the 2001 budget is closed, the Executives will make the necessary allocations and adjustments to balance the 2002 budget.

8. OTHER BUSINESS

Ducklow asked for any other new or old business items. None were offered.

8.1. Next SSC Meeting Ducklow reminded everyone that the venue for the 17th JGOFS SSC meeting is in Concepción, Chile. In 2000, Quiñones offered to host the SSC meeting alongside of the training course/workshop in Chile. The best time is during the austral spring (September-October 2002). Past SSC meetings were held in Bergen, Norway (2000), Yokohama, Japan (1999), Cape Town, South Africa (1998), Oban, Scotland (1997), and Bad Münstereifel, Germany (1996). It is now time to return to the Southern Hemisphere, again before JGOFS shuts down. In May 2003, the 18th and final JGOFS SSC Meeting will hold alongside the final Open Science Conference in Washington DC, USA.

9. MEETING ADJOURNS

Ducklow thanked all those attending the meeting and how he valued and appreciated their input during the discussions. He closed the meeting at 1600 on Sunday, 8 July 2001. Following the SSC meeting, the Executives met immediately to wrap up any unfinished business from the meeting.

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10.A

CR

ON

YM

S

AE

SO

PS

– Antarctic E

nvironment S

outhern Ocean P

rocess Study -

ww

w.usjgofs.w

hoi.edu/research/aesops.html

AG

U – A

merican G

eophysical Union – w

ww

.agu.org A

MT

– Atlantic M

eridional Transect – w

ww

.npm.ac.uk/am

t/index.htm

AR

GO

– Array for R

eal-time G

eostrophic Oceanography – w

ww

.argo.ucsd.edu/ A

SL

O – A

merican S

ociety of Lim

nology and Oceanography – w

ww

.aslo.org/ A

VH

RR

– Advanced V

ery High R

esolution Radiom

eter – ww

w.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/globsys/avhrr.shtm

l A

WI – A

lfred-Wegener Institute for P

olar and Marine R

esearch – ww

w.aw

i-bremerhaven.de/

BA

TS

– Berm

uda Atlantic T

ime-series S

tudy – ww

w.bbsr.edu/cintoo/bats/bats.htm

l B

OB

PS

– Bay of B

engal Process S

tudies – ww

w.indian-ocean.org/bobps/bobps.htm

C

AR

DE

EP

– Carbon dioxide C

ycles and Deep W

ater Formation in the G

reenland and Norw

egian Seas

CA

RN

OR

– Carbon profiles in the N

ordic Seas

CA

S – C

hinese Academ

y of Sciences – w

ww

.cas.ac.cn C

BD

– UN

Convention on B

iological Diversity – w

ww

.biodiv.org C

DIA

C – C

arbon Dioxide Inform

ation Analysis C

enter – ww

w.cdiac.esd.ornl.gov

CE

OS

– Com

mittee on E

arth Observation S

atellites – ww

w.ceos.org

CIC

ES

E – C

entro de Investigación Científica y de E

ducación Superior de E

nsenada – ww

w.cicese.m

x C

JP – Carbon Joint P

roject – ww

w.gaim

.sr.unh.edu/cjp C

LIV

AR

– Programm

e on Clim

ate Variability and P

redictability – ww

w.clivar.org

CM

MA

CS – C

entre for Mathem

atical Modelling and C

omputer Sim

ulation – ww

w.cm

macs.ernet.in

CM

TT

– Joint JGO

FS/L

OIC

Z C

ontinental Margin T

ask Team

– ww

w.ncor.ntu.edu.tw

/cmtt

CN

ES

– Centre N

ational d'Etudes S

patiales – ww

w.cnes.fr

CN

RS – C

entre National de la R

echerche Scientifique – w

ww

.cnrs.fr C

OA

ST

S – Coastal O

cean Advanced S

cientific and Technical S

tudies – w

ww

.ioc.unesco.org/icam/coasts.htm

C

OC

– colloidal organic carbon C

ON

ICY

T – C

omisión N

acional de Investigación Científica y T

ecnológica – ww

w.conicyt.cl

CO

OP

– Coastal O

cean Observations P

anel – ww

w.ioc.unesco.org/goos/C

OO

P.htm

, w

ww

.skio.peachnet.edu/coop C

RE

ST – C

ore Research for E

volutional Science and T

echnology – ww

w.jst.go.jp/jst/crest-e.htm

C

SIC

– Consejo S

uperior de Investigaciones Científicas – w

ww

.csic.es C

SIR

O – C

omm

onwealth S

cientific and Industrial Research O

rganization – ww

w.csiro.au

DIC

– dissolved inorganic carbon D

IVE

RS

ITA

S – International P

rogramm

e of Biodiversity S

cience – ww

w.icsu.org/D

IVE

RS

ITA

S

DM

S – D

imethyl S

ulfide D

MT

T – D

ata Managem

ent Task T

eam

DO

C – dissolved organic carbon

DS

R – D

eep Sea R

esearch Part I: O

ceanographic Research P

apers – ww

w.elsevier.com

/locate/dsr D

SR

II – Deep S

ea Research P

art II: Topical S

tudies in Oceanography – w

ww

.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2

EB

C – E

astern Boundary C

urrent E

ISE

NE

X – S

econd Iron Enrichm

ent Experim

ent – ww

w.aw

i-bremerhaven.de/B

iomeer/eisenex-e.htm

l E

PSG – E

quatorial Pacific Synthesis and Modelling G

roup E

SO

P – T

hermohaline C

irculation in the Greenland S

ea – ww

w.sm

r.uib.no E

SR

C – E

nvironmental S

cience Research C

entre – ww

w.ois.xm

u.edu.cn/oec/english/jgjz3.htm

FO

ND

AP

– Fondos de E

studios Avanzados en A

reas Prioritarias – ww

w.conicyt.cl/fondap

FO

ND

EC

YT

– Fondo N

acional de Desarrollo C

ientífico y Tecnológico – w

ww

.conicyt.cl/fondecyt G

AIM

– Global A

nalysis, Integration and Modelling – w

ww

.gaim.unh.edu/

GC

M – G

eneral Circulation M

odel G

CM

AP

S – G

lobal Carbon C

ycle and related Mapping based on S

atellite imagery

GC

MD

– Global C

hange Master D

irectory – ww

w.gcm

d.gsfc.nasa.gov/ G

CO

S – G

lobal Clim

ate Observing S

ystem – w

ww

.wm

o.ch/web/gcos/gcoshom

e.html

GC

TE

– Global C

hange and Terrestrial E

cosystems – w

ww

.gcte.org

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GE

D – G

lobal Ecosystem

Dynam

ics G

EF

– Global E

nvironment F

acility – ww

w.gefw

eb.org/ G

EO

HA

B – G

lobal Ecology and O

ceanography of Harm

ful Algal B

looms –

ww

w.ioc.unesco.org/hab/G

EO

HA

B.htm

G

FD

L – G

eophysical Fluid D

ynamics L

aboratory – ww

w.gfdl.gov

GL

I – Global Im

ager – ww

w.sharaku.eorc.nasda.go.jp/G

LI/index.htm

l G

LO

BE

C – G

lobal Ocean E

cosystem D

ynamics – w

ww

.pml.ac.uk/globec

GO

DA

E – G

lobal Ocean D

ata Assim

ilation Experim

ent – ww

w.bom

.gov.au/bmrc/ocean/G

OD

AE

G

OO

S – G

lobal Ocean O

bserving System

– ww

w.ioc.unesco.org/goos

GS

WG

– Global Synthesis and M

odelling Working G

roup G

TO

S – Global T

errestrial Observing S

ystem – w

ww

.fao.org/gtos H

NL

C – H

igh Nutrient L

ow C

hlorophyll H

OT

– Haw

aii Ocean T

ime series station – hahana.soest.haw

aii.edu/hot/hot_jgofs.html

IAB

O – International A

ssociation of Biological O

ceanography IA

PSO – International A

ssociation for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans – w

ww

.olympus.net/IA

PSO

ICE

S – International C

ouncil for the Exploration of the S

ea – ww

w.ices.dk/

ICS

U – International C

ouncil for Science – w

ww

.icsu.org/ IG

AC

– International Global A

tmospheric C

hemistry Project – w

eb.mit.edu/igac/w

ww

/index.html

IGB

P – International G

eosphere Biosphere P

rogramm

e – ww

w.igbp.kva.se/

I-GO

OS

– Intergovernmental IO

C-W

MO

-UN

EP

Com

mittee for G

OO

S –

ww

w.ioc.unesco.org/goos/i_goos.htm

IG

OS

– Integrated Global O

bserving Strategy – w

ww

.ioc.unesco.org/igospartners/igoshome.htm

IH

DP

– International Hum

an Dim

ensions Program

me on G

lobal Environm

ental Change –

ww

w.ihdp.org

IJCD

– Inventory for Japanese Chem

ical-oceanographic Data – w

ww

.ijcd.jp/ IM

AG

ES

– International Marine G

lobal Change S

tudy – ww

w.im

ages.pclab.ifg.uni-kiel.de/start.html

IMR

– Institute of Marine R

esearch – ww

w.im

r.no IO

C – Intergovernm

ental Oceanographic C

omm

ission – ww

w.ioc.unesco.org/iocw

eb/default.htm

IOC

CG

– International Ocean C

olour Co-ordinating G

roup – ww

w.ioccg.org

IOD

E – International O

ceanographic Data and Inform

ation Exchange – w

ww

.ioc.unesco.org/iode IO

SG

– Indian Ocean S

ynthesis and Modelling G

roup IP

CC

– Intergovernmental P

anel on Clim

ate Change (W

MO

-UN

EP

) – ww

w.ipcc.ch

IPO

– International Project Office – w

ww

.uib.no/jgofs/IPO

_descript.html

IRD

– Institut de recherche pour le développement – w

ww

.ird.fr IS

CA

P – IO

C- SC

OR

Carbon A

dvisory Panel – w

ww

.jhu.edu:80/~scor/other.htm

IUG

G – International U

nion of Geodesy and G

eophysics – ww

w.iugg.org

JAM

ST

EC

– Japan Marine S

cience and Technology C

enter – ww

w.jam

stec.go.jp/jamstec-e/index-

e.html

JGO

FS – Joint G

lobal Ocean F

lux Study – w

ww

.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html

J-GO

OS

– Joint Scientific and T

echnical Com

mittee for G

OO

S – w

ww

.ioc.unesco.org/goos/j_goos.htm

JGR

– Journal of Geophysical R

esearch-Oceans – w

ww

.agu.org/journals/jc JG

TT

– Joint JGO

FS

-GA

IM O

cean Carbon M

odelling Task T

eam

JOD

C – Japan O

ceanographic Data C

enter – ww

w.jodc.jhd.go.jp/index.htm

l JO

IDE

S – Joint O

ceanographic Institutions for Deep E

arth Sam

pling – ww

w.joides.rsm

as.miam

i.edu/ JR

C – Joint R

esearch Centre – w

ww

.jrc.it K

EE

P – K

uroshio-Edge E

xchange Processes – w

ww

.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/keep/keep-english.htm

l K

NA

W – K

oninklijke Nederlandse A

kademie van W

etenschappen – ww

w.knaw

.nl/ K

NO

T – K

yodo North P

acific Ocean T

ime S

eries L

EG

OS

– Laboratoire d´E

tudes en Géophysique et O

céanographie Spatiale – w

ww

.obs-m

ip.fr/umr5566/english/index.htm

L

OIC

Z – L

and-Ocean Interactions in the C

oastal Zone – w

ww

.nioz.nl/loicz L

OR

EC

S – Long-term

Observation &

Research of the E

ast China Sea –

ww

w.ncor.ntu.edu.tw

/taipei_scor/twjgofs2001.htm

l M

AF

LE

CS

– Material F

lux in the East C

hina Sea

MA

SF

LE

X – E

ast China S

ea-Marginal S

ea Flux E

xperiments in the W

est Pacific

- 22 -

MA

ST

– Marine S

cience and Technology – w

ww

.cordis.lu/mast/hom

e.html

ME

DS

– Marine E

nvironmental D

ata Service – w

ww

.meds-sdm

m.dfo-m

po.gc.ca M

ER

IS – M

edium R

esolution Imaging S

pectrometer –

ww

w.envisat.esa.int/instrum

ents/meris/index.htm

l M

FLE

CS – M

argin Flux in the East C

hina Sea – ww

w.keep.oc.ntu.edu.tw

/CM

TT

/LagosR

ep.htm

MIR

C – M

arine Information R

esearch Centre – w

ww

.mirc.jha.or.jp

MO

DIS

– Moderate R

esolution Imaging S

pectroradiometer – w

ww

.modis.gsfc.nasa.gov

NA

BE

– JGO

FS N

orth Atlantic B

loom E

xperiment – w

ww

.usjgofs.whoi.edu/m

zweb/nabe.htm

N

ASG

– North A

tlantic Synthesis and Modelling G

roup – ww

w.obs-

mip.fr/om

p/umr5566/english/jgofs/index.htm

l N

CA

R – N

ational Center for A

tmospheric R

esearch – ww

w.ncar.ucar.edu/ncar

NE

RC

– National E

nvironmental R

esearch Council (U

K) – w

ww

.nerc.ac.uk N

FR

– Research C

ouncil of Norw

ay – ww

w.forskningsradet.no/english

NG

O – N

on-Governm

ental Organisation

NIA

ES

– National Institute for A

gro-Environm

ental Sciences – w

ww

.niaes.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html

NIE

S – N

ational Institute for Environm

ental Studies – w

ww

.nies.go.jp N

IO – Indian N

ational Institute of Oceanography – w

ww

.nio.org N

IOZ

– Nederlands Instituut voor O

nderzoek der Zee – w

ww

.nioz.nl N

OA

A – U

S N

ational Oceanic and A

tmospheric A

dministration – w

ww

.noaa.gov N

OD

C – Indian N

ational Oceanographic D

ata Centre

NO

DC

– Netherlands O

ceanographic Data C

omm

ittee – ww

w.nodc.nl

NO

DC

– US

National O

ceanographic Data C

enter – ww

w.nodc.noaa.gov

NO

PA

CC

S – N

orth Pacific Carbon C

ycle Study – w

ww

.aist.go.jp/RIO

DB

/nopaccs/welcom

e.html

NP

PS – N

orth Pacific P

rocess Study – w

ww

.jodc.jhd.go.jp/JGO

FS

_DM

O/N

P-JG

OFS

.html

NPSG

– North Pacific Synthesis and M

odelling Group

NP

TT

– North P

acific Task T

eam

NS

F – N

ational Science F

oundation – ww

w.nsf.gov/

NS

FC

– National N

atural Science F

oundation of China – w

ww

.nsfc.gov.cn O

AC

ES

– Ocean-A

tmosphere C

arbon Exchange S

tudy – w

ww

.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/co2/w

hato.html

OC

CM

– Ocean C

arbon Cycle M

odel O

CM

IP – Ocean C

arbon Modelling Intercom

parison Project – ww

w.ipsl.jussieu.fr/O

CM

IP O

CT

ET

– Ocean C

arbon Transport, E

xchanges and Transform

ations – ww

w.m

src.sunysb.edu/octet O

CT

S – O

cean Colour T

emperature S

canner – ww

w.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/sendata/octs_e.htm

l O

DA

S – O

cean Data A

cquisition System

– ww

w.noaa.chesapeakebay.net/odas_sas.htm

l O

FC

– Ocean F

uture Com

mittee – w

ww

.jhu.edu:80/~scor/other.htm

OG

CM

– Ocean G

eneral Circulation M

odel O

ME

X – O

cean Margin E

Xchange – w

ww

.pol.ac.uk/bodc/omex/om

ex.html

OO

PC

– Ocean O

bservations Panel for C

limate – w

ww

.ioc.unesco.org/goos/oopc.htm

OP

CC

– Ocean P

anel on Clim

ate Change

OS

M – O

pen Science M

eeting P

AG

ES

– Past G

lobal Changes – w

ww

.pages.unibe.ch P

FZ

– Polar F

ront Zone

PIC

ES – N

orth Pacific M

arine Science O

rganisation – ww

w.pices.int

PJT

T – Paleo-JG

OF

S T

ask Team

P

ME

L – Pacific M

arine Environm

ental Laboratory – w

ww

.pmel.noaa.gov

PM

L – P

lymouth M

arine Laboratory (U

K) – w

ww

.pml.ac.uk

PM

TT

– Photosynthesis M

easurements T

ask Team

P

OC

– Particulate O

rganic Carbon

PO

GO

– Partnership for Observation of the G

lobal Ocean – w

ww

.oceanpartners.org PO

MM

E – Program

me O

céan Multidisciplinaire M

éso Echelle – w

ww

.ipsl.jussieu.fr/POM

ME

P

ON

– Particulate Organic N

itrogen P

RIM

E – P

lankton Reactivity in the M

arine Environm

ent – ww

w.sos.bangor.ac.uk/prim

e/intro.html

PR

OO

F – Processus biogéochimiques dans l'O

céan et Flux – w

ww

.obs-vlfr.fr/jgofs/html/proof98.htm

l R

SM

AS

– Rosenstiel S

chool of Marine A

tmospheric S

ciences – ww

w.rsm

as.miam

i.edu

- 23 -

SA

GE

– Sub-A

rctic Gyre E

xperiment in the N

orth Pacific –

ww

w.pices.int/L

ibrary/PicesP

ress/May99/S

AG

E_10.pdf

SA

RE

C – S

wedish International D

evelopment C

ooperation Agency – w

ww

.sida.se S

AZ

– Sub A

ntarctic Zone

SC

OP

E – S

cientific Com

mittee on P

roblems of the E

nvironment – w

ww

.icsu-scope.org S

CO

R – S

cientific Council of O

ceanic Research – w

ww

.jhu.edu:80/~scor S

CS – S

outh China S

ea S

EA

TS

– South-E

ast Asia T

ime-series S

tation – ww

w.ncor.ntu.edu.tw

/english/SE

AT

Sw

eb.htm

SeaW

iFS

– Sea-V

iewing W

ide Field-of-V

iew S

ensor – ww

w.seaw

ifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SE

AW

IFS

.html

SE

EP – S

helf Edge E

xchange Processes

SE

S – Shelf E

dge Study – w

ww

.pol.ac.uk/sesw3/sesdata/htm

/content.htm

SIB

EX

– South C

hina Sea Integrated B

iogeochemical E

xperiment –

ww

w.ncor.ntu.edu.tw

/taipei_scor/twjgofs2001.htm

l S

IZ – S

easonal Ice Zone

SM

P – Synthesis and M

odelling Program

– ww

w.usjgofs.w

hoi.edu/mzw

eb/syn-mod.htm

S

OF

eX – S

outhern Ocean Iron E

xperiment – w

ww

.whoi.edu/science/M

CG

/dept/current_res/prop_abs S

OIR

EE

– Southern O

cean Iron Release E

xperiment – w

ww

.envsol.env.uea.ac.uk/temp/tracer/soiree

SO

LA

S – S

urface Ocean and L

ower A

tmosphere S

tudy – ww

w.ifm

.uni-kiel.de/ch/solas/main.htm

l S

OS

G – S

outhern Ocean S

ynthesis and Modelling G

roup S

SC

– Scientific S

teering Com

mittee

SST

– Sea S

urface Tem

perature ST

AR

T – G

lobal Change S

ystem for A

nalysis, Research and T

raining – ww

w.start.org/

TO

GA

– Tropical O

cean Global A

tmosphere – w

ww

.lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/coare/toga.htm

l T

oR – T

erms of R

eference T

RA

CT

OR

– TR

Acer and C

irculation in The N

OR

dic Seas R

egion – w

ww

.bjerknes.uib.no/Research/T

RA

CT

OR

T

TO

– Transient T

racers in the Ocean

TW

AS

– Third W

orld Academ

y of Sciences – w

ww

.twas.org

UN

ES

CO

– United N

ations Educational, S

cientific and Cultural O

rganization – ww

w.unesco.org

US

JN – U

S-JG

OF

S N

ewsletter – w

ww

.usjgofs.whoi.edu/general_info/new

sletter.html

WB

C – W

estern Boundary C

urrent W

CR

P – World C

limate R

esearch Program

me – w

ww

.wm

o.ch/web/w

crp/wcrp-hom

e.html

WD

C – W

orld Data C

entre System

– ww

w.ngdc.noaa.gov/w

dc/wdcm

ain.html

WH

OI – W

oods Hole O

ceanographic Institution – ww

w.w

hoi.edu W

HP

– WO

CE

Hydrography P

rogramm

e – ww

w.w

hpo.ucsd.edu W

MO

– World M

eteorological Organization – w

ww

.wm

o.ch

- 24 -

11.A

PP

EN

DIC

ES

11.1.A

PP

EN

DIX

1: List of P

articipants

Professor Hugh D

ucklow, C

hair of the JGO

FS Scientific Steering Com

mittee, V

irginia Institute of M

arine Science, C

ollege of William

and Mary, R

oute 1208-Greate R

oad, Box 1346, G

loucester Point,

VA

23062-1346, US

A, T

el. +1 804 684 7180, F

ax. +1 804 684 7293, duck@

vims.edu

Dr. R

obert Anderson, S

SC E

xecutive, Lam

ont-Doherty E

arth Observatory, C

olumbia U

niversity, 61 R

oute 9W, P

.O. B

ox 1000, Palisades, N

Y-10964-1000, U

SA

, Tel. +

1 845 365 8508, Fax. +

1 845 365 8155, boba@

ldeo.columbia.edu

Professor L

arry Atkinson, G

uest, Center for C

oastal Physical O

ceanography, Old D

ominion U

niversity, C

rittenton Hall, N

orfolk, VA

23529-0276, US

A, T

el. +1 757 683 4926, F

ax. +1 757 683 5550,

[email protected]

Dr. B

ernard Avril, A

ssistant Executive O

fficer, JGO

FS

International Project O

ffice, University of

Bergen, S

MR

, High T

echnology Centre, P

ost Box 7800, N

-5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y, T

el. +47 5558 4249, Fax. +

47 5558 9687, [email protected]

Dr. W

endy Broadgate, D

eputy Director, N

atural Sciences, IG

BP

Secretariat, R

oyal Sw

edish Academ

y of S

ciences, Box 50005, S

-104 05 Stockholm

, SW

ED

EN

, Tel. +

46 8 6739 559 / 8 166 448, Fax: +46 8

16 64 05, wendy@

igbp.kva.se

Dr. A

lexander Bychkov, N

PS

G C

hair, North P

acific Marine S

cience Organization, c/o Institute of

Ocean S

ciences, 9860 West S

aanich Road, P

.O. B

ox 6000, Sidney B

.C. V

8L 4B

2, CA

NA

DA

, Tel. +

1 250 363 6364, F

ax. +1 250 363 6827, bychkov@

ios.bc.ca

Dr. M

argarita Conkright, D

MT

T C

hair, Ocean C

limate L

aboratory, National O

ceanographic Data

Center / N

ational Oceanic and A

tmospheric A

dministration, 1315 E

ast-West H

ighway, O

C/5, S

ilver S

pring, M

D

20910, U

SA

, T

el. +

1 301

713 3290

ext. 193,

Fax.

+1

301 713

3303, m

[email protected]

Dr. V

éronique Garçon, S

SC

Executive and N

AS

G C

hair, Laboratoire d'E

tudes en Géophysique et

Océanographie Spatiales, C


echerche Scientifique / CN

ES

/ UP

S, 18 av. Edouard

Belin,

F-31055

Toulouse

Cedex,

FR

AN

CE

, T

el. +

33 5

6133 2957,

Fax. +

33 5

6125 3205,

[email protected]

Ms.

Reidun

Gjerde,

Adm

inistrative A

ssistant, JG

OFS

International Project

Office,

University

of B

ergen, SM

R, H

igh Technology C

entre, Post B

ox 7800, N-5020 B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

, Tel. +47 5558

4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687, reidun.gjerde@

jgofs.uib.no

Dr. R

oger Hanson, E

xecutive Director, JG

OFS International Project O

ffice, University of B

ergen, S

MR

, High T

echnology Centre, P

ost Box 7800, N

-5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y, T

el. +47 5558 4244, Fax.

+47 5558 9687, roger.hanson@

jgofs.uib.no

Professor P

eter Haugan, JG

OFS

SSC

, Geophysical Institute, U

niversity of Bergen, A

llégaten 70, N-

5007 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y, T

el. +47 5558 2678, Fax. +47 5559 9883, Peter.H

[email protected]

Dr. N

icolas Hoepffner, IO

CC

G, M

arine Environm

ent Unit, Joint R

esearch Centre - S

pace Applications

Institute, 1,

via F

ermi,

I-21020 Ispra,

ITA

LY

, T

el. +

39 332

789 873, F

ax. +39

332 789

034, nicolas.hoepffner@

jrc.it

- 25 -

Professor

Huasheng

Hong,

SS

C,

College

of O

ceanography and

Environm

ental S

cience, X

iamen

University, X

iamen, F

ujian, 361005, CH

INA

, P.R.C

., Tel. +

86 592 218 2216, Fax. +

86 592 209 5242, hshong@

xmu.edu.cn

Dr. R

obert Le B

orgne, EP

SG

Chair, C

entre de Noum

éa, Institut de Recherche pour le D

éveloppement,

IRD

, 101 Prom

enade Roger L

aroque, B.P

. A5, F

-98848 Noum

éa Cedex, N

ew C

aledonia, FR

AN

CE

, T

el. +33 49 104 1657, Fax. +

33 4 9104 1635, leborgne@noum

ea.ird.nc

Professor K

arin Lochte, P

JTT

co-Chair, F

B M

arine Biogeochem

ie, Institut für Meereskunde an der

Universität K

iel, Düsternbrooker w

eg 20, D-24105 K

iel, GE

RM

AN

Y, T

el. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +

49 431 565 876, klochte@

ifm.uni-kiel.de

Dr. Patrick M

onfray, JGT

T co-C

hair, Laboratoire des S

ciences du Clim

at et de l'Environnem

ent, Centre

National de la R

echerche Scientifique / C

EA

/ IPS

L, B

ât. 709, Orm

e des Merisiers, F

-91191 Gif-sur-

Yvette, F

RA

NC

E, T

el. +33 1 6908 7724, F

ax. +33 1 6908 7716, m

[email protected]

Professor

Renato

Quiñones,

CM

TT

co-C

hair, D

epartamento

de O

ceanografia, U

niversidad de

Concepción,

Casilla 160-C

, C

oncepción, C

HIL

E,

Tel.

+56

41 203

861, F

ax. +

56 41

256 571,

[email protected]

Professor T

oshiro Saino, S

SC

Executive, Institute for H

ydrospheric-Atm

ospheric Science, N

agoya U

niversity, IHA

S, F

uro-cho, Chigusa-K

u, Nagoya 464-8601, JA

PA

N, T

el. +81 52 789 3487, F

ax. +81 52 789 3436, tsaino@

ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Dr. R

einer Schlitzer, G

SW

G C

hair, Departm

ent. of GeoS

ystem, A

lfred-Wegener Institut für P

olar- und M

eeresforschung, P.O

. Box 120161, C

olumbusstraße, D

-27515 Brem

erhaven, GE

RM

AN

Y, T

el. +49 471 4831 1559, F

ax. +49 471 4831 1149, rschlitzer@

awi-brem

erhaven.de

Professor P

aul Tréguer, S

OS

G C

hair, Institut Universitaire E

uropéen de la Mer, U

niversité de Bretagne

Occidentale, IU

EM

/ UB

O, T

echnopôle Brest-Iroise, P

lace Nicolas C

opernic, F-29280 P

louzané, F

RA

NC

E, T

el. +33 2 9849 8664, F

ax. +33 2 9849 8645, P

aul.Treguer@

univ-brest.fr

Dr. E

dward U

rban, SC

OR

Executive D

irector, SC

OR

Secretariat, D

epartment of E

arth and Planetary

Sciences, Johns H

opkins University, O

lin Hall, San M

artin Drive, B

altimore, M

D 21218, U

SA

, Tel. +

1 410 516 4070, F

ax. +1 410 516 4019, scor@

jhu.edu

- 26 -

11.2.A

PP

EN

DIX

2: Interim R

eport (USJN

article)

As JG

OF

S draw

s to a close, its participants are focusing their attention on the synthesis of results from

interdisciplinary field studies conducted over more than a decade in m

ost of the major biogeochem

ical provinces of the global ocean. O

ver the last three years, various JGO

FS

planning and oversight groups have concentrated their efforts on synthesis at regional, program

-wide and global levels.

At its annual m

eeting in Cape T

own, S

outh Africa, in A

pril 1998, the mem

bers of the JGO

FS

Scientific

Steering Com

mittee (SSC

) accepted responsibility for integrating regional synthesis and modelling

activities and for maintaining links to other ocean observing program

mes. T

he JGO

FS

planning groups responsible for coordinating field studies w

ere transformed into regional synthesis groups responsible

for encouraging data submission and sharing, m

eetings and publications and the development of

regional biogeochemical ocean m

odels.

Later that year JG

OF

S initiated a coordinated programm

e of synthesis at a workshop held at the

Southam

pton Oceanography C

entre in the United K

ingdom. A

t that meeting, the JG

OF

S S

SC under the

leadership of then chairman M

ichael Fasham

laid out a plan for international synthesis of JGO

FS

field observations

and for

participation in

the program

-level synthesis

planned by

the International

Geosphere-B

iosphere Program

me along w

ith other IGB

P core projects.

At its annual m

eeting in Durham

, New

Ham

pshire, in October 2000, the executive com

mittee of the

JGO

FS

SSC

assessed progress and plotted its course toward the final synthesis goals for the JG

OF

S

concluding years. Figure 1 presents the overall structure of the JG

OF

S synthesis program

me and som

e of its current and planned products.

As F

igure 1 shows, the w

ork is divided into three phases. The first of these covers the com

pletion of regional and them

atic syntheses by JGO

FS

synthesis groups. The second com

prises program-w

ide synthesis events and activities that are designed to blend the products of the regional syntheses. T

he third is intended to focus on a global synthesis that w

ill conclude JGO

FS

efforts to develop an integrated and quantitative understanding of the biogeochem

ical fluxes of carbon in the ocean and their role in the global carbon cycle.

JGO

FS

groups responsible for regional and/or disciplinary syntheses are the North A

tlantic Synthesis

Group (N

AS

G), the E

quatorial Pacific S

ynthesis Group (E

PS

G), the Indian O

cean Synthesis G

roup (IO

SG

), the Southern O

cean Synthesis G

roup (SO

SG

), the North P

acific Synthesis G

roup (NP

SG

), the C

ontinental Margins T

ask Team

(CM

TT

) and the Paleo-JG

OF

S T

ask Team

(PJT

T). S

everal of these groups are w

orking on synthesis volumes or special issues of D

eep-Sea R

esearch Part II.

Other activities include a series of continental m

argins workshops on specific coastal system

s like the E

astern and Western B

oundary Currents, each to culm

inate in a book. This am

bitious project is directed by the C

MT

T, w

hich is a joint JGO

FS and Land O

cean Interactions in the Coastal Z

one (LO

ICZ

) com

mittee. T

his project is supported in part by an aw

ard from the

International Oceanographic

Com

mission (IO

C), a valuable supplem

ent to the core funding that the Scientific C

omm

ittee on O

ceanic Research (S

CO

R) provides to JG

OF

S for synthesis work.

Later this sum

mer them

atic synthesis will continue w

ith a workshop on the transport of carbon dioxide

(CO

2 ) in the ocean, to be held at Southam

pton Oceanography C

entre. This event, hosted by the

international project

office of

the W

orld O

cean C

irculation E

xperiment

(WO

CE

), is

a joint

JGO

FS

/WO

CE

activity with additional financial support com

ing from IO

C, N

OA

A, W

CR

P, and U

K

Global E

nvironmental C

omm

ittee (Royal S

ociety). It is intended to build on WO

CE

results and on the global

survey of

CO

2 in

the ocean,

carried out

by JG

OFS

scientists on

WO

CE

H

ydrographic P

rogramm

e cruises. This w

orkshop will launch a unique effort to blend diagnoses of ocean circulation

with extensive analyses of ocean dissolved inorganic carbon to estim

ate intra- and inter-basin carbon transports.

- 27 -

Program

-wide synthesis began at the S

outhampton S

ynthesis Workshop and w

as defined at the JGO

FS

open science conference "O

cean Biogeochem

istry: A N

ew P

aradigm" in B

ergen, Norw

ay, in April

2000. Keynote speakers at the B

ergen conference have submitted draft chapters for a book to be edited

by Fasham

and published by Springer-V

erlag in the IGB

P G

lobal Change series in early 2002. A

s this article goes to press, m

ost of the chapters have been or are being reviewed.

The B

ergen conference attracted 218 participants from 27 countries and a large num

ber of presentations and posters reporting on m

odels and other synthesis projects. Even though few

national JGO

FS

program

mes have form

al synthesis and modelling projects, the large turnout of such presentations in

Bergen indicates that synthesis has becom

e the intellectual core of JGO

FS

.

There are several other notable products of the program

-wide synthesis phase. T

wo general JG

OF

S

publications are coming out as part of the IG

BP

-wide synthesis effort. A

t its Southam

pton workshop,

the SS

C com

missioned a num

ber of JGO

FS

scientists to draft brief synthetic reports on the components

of the

program:

its regional

process studies,

the C

O2

survey, rem

ote sensing,

the tim

e-series program

mes, data m

anagement and m

odelling.

A longer version, directed at the w

ider scientific audience, was published in M

ay as a special report in A

MB

IO. A

shorter version of the AM

BIO

report is being published as the second volume in the IG

BP

S

cience series.

This

version, intended

for policym

akers and

the interested

public, describes

the operation and role of the ocean carbon cycle in global change. B

oth documents provide an in-depth

summ

ary of more than a decade of JG

OF

S research and lay the groundw

ork for planning new efforts in

ocean biogeochemistry.

A final piece of the program

-wide synthesis w

ill be the third JGO

FS

open science conference, which

will be hosted by the U

.S. JGO

FS Planning and Implem

entation Office. It w

ill be held at the National

Academ

y of Sciences in W

ashington, D.C

., in May 2003. A

s with first and second conferences, a final

book is expected and published by Springer-V

erlag in the IGB

P G

lobal Change series.

A new

synthesis group that is currently being formed under the leadership of R

einer Schlitzer of the

Alfred-W

egener Institute for Polar R

esearch, Brem

erhaven, Germ

any, will lead the third phase of

JGO

FS

synthesis activity. The idea for this group cam

e out of discussions among JG

OF

S scientists

attending the IGB

P G

lobal Carbon C

ycle Synthesis W

orkshop in Durham

, New

Ham

pshire, last fall.

While exploring different ideas around w

hich the JGO

FS

global synthesis could begin to focus, JGO

FS

executive com

mittee m

ember R

obert Anderson of L

amont-D

oherty Earth O

bservatory described a talk that S

chlitzer had presented at the Southern O

cean Synthesis W

orkshop in Brest, F

rance, last summ

er. S

chlitzer showed the results of inverse solutions to a global m

odel of ocean biogeochemistry, focusing

on export production in the Southern O

cean.

The inverse solution S

chlitzer described reproduces a very large data set of measurem

ents of nutrients, C

O2 and oxygen in the full w

ater column. Its representation of the distribution and m

agnitude of the export flux differs significantly, how

ever, from that given by estim

ates of export derived from m

aps of prim

ary productivity

based on

remote-sensing

measurem

ents and

algorithms

relating export

and prim

ary production.

Which set of m

aps is correct? In the sense that each is derived from and show

s fidelity to one or more

of the largest global biogeochemical datasets, they are both "right". T

he reasons why they do not agree

are not obvious. JGO

FS

scientists decided that this problem w

as intriguing and certainly central to the original program

me goals.

The JG

OF

S executive com

mittee asked S

chlitzer to consider chairing a new G

lobal Synthesis W

orking G

roup (GS

WG

), whose initial charge w

ould be to explore the problem of export in various global

models. H

e agreed, and the newly constituted group w

ill meet in July in connection w

ith the IGB

P

- 28 -

Open S

cience Conference "C

hallenges of a Changing E

arth" in Am

sterdam, T

he Netherlands. G

roup m

embers are R

einer Schlitzer, A

ndreas Oschlies, A

ndrew Y

ool, Ed L

aws, G

erhard Fischer, M

ike B

ehrenfeld, N

icolas G

ruber, Patrick

Monfray,

Richard

Jahnke, R

ichard M

atear, and

Yasuhiro

Yam

anaka.

The

GS

WG

w

ill also

work

with

the JG

OF

S

Data

Managem

ent T

ask T

eam

(DM

TT

), w

hich is

responsible for amassing JG

OFS data sets in national repositories and facilitating access to them

and w

ith the International Ocean C

olour Coordinating G

roup (IOC

CG

). Another new

task team has been

formed jointly betw

een JGO

FS

and another IGB

P program

me elem

ent, the Global A

nalysis, Integration and M

odelling (GA

IM) initiative, to support global synthesis efforts on ocean carbon m

odelling. The

JGO

FS

-GA

IM T

ask Team

(JGT

T) oversees the ongoing effort of the O

cean Carbon-cycle M

odel Intercom

parison P

roject (O

CM

IP),

which

focuses on

advancing the

development

of ocean

biogeochemical m

odels.

In closing, I want to stress another im

portant JGO

FS synthesis achievem

ent. Recently w

e were asked

by IGB

P to identify JG

OF

S greatest achievem

ents and failures during the past decade. The program

me

successfully carried out a series of large-scale, international and truly interdisciplinary process studies that incorporated physical, biological and geochem

ical observations.

As I w

rite this, I am sailing into the northeast A

tlantic on the British ship R

RS D

iscovery to carry out a study of the transport of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen w

ith co-investigator Dennis H

ansell of the U

niversity of Miam

i. The goal of the cruise, planned by R

aymond P

ollard and headed by John A

llen of the Southam

pton Oceanography C

entre, is to conduct a high-resolution study of the circulation and hydrography of the Iceland-F

aroes-Shetland region.

Although this is in som

e sense a physical oceanography cruise, it includes substantial ecological and biogeochem

ical com

ponents. This sort of

multidisciplinary cruise

was not really possible before

JGO

FS.

In the

synthesis of

physical, biological

and chem

ical oceanography

into ocean

biogeochemistry, JG

OFS

has made its m

ost enduring contribution to ocean science.

(US

JN E

ditor's note: Hugh D

ucklow, chairm

an of the JGO

FS

SS

C, sent this report on M

ay 6 from

54°N, 12°W

.) 6/19/01, US

JGO

FS N

ews 11, 2. International section w

ith one figure.)

- 29 -

11.3.A

PP

EN

DIX

3: Activity C

alendar & T

imeline (updated N

ovember 2001)

Year 2001

January 15-16 N

orth A

tlantic S

ynthesis G

roup M

eeting, A

rcachon, F

rance. C

ontact: V

éronique G

arçon, Laboratoire d'E

tudes en Géophysique et O

céanographie Spatiales, C

entre National de la

Recherche S

cientifique / CN

ES

/ UP

S, 18 av E

douard Belin, F

-31055 Toulouse C

edex, FR

AN

CE

, Tel.

+33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +

33 5 6125 3205, (PRO

OF C

ost Share) (C

ompleted)

March

JG

OF

S/G

AIM

Task T

eam on O

cean Carbon M

odelling: Workshop on 3D

Ocean

modelling

and analysis,

Contact:

Patrick M

onfray, L

aboratoire des

Sciences du

Clim

at et

de l'E

nvironnement, C


echerche Scientifique / C

EA

/ IPS

L, B

ât. 709, Orm

e des M

erisiers, F-91191 G

if-sur-Yvette, F

RA

NC

E, T

el. +33 1 6908 7724, F

ax. +33 1 6908 7716 (D

eferred to 2002)

May 5-11

JGO

FS

/LO

ICZ

/IOC

Continental M

argins Workshop III on P

olar Margins, Institute of

Ocean S

ciences, B.C

., Canada. C

ontact: Robie M

acdonald, Institute of Ocean S

ciences, Departm

ent of F

isheries and Oceanography, C

anada, P.O

. Box 6000, S

idney, B.C

. V8L

4B2, C

AN

AD

A, T

el. +1 250

363 6409, Fax. +

1 250 363 6807 (Com

pleted)

June 7-9 Indian O

cean Synthesis G

roup Meeting (closed), M

iami, U

SA

. Contact: P

eter Burkill,

Plym

outh Marine L

aboratory, Natural E

nvironment R

esearch Council, P

rospect Place, W

est Hoe,

Plym

outh, P

L1

3DH

, U

NIT

ED

K

ING

DO

M,

Tel.

+44 175

263 3422,

Fax. +44

175 263

3101, (C

ompleted)

June 27-29 JG

OF

S/W

OC

E/IO

C C

O2 T

ransport Workshop, S

outhampton O

ceanography Centre,

Southam

pton, U

K.

Contact:

Paul

Robbins,

Physical

Oceanography

Research

Division,

Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, M

ail Stop 0230, S

IO/U

CS

D, 9500 G

ilman D

r., La Jolla, C

A 92093-0230,

US

A. T

el: (858) 534-6366, (Com

pleted)

July 7-8 16th JG

OF

S S

cientific Steering C

omm

ittee Meeting, A

msterdam

, the Netherlands.

Contact:

Roger

Hanson,

JGO

FS

International

Project

Office,

University

of B

ergen, S

MR

, H

igh T

echnology Centre, P

ost Box 7800, N

-5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y, T

el. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +

47 5558 9687, (C

ompleted)

July 10-13 IG

BP

Open S

cience Conference, A

msterdam

, the Netherlands. T

heme: C

hallenges of a changing E

arth. Contact C

ON

GR

EX

HO

LL

AN

D B

V, P

.O. B

ox 302, 1000 AH

Am

sterdam, T

he N

etherlands, Tel: +31 20 504 0200, fax: +31 20 504 0225, S

peaker: Professor D

avid Karl, U

niversity of H

awaii (C

ompleted)

Sept. 28-30

JGO

FS

/LO

ICZ

/IOC

C

ontinental M

argins W

orkshop II

on M

arginal S

eas, T

aipei, T

aiwan, R

.o.C.; International S

ymposium

on Biogeochem

ical Fluxes in M

arginal Seas and T

ropical C

oastal Z

ones, International

Conference

Centre

(Taipei).

Contact:

Kon-K

ee L

iu, Institute

of O

ceanography, National T

aiwan U

niversity, P.O

. Box 23-13, T

aipei 106, TA

IWA

N, R

.o.C., T

el. +886 2 2363 1810, Fax. +886 2 2362 6092, (C

ompleted)

October 21-28

Joint IA

PS

O-IA

BO

A

ssembly,

Mar

del P

lata, A

rgentina. A

n O

cean O

dyssey. Sym

posium session. C

ontact: Hugh D

ucklow, V

irginia Institute of Marine Science, C

ollege of William

and M

ary, Route 1208-G

reate Road, B

ox 1346, Gloucester P

oint, VA

23062-1346, US

A, T

el. +1 804

684 7180, Fax. +

1 804 684 7293, or Karin L

ochte, FB

Marine B

iogeochemie, Institut für M

eereskunde an der U

niversität Kiel, D

üsternbrooker weg 20, D

-24105 Kiel, G

ER

MA

NY

, Tel. +

49 431 600 4250, F

ax. +49 431 565 876 (C

ompleted)

- 30 -

October 5-7

North P

acific Synthesis G

roup Meeting. C

ontact: Alexander B

ychkov, North P

acific M

arine Science O

rganization, c/o Institute of Ocean S

ciences, 9860 West S

aanich Road, P

.O. B

ox 6000, S

idney B.C

. V8L

4B2, C

AN

AD

A, T

el. +1 250 363 6364, Fax. +1 250 363 6827, (C

ompleted)

October

Data M

anagement T

ask Team

, Business M

eeting, Washington, D

C. C

ontact: Margarita

Conkright, O

cean Clim

ate Laboratory, N


ata Center / N

ational Oceanic and

Atm

ospheric Adm

inistration, 1315 East-W

est Highw

ay, OC

/5, Silver S

pring, MD

20910, US

A, T

el. +1

301 713 3290 ext. 193, Fax. +1 301 713 3303, (Cancelled)

Nov. 12-17

Paleo JG

OF

S T

ask Team

Meeting. C

ontact: Karin L

ochte, FB

Marine B

iogeochemie,

Institut für Meereskunde an der U

niversität Kiel, D

üsternbrooker weg 20, D

-24105 Kiel, G

ER

MA

NY

, T

el. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876 (C

ompleted)

Year 2002 (M

eetings planned as of Decem

ber 2001)

January 23-25, Southam

pton, UK

. C

ontinental M

argin T

ask T

eam

Workshop

on S

ubpolar R

egions. Contact: Jonathan S

harples, School of O

cean and Earth S

cience, Southam

pton Oceanography

Centre, E

uropean Way, S

outhampton S

O14 3Z

H, U

nited Kingdom

. Tel. +

44 23 8059 649; Fax +

44 23 8059 3059

January 29-30, Washington D

C, U

SA

. D

ata M

anagement

Task

Team

M

eeting. C

ontact: M

argarita C

onkright, Ocean C

limate L

aboratory, E/O

C5, 1315 E

ast-West H

ighway, S

ilver Spring, M

D 20910,

US

A. T

el.: 1(301) 713-3290 ext 193, Fax: 1(301) 713-3303

February 11-15, H

onolulu, HI, U

SA

D

uring the

forthcoming

2002 O

cean S

ciences M

eeting organised by A

GU

and AS

LO

, special sessions or meetings are sponsored by JG

OF

S for the S

OS

G

(OS

04. The C

ycle of Carbon in the S

outhern Ocean", chaired by P

aul Tréguer, U

lrich Bathm

ann, Tom

T

rull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane B

lain), the EPSG

(Robert L

e Borgne) and the N

ASG

(Véronique

Garçon).

April 22-26, N

ice, France.

During the forthcom

ing European G

eophysical Society 27th

General A

ssembly, a special session "O

A8. B

iogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the A

tlantic O

cean", chaired by W. K

oeve, J. Aiken and V

. Garçon is sponsored by JG

OF

S for the N

AS

G.

May or June, Ispra, Italy.

Joint W

orkshop of the Global S

ynthesis Working G

roup and JG

OF

S-G

AIM

Task T

eam on 3D

Ocean C

arbon Modelling and A

nalysis. Contacts: R

einer Schlitzer,

Alfred W

egener Institute for Polar and M

arine Research, D

ept. of GeoS

ystem, P

.O. B

ox 120161, D-

27515 Brem

erhaven, GE

RM

AN

Y, T

el. (49) 471 48311559, Fax. (49) 471 48311149; Patrick Monfray,

Institut Pierre S

imon L

aplace, Laboratoire des S

ciences du Clim

at et de l'Environnem

ent, Orm

e des M

erisiers, F-91191 G

if sur Yvette, F

RA

NC

E, T

el. (33) 1 69 08 77 24, Fax. (33) 1 69 08 77 16

Sum

mer, O

rono, ME

, US

A.

E

quatorial Pacific S

ynthesis Meeting and W

orkshop. Contact:

Robert L

e Borgne, C

entre IRD

, B.P

. A5, F

-98848 Noum

éa Cedex, T

el. (33-4) 9104 1657, Fax. (33-4)

9104 1635, FR

AN

CE

; Fei C

hai, School of M

arine Sciences, U

niversity of Maine, O

rono, ME

04469-5741, U

SA

, Tel. (1-207) 581 4317, F

ax. (1-207) 581 4388

Sept. / O

ctober, Concepción, C

hile. 17th

JGO

FS

Scientific

Steering

Com

mittee

Meeting.

and capacity

building /

training course

on ocean

biogeochemistry.

Contact:

Roger

Hanson,

JGO

FS

International P

roject Office, S

MR

, University of B

ergen, PO

Box 7800, 5020 B

ergen, Norw

ay. Tel:

(+47-555) 84244, Fax: (+

47-555) 89687.

Fall, N

agoya, Japan.

N

orth Pacific S

ynthesis Group M

eeting and Sym

posium for the

North P

acific synthesis. Contact: T

oshiro Saino, Institute for H

ydrospheric-Atm

ospheric Science,

Nagoya U

niversity, Furo-cho, C

higusa-Ku, N

agoya 464-8601, Japan, Tel. (81-52) 789 3487, F

ax. (81-52) 789 3436

- 31 -

Late F

all, Sidney, B

.C., C

anada. N

orth Pacific S

ynthesis Group editorial m

eeting for an issue of the

Journal of

Oceanography

on JG

OF

S

NP

synthesis. C

ontact: T

oshiro S

aino, Institute

for H

ydrospheric-Atm

ospheric Science, N

agoya University, F

uro-cho, Chigusa-K

u, Nagoya 464-8601,

Japan, Tel. (81-52) 789 3487, F

ax. (81-52) 789 3436

early Winter, place to be determ

ined. C

ontinental M

argin T

ask T

eam

Workshop

for the

Global

Synthesis of the 5 R

egional Syntheses. C

ontact: Renato Q

uiñones, Departam

ento de Oceanografia,

Universidad de C

oncepción, Casilla 160-C

, Concepción C

HIL

E T

el. +56-41-203861, F

ax. +56-41-

256571; L

arry A

tkinson, C

enter for

Coastal

Physical

Oceanography,

Old

Dom

inion U

niversity, N

orfolk, VA

23529-0276, US

A, T

el. (1-757) 683 4926, Fax. (1-757) 683 5550

Year 2003

Archival of all JG

OFS data sets at the W

orld Data C

entres (WD

C) System

!

May

18th JG

OF

S S


omm

ittee Meeting, W

ashington DC

, US

A. C

ontact: R

oger Hanson, JG

OF

S International Project O


ergen, SM

R, H

igh Technology

Centre, P

ost Box 7800, N

-5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y, T

el. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687

May 5-8

Final JG

OF

S O

pen Science C

onference. National A

cademy of S

ciences, Washington

DC

, US

A. C

ontact: Ken B

uesseler, Departm

ent of Marine C

hemistry and G

eochemistry, W

oods Hole

Oceanographic Institution, W

HO

I, Clark L

aboratory, Mail S

top #25, Woods H

ole, MA

02543, US

A,

Tel. +

1 508 289 2309, Fax. +1 508 457 2193

Fall

JGO

FS E

xecutive M

eeting. C

ontact: R

oger H

anson, JG

OFS

International Project

Office,

University

of B

ergen, S

MR

, H

igh T

echnology C

entre, P

ost B

ox 7800,

N-5020

Bergen,

NO

RW

AY

, Tel. +

47 5558 4244, Fax. +

47 5558 9687 (pending)

- 32 -

11.4.A

PP

EN

DIX

4: Practical Inform

ation (provided before the Meeting)

Hotel A

rrangements

Because of arrangem

ents provided by the IGB

P in A

msterdam

, we ask that you log onto the IG

BP

OS

C

web site and m

ake your own hotel arrangem

ents and register for the conference. The JG

OFS IP

O w

ill reim

burse your travel costs after the meeting or provide an advance before the m

eeting. For advances,

please contact Reidun G

jerde early. As alw

ays, you are responsible for all incidental costs attributed to your hotel room

(phone, minibar, etc.).

City and A

irport Connections

For people flying into A

msterdam

Airport (S

chiphol), you need to catch a train from the airport to

Central S

tation (CS

)/Am

sterdam/C

ity Centre. T

he train costs NG

L 6.50 and leaves from

platform 3,

approximately every 15-20 m

inutes. It takes approximately 15 m

inutes to arrive at CS. F

rom there, you

make you w

ay to your hotels by foot, tram, or taxi. C

heck with the Inform

ation Centre if you are unsure

(direction or best mode of transportation)

Meeting V

enue and Room

We

reserved the

library (R

oom

4) at

The

Royal

Netherlands

Academ

y of

Arts

and S

ciences (K

loveniersburgwal 29, A

msterdam

, The N

etherlands) for the meeting. T

he numbers and w

eb site are T

el: 31-20-551-0862, Fax: 31-20-620-49-41, and w

ww

.knaw.nl/. C

offee/Tea breaks and lunch w

ill be provided by K

NA

W each day (S

aturday and Sunday).

SS

C D

inner A

dinner for the SSC and guests w

as held at the Restaurant Sluizer on Saturday evening.

IPO

Contact (travel expenses)

Ms. R

eidun Gjerde

Adm

inistrative Assistant

JGO

FS IP

O (before and after you travel)

Tel: +

47-5558-4246 F

ax: +47-5558-9678

Hotel A

alborg (during the meeting)

Sarphatipark 106-108

EC

Am

sterdam

Tel: +

31 (0) 20-676-0310 or +

31 (0) 20- 679-9057

- 33 -

11.5.A

PP

EN

DIX

5: Draft A

genda (provided before the meeting)

Opening (09:00, 7 July 2001)

W

elcome and O

pening Address

A

nnouncements and L

ocal arrangements

A

doption of Agenda

Old B

usiness

M

inutes of the 15th Meeting of the S

SC

(Bergen, 2000): A

pproval

S

econd Open S

cience Conference (B

ergen, 2000): Expense R

eport

A

MB

IO S

pecial Report, M

ay 2001: Published

IG

BP

Science S

eries No. 2: S

tatus

IGB

P/S

pringer-Verlag B

ook: Status

Synthesis and Modelling Plans

E

xecutive Meeting (D

urham, 2000): G

lobal Synthesis &

Modelling

T

HIR

D JG

OFS

Open S

cience Conference (W

ashington DC

, May 2003)

O

ther Matters A

rising

Synthesis G

roups & T

ask Team

s Business

B

rief Activity R

eports

T

erms of R

eferences and Mem

bers: New

and Revised

R

equests for Year 2002 A

ctivities

Other JG

OF

S and Related M

eetings

Brief A

ctivity Reports

Scientific S

teering Com

mittee B

usiness

S


omm

ittee

Executive C

omm

ittee

International Program

mes

IG

BP

(Broadgate)

S

CO

R (U

rban)

C

arbon Advisory P

anel (Wallace)

IO

CC

G (H

oepffner)

PO

GO

(Sathyendranath)

National P

rogramm

es

U

S JG

OF

S (Anderson)

Others Program

me R

eports


ffice and JGO

FS

Budgets

IP

O A

ctivities (Hanson)

Data M

anagement (A

vril)

Funds and E

xpenses (Gjerde/H

anson)

Other B

usiness

N

ext SSC M

eeting

Adjourn (1700, Sunday, 8 July 2001)

- 34 -

11.6.A

PP

EN

DIX

6: Status of Actions from

the 15th SSC (B

ergen 2000)

Action 1: G

arçon agreed that model codes are a very im

portant issue. Schlitzer felt that the value of

having codes depends

on the complexity

of the m

odel and em

phasised that the need for

more

documentation along w

ith the codes. It is extra work and not alw

ays possible. Ducklow

added that it is an on-going process. A

ction 2: JGO

FS

moved the synthesis phase forw

ard with the creation of the G

SW

G. P

ublications, outcom

e, and visibility are now sought.

Action 3: IG

BP

Science S

eries No. 2 w

ill be placed on the IGB

P and JG

OF

S w

eb sites. A

ction 4: done, no comm

ent A

ction 5: done, no comm

ent A

ction 6/7: done, no comm

ent A

ction 8: Le B

orgne comm

ented that EP

SG

workshop/m

eeting is scheduled next year with m

odellers at the U

niversity of Maine. T

he host is Dr. F

ei Chai, and the approxim

ate time is A

ug.-Oct. 2002 period.

Funds (U

S$20,000) w

ill be requested to supplement the costs.

Action 9/10: H

anson mentioned that the IP

O has not received the revised T

oR for S

OS

G. A

n email

request was sent to U

li and the SO

SG

for action/revision at the Brest S

ymposium

. Travel funds w

ere approved for all S

OS

G m

embers to attend and m

eet together at the Brest S

ymposium

. A

ction 11/12: Discussion deferred to B

urkill report on IOS

G activities.

Actions 13/14: done, no com

ment

Actions 15/16: D

ucklow felt that the acquisition of S

tation P data w

as moving forw

ard, but Conkright

thought otherwise. S

tation P data are not com

plete. NO

DC

received only hydrography and nutrient data for S

tation Papa, w

hich are available on Canada-JG

OFS

CD

-RO

M

Action 17: done, no com

ment

Action 18: M

onfray mentioned possible interactions w

ith OC

MIP

and the new G

SW

G, possible joint

workshop in 2002, w

hich will be open to a w

ider ocean comm

unity (modellers, observationalists and

users of remote sensing inform

ation). Schlitzer added that G

SW

G needs JG

OF

S data to be m

ore accessible and encourages D

MT

T representation. M

onfray mentioned that JG

TT

plans to meet 1 day

next week (12/07/01) in A

msterdam

and requested Schlitzer’s attendance, if possible.


ment

Action 20: IG

BP

deferred the Nature paper til later


ment

Action 22: W

ith JGO

FS

winding dow

n, SS

C recom

mended that G

LO

BE

C seek a strong link w

ith the new

ocean biogeochemistry project.

Action 23: H

augan mentioned that he w

ould address CO

2 and GO

OS

in the Carbon A

dvisory Panel and

GO

OS

-OO

PC

reports. A

ction 24: Ducklow

emphasised the im

portance to maintain continuity in m

embership during the final

phase of JGO

FS

. A

ction 25-32: done, no comm

ent A

ctions 33/34: Deferred to budget discussion

Action 35: A

nderson mentioned that B

uesseler has begun to organise the Final O

SC

, now set for 5-8

May 2003 at the N

ational Academ

y of Sciences in W

ashington DC

, US

A.

- 35 -

11.7.A

PP

EN

DIX

7: Conference F

unds and Expenses (F

inal Report)

Funds

Credit

(US

$) E

xpenses D

ebit (U

S$)

A) C

onference Support

A

) Conference C

osts

Norw

egian Research C

ouncil $10,500

Announcem

ents/Posters

$13,846 N

orwegian P

olar Institute $1,200

Promotional E

ffects $1,327

Fisheries C

omm

ission $2,300

Social E

vents $22,345

Nansen C

entre $1,200

Conference F

acilities $27,316

SCO

R F

unds 1999 (printing) $11,600

PL

US

Conference O

rganizers$7,500

Conference F

ees $48,400

Miscellaneous E

xpenses $2,866

Sub T

otal $75,200

$75,200

B) T

ravel Support

B

) Travel/H

otel/Fees

$89,500 E

U (for young E

uropean scientists)* $20,000

SCO

R (developing countries)

$10,000

IO

C (developing countries)

$10,000

U

niversity of Bergen

$3,500

JG

OFS

(support for Speakers)

$20,000

U

S JG

OFS

(support for 10 US

Scientists)**

$10,000

N

AS

G F

und (support for one French S

cientist) $2,000

IGB

P (support for SS

C travel)

$14,000

S

ub Total

$89,500

$89,500 T

OT

AL

$164,700

$164,700

C) N

ominal S

upport

Institute of Marine R

esources (Aquarium

Rental)$2,000

City of B

ergen (Conference R

eception) $4,000

Sub-T

otal $6,000

TO

TA

L O

SC

Funding

$170,700

* K

arin Lochte and staff adm

inistered these funds

** US

JGO

FS

administered these funds

- 36 -

11.8.A

PP

EN

DIX

8: IGB

P/Springer-V

erlag Book (updated July 2001)

Title: O

cean Biogeochem

istry: a JGO

FS synthesis

Editor: M

.J.R. F

asham

Associate E

ditors: J. Field, T

. Platt, &

B. Z

eitzschel

Contents:

Preface (P

eter Brew

er?)

Chapter 1: B

iogeochemical provinces (H

ugh W. D

ucklow) – delivered

Chapter 2: T

he role of physical processes in biological production (Richard G

. William

s and Michael J.

Follow

s) – delivered

Chapter 3: C

ontinental margin exchanges (C

hen-Tung A

rthur Chen, K

.K. L

iu and Rob M

acDonald) –

delivered

Chapter 4: R

egional and global primary, new

and export production (Paul F

alkowski and Jim

Murray) –

Barber providing input to the chapter, still w

aiting

Chapter 5: C

arbon dioxide fluxes in the global ocean (Andrew

J. Watson, Jam

es Orr and D

. W. R

.

Wallace) – expecting it soon

Chapter 6: T

he role of comm

unity structure in regulating export fluxes (Michael R

. Landry, U

lrich

Bathm

ann, Paul Falkow

ski, Thom

as Kiørboe and F

rede T. T

hingstad) – still waiting

Chapter 7: W

ater column biogeochem

istry below the euphotic zone (P

aul Tréguer) – delivered

Chapter 8: T

he impact of clim

ate change and feedback processes on the ocean carbon cycle (Philip

Boyd and S

cott Doney) – still w

aiting

Chapter 9: B

enthic processes and the burial of carbon (K. L

ochte, R. F

. Anderson, R

. Francois, R.

Jahnke and A. V

etrov) – delivered

Chapter 10: A

n emerging paradigm

for global ocean carbon and ecosystem m

odelling (Scott C

. Doney)

– delivered

Chapter 11: T

emporal studies of biogeochem

ical processes in the world’s oceans (D

.M. K

arl, S.

Em

erson, P.J H

arrison, A. F

. Michaels, and Y

. Nojiri) – delivered?

Chapter 12: W

hat has JGO

FS achieved and w

hat are the lessons for future research? (Michael J.R

.

Fasham) – w

aiting on the delivery of AL

L chapters before w

riting

- 37 -

11.9.A

PP

EN

DIX

9: Equatorial P

acific Synthesis Group (L

e Borgne)

Le B

orgne, Robert. C

hair, Institut de Recherche pour le D

éveloppement, F

RA

NC

E

Barber, R

ichard. Duke U

niversity, US

A

Chai, Fei. U

niversity of Maine, U

SA

F

eely, Richard. P

ME

L, N

OA

A, U

SA

K

arl, David. U

niversity of Haw

aii, US

A

Lew

is, Marlon. D

alhousie University, C

AN

AD

A

Mackey, D

enis. CS

IRO

, AU

ST

RA

LIA

M

urray, James. U

niversity of Washington, U

SA

N

ozaki, Yoshiyuki. U

niversity of Tokyo, JA

PA

N

Fieldw

ork. Most of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except for the JA

MS

TE

C

cruises which are organized every year in January-F

ebruary in the western and central P

acific (145°E-

160°W). C

arbon dioxide observations are routinely made by P

ME

L along the T

AO

mooring lines, w

ith tw

o cruises per year on board R/V

s Ron B

rown and K

a’imim

oana. Tw

o time-series w

orks, involving C

O2 and bio-optical m

easurements on T

AO

moorings (155°W

and 170°W) started in 1997 and are

being carried on. Finally, ships of opportunity m

easurements of C

O2 , pigm

ents and nutrients have been on since the end of 1999 in the fram

e of PR

OO

F (formerly F

rance-JGO

FS

). All these on-going

activities are planned to continue during the next few years.

Data C

D-R

OM

’s. Since its first m

eeting in 1998, EPS

G decided to gather all data collected during

oceanographic cruises on CD

-RO

Ms. M

.P. Labaied, from

DM

TT

agreed with doing this w

ork and has already received all the data from

Australian, U

.S. and F

rench cruises. How

ever, the Japanese policy in term

s of biogeochemical data release is different and needs a different approach. O

ne of the solutions that m

ay be envisaged in this case, is to present only the cruise plans, measured param

eters with P

I’s and m

ethods, station positions and time. S

uch a presentation of Japanese data would be a good start for

future developments.

Modelling activities. M

ost of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to m

odelling w

ithin two groups: U

S JG

OF

S S

MP (S

ynthesis and Modeling P

rogram) and P

RO

OF

Modélisation. In

addition, the region is part of global models developed by various organizations. T

he models consider

the following points: new

and export productivity regulation by Si and F

e, ecosystem and carbon cycle

responses to physical variability on various time-scales, evaluation of m

arine primary productivity

using satellite ocean colour, food-web regulation of particulate export flux in H

NL

C regions, and

plankton comm

unity structure and export flux.

Synthesis publications. L

e Borgne, F

eely and Mackey are editing a D

eep-Sea R

esearch Part II volum

e. M

ost of the 17 manuscripts are now

ready for publication, which should com

e out at the beginning of 2002. T

he Introductory chapter of the volume w

as written during a m

eeting of the editors in Hobart

(Decem

ber 2000) and aims at being a « synthesis of the synthesis ». A

modified sum

mary of the

Introductory paper has been submitted to S

cientific Am

erican and, provided it is accepted, will lead to a

general article about the carbon budget of the equatorial Pacific.

EP

SG

future activities. The entire G

roup has not met since its first m

eeting in 1998 and there is a need for direct contacts. E

-mail com

munications appears unreliable. D

uring the meeting of som

e mem

bers of the group in B

ergen (April 2000), it w

as suggested that a joint meeting betw

een EP

SG

and young m

odellers would be a good opportunity to transm

it knowledge and the conclusions of the synthesis

work, w

hich has been achieved recently. The idea progressed and F

ei Chai proposed to host such a

meeting at his institute (U

niversity of Maine, O

rono, US

A) in A

ugust-October 2002. T

he meeting

would include E

PS

G m

embers plus other observationalists and m

odellers, 25-30 participants in total.

- 38 -

11.10.A

PP

EN

DIX

10: North A

tlantic Synthesis Group (G

arçon)

Véronique, G

arçon. Chair, L

EG

OS

, FRA

NC

E

Drange, H

elge. NR

SC

, NO

RW

AY

D

ucklow, H

ugh. VIM

S, U

SA

F

asham, M

ichael. SO

C, U

K

Fernandez, Em

ilio. University of V

igo, SPAIN

K

oeve, Wolfgang. IfM

-Kiel, G

ER

MA

NY

L

owry, R

oy. BO

DC

, UK

M

émery, L

aurent. LO

DY

C, FR

AN

CE

S

iegel, Dave. U

CS

B, U

SA

W

allace, Douglas. IfM

-Kiel, G

ER

MA

NY

Achievem

ents in 2000-2001 T

hird and final NA

SG

meeting in A

rcachon, 15-16 January 2001 (Report available on the JG

OF

S

International web site) follow

ed by the Annual S

ynthesis and Modelling M

eeting of the French PRO

OF

program

me.

Edition of a S

pecial Issue of Deep S

ea Research P

art II: JGO

FS

Research in the N

orth Atlantic O

cean: A

Decade of R

esearch, Synthesis and M

odelling, Volum

e 48, No 10, M

ay 2001. Guest E

ditors: W

olfgang Koeve and H

ugh Ducklow

. R

eport on the Workshop: T

owards a “G

reen Ocean M

odel” held in Villefranche-sur-M

er, France, June 2001. Invitation of K

K L

iu at LE

GO

S, T

oulouse, France, 6-7 A

ugust 2001 to foster links with C

ontinental M

argins Task T

eam and to encourage subm

ission of data from F

rench continental margins studies to

the international CM

TT

data centre.

Which actions to encourage N

A synthesis in late 2001-early 2002?

Joint synthesis work under w

ay and planned publication for 2002 Joint N

orth Atlantic B

iogeochemistry (JG

OF

S S

ynthesis-AM

T-P

OM

ME

) during the next 2002 EG

S

Meeting (N

ice, France, 22-26 A

pril 2002), convenors: W. K

oeve and J. Aiken

Mem

bership D

oug Wallace and H

elge Drange have expressed a desire to be replaced.

Term

s of Reference (T

oR)

Proposed M

odifications: D

elete the sentence « Present a paper on the results of the group’s activities at the 2000 JG

OF

S S

cience C

onference » A

dd the sentence « Foster links w

ith the recently formed G

lobal Synthesis W

orking Group »

NA

SG

expected to finish its work m

id 2002 and therefore to disband. S

trong links with the new

JGO

FS

Global S

ynthesis Working G

roup chaired by Reiner S

chlitzer

Budget status

Arcachon M

eeting Expenses: D

ucklow, K

oeve, Low

ry, Wollast, M

émery, G

arçon: ~ US

$ 9,000

- 39 -

11.11.A

PP

EN

DIX

11: Indian Ocean Synthesis G

roup (Burkill)

Burkill, P

eter. Chair, P

ML

, UK

A

mjad, S

hahid. National Institute of O

ceanography, PAK

IST

AN

B

aars, Martien. N

IOZ

, TH

E N

ET

HE

RL

AN

DS

B

anse, Karl. U


SA

K

indle, John. NR

L-S

SC

, US

A

Naqvi, W

ajih. CS

NIO

, IND

IA

Rixen, T

im. U

niversität Brem

en, GE

RM

AN

Y

Sathyendranath, S

hubha. Dalhousie U

niversity, CA

NA

DA

S

mith, S

haron. RS

MA

S, U

SA

Y

ajnik, Kirit. C

MM

AC

S, IND

IA

The IO

SG

has three matters to report.

Synthesis R

eport on Arabian S

ea Biogeochem

istryT

his report originated through discussion at the last meeting of the IO

SG

(Bangalore in 1999). IO

SG

identified key topics and authors to produce an updated but personal view

on advances in Arabian S

ea biogeochem

istry during the period of JGO

FS

Process Studies. T

his report brings recent literature together in an integrative w

ay and will be used as a stepping-stone tow

ards publications in the peer-review

ed literature. Agreem

ent by the JGO

FS

SS

C in 2000 to allocate som

e travel funds, has allowed

editing of the chapters. Sharon S

mith, L

ouisa Watts and P

eter Burkill m

et in Miam

i in June 2001 to bring the report together. T

he report is largely complete thanks largely to the trem

endous work put in by

Louisa W

atts. One chapter is incom

plete and some m

inor editorial work rem

ains to be done. This w

ill be

completed

in the

next few

m

onths. W

e ask

for any

comm

ents from

the

JGO

FS

S

SC

, and endorsem

ent that this report is published in the JGO

FS/SCO

R Series. A

time-line for peer-review

ed publications co-ordinated by IO

SG

is identified in the report.

National A

ctivitiesC

anada: Shubha Sathyendranath reports that there are no national activities. How

ever, Louisa W

atts’ contribution to the S

ynthesis Report is particularly notew

orthy.

Germ

any: Tim

Rixen reports that the second synthesis phase started in M

arch 2001 and will lasts until

February 2003. G

erman data are available via w

ww

.ifm.uni-kiel.de/jgofs/dm

/. A new

data manager has

been recently appointed (Joachim H

errmann) at the Institut für M

eereskunde in Kiel.

India: Wajih N

aqvi reports that the JGO

FS

-India programm

e involved extensive observations during five cruises of the R

/V S

agar Kanya during 1994-97 in the eastern and central parts of the A

rabian Sea.

The results of these surveys w

ere presented in about 40 research papers including those published in a special issue of C

urrent Science (V

ol. 71, No. 11, 10 D

ecember, 1996). T

he synthesis of these results is under final stages. A

part from providing an account of the productivity and carbon flow

, the synthesis efforts are expected to culm

inate in the development of a m

odel for carbon emissions/absorption in the

eastern Arabian S

ea.

The

JGO

FS

-India team

is

now

extending its

studies to

the B

ay of

Bengal.

The

Bay

provides hydrographical conditions quite different from

the Arabian S

ea primarily as a consequence of the huge

amounts of freshw

ater input (~1.5 x 1012 m3 y-1) and associated sedim

ent load (~1.5 billion tones). H

owever, it rem

ains as one of the least studied areas of the oceans. The upper layer is strongly

stratified, but frequent tropical cyclones occurring in this region are expected to bring about substantial nutrient injection to the euphotic zone stim

ulating primary production. O

xygen concentrations in interm

ediate waters approach but do not reach suboxia even though the organic carbon fluxes to deep

sea appear to be higher than those in the Arabian S

ea.

- 40 -

A m

ajor project termed the B

ay of Bengal P

rocess Studies (B

OB

PS

) has recently been approved for funding (IN

R 16.5 m

illions) by the Departm

ent of Ocean D

evelopment (D

OD

), New

Delhi. T

his multi-

institutional endeavour

involving the

National

Institute of

Oceanography

(NIO

), G

oa, Physical

Research

Laboratory

(PR

L),

Ahm

edabad, C

entre for

Mathem

atical M

odelling and

Com

puter S

imulation (C

MM

AC

S), B

angalore, and Goa U

niversity, will be form

ally initiated in July 2001. Field

studies, similar to those undertaken in the A

rabian Sea, w

ill be carried out utilizing the R/V

Sagar K

anya (5 cruises) over a 2-year period with an additional year for synthesis. S

amplings at 1-degree

interval are planned along 89oE longitude north of 5oN

latitude up to the Bengal coast. In addition,

several stations over the shelf along the east coast of India will also be w

orked during each cruise.

Post-JG

OF

S studies in the A

rabian Sea have largely been focused over the w

estern Indian shelf and have led to som

e exciting findings of seasonal development of anoxia w

ith an unprecedented build-up of nitrous oxide in the inner and m

id-shelf regions. In addition to this work, studies on nitrogen cycling

have been undertaken with em

phasis on direct measurem

ents of denitrification rate using 15N-labelled

substrates. Finally, an effort is being m

ade to develop a multi-national program

me involving India,

Om

an and US

A. A

tri-lateral Workshop organized at M

uscat in Novem

ber 2000, has led to the form

ulation of a research proposal to be submitted to the U

S N

ational Science F

oundation. As a follow

-up of this W

orkshop, a research cruise of the R/V

Sagar K

anya is planned for Septem

ber-October,

2001. A trans-A

rabian Sea section w

ith re-occupation of the US

JGO

FS

Southern L

eg in the west and

the 15oN transect frequently w

orked during the previous Indian cruises is planned for this cruise.

UK

: Peter B

urkill reports that since the 1994 field campaign, a series of papers have been published

including two S

pecial Issue of Deep S

ea Research II and one in P

rogress in Oceanography. T

here is no national

JGO

FS

A

rabian S

ea S

ynthesis activity

although individual

papers w

ill continue

to be

published. A

major cruise (A

MB

ITIO

N) w

ill investigate m

icrobial functional biodiversity in the

Arabian S

ea in Septem

ber 2001.

Ukraine: K

arl Banse reports that S

.A. P

iontkovski and his colleagues are producing a CD

-RO

M. T

his involves the collation of R

ussian and Ukrainian oceanographic data (C

TD

, nutrients, heterotrophic bacteria, phytoplankton, m

icro-, meso-, and m

acro zooplankton, mesopelagic fishes, and squids) from

the Indian O

cean (including the Arabian S

ea) collected on 19 expeditions of the former A

cademy of

Sciences of the S

oviet Union betw

een 1959 and 1990. The m

aster copy of the CD

is ready for dissem

ination. At present, S. P

iontkovski is looking for funds to manufacture 100 copies of the C

D. H

e also plans to ask JG

OFS and G

LO

BE

C to assist w

ith the announcement and dissem

ination of the CD

.

US

A: S

haron Sm

ith reports that four issues of Deep S

ea Research II have now

been published with a

5th volume in revision. T

he national Synthesis and M

odelling Project has started w

ith two proposals

funded. One is for a 1-D

Arabian S

ea model that is posted on a test-bed site for all to use. T

he other is to integrate all the P

rocess Study m

odels into a comm

on format and ensure they are available for the

comm

unities use. The U

S-JG

OF

S database is being updated to allow

data extraction and plotting of variables. T

he Arabian S

ea Process Study w

as the first data set to be chosen for this since it is the most

complete, high quality data set in the U

S JG

OF

S database.

Karl B

anse reports on important developm

ents on bringing Russian literature to our attention, including

that of the R/V

Professor V

odyanitsky, 30th cruise, February/M

arch 1990. Banse and S

. A. P

iontkovski are finishing the editing of a book about the last com

prehensive expedition of the Institute of Biology of

Southern S

eas (IBS

S), U

krainian National A

cademy of S

ciences, in Sevastopol, U

kraine. In contrast to w

ork by the other nations who sam

pled along sections in the Arabian S

ea, the Soviet and later

Ukrainian colleagues w

orked on polygons or station grids that permit three-dim

ensional interpretations of physical, chem

ical and biological parameters m

easured simultaneously. T

he present cruise covered 77 principal stations, 55 km

apart, in a 275-375-km w

ide strip between 15o and 21.5oN

outside the O

mani E

EZ

. With em

phasis on the processes in the upper 200 m, 15 chapters describe the observations

extending from hydrography and nutrients through concentration and production of heterotrophic

bacteria and phytoplankton, to distributions of micro-, m

eso-, and macrozooplankton, to m

esopelagic fishes and squids. A

few earlier cruises are also treated. B

esides discussing the results, the book

- 41 -

provides an entry into the Russian-language literature, w

hich is largely unknown to the E

nglish-writing

scientific world. T

he tentative title of the book is The S

tructure of the Epipelagic E

cosystem of the

Arabian S

ea on the Synoptic S

cale (with 184 figures and 29 tables). U

niversities Press (India) in

Hyderabad (D

eccan) wishes to print the w

ork.

Banse expects to com

plete a paper on the renewal of the w

ell-ventilated salinity maxim

um in the top of

the pycnocline in the northern Arabian S

ea, which is distinct from

the comm

on salinity maxim

um of the

central and southern Arabian S

ea and, together with colleagues in G

oa, India to complete the study of

the short-term variability (days) and long-term

stability (4 decades) of the oxygen minim

um along

65oE.

Translations of tw

o small m

onographs were edited by B

anse and submitted to U

niversities Press

(India): L. I. S

azhina, Breeding, G

rowth R

ates, and Production of M

arine Copepods (w

ith 54 figures and 40 tables), originally published in 1987 and m

ostly based on observations at warm

temperatures,

and E. V

. Pavlova, M

ovement and E

nergy Metabolism

of Marine P

lanktonic Organism

s (with 60

Figures and 41 tables), a som

ewhat updated version of the 1987 edition, w

hich is also mostly based on

data from w

arm w

ater.

Banse has begun editing the E

nglish translation of a book edited by T. S. P

etipa, Mechanism

s of F

ormation of A

ggregation and Functioning of P

lankton in Ecosystem

s of the Indian Ocean (w

ith 134 figures and 53 tables), w

ith an appended Atlas of B

io-Oceanographic C

haracteristics of the Indian O

cean at the Boundaries of W

ater Masses (w

ith 199 charts). The book of 16 chapters focuses on a

comprehensive

IBS

S

expedition to

equatorial divergences

in the

spring of

1980 (sim

ilar to

the U

krainian 1990 cruise), with additional inform

ation on three other cruises in the early 1980s. The

Russian text had been typeset by 1993, but the deterioration of the econom

y in Ukraine prevented

publication.

Finally, a m

onograph with keys for all six stages of 85 dom

inant marine pelagic copepods by L

. I. S

azhina (1985), Nauplii of M

ass Species of P

elagic Copepods of the W

orld Ocean (K

iev: Nauk.

Dum

ka), with 2 tables and 100 plates, has been translated. K

. Banse w

ill edit it.

Chairm

anshipP

eter Burkill w

ishes to step down from

the chair of this Group. T

his is due to too many other

comm

itments rather than changing interests. A

new chair that w

ill bring fresh impetus w

ill be required to carry forw

ard the Arabian S

ea synthesis.

- 42 -

11.12.A

PP

EN

DIX

12: Southern Ocean Synthesis G

roup (Tréguer)

Mem

bers T

réguer, Paul. C

hair, Université de B

retagne Occidentale, F

RA

NC

E

Bathm

ann, Uli. V

ice Chair, A

WI, G

ER

MA

NY

H

all, Julie. NIW

A, N

EW

ZE

AL

AN

D

Monfray, Patrick. L

SC

E, F

RA

NC

E

Pollard, R

aymond. S

OC

, UK

S

mith, W

alker. VIM

S, U

SA

(alternate: Robert A

nderson, LD

EO

, US

A)

Trull, T

om. U

niversity of Tasm

ania, AU

ST

RA

LIA

Synthesis and modelling

The 3rd S

O-JG

OF

S S

ymposium

on Clim

atic changes and the cycle of carbon held in Brest, France, 8-

12 July 2000. 210 scientists originating from 19 nations attended the S

ymposium

. Hereafter are m

ajor conclusions and questions (detailed report available via Paul T

réguer).

Due to the juxtaposition of the cooling effect on w

arm subtropical w

aters and the biological utilization effect on nutrient-rich sub-A

ntarctic waters the S

outhern Ocean (S

.O.) acts as a significant net sink (0.6

GT

C yr-1 >50°S

) for atmospheric C

O2 . S

outh of 30°S the total annual export of particulate organic

carbon is estimated at 3 P

g C yr-1 (about 1/3 of the w

orld total). There is a big gap betw

een studies, w

hich consider export fluxes out of photic layer (especially using 234Th techniques), and those

concerned by the measurem

ents of biogenic matter in deep w

aters and at the water-sedim

ent interface. T

o take into account the processes that control the fluxes of remineralisation and recycling in the «

twilight » zone (100-1000 m

) should be a high priority for future programm

es.

The im

portance of the physical-biological coupling at mesoscale in the S

.O. has been dem

onstrated both from

SeaW

iFS

images and from

circulation models (e.g., O

CC

AM

).

Since the beginning of the 1990s, num

erous sophisticated biogeochemical m

odels have emerged. T

hey rem

ain preliminary tools to account for the com

plexity of the Antarctic ecosystem

s. Attention is to be

put on the role of key species in the key ecosystems, on the com

munity structure and on the dynam

ics of the higher trophic levels, if w

e want to im

prove the models outputs in term

s of carbon retention and/or export.

The sea ice has definitely to be approached as a unique system

. In the Seasonal Ice Z

one (SIZ

) in addition to the classical export pathw

ay based on diatoms, the carbon export flux associated w

ith P

haeocystis antarctica represents another important pathw

ay for carbon sequestration. Because bloom

s of P

. antarctica cause intense DM

S emissions, the role of P

. antarctica may be m

ore important than

previously thought with respect to the S

.O. biological pum

p. Large deviations from

the classical R

edfield ratios have been reported in the SIZ, w

hich has many im

plications for modellers. W

e still have to fill in the gap of the linkage betw

een the ice and the adjacent water colum

n ecosystem to better

understand the SIZ

dynamics.

The biogeochem

istry of the S.O

. is clearly very sensitive to climate change, but depending on the

proxies the authors referred to, much disagreem

ent is remaining about w

hat happened to the biological pum

p of

CO

2 during

the past,

and especially

during the

Last

Glacial

Maxim

um.

To

reconcile contradictory interpretations, m

ultiproxies studies that take into account the glacial boundary conditions of w

ind stress, ocean circulation, sea-ice extension and temperature, are encouraged.

We already have som

e indications of the biogeochemistry of the m

odern S.O

. is changing. Global

physical-biogeochemical coupled m

odels are now available, indicating the S

.O. m

ight become the m

ain oceanic

sink for

atmospheric

CO

2 , if

atmospheric

CO

2 concentration

continues to

increase exponentially. N

evertheless, this capacity could be counteracted by an induced stratification of S.O

. in a w

armer clim

ate. To im

prove our predictive capacity, however coupling m

odels and observations is yet a high priority.

- 43 -

Thirty-tw

o peer-reviewed papers issued from

this 2000 Sym

posium are to be published in D

eep-Sea

Research II (G

uest editors: Paul T

réguer et al.). The review

process is being finalized and this special volum

e should be published in 2002.

2-Meetings in H

onolulu, Haw

aii, US

A, F

ebruary 2002: To pursue w

ith synthesis and modelling a

special session dedicated to the cycle of carbon in the S.O

. is requested during the Ocean S

cience M

eeting, 11-15 February 2002 (C

o-convenors: Paul T

réguer, Uli B

athmann, T

om T

rull, Philip B

oyd, S

téphane Blain). F

ollowing the O

SM

we also plan to organise a S

O-JG

OF

S w

orkshop in Honolulu, 16-

17 Feb. 2002.

National/international efforts

Australia has been focused on com

pletion of the Sub A

ntarctic Zone (S

AZ

) Project organized by the

Antarctic C

ooperative Research C

entre (ww

w.antcrc.utas.edu.au/). T

he main fieldw

ork for the SA

Z

Project occurred in the 1997-1998 austral sum

mer. A

compilation of 16 papers presenting the m

ain results from

the SA

Z P

roject is currently being finalized for publication as a special section of JGR

-O

ceans (Tom

Trull). S

ome aspects of the S

AZ

Project are continuing – in particular, the annual

deployment of sedim

ent trap moorings in the S

AZ

and Polar Front Z

one (PF

Z) has continued since

1997 and is planned to continue until at least 2003. Future research plans include a m

ajor field program

me (N

ov.-Dec. 2001) onboard the R

/V A

urora Australis, involving the participation of ~80

marine scientists (A

ustralia, New

Zealand, E

urope, North A

merica, and Japan) for studying the carbon

cycle in the Sub-Antarctic Front, in the PFZ

and near and in melting sea-ice. T

his cruise includes process studies aboard the ship and deploym

ent of moorings fitted w

ith sediments traps. T

his work is

being coordinated with Japan, w

hich will undertake a series of voyages later in the 2001-2002 austral

summ

ers in the same region.

France is assessing w

hat has been done during the last 10 years under the umbrella of P

RO

OF

(the F

rench contribution to JGO

FS

). A specific report about the m

ajor issues of the AN

TA

RE

S/K

ER

FIX

program

me (F

rench contribution to SO

-JGO

FS

) is available via Jacques Lefèvre. In relation w

ith S

OL

AS

/IGB

P process studies in the Indian sector of the S

. O. are envisaged for the next years using the

R/V

Marion-D

ufresne as an international scientific platform (S

téphane Blain).

In Decem

ber 2000, in the frontal systems of the A

tlantic sector of the S.O

., along the 20°E m

eridian, G

ermany (U

. Bathm

ann, V. S

metacek) has organised the E

ISE

NE

X cruise (O

ctober-Novem

ber 2000) aboard the R

/V P

olarstern. This cruise included scientists from

15 countries (including UK

and NL

). U

sing iron sulphate, they seeded a water body extending over 100 km

2. EIS

EN

EX

did show that

addition of Fe led to quadrupling the phytoplankton biom

ass within a period of 3 w

eeks, despite heavy grazing and poor light conditions in spring. R

esults should be presented soon, especially during the 2002 O

SM.

Italy has three on-going programm

es that are related to SO

-JGO

FS

. The tw

o first programm

es focuses on the T

erra Nova B

ay (Ross S

ea); the first (Letterio G

ugliemo) deals w

ith the pack-ice ecosystems

dynamics (algal com

munities and nitrogen cycling), and the second (R

iccardo Cattaneo-V

ietti) with the

short and long term variability of the benthic com

munities. T

he third (Mariangela R

avaioli) also involves access to U

S facilities for studying subsystem

s located between N

ew Z

ealand and the Ross

Sea; it deals w

ith biogenic sedimentation and its relation w

ith biogeochemical processes, the C

O2 cycle

and climate changes, also using rem

ote sensing and modelling (1999-2001). R

eferences of relevant papers are available via G

iulio Catalano.

The U

S efforts (usjgofs.w

hoi.edu/mzw

eb/syn-mod.htm

) are along two lines: synthesis and m

odelling of S

outhern Ocean processes and the upcom

ing SO

FeX

cruise. AE

SO

PS

(W. O

. Sm

ith, Robert A

nderson) is planning 3 D

SR

II volumes (the first w

as published in Dec. 2000; the second is now

being processed at the publishers). S

OF

eX is a new

iron-fertilization experiment. T

he two study areas are located (1)

north of the polar front around 170°W for low

Si, low

Fe w

aters, and (2) south to ca. 65°S, 170°W

for high S

i, low F

e concentrations. SO

FeX

plans to involve three ships and enough time to know

about the export production aspects that both S

OIR

EE

and EIS

EN

EX

have missed.

- 44 -

11.13.A

PP

EN

DIX

13: North P

acific Synthesis Group (B

ychkov)

Bychkov, A

lexander. Chair, IO

S, CA

NA

DA

C

hen, Arthur. N

SY

SU

, CH

INA

-TA

IPE

I D

enman, K

en. DF

O-M

PO

, CA

NA

DA

H

arrison, Paul. U

niversity of British C

olumbia, C

AN

AD

A

Jiao, Nianzhi. N

IES

, JAP

AN

K

im, K

yung-Ryul. S

eoul National U

niversity, KO

RE

A

Kishi, M

ishio. Hokkaido U

niversity, JAP

AN

R

iser, Stephen. U


SA

S

aino, Toshiro. V

ice Chair, N

agoya University, JA

PA

N

IPO

Note: W

aiting for Bychkov’s report!

- 45 -

11.14.A

PP

EN

DIX

14: Paleo-JG

OF

S Task T

eam (L

ochte)

Lochte, K

arin. Co-C

hair from JG

OF

S, IfM

-Kiel, G

ER

MA

NY

F

rançois, Roger. C

o-Chair from

IMA

GE

S, W

HO

I, US

A

Holbourn, A

nn. Christian A

lbrechts Universität, G

ER

MA

NY

Jahnke, R

ick. Skidaw

ay Institute of Oceanography, U

SA

L

abeyrie, Laurent. L

SCE

, FRA

NC

E

Shim

mield, G

raham. D

ML

, UK

S

tocker, David. U

NIB

e, SW

ITZ

ER

LA

ND

T

réguer, Paul. U

niversité de Bretagne O

ccidentale, FR

AN

CE

V

ernal, Anne de. U

QàM

, CA

NA

DA

The P

aleo JGO

FS

Task T

eam m

et for the first time on 13-14 June 2000 in H

amburg, G

ermany at the

Institut für Meereskunde. P

articipants of the first meeting w

ere: Roger F

rançois, Rick Jahnke, A

nn H

olbourn, Laurent L

abeyrie, Karin L

ochte, Graham

Shim

mield and P

aul Tréguer. D

uring this meeting,

Term

s of Reference, m

embership and future tasks w

ere discussed. Tw

o main topics to be considered by

this group were identified:

Refining

and developing

new

paleo-oceanographic proxies

by studying

their system

atics w

ithin integrated m

ultidisciplinary process studies in the modern ocean;

Test the hypotheses of the role of the ocean in controlling atm

ospheric pCO

2 on time scales of decades

to millennia, and under recent anthropogenic im

pact.

The S

SC

s of JGO

FS

and PA

GE

S subsequently endorsed the P

JTT

. The m

embership w

as generally accepted, but an open question is still the participation of an A

sian mem

ber, as suitable candidates were

suggested.

At a follow

up of this meeting, a sm

all ad-hoc Germ

an group met on 5 A

pril 2001 in Ham

burg to discuss how

the tasks of PJT

T could be prom

oted. Topic 1, concerning the further developm

ent of proxies, requires

multidisciplinary fieldw

ork and relies on future

international projects. Topic 2,

analysing the role of the oceans in controlling atmospheric C

O2 fluxes on different tim

e scales, is less bound to new

data but rather requires synthesis of existing data and concepts. This m

ay be achieved in form

of a SC

OR

working group. P

lans for this are underway but need to be w

orked out in more details.

There w

ill be an informal m

eeting of mem

bers of PJT

T during the G

lobal Change O

pen Science

Conference in A

msterdam

(if an appropriate time can be found). A

workshop open to all interested

scientists is planned for late Fall 2001.

- 46 -

11.15.A

PP

EN

DIX

15: Continental M

argins Task T

eam (Q

uiñones)

Quiñones, R

enato. Co-C

hair from JG

OF

S, U

niversidad de Concepción, C

HIL

E

Atkinson, L

arry. Old D

ominion U

niversity, US

A

Gao, S

hu. Co-C

hair from L

OIC

Z, C

hinese Academ

y of Sciences, C

HIN

A – P

.R.C

. L

iu, K.-K

. National T

aiwan U

niversity, TA

IWA

N - R

.o.C.

Macdonald, R

obie. Institute of Ocean S

ciences, CA

NA

DA

T

alaue-McM

anus, Liana. R

SM

AS

, US

A

Overall goal of the C

MT

T

Assess the contribution of continental m

argins and seas to CO

2 sequestration and horizontal flux of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus across ocean-continental m

argin boundaries.

Main activities of the C

MT

T for the 2000/01 period

During this period, the C

MT

T has allocated m

ost of its efforts in producing an overall synthesis and assessm

ent of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes on and across continental margins to feed into

IGB

P. T

his synthesis will be given to the international com

munity as a com

prehensive book, which is

expected to be published in 2003.

In order to write this book, five w

orking groups were created (lead scientists in brackets): T

ropical M

argins (Liana M

cManus), M

arginal Seas (K

K L

iu and Shu G

ao), Eastern B

oundary Currents (R

enato Q

uiñones), Western B

oundary Currents (L

arry Atkinson), and P

olar Margins (R

obie MacD

onald).

Tw

o meetings w

ere already conducted to plan the outline of the sections of the book as well as to

organize a comm

on structure for constructing the biogeochemical budgets. A

final meeting w

ill take place in S

eptember 2001. In w

hat follows, a brief description of each of the m

eetings is given:

A) W

orkshop on Eastern and W

estern Boundary C

urrent System

s T

he joint meeting of the E

BC

/WB

C System

Groups w

as held at the Center for C

oastal Physical O

ceanography (Old D

ominion U

niversity, Norfolk, V

irginia), 27-29 Novem

ber 2001. Both JG

OF

S and

LO

ICZ

sponsored the workshop. L

arry Atkinson (U

.S.A

.) and Renato Q

uiñones (Chile) hosted the

meeting. T

he attendees were: F

rancisco Chávez (U

SA

), Lei C

hou (Belgium

), Lou C

odispoti (US

A),

George C

resswell (A

ustralia), Rick Jahnke (U

SA

), K.-K

. Liu (T

aiwan), John M

oisan (US

A), P

edro M

onteiro (South A

frica), Wajih N

aqvi (India).

The m

ain objective of the workshop w

as to produce a general outline of the CM

TT

Synthesis Book,

especially in relation to the EB

C/W

BC

sections. The proposed outline for the E

BC

/WB

C Section of the

book can be found in Appendix 1. In addition, an extensive analysis w

as conducted on: definition of the geographic lim

its of EB

C/W

BC

systems, relevant spatial and tem

poral scales of variability, main fluxes

and processes to be considered in the synthesis, identification of major gaps and uncertainties in the

current understanding of continental margin biogeochem

istry.

The E

BC

/WB

C S

ystem G

roup strongly suggests to the JGO

FS

and LO

ICZ

SS

Cs the creation of a new

group for S

ub-Polar E

cosystems. T

he EB

C/W

BC

group has opted to define its subject of study as those currents lying equatorw

ard of the westerlies and polew

ard of the tropics. This operational definition is

proposed, taking into account the stated goal of the CM

TT

synthesis. How

ever, this definition may

cause significant parts of the oceans to be missed. T

he areas that may not be considered include the

following:

North P

acific: Oyashio, K

amchatka, A

laska Coastal C

urrent, Kuroshio E

xtension N

orth Atlantic: L

abrador Current, G

rand Banks, E

uropean margin, N

orwegian C

oastal Current and

Gulf S

tream E

xtension. S

outh Atlantic: M

alvinas Current

South P

acific: Cape H

orn Current, C

hilean fjords

- 47 -

B) W

orkshop on Arctic M

argins T

he meeting w

as held at Sidney, B

C, C

anada, 7-11 May 2001. It w

as convened by Robie M

acdonald and attended by L

eif Anderson, R

uediger Stein, John Christensen, Igor S

emiletov and L

isa Miller. T

he objectives of the m

eeting were to organize a com

mon structure for constructing A

rctic shelf budgets for freshw

ater, particulates, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and for combining these into a com

plete A

rctic Ocean budget. E

ach participant accepted a particular shelf or shelves as their special assignment.

The first task identified w

as to produce up-to-date areas and hypsometry for the shelves using com

mon,

well-defined boundaries. E

lectronic charts have only recently become available to allow

an accurate – and consistent – assignm

ent of these fundamental properties. S

ources of data were discussed for inputs

of P, N

, C (dissolved and particulate) from

rivers and coastal erosion. Other com

ponents for the developm

ent of a comprehensive budget w

ere discussed, including: ocean inflows and outflow

s; atm

ospheric exchange; ice transport; and transformations w

ithin system com

ponents (boxes). A great

deal of the discussion centred on the uncertainties in the properties, the sources of data, and how to

approach the construction of budgets using LO

ICZ

and other models. T

he structure of (an) ensuing paper(s), am

assing this information and producing the individual shelf budgets together w

ith the whole

Arctic B

udget, was determ

ined. Although the group felt that a prelim

inary draft could be produced by early next year, it w

as noted that a comprehensive book on the organic carbon cycle in the A

rctic Ocean

is already planned under the guidance of Ruediger S

tein and that our approach in this budget would be

to use the material in that book as a source of inform

ation and to avoid duplication of effort. Logically,

therefore, the budgets produced by this group will follow

the completion of the prelim

inary draft of the organic carbon book.

C) International S

ymposium

and Workshop on C

arbon and Nutrient F

luxes in Marginal S

eas and T

ropical Coastal Z

ones T

he Sym

posium/W

orkshop will be held in T

aipei from 27 to 29 S

eptember 2001 in conjunction w

ith the 2001 Joint G

eoscience Assem

bly sponsored by the Chinese G

eoscience Union, T

aipei, R.o.C

. The

purpose is to facilitate information exchange, and to prom

ote synthesis and modelling for the m

arginal seas and tropical coasts as a part of the C

MT

T global synthesis. T

he potential areas to be covered and attendees to the m

eeting are:

1. Overview

(CT

A C

hen) 2. A

ustralia’s Shelf S

eas (Gregg J. B

runskill) 3. B

altic Sea

4. Black S

ea (T. O

guz) 5. C

aspian Sea

6. Coral R

eefs (Brad O

pdyke) 7. G

reat Lakes (V

al Klum

p) 8. Japan/E

ast Sea (K

yung-Ryul K

im)

9. Mediterranean, C

oastal and Shelf A

reas of the (André M

onaco) 10. B

ay of Bengal (M

.M. Sarin)

11. North S

eas (Helm

uth Thom

as) 12. S

ea of Okhotsk (S

hizuo Tsunogai)

13. SE

Asian A

rchipelagos (Robert A

ller) 14. S

outh China S

ea (K.K

. Liu)

15. Tropical coasts of the A

mericas (F

rank Muller-K

arger) 16. S

ediment transports (S

hu Gao)

CM

TT

Schedule for accomplishing the synthesis

A w

orking session of the CM

TT

will be conducted during the IG

BP

Global C

hange Open S

cience C

onference (Am

sterdam, the N

etherlands, 10-13 July 2001) to analyse: (i) the final outline of the book, (ii) the progress achieved to date, and (iii) to m

ake adjustments to the schedule, if needed. U

ntil now the

official schedule is:

Septem

ber 2001: all CM

TT

Subgroups m

eetings finished D

ecember 2001: final drafts of individual and collective papers.

- 48 -

February 2002-A

pril 2002: peer review process

June 2002: Synthesis m

eeting B

ook published by January 2003 N

ews on recent C

MT

T publications

The follow

ing article, written by current and past C

MT

T m

embers w

as published in the 26 Decem

ber 2000 issue of E

OS

: K.-K

. Liu, L

. Atkinson, C

.T.A

. Chen, S

. Gao, J. H

all, R.W

. Macdonald, L

.T.

McM

anus, and R.A

. Quiñones. 2000. E

xploring continental margin carbon fluxes on a global scale.

EO

S T

ransactions, Am

erican Geophysical U

nion, 81(52): 641-644.

AP

PE

ND

IX A

B

OO

K O

UT

LIN

E

EB

C/W

BC

Section 1) Introduction It w

ill describe the general approach taken including the main definitions used, the scope and the

limitations of the E

BC

/WB

C Section of the book.

In addition, it will present a review

of fluxes of carbon and other elements in the eastern and w

estern boundary currents of the ocean m

argins. The em

phasis is on the sequestration of carbon with reference

to N and P

as needed for clarity. Sequestration refers here to burial in sedim

ents that are not eroded on century tim

e-scales or export into the deep waters below

the main therm

ocline.

2) Com

parative Chapter on E

BC

/WB

Cs (A

tkinson et al.)T

his chapter sets the stage. A short exposition on physical and biogeochem

ical processes in eastern and w

estern boundary

currents relevant

to understanding

carbon fluxes

and sequestration.

Schem

atic diagram

s imperative.

3) R

egional A

nalysis -

Description

of the

system,

important

processes and

flux estim

ates w

ith docum

entation T

he carbon and other fluxes are presented for

each EB

C and W

BC

region. All values w

ill be docum

ented. Flux values should be referenced or the m

ethod(s) used to derive the flux documented.

Each section should use the sam

e basic format:

Primary Production

New

Production

air-sea flux R

ivers

Export

Export

Burial

Sequestration

Nutrient Supply

(C, N

)

denitrification

C,N

,P per m2 per year

per regionper year

Each region w

ill be described in a short paper focused on the specific fluxes and processes needed to generate the carbon synthesis. It is im

portant to note that each paper will not be a com

plete review of

each of the described systems but a directed analysis of the m

ain carbon fluxes with reference to

nitrogen and phosphorous fluxes in the system. T

he horizontal extent of the boundary system w

ill be defined by considering processes such as upw

elling and other mesoscale physical processes, prim

ary productivity, grazing, deposition and sinking fluxes.

(*The nam

ed scientist has the responsibility to find the specialist who w

ill write the chapter on the

region)

- 49 -

3.1 Eastern B

oundary Currents

California (C

hávez) H

umboldt (Q

uiñones) B

enguela (Monteiro)

Iberian (Chou)

Northw

est Africa (Q

uiñones*/Brem

en)

3.2 Western B

oundary Currents

Kuroshio (K

K L

iu) G

ulf Stream

(Jahnke) E

ast Australia C

urrent (Cressw

ell) B

razil Current (E

duardo Marone, B

astiaan Knoppers)

3.3 Indian Ocean R

egion M

onsoon region (Naqvi and L

ou Codispoti)

Western A

ustralia (Cressw

ell*) A

gulhas (Monteiro)

4) Synthesis (S

hu Gao, Q

uiñones, KK

Liu, A

tkinson etc.) A

summ

ary of all the fluxes in EB

C/W

BC

systems that is suitable for further global synthesis.

5) Coupled C

irculation/Biogeochem

ical Models to E

stimate C

arbon Flux (M

oisan).

6) Outlook (C

limate change, denitrification, suboxic, etc.) (C

odispoti/Chairs)

This chapter w

ill be focused on concepts and/or processes that need to be revisited as well as the m

ain future perspectives of continental m

argin biogeochemical research. It w

ill also incorporate a discussion on w

hat aspects of climate change m

ay affect the eastern and western boundary currents. F

or example:

increased buoyancy and nutrient fluxes as runoff increases or changes in wind stress (speed and

direction).

- 50 -

11.16.A

PP

EN

DIX

16: Data M

anagement T

ask Team

(Conkright)

Conkright G

regg, Margarita. C

hair, NO

AA

/National O

ceanographic Data C

enter, US

A

Glenn, G

raham. M

arine Environm

ental Data S

ervice, CA

NA

DA

G

riffiths, Brian. C

SIR

O M

arine Research, A

US

TR

AL

IA

Ham

mond, C

hristine. U.S

. JGO

FS D

ata Managem

ent Office, U

SA

H

errmann, Joachim

. Germ

an JGO

FS

Data M

anagement, G

ER

MA

NY

L

abaied, Marie-P

aule. Observatoire O

céanologique de Villefranche, F

RA

NC

E

Low

ry, Roy. B

ritish Oceanographic D

ata Centre, U

NIT

ED

KIN

GD

OM

M

iyake, Takeharu. Japan O

ceanographic Data C

entre, JAP

AN

S

arupria, Jaswant. Indian N

OD

C, IN

DIA

STA

TU

S

The G

erman JG

OF

S D

ata Manager has received support for the next tw

o years. Thanks to H

ugh D

ucklow for w

riting a letter to the Director of Institut für M

eereskunde in support of maintaining the

Data M

anagement O

ffice at Kiel.

Next D

MT

T m

eeting should be held 2-3 October 2001 in W

ashington, D.C

., US

A. T

he US

JGO

FS

D

MO

will provide som

e support ($5,000) for this meeting. T

opics of discussion will be the long-term

archive of JG

OF

S data and exploring the preparation of an International JG

OF

S D

ata Product.

JGO

FS

Canada D

ata Sets 1989-1998 C

D-R

OM

Version 1.0, D

ec. 2000 was published and is currently

being distributed.

Australian O

ZG

OF

S C

D-R

OM

is under preparation.

FU

TU

RE

PL

AN

S

The focus of the D

MT

T in the next years w

ill be (1) preservation of JGO

FS

data for future generation of scientists by archiving in the IC

SU W

orld Data C

entres System; (2) docum

entation of JGO

FS data in N

AS

A G

lobal Change M

aster Directory w

hich will increase its future use; (3) attem

pt to consolidate all available JG

OF

S data into one com

mon data form

at. Currently exploring available resources that w

ill facilitate and m

ake this a doable task; and (4) distribution of data to national data centres.

PU

BL

ICA

TIO

NS

AN

D P

UB

LIC

RE

LA

TIO

NS

C

onkright, M. E

., 2000, DM

TT

Focuses on A

vailability and Preservation of JG

OF

S D

ata, U.S. JG

OF

S N

ews 10(4), 14-15.

Conkright, M

. E., B

eatriz Baliño, R

oy Low

ry, Graham

Glenn, B

rian Griffiths, C

hristine L. H

amm

ond, M

arie-Paule L

abaied, Takeharu M

iyake, Jaswant S

. Sarupria, T

homas M

itzka, 2000, JGO

FS

Data

Managem

ent Task T

eam. P

oster presented at JGO

FS

Open S

cience Conference, B

ergen, Norw

ay, April

2000.

RE

PO

RT

FRO

M D

MT

T M

EE

TIN

G IN

KIE

L, G

ER

MA

NY

, JUN

E 2000

Items of discussion

National reports w

ere presented from m

embers representing JG

OF

S activities in A

ustralia, Canada,

Germ

any, India, Japan, Norw

ay, United K

ingdom and the U

nited States. E

mphasis w

as placed on data availability from

these countries.

Recom

mendations

The D

MT

T should identify the cruises and other data activities that form

the JGO

FS legacy. Criteria

used for selection should be:

Activities from

a clearly identified national JGO

FS programm

e;

- 51 -

Activities w

ith JGO

FS

"credentials" that have measured L

evel 1 (=C

ore) parameters other than T

, S, O2

and nutrients; T

he JGO

FS Executive SSC

should ratify the resulting list of activities. This w

ill become the official

JGO

FS cruises list.

All JG

OF

S level 1 data to be stored at the World D

ata Centres S

ystem for long-term

stewardship.

Support from

DM

TT

mem

bers and the IPO

for synthesis activities: DM

TT

mem

bers are encouraged to participate in S

ynthesis Groups (S

G) m

eetings, e.g., Labaied (F

rance) to the EP

SG

, Griffiths (A

ustralia) to the SO

SG, L

owry (U

K) to N

ASG

, and Miyake to N

PSG. Participation at the IO

SG w

ill depend on the venue.

JGO

FS

data legacy and long-term stew

ardship: This w

ill be the focus of the DM

TT

for the next few

years. Data from

JGO

FS cruises in the countries represented by the DM

TT

will be archived at the

World C

enter A for O

ceanography and described in NA

SA

's Global C

hange Master D

irectory. The

JGO

FS IPO

Assistant w

ill help the DM

TT

in the collection of the data from countries not represented

in the DM

TT

. Funding will be sought in the U

.S. or elsewhere to com

pile a JGO

FS Master D

ata Set that w

ill seek the data not covered by the DM

TT

as well as data of interest to the JG

OFS project.

Action Item

s T

he DM

TT

will identify JG

OFS L

evel 1 (core) cruises based on the definition to be ratified by the SSC

Executive.

Each D

MT

T m

ember w

ill gather core data from their national program

mes.

DM

TT

mem

bers to deliver Level 1 cruise data to the W

DC

System

for long-term stew

ardship as CS

V

files when possible.

IPO

will m

irror the CM

TT

website, as a w

ay of supporting the synthesis activities of the Continental

Margins T

ask Team

(CM

TT

).

- 52 -

11.17.A

PP

EN

DIX

17: PM

TT

Activity R

eport (Law

s)

The P

MT

T disbanded in 1999, and the final product, T

he Photosynthesis M

easurement M

anual, will be

available later this year. The outline is as follow

s:

I. Photosynthesis - irradiance curves

A. S

ources of variability in photosynthetic parameters

B. E

stimation of photosynthesis

C. R

ecomm

endations II. From

P vs. E

curves to productivity vs. depth profiles A

. Differences betw

een P vs. E

and productivity-depth profiles (theory) B

. Practical problems in deriving P

vs. Z profiles from

P vs. E

curves C

. Sensitivity analysis of photosynthetic param

eters D

. Relation of P

vs. E curves to JG

OF

S core m

easurements of P

vs. Z profiles

E. R

elation of both core profiles and P vs. E curves to satellite m

aps of ocean colour

Sections I.A

, most of I.B

and II.C are now

complete.

- 53 -

11.18.A

PP

EN

DIX

18: JGO

FS-G

AIM

Task T

eam (M

onfray)

Monfray, Patrick. C

o-Chair from

JGO

FS

, LSC

E, FR

AN

CE

E

ngland, Mathew

. WC

RP/C

LIV

AR

, University of N

ew South W

ales, AU

STR

AL

IA

Gruber, N

ikki. JGO

FS, U

CL

A, U

SA

O

rr, James. C

o-Chair from

GA

IM-T

F, L

SC

E, F

RA

NC

E

Sabine, C

hris. JGO

FS &

WO

CE

, PME

L/N

OA

A, U

SA

S

armiento, Jorge. JG

OF

S-S

MP

, Princeton University, U

SA

T

otterdell, Ian. JGO

FS, Southam

pton Oceanography C

entre, UK

Y

amanaka, Y

ashuhiro. Hokkaido U

niversity, JAP

AN

Term

s of Reference

Objective

The

objective of

this joint

task team

is

to bring

together the

expertises of

JGO

FS on

ocean biogeochem

ical processes and of GA

IM on global carbon budget changes. T

he aim is to apply new

insights into biogeochem

ical processes, as co-limitations, that w

e have gained through the JGO

FS program

me to im

prove our representation of global carbon dynamics by m

odels, and to evaluate them

with new

data synthesis. In a broader way, this T

ask Team

will set up bridges betw

een ocean physics and ocean biology to better our know

ledge on ocean geochemistry variability and changes induced by

human activities. Particularly, focus w

ill be on: O

ceanic CO

2 uptake during the industrial era (past and future) C

limate change im

pact on marine productivity and carbon cycle.

Goals

Building up the connection betw

een JGO

FS

and GA

IM;

Identifying key issues to be addressed by this group; O

rganizing larger joint GA

IM / JG

OFS w

orkshops dedicated to these specific foci; P

roducing reports or publications on the major findings of these w

orkshops.

Tasks

Foster interactions betw

een JGO

FS

and GA

IM activities for a global integration of regional aspects;

Create synergy w

ith WC

RP

/CL

IVA

R and others IG

BP

related projects (GL

OB

EC

, LO

ICZ

, Carbon

Synthesis, S

OL

AS

); S

timulate

improvem

ent of

global ocean

carbon cycle

models

(OC

CM

s), by

integrating JG

OF

S

biogeochemical processes in 3-D

ocean general circulation models;

Evaluate

OC

CM

s w

ith available

JGO

FS-WO

CE

synthesis

datasets, including

seasonal to

inter-decennial variability; Inter-com

pare available

OC

CM

s both

for natural

cycle and

anthropogenic perturbation,

using experim

ents with com

mon boundary conditions and protocols.

Hold

regular m

eetings, im

prove the

exchange of

information

and data

between

the scientific

comm

unities of ocean biogeochemistry, and publish the results of the joint w

orkshops.

- 54 -

11.19.A

PP

EN

DIX

19: Global Synthesis and M

odelling Working G

roup (Schlitzer)

Schlitzer, R

einer. Chair, A

lfred-Wegener Institute, G

ER

MA

NY

B

ehrenfeld, Michael. N

AS

A / G

SF

C, U

SA

F

ischer, Gerhard. U

niversity of Brem

en, GE

RM

AN

Y

Gruber, N

icolas. UC

LA

, US

A

Jahnke, Richard. S

kidaway Institute of O

ceanography, US

A

Law

s, Edw

ard. University of H

awaii, U

SA

M

atear, Richard. C

SIR

O D

ivision of Marine R

esearch, AU

ST

RA

LIA

M

onfray, Patrick. LS

CE

, FR

AN

CE

O

schlies, Andreas. IfM

-Kiel, G

ER

MA

NY

Y

amanaka, Y

asuhiro. Hokkaido U

niversity, JAP

AN

Y

ool, Andrew

. Southam

pton Oceanography C

entre, UK

The JG

OF

S G

lobal Synthesis W

orking Group (G

SW

G) w

as established and currently consists of 11 m

embers representing different fields of m

arine biogeochemical research. T

he list of group mem

bers (above) and a draft version of the T

erms of R

eference are included below and subm

itted for JGO

FS

S

SC

review, com

ment and approval. T

he first meeting of the G

SW

G w

as held on 6 July 2001 at the R

oyal Netherlands A

cademy of A

rts and Sciences (L

ibrary), Kloveniersburgw

al 29, Am

sterdam, T

he N

etherlands. The agenda for the G

SW

G m

eeting is also included below.

Brem

erhaven, June 26, 2001 R

einer Schlitzer

Term

s of Reference

(approved October 2001)

The objective of the G

SW

G is to review

our current knowledge on the fluxes of dissolved and

particulate material in the global ocean and the biogeochem

ical processes that affect these fluxes. Of

particular importance are the com

parisons of the different observational and modelling approaches and

the identification

of controversies,

methodological

weaknesses

and know

ledge-gaps. T

his should

influence the planning of future marine research program

mes and should lead to the developm

ent of new

, improved biogeochem

ical models that m

ake use of the emerging biogeochem

ical data. S

pecific goals of the GS

WG

are: T

o compare and evaluate estim

ates for marine productivity, dow

nward particle fluxes and respiration

rates in the water colum

n and the sediment from

different observational techniques as well as from

m

odelling. T

o foster interactions between observationalists and m

odellers and to stimulate joint research projects.

To liaise and link G

SW

S activities w

ith the JGO

FS-GA

IM and D

ata Managem

ent Task T

eams and the

regional synthesis groups under JGO

FS

. T

o promote the developm

ent of new, im

proved biogeochemical m

odels that utilize the emerging and

diversity of marine biogeochem

ical data. T

o identify potential biogeochemical and physical changes under global w

arming conditions.

To

organize a

workshop

on the

measurem

ent and

modelling

of global

ocean productivity

and biogeochem

ical fluxes. T

o promote a joint publication of synthesis papers on m

arine biogeochemical fluxes.

Draft M

eeting Agenda

09.00 W

elcome, Introduction

09:15 R

ationale for GS

TT

, Term

s of Reference

09:45 O

verview P

resentations: Marine P

roduction and Dow

nward M

aterial Fluxes

Satellite-based

estimation

of m

arine prim

ary production:

current status

and future

directions (J.

Cam

pbell)

- 55 -

Model

estimates

of new and prim

ary production: influence

of m

odel physics and num

erics (A.

Oschlies)

Export production in the S

outhern Ocean derived from

dissolved nutrient distributions: comparison

with satellite based estim

ates (R. Schlitzer)

11:00 C

offee break T

he relationship between prim

ary and export production in the open ocean -Theory and observations

(E. L

aws)

Particle fluxes to the deep ocean: recent findings, problem

s and Strategies (G

. Fischer)

The D

istribution of Deep B

iogenic Fluxes and T

heir Relation to S

urface Processes as E

stimated from

B

enthic Studies (R

. Jahnke) S

umm

ary 12:30

Lunch break

13:30 O

verview P

resentations: Process S

tudies and C, N

, Si C

ycles “T

he dynam

ics of

the m

arine nitrogen

cycle” and

“Redfield

ratios: T

he holy

grail of

ocean biogeochem

istry” (N. G

ruber) M

odelling focused

on C

hemical

Com

ponents: A

B

iogeochemical

Cycle

Model

Coupled

with

Ecosystem

(Y. Y

amanaka)

Ecological C

ontrol of Marine B

iogeochemical C

ycles: Carbon vs. S

ilicate (A. Y

ool) S

umm

ary 15:00

Overview

Presentations: A

nthropogenic Influence and Future C

hange T

he role of the ocean as a sink for anthropogenic CO

2 (N. G

ruber) M

odelling Marine B

iogeochemical C

ycles: Present S

tatus and Future P

lans (P. M

onfray) F

uture Changes in M

arine Biogeochem

ical Cycles: M

odelling and Observational E

vidence (R. M

atear) S

umm

ary 16:30

Status and F

uture Plans (M

eetings, Workshops, P

ublications; Links w

ith other TT

) 18:00

End of m

eeting

- 56 -

11.20.A

PP

EN

DIX

20: The A

msterdam

Declaration on G

lobal Change

Challenges of a C

hanging Earth: G

lobal Change O

pen Science C

onference A

msterdam

, the Netherlands 13 July 2001

The scientific com

munities of four international global change research program

mes - the International

Geosphere-B

iosphere Program

me (IG

BP

), the International Hum

an Dim

ensions Program

me on G

lobal E

nvironmental C

hange (IHD

P), the W

orld Clim

ate Research P

rogramm

e (WC

RP

) and the international biodiversity program

me D

IVE

RS

ITA

S - recognise that, in addition to the threat of significant clim

ate change, there is grow

ing concern over the ever-increasing human m

odification of other aspects of the global environm

ent and the consequent implications for hum

an well-being. B

asic goods and services supplied by the planetary life support system

, such as food, water, clean air and an environm

ent conducive to hum

an health, are being affected increasingly by global change.

Research carried out over the past decade under the auspices of the four program

mes to address these

concerns has shown that:

The

Earth

System

behaves

as a

single, self-regulating

system

comprised

of physical,

chemical,

biological and human com

ponents. The interactions and feedbacks betw

een the component parts are

complex and exhibit m

ulti-scale temporal and spatial variability. T

he understanding of the natural dynam

ics of the Earth S

ystem has advanced greatly in recent years and provides a sound basis for

evaluating the effects and consequences of human-driven change.

Hum

an activities

are significantly

influencing E

arth's environm

ent in

many

ways

in addition

to greenhouse gas em

issions and climate change. A

nthropogenic changes to Earth's land surface, oceans,

coasts and atmosphere and to biological diversity, the w

ater cycle and biogeochemical cycles are

clearly identifiable beyond natural variability. They are equal to som

e of the great forces of nature in their extent and im

pact. Many are accelerating. G

lobal change is real and is happening now.

Global change cannot be understood in term

s of a simple cause-effect paradigm

. Hum

an-driven changes cause m

ultiple effects that cascade through the Earth S

ystem in com

plex ways. T

hese effects interact w

ith each other and with local- and regional-scale changes in m

ultidimensional patterns that are

difficult to understand and even more difficult to predict. S

urprises abound. E

arth System

dynamics are characterised by critical thresholds and abrupt changes. H

uman activities

could inadvertently

trigger such

changes w

ith severe

consequences for

Earth's

environment

and inhabitants. T

he Earth System

has operated in different states over the last half million years, w

ith abrupt transitions (a decade or less) som

etimes occurring betw

een them. H

uman activities have the

potential to switch the E

arth System

to alternative modes of operation that m

ay prove irreversible and less hospitable to hum

ans and other life. The probability of a hum

an-driven abrupt change in Earth's

environment has yet to be quantified but is not negligible.

In terms of som

e key environmental param

eters, the Earth S

ystem has m

oved well outside the range of

the natural variability exhibited over the last half million years at least. T

he nature of changes now

occurring simultaneously in the E

arth System

, their magnitudes and rates of change are unprecedented.

The E

arth is currently operating in a no-analogue state.

On this basis the

international global change program

mes urge

governments, public and private

institutions and people of the world to agree that:

An ethical fram

ework for global stew

ardship and strategies for Earth S

ystem m

anagement are urgently

needed. T

he accelerating

human

transformation

of the

Earth's

environment

is not

sustainable. T

herefore, the business-as-usual way of dealing w

ith the Earth System

is not an option. It has to be replaced – as soon as possible – by deliberate strategies of good m

anagement that sustain the E

arth's environm

ent while m

eeting social and economic developm

ent objectives. A

new

system

of

global environm

ental science

is required.

This

is beginning

to evolve

from

complem

entary approaches

of the

international global

change research

programm

es and

needs strengthening and further developm

ent. It will draw

strongly on the existing and expanding disciplinary

- 57 -

base of global change science; integrate across disciplines, environment and developm

ent issues and the natural and social sciences; collaborate across national boundaries on the basis of shared and secure infrastructure; intensify efforts to enable the full involvem

ent of developing country scientists; and em

ploy the complem

entary strengths of nations and regions to build an efficient international system of

global environmental science.

The global change program

mes are com

mitted to w

orking closely with other sectors of society and

across all nations and cultures to meet the challenge of a changing E

arth. New

partnerships are forming

among university, industrial and governm

ental research institutions. Dialogues are increasing betw

een the scientific com

munity and policym

akers at a number of levels. A

ction is required to formalise,

consolidate and strengthen the initiatives being developed. The com

mon goal m

ust be to develop the essential know

ledge base needed to respond effectively and quickly to the great challenge of global change.

Berrien M

oore III A

rild Underdal

Peter L

emke

M

ichel Loreau

Chair IG

BP

Chair IH

DP

C

hair WC

RP

C

o-Chair D

IVE

RS

ITA

S

- 58 -

11.21.A

PP

EN

DIX

21: SCO

R-IO

C A

dvisory Panel on O

cean CO

2 (Wallace)

Douglas W

allace (Chair), Institut für M

eereskunde der Universität K

iel, GE

RM

AN

Y

Anderson, L

eif. University of G

öteborg and Chalm

ers University of T

echnology, SW

ED

EN

B

outin, Jacqueline. Université P

ierre et Marie C

urie, FR

AN

CE

C

aldeira, Kenneth. L

awrence L

ivermore N

ational Laboratory, U

SA

D

ickson, Andrew

. Scripps Institution of O

ceanography, US

A

Francey, R

oger. CS

IRO

Atm

ospheric Research, A

US

TR

AL

IA

Frankignoulle, M

ichel. Université de L

iège, BE

LG

IUM

H

augan, Peter. U

niversity of Bergen, N

orway

Kum

ar, Dileep. N

ational Institute of Oceanography, G

oa, India L

e Quéré, C

orinne. Max-P

lanck-Institut für Biogeochem

ie, Germ

any N

ojiri, Yukihiro. N

ational Institute for Environm

ental Studies, T

sukuba, JAP

AN

W

atson, Andrew

. University of E

ast Anglia, U

NIT

ED

KIN

GD

OM

- 59 -

11.22.A

PP

EN

DIX

22: IOC

CG

Activity R

eport (Stuart)

The International O

cean-Colour C

oordinating Group (IO

CC

G) w

as established in 1996 to help promote

international cooperation and coordination in the acquisition, distribution, calibration, validation and utilization of ocean-colour data from

satellites launched by various nations. Part of the IO

CC

G m

andate includes capacity building. O

ver the past few years, the IO

CC

G has successfully conducted six

advanced training courses on applications of ocean-colour data, providing comprehensive training to

over 180 students from over 50 different nations. P

lans are underway to conduct another training course

in Cape T

own, S

outh Africa at the end of this year.

A m

ajor focus of the IOC

CG

has been the formation of specialized w

orking groups that investigate various aspects of ocean-colour technology and its applications. T

he end-product of these working

groups is usually the publication of a scientific report. To date, three such reports have been published

by the IOC

CG

, covering topics such as the minim

um num

ber of bands required by an operational ocean-colour sensor (R

eport No. 1), com

plementarity of ocean colour sensors (R

eport No. 2) and

remote sensing in coastal w

aters (Report N

o. 3).

Current IO

CC

G w

orking groups are investigating topics such as the calibration of ocean-colour sensors to com

mon standards; the com

parison of atmospheric correction algorithm

s used by various ocean-colour sensors; the developm

ent of a comm

on Level-3 product to facilitate m

erging of Level-3 ocean-

colour data from different sensors and; various aspects of operational ocean-colour. T

hese working

groups are all expected to produce reports within the next few

years.

Lastly, the IO

CC

G collaborates w

ith a number of other scientific program

mes including JG

OFS,

SIM

BIO

S, P

OG

O and IG

OS

, to provide expert advice on matters pertaining to rem

ote sensing of ocean colour.

- 60 -

11.23.A

PP

EN

DIX

23: Global H

ydrography (Gould)

Status

To those w

ho attended the Global H

ydrography meeting at S

outhampton: F

ollowing the T

uesday night m

eeting at the WO

CE

/JGO

FS

Ocean T

ransports workshop and subsequent discussion in the plenary

sessions, the following is m

y summ

ary and list of actions. Please let m

e know of there are other issues I

have missed. T

hank you for your interest. John

High quality, full depth global hydrography is seen as a necessary observational activity to provide the

following:

* Defining the physical and biogeochem

ical "climate

of the ocean" and its changes on

decadal tim

escales. It acts as a complem

ent to Argo (top 2000-m

T and S

only at present), observations from

VO

S (surface and upper ocean) and from

satellites.

* Estim

ates of ocean property transports where in addition to the com

plementary observations above,

measurem

ents of the interior and boundary current flows are required.

There are "com

mitm

ents" to approx 70% of sections that m

ade up the WO

CE

/JGO

FS

(WH

P) O

ne Tim

e S

urvey between 1990 and 1998. C

omm

itments include sections already planned and funded and

scheduled, sections that are integral parts of national and laboratory programm

es and sections that have been identified as im

portant in national and international observing strategies. (See attached m

ap)

The scientific rationales for occupying any section vary w

idely and the planned suite of measurem

ents m

ay differ.

The consensus w

as that as complete a set as possible of physics, biogeochem

ical, transient tracer and velocity (L

AD

CP

, SA

DC

P) m

easurements should be m

ade on all sections.

Data from

these sections should be collected to uniform, high standard (W

HP

one time plus any recent

amendm

ents) and should be rapidly processed, submitted to the appropriate data centre and m

ade publicly available.

At present, there is no single m

eans of co-ordinating these measurem

ents.

Actions

CL

IVA

R IP

O to establish a w

eb site with inform

ation on planned sections containing – Section

location, planned time of occupation, planned m

easurements to be m

ade, responsible PI, num

ber of free berths (if any), funding status.

John Gould (C

LIV

AR

), Maria H

ood (IOC

), Hugh D

ucklow (JG

OF

S), J. S

wift (W

HP

O) and others as

appropriate to explore possible co-ordination and data managem

ent mechanism

s.

- 61 -

11.24.A

PP

EN

DIX

24: PO

GO

Activity R

eport (Sathyendranath)

S. Sathyendranath, P

OG

O E

xecutive Director, provided an announcem

ent on the Biology W

orkshop.

Biology W

orkshop

Sponsored by P

OG

O (S

hubha Sathyendranath, E

xecutive Director, P

OG

O, c/o B

edford Institute of O

ceanography, 1 Challenger D

rive, Dartm

outh, Nova S

cotia B2Y

4A2, C

AN

AD

A. T

el: 902-426-8044 F

ax: 902-426-9388.

Venue: D

artington, UK

D

ates: 28-30 June 2001

Invited Participants

John Field (C

hair, S. A

frica) P

eter Burkill (U

K)

Elgar D

esa (India) F

red Grassle (U

SA

) Julie H

all (New

Zealand)

Tony K

nap (Berm

uda) R

ichard Lam

pitt (UK

) Julie L

aroche (Germ

any)

John Marra (IO

CC

G)

Gregg M

itchell (US

A)

Satsuki M

atsumura (Japan)

Ron O

’Dor (U

SA

/Canada)

How

ard Roe (U

K)

Mike S

inclair (Canada)

Shubha S

athyendranath (PO

GO

)

Background

With the em

ergence of major program

mes such as G

OO

S, operational oceanography and global oceanic

observations are becoming a reality. T

he physical-oceanographic side of the observational schemes has

made great strides, w

ith GO

DA

E and the A

rgos programm

e taking the lead in their implem

entation. T

he next task is to develop the biological observations: typically, these are more com

plex, and more

difficult to automate, than physical m

easurements.

Issues S

everal issues must be addressed before designing a schem

e for biological measurem

ents: C

an the observational plans build on lessons learned from m

ajor international research programm

es w

ith a global perspective such as JGO

FS and G

LO

BE

C, and serve the needs of em

erging programm

es such as S

OL

AS

and Census of M

arine Life?

From

the plethora of measurem

ents that are of interest to biological oceanographers, what elem

ents can be selected reasonably to form

the basis of a biological observational scheme im

plemented at the global

scale? H

ow can w

e reconcile the sometim

es conflicting demands of program

mes interested in clim

ate change and carbon cycle, w

ith those that are interested in issues related to biodiversity? A

ny scheme for global observations m

ust, of necessity, rely to some extent on rem

ote and autonomous

platforms. Y

et, calibration of biological sensors is notoriously difficult. How

can we ensure that

biological and chemical sensors on rem

ote platforms are calibrated to rigorous standards?

How

can we take advantage of new

and emerging technologies for biological observations in the

oceans? (S

ee S

CO

R

Working

Group

118 on

New

T

echnologies for

Observing

Marine

Life

pulson.seos.uvic.ca/meeting/scor2000/scor2000.htm

l) H

ow can w

e ensure that in situ observations are tied in with rem

ote observations of ocean colour in a w

ay that enhances and complem

ents interpretations of the data and their applications?

- 62 -

Interpretations of

biological observations

often require

background inform

ation on

the physical

environment, and yet the tim

e and space scales of interest to physical and biological oceanographers are not necessarily alw

ays the same. H

ow can w

e reconcile these conflicts? W

hat are the implications of the U

N C

onvention on Biodiversity, for observations and study of m

arine life? H

ow can w

e build the elements of a biological observation schem

e on the recomm

endations of GO

OS

panels that have studied these issues?

Term

s of Reference for the B

iology Workshop

Provide P

OG

O w

ith an overview of em

erging global issues in deep-ocean (and coastal) biological oceanography; R

eview observational requirem

ents that have been identified for addressing these issues; Identify the biological m

easurements that could be im

plemented by P

OG

O m

embers in the near future,

based on available technology and ease of implem

entation; R

eview new

opportunities for technological development that w

ould enhance monitoring of the relevant

biological parameters; and

Recom

mend the actions that P

OG

O could take.

- 63 -

11.25.A

PP

EN

DIX

25: List of SSC

Mem

bers (as of June 2001)

Nam

e C

ountry F

unction E

xecutive 2001

2002 2003

Ducklow

, Hugh

US

A

At-large, N

orth Atlantic S

G

Chair

SS

C

SS

C

S

aino, Toshiro

Japan A

t-large 2nd, North P

acific SG

Executive

SS

C

SS

C

A

nderson, Robert

US

A

At-large S

SC

(ends 1st term)

Executive

SS

C

Tilbrook, B

ronte A

ustralia A

t-large 2nd (ends 2nd term)

Executive

SS

C

Garçon, V

éronique F

rance N

orth Atlantic S

G

Executive

Chair

Haugan, P

eter N

orway

At-large, C

AP

, OO

PC

SS

C

SS

C

F

alkowski, P

aul U

SA

A

t-large (ends 1st term)

S

SC

H

ong, Huasheng

China-B

eijing A

t-large (2nd 1-year appt.)

SSC

Wallace, D

ouglas G

ermany

At-large, C

AP

SS

C

Lochte, K

arin G

ermany

Paleo JG

OF

S T

T

C

hair C

hair C

hair M

onfray, Patrick F

rance JG

OF

S-G

AIM

TT

Chair

Chair

Chair

Quiñones, R

enato C

hile C

ontinental Margins T

T

C

hair C

hair C

hair T

réguer, Paul

France

Southern O

cean SG

Chair

Chair

Chair

Schlitzer, R

einer G

ermany

Global S

ynthesis TT

Chair

Chair

Chair

Conkright, M

argarita U

SA

D

ata Managem

ent TT

Chair

Chair

B

urkill, Peter

UK

Indian O

cean SG

Chair

Bychkov, A

lex C

anada N

orth Pacific S

G

C

hair

P

latt, Trevor

Canada

Int’l Oc. C

olour C G

roup

Chair

Le B

orgne, Robert

France

Equatorial P

acific SG

Chair

- 64 -

11.26. APPENDIX 26: Year 2000 Budget Table (Final)

Status SOURCES Funds/year Purpose Confirmed Research Council of Norway (NRC) $ 177,619 Administration, travel, JGOFS Report Series Expected SCOR Secretariat (NSF & ICSU) $ 100,000 SSC meeting and Committee activities Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB) $ 31,191 Office, equipment, supplies, HiB overhead (offices) Confirmed IGBP Secretariat $ 20,145 SSC meeting Subtotal $ 328,955

STATUS ACTIVITIES Expenses Comments Dates Obligated International Project Office $ 208,810 SSC support: Staff, offices, travel, reports, etc. Obligated SSC Meeting (22) $ 25,000 Bergen Meeting/Norway (IGBP Cost Share) 11-12 April Committed Executive Meeting (5) $ 2,666 New Hampshire Meeting (IGBP Cost Share) 21-22 October Synthesis Groups and Task Teams Committed SOSG (10) $ 5,218 Brest Meeting/France 7-8 July Committed DMTT (8) $ 6,290 Kiel Meeting (Germany Cost Share: Hotel & 1 Dinner) 5-6 June Committed PJTT (4) $ 2,865 Hamburg Meeting/Germany (PAGES Cost Share) 13-14 June Committed NPTT (2) $ 750 One Day Session at PICES Meeting/Japan 22-25 October Proposed EPSG (3) $ 6,663 Hobart Meeting/Australia, DSR volume and New Scientist article 4-8 December Committed JGTT $ 1,630 OCMIP-2 Princeton Meeting/USA 5-6 July Committed CMTT $ - Workshop Easter Boundary Systems (LOICZ Funds in 2000, $20,000)September Other meetings and expenses Obligated PICES $ 3,729 JGOFS support on a topic session Open acct. Expenses at SCOR Secretariat $ 19,833 Miscellaneous programme expenses (Gross) Obligated Open Science Conference (12) $ 12,186 Conference Speakers/Norway 13-17 April Obligated Conference (Speakers and SSC) $ 5,806 Board 13-17 April Committed JGOFS Science Brochure editing $ 4,375 Mardi Bowles (Science Editor) July Committed Non-linear Planning Meeting $ 1,000 Edward Laws-JGOFS representative December Committed JGOFS Report Series $ 1,645 Printing October Obligated 1999 Budget Deficit $ 288 Carried over from 1999 January Subtotal $ 308,754 Year 2000 Balance $ 20,201

- 65 -

11.27. APPENDIX 27: Year 2001 Budget Table (as of August 2001)

Status SOURCES Budget Received Purpose Confirmed Research Council of Norway (NRC) $ 183,000 $ 183,000 SSC Administration, travel, misc. Reports, etc. Expected SCOR funds $ 100,000 $ 85,000 JGOFS SSC meeting and Committee activities Committed ICSU funds $ 40,000 $ 40,000 Springer-Verlag/Synthesis Book Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB) $ 27,000 $ 27,000 IPO supplies, printing, HiB overhead (offices) Confirmed IGBP funds $ 20,145 $ 20,145 JGOFS SSC - minus lunches/coffee breaks @KNASConfirmed IGBP funds $ 2,000 $ 2,000 Springer-Verlag Layout/Synthesis Book Confirmed IOC funds $ 20,000 $ 20,000 CO2 Transport Workshop/Southampton

Confirmed IOC funds $ 20,000 $ 20,000 CMTT Synthesis Workshops/Taipei/British Columbia Confirmed 2000 Carry over $ 20,201 $ 20,201 University and SCOR funds carried over from 2000 Subtotal $ 432,346 $ 417,346

Status ACTIVITIES Requested Budgets Approved Expenses Comments Obligated International Project Office (staff) $ 183,000 $ 183,000 Administration (Salaries, fringe benefits, insurance, overhead) Obligated IPO Operations $ 10,000 $ 10,000 Office Supplies, gen. postal expenses, and overhead Obligated IPO Travel $ 7,000 $ 7,000 Hanson, Avril and Gjerde Obligated IPO Mailing $ 600 AMBIO/IGBP Science Series Obligated IPO Publications/Printing $ 10,000 $ 10,000 AMBIO and JGOFS Report Series Expenses SSC Business Committed SSC Meeting (19) $ 40,000 $ 23,556 Amsterdam Meeting/Netherlands (IGBP Cost Share) Committed David Karl--repr. JGOFS @ OSC $ 2,500 IGBP OSC Speaker Committed Larry Atkinson--repr. JGOFS @ OSC $ 1,400 SSC/OSC mtgs (cost shared with IGBP funds from Session) Planned IGBP OSC fees for SSC members $ 4,000 SSC/Reg. Fees Committed Executive Meeting (5) $ 10,000 Tentatively cancelled as of 8 July 01 Synthesis Groups and Task Teams Committed CMTT (10) 2nd $ 20,000 $ 20,000 Workshop II (IOC-$20K, NCOR Cost Share, Taipei) Committed CMTT (5) 3rd $ 10,000 $ 5,711 Workshop Polar Margins (IOC-$5K joint c/ LOICZ-$5K, Sydney, CA) Pending CMTT (5) 4th $ 10,000 Sub-polar workshop pending (IOC-$5K,Joint c/ LOICZ-$5K) Planned JGTT (50, workshop) $ 20,000 $ 5,000 Changed request: now 2 small Amsterdam Meetings (2 scientists) Committed NASG (10) $ 10,000 $ 4,773 Arcachon, France, Meeting (PROOF Cost Share)Committed DMTT (10) $ 10,000 $ 10,000 Washington DC, USA, Meeting, US JGOFS DM with $2000

- 66 -

Planned PJTT (9) $ 10,000 $ 6,449 TT WKS-Meeting, 2-days; +Shimmield-2000 Meeting Expense Committed IOSG (3) $ 5,000 $ 2,047 Miami, USA, Meeting/Edit Synthesis Report SOSG $ 20,000 Planning a workshop-meeting at Ocean Sciences Meeting (2002) EPSG $ 5,000 $ 5,813 Hobart Meeting/Australia, DSR volume and New Scientist article Committed NPSG (2) $ 5,000 $ 5,000 Sydney, BC, Canada, in conj. w/ PICES Annual Meeting Committed GSWG (10) $ 10,000 $ 8,550 Amsterdam, NL (est.) Other meetings and expenses Committed AMBIO Special Report $ 7,772 SCOR funds Open acct. SCOR Secretariat $ 2,000 $ 2,000 Conkright travel (USA), DMTT est., etc.

Planned JGOFS-WOCE-IOC CO2 Transport (13) $ 30,000 $ 25,000 Southampton (IOC-$20K, JGOFS-$10K) Committed AMBIO editing $ 600 Mardi Bowles (Science Editor) Committed Edward Laws (repr. JGOFS) $ 1,037 Ocean Sciences Meeting S.F. (GCTE Non-linear Workshop) Planned JGOFS Springer-Verlag, Synthesis Book $ 40,000 $ 40,000 Managing Editor & SOC expenses Planned JGOFS Reports Series $ 5,000 Paris Report, IOSG Report ... Planned IAPSO-IABO Assembly $ 12,000 $ 2,500 IAPSO-IABO Ocean Odyssey (Karin Lochte) Subtotal $ 459,000 $ 419,308 Balance $ (26,654) $ (1,962) As of 31 August 01

- 67 -

11.28. APPENDIX 28: Working Budget and Requests for Year 2002 Allocations

Sources Budget Funds Resource Council of Norway (NRC) $ 171,415 $ 171,415 Administration, travel, JGOFS Report Series SCOR Secretariat $ 85,000 $ 85,000 SSC meeting and Committee activities University of Bergen (UiB) $ 27,000 $ 27,000 Office, supplies, printing, HiB overhead (offices) IGBP Secretariat $ 20,145 $ 20,145 SSC meeting IOC funds $ 20,000 $ 20,000 CMTT workshop/book publication 2001 Carry over $ (1,962) $ (1,962) As of 31 August 01 Subtotal $ 321,598 $ 321,598

ACTIVITIES Budget Expenses Comments International Project Office $ 198,415 $ 198,415 Administration (IPO, printing, overhead, etc.) SSC Meeting (19) $ 40,000 $ 40,000 Chile (Quinones) along side of the Training Course Executive Meeting (5) $ 10,000 Normally in the Fall/SSC meeting now planned Synthesis Groups and Task Teams CMTT (10-12) $ 10,000 $ 10,000 Joint c/ IOC & LOCIZ@$10K, Grand Synthesis workshops in 2002JGTT (10+20) $ 10,000 $ 10,000 Joint with GSWG and GAIN ($10k) NASG (10) $ 14,000 3 meetings (Feb@OSM, Apr@EGS, NA and GS Chairs mtg.) DMTT (10) $ 10,000 $ 10,000 General Business Mtg plans PJTT (9) $ 5,000 $ 5,000 Joint c/ PAGES IOSG (3) No information (chair change as of 8/7-01) SOSG 2001 funds? Mtg & Synthesis Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii EPSG $ 20,000 Modeller workshop & business mtg, misc (budget $34K) NPSG (9) $ 15,000 Meeting and Session @ PICES GSWG (10+20) $ 20,000 $ 20,000 Joint c/ JGTT workshop ($10K GAIM & $30K JGOFS) Other meetings and expenses CapacityBuilding/Training Course $ 10,000 $ 10,000 Chile (Quinones) cost sharing to be determined CMTT Book Publication $ 10,000 $ 10,000 2002 IOC funds (possibly in 2003) 3rd OSC Planning Committee Possible Feb Meeting-. -Honolulu/ASLO OSM SCOR Secretariat Estimated miscellaneous programme expenses (USA) JGOFS Synthesis Book $ 2,000 $ 2,000 IGBP-$2K, Technical layout @ Springer-Verlag JGOFS Reports Series IPO and SCOR costs Subtotal $ 374,415 $ 315,415 Balance $ (52,817) $ 6,183 As of 31 August 01

- 68 -

11.29.A

PP

EN

DIX

29: The relationships am

ong the JGO

FS regional synthesis groups,

task teams, program

-wide synthesis and global synthesis (updated and redraw

n, July 2001).

JGO

FS

Syn

thesis P

lan

Phase 3 (2001-2003)

Phase 1 (1998-2001)

Regional/D

isciplinary Synthesis

Program

me-

Wide

Global

Synthesis

NA

SG

(DS

R II V

olume)

EP

SG

(DS

R II V

olumes)

SOSG

(D

SR

II & B

ook)

NP

SG

(DS

R II V

olume)

CO

2 Panel

CM

TT

(B

ook)

PJT

T

Southampton

Workshop

SEC

ON

D JG

OF

S C

ON

FE

RE

NC

E

AM

BIO

Article

IGB

P Science

Series #2

Springer-Verlag

Book

Contributions to

IGB

P Synthesis

TH

IRD

JGO

FS

CO

NF

ER

EN

CE

Final B

ook?

DM

TT

IO

CC

G

GSW

G

JGT

T

OC

MIP

Phase 2 (1998-2003)

Minutes of the 17th Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee

El Araucano Hotel, Concepción, Chile, 23-25 September 2002

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements........................................... 1

1.2. Report of the JGOFS Chair.................................................................................. 1

1.3. Approval of the Agenda....................................................................................... 2

2. OLD BUSINESS ........................................................................................................... 2

2.1. Minutes of the 16th Meeting of Scientific Steering Committee ............................. 2

2.2. IGBP/Springer Verlag Book................................................................................ 2

3. JGOFS OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENCE ................................................................. 2

3.1. Open Science Conference Programme: Discussion .............................................. 2

3.2. Report on Raising Conference and Travel Funds ................................................. 4

3.3. Conference Programme Report and Issues........................................................... 5

4. SYNTHESIS AND WORKING GROUPS, AND TASK TEAM REPORTS ............. 7

4.1. Global Synthesis Working Group ........................................................................ 7

4.2. North Atlantic Synthesis Group........................................................................... 8

4.3. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group......................................................................... 8

4.4. North Pacific Synthesis Group............................................................................. 8

4.5. Continental Margins Task Team.......................................................................... 9

4.6. JGOFS-GAIM Task Team................................................................................... 9

4.7. Data Management Task Team ............................................................................. 9

4.8. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group...................................................................... 9

4.9. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group........................................................................... 10

4.10. PAGES-JGOFS Task Team........................................................................... 10

4.11. Recap of financial requests ............................................................................ 10

5. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES....................................................................... 11

5.1. IGBP and SCOR ............................................................................................... 11

5.2. GOOS and SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2: Activities ..................... 13

6. INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE .................................................................. 14

7. MEETING ADJOURNED.......................................................................................... 15

8. ANNEXES................................................................................................................... 16

8.1. List of Participants............................................................................................. 16

8.2. Draft Agenda..................................................................................................... 18

8.3. Agenda Timeline ............................................................................................... 19

8.4. Draft Asian Pacific Network Proposal ............................................................... 19

8.5. Financial Arrangements for the JGOFS OSC..................................................... 27

8.6. Report on the Open Science Conference by Debbie Steinberg ........................... 28

8.7. Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) Report by Reiner Schlitzer ............. 29

8.8. North Atlantic Synthesis Group (NASG) Report by Véronique Garçon ............. 31

8.9. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (SOSG) Report by Paul Tréguer .................... 32

8.10. North Pacific Synthesis Group (NPSG) Report by Alex Bychkov .................. 43

8.11. Data Management Task Team (DMTT) Report by M. Conkright ................... 45

8.12. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (EPSG) Report by R. LeBorgne.............. 47

8.13. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (IOSG) by Sharon Smith................................ 48

8.14. PAGES JGOFS Task Team (PJTT) Report by Karin Lochte.......................... 51

8.15. IGBP and SCOR Reports by Wendy Broadgate (and Ed Urban) .................... 52

8.16. “Ocean Vision”: Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean.................. 55

8.17. Global Ocean Observing System and OOPC by Peter Haugan ....................... 64

8.18. SCOR IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 by Peter Haugan.......................... 65

8.19. International Project Office by Roger Hanson and Bernard Avril................... 66

- 1 -

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements At 09:10 on Monday, 23 September 2002, the JGOFS Chair, Hugh Ducklow, welcomed the attending members of the Scientific Steering Committee, IPO staff, project sponsors and local guests to the 17th meeting of the JGOFS SSC at the El Araucano Hotel in Concepción, Chile. He asked each participant to introduce him or herself and to offer a recent personal note about him or herself to the group. Hanson also introduced Mr. Sturle Litland, the IPO new financial assistant, to the members. Thirteen members from eight countries attended while six members abstained because of other professional commitments. A list of participants is given in Annex 8.1. Quiñones (host) provided practical details on the local arrangements at the meeting including computers, Internet access and schedules, with the help of Klaudia (Department Secretary) and Elisabeth (Ph.D. Candidate in Oceanography). Sturle and Stokke also offered help to any one that needed travel assistance and/or reimbursement forms.

1.2. Report of the JGOFS Chair Ducklow briefly reviewed and highlighted the general merits of the JGOFS groups since the 16th SSC Meeting in Amsterdam, July 2001:

• He applauded Michael Fasham (not in attendance) on the completion of the “Bergen Open Science Conference” book, which will be sent to the publisher, Springer Verlag. What remains are some issues concerning chapter illustrations and publishers’ permissions. Springer Verlag expects to receive the book manuscript next month (October).

• A successful Modelling Workshop was held in Ispra last June. He congratulated Schlitzer of the Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) and Monfray of the JGOFS-GAIM Task Team for the organisation and leadership during the proceedings. He also recognized the strong host support from the European Union Joint Research Centre in this effort.

• The Continental Margin Task Team (CMTT) continues a very active phase in its synthesis on carbon and nutrient fluxes over continental margins, which Quiñones will report later. Other Synthesis Groups and Task Teams have also worked hard towards completing their Terms of Reference and contributing their synthesis to the Final Open Science Conference (OSC) in Washington, D.C.

• The Data Management Task Team (DMTT) continues its crucial role in collecting a single, uniform international dataset, which will reside in the World Data Centre system.

• The International JGOFS website has been updated and revised and is now online. • The Final OSC has taken shape. The programme is determined and speakers confirmed.

Yet, the invitations are a little behind schedule (release date is now October). More will be discussed on the OSC later (see Annex 8.6).

• As JGOFS approaches the final OSC in May 2003, Ducklow encouraged the group chairs to continue working hard and finish their activities in the best manner possible.

• In January 2003, IGBP, SCOR and IOC will host the OCEANS Opens Science Conference in Paris, which will shape the future of international ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems analysis. An implementation plan will be released, presented and discussed further at the Final JGOFS OSC.

- 2 -

1.3. Approval of the Agenda The draft agenda and agenda timeline were reviewed (Annex 8.2 and Annex 8.3).

ACTION #1: The SSC accepted the Agenda and Timeline without changes.

2. OLD BUSINESS

2.1. Minutes of the 16th Meeting of Scientific Steering Committee Ducklow asked Hanson to review the minutes, actions and decisions of the previous meeting. A few comments were contributed during the process, regarding:

• NASG: Garçon indicated that no proposal was submitted. • SOSG: Hanson indicated that the revised, new Terms of Reference were received from

the former chair (U. Bathmann). • NPSG: Hanson indicated that the long overdue reports of previous meetings remain

overdue. • PMTT: Hanson reported that the final report from the Svalbard meeting was delivered by

Ed Laws and printed as JGOFS Report 36. • National reports: numbers have declined over the past few years.

ACTION #2: The SSC approved the minutes of the 16th SSC meeting with minor corrections.

2.2. IGBP/Springer Verlag Book Hanson mentioned that Fasham requested a bonus for the technical editor, Angela Bayfield. Bayfield has worked more hours than anticipated, mainly tracking down illustrations, requesting permissions, and confirming citations for chapter authors. Fasham recommended an extra 500 sterling pounds for Bayfield efforts and excellent support.

Decision: The SSC approved the bonus for Angela Bayfield. Hanson suggested that the SSC send more than a letter of thanks and appreciations to Fasham for his arduous and laborious efforts as Editor-in-chief of the Springer Verlag publication.

3. JGOFS OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENCE

3.1. Open Science Conference Programme: Discussion Before discussing the science programme, Ducklow complimented Debbie Steinberg in absentia on her excellent job as chair of the conference programme and arranging a nationally known public speaker. Through her efforts, she contacted and confirmed Dr. Carol Browner (former EPA administrator in the Clinton administration) for the public talk at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History on Wednesday evening. Ducklow also complimented the work of the US JGOFS Planning Office, in particular Ken Buesseler and Mary Zawoysky with organising the programme announcement, invitations and web site. Ducklow presented an OSC programme based on an earlier pdf version, dated mid-July, and reviewed in details the list of sessions, keynote speakers and commentators. Several members noted that speaker’s affiliations have changed.

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ACTION #3: Hanson and Avril will transmit new information on speakers’ affiliations to Zawoysky.

Ducklow also mentioned that the daily programme schedule recognizes each of the previous five JGOFS Chairs by having them lead a morning plenary session. In the afternoons, Synthesis Groups and Task Teams Chairs will lead the plenary sessions on the theme or regional poster sessions. The Programme Committee anticipates strong “regional synthesis” from the groups, teams and national programs, and strong “theme posters” from the scientific community. For example, Ducklow mentioned that regional synthesis posters might include the main regional highlights (such as, a regional carbon budget) and/or future ocean biogeochemical research or questions. In response, the Synthesis Group Chairs concurred that they needed more guidance and additional information on poster content and format. In addition, the Chairs requested early information on the number (and contents) of the posters that will be included in their sessions. Ducklow reminded synthesis session chairs that they should be as creative as possible for the regional synthesis posters. The poster format remains under discussion.

ACTION #4: Ducklow will discuss SSC concerns with Steinberg, especially the need for more guidance from the conference committee on posters.

Quiñones pointed out that there is also an overlap between regional studies and process studies regarding the general set up of the synthesis poster. Other Chairs agreed. It was suggested that the ad hoc posters be distributed among the various sessions to minimize the overlaps, according to the organising committee’s recommendations. It was also suggested that a short description of each session be prepared (written) and then checked by the organising committee and the session chairs. This description should be included at least in the online version of the programme. Ducklow indicated that the evening Opening Ceremony on Monday has been changed because of a schedule conflict at the National Academy of Sciences. It is now moved up to Sunday evening at the National Academy and is noted on the “new” Programme Invitation. The reason was due to a conflict with the annual National Academy dinner (overlooked earlier by the NAS). Information on the time and location of the Monday afternoon poster sessions, which must also be moved, will be announced later. Suggestions were requested. Broadgate suggested that this poster session could be held under a tent in a garden adjacent to the NAS.

Tréguer indicated that the Southern Ocean session will be open and that the SOSG synthesis poster will present achievements and future science based on the six research questions from the 3rd SO Symposium, please visit the Symposium web site, http://www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/other_pub/SOSG_Brest_synthesis.pdf. This should minimize the overlap with other regional synthesis groups and help identify possible contributors to the sessions.

Saino remarked that the North Pacific Synthesis Group Chair or Vice Chair should lead the session on the North Pacific synthesis in place of Yukihiro Nojiri. Ducklow acknowledged the oversight and expressed regrets. However, SSC made no decision, as it would be difficult to retract an invitation at this time.

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Anderson suggested that the poster-session chairs provide a short overview or description of the posters in the plenary session each day. Hanson supported Anderson suggestion as the ad hoc committee in Hawaii discussed the importance of a short overview by the synthesis chairs. It does not appear in the current programme version. However, Ducklow felt that the poster session overview would be included in the conference proceedings, even though it does not appear in programme shown. Hanson added that all speakers, commentators and moderators talks, poster abstracts, and an international master dataset would be made available to all participants at the Conference on the Conference CD-ROM and/or DVD. Quiñones suggested that a conference book should be considered, as was the case for the previous two JGOFS Conferences. Ducklow agreed but people are moving on to new programmes as JGOFS finishes next year. From experience, it takes 2-5 years to publish a JGOFS book. Smith agreed as most potential authors have moved on to other research topics or programmes, and suggested that the SSC should not be “pushing” for this plan. Quiñones suggested that if we drop the book idea, we should discuss a special issue in a relevant Journal, which should be faster to publish. Schlitzer strongly supported DMTT production and distribution of an official International JGOFS Master Dataset, as a CD-ROM or DVD, during the final OSC. In this effort, Hanson reminded the SSC members that there is still time and that the DMTT would appreciate their help in assisting your colleagues in developing countries to submit individual JGOFS data sets to the IPO and the DMTT.

3.2. Report on Raising Conference and Travel Funds Hanson reviewed the support status of the conference and travel proposals for the final OSC. In the USA, Kenneth Buesseler sought conference support from the US NSF within the framework of the US PO budget for 2003. The US NSF confirmed that the PO grant would include conference support ($75,000) and travel support ($25,000) for American and some international scientists (total $100,000). Buesseler also sought conference support from other US Agencies and received confirmation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, $50,000) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR, $25,000). Additional conference support is being sought through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, $25,000) and the Department of Energy (DOE, in preparation).

Internationally, the IPO sought financial support from JGOFS parent bodies and partners at the regional, international and intergovernmental organisations in oceanography, marine science and global change research. Specifically, they are:

• Asia-Pacific Network for Asia Pacific scientists (APN, $30,000, pre-proposal submitted), • Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research for developing countries scientists (SCOR,

$10,000, proposal submitted), • Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission for Eastern Europe scientists (IOC,

$20,000, proposal submitted), • Inter-Americas Institute for Global Change Research for South American scientists (IAI,

$20,000, phone call, proposal pending) • European Union for Western Europe scientists (EU, $20,000, November FP6, proposal

pending), • SysTem for Analysis, Research, and Training for young and mid-career African scientists

(START, $20,000, proposal pending via SCOR), and • Research Council of Norway for Norwegian scientists (NRC, $10,000, proposal

submitted).

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Regarding the NRC proposal for Norwegians scientists (above), Hanson suggested that a similar effort be made by SSC members at home. Garçon and Tréguer both suggested that indeed a similar proposal would be presented to the PROOF programme for French scientists. To assist their efforts, a draft proposal to APN was provided for generic information on the project and conference (Annex 8.4).

As of September 2002, we have not received any confirmation of co-sponsorships from the above international organisations. Proposals remain under full consideration. With the current efforts of the IPO and the US-JGOFS PO, a total budget of US $400,000 is anticipated (Annex 8. 5) or more than double of the Bergen OSC budget.

3.3. Conference Programme Report and Issues Hanson introduced Steinberg’s Report on the Conference Programme and remaining issues (Annex 8.6):

• Introduction of Public Speaker--Carol Browner. All speaker invitations have been extended and confirmed, except one, who will introduce Dr. Carol Browner and moderate the evening Lecture on Wednesday? The Committee is presently considering Rita Colwell (Director of the US National Science Foundation). Ducklow mentioned that the Wednesday-evening moderator must be a very high level individual with strong international impact. The SSC discussed a few possibilities and suggested names of Nobel Prize recipients and Chairs of intergovernmental organisations.

ACTION #5: Ducklow will convey the names to Steinberg and the OSC organising committee.

• Education and Outreach Programmes.

o Under education issues, Hanson reported that Steinberg is working on a couple of educational possibilities. One option has now secure funds. Dr. Ashanti Pyrtle, School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Georgia, secured NASA funds for 20-25 minority undergraduates to attend the OSC. Members felt that this will be a nice addition to the overall science programme. Steinberg requested a need for "meeting mentors" (volunteers) for the undergraduates. However, the exact time schedule remains undefined.

ACTION #6: Garçon volunteered to participate and Ducklow indicated that every member should be willing to help on this matter.

o Under media attention, press release and outreach, Anderson suggested that the

outreach actions should also extend to policy-makers that will attend and/or be invited to the final OSC. Ducklow indicated that in this matter the AGU and the USGS (Sandström at WHOI) could possibly help and that the public talk would be widely advertised for a maximal participation. Broadgate mentioned that the press and media (e.g., Washington Post, New York Times, etc.) should be involved early and invited to the OSC and the special evening Lecture.

ACTION #7: Broadgate and Hanson agreed to contact the IGBP media coordinator, Susanna Elliott, for advice and possible media contacts.

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Smith and Ducklow suggested that NSF, NAS, NASA publicity managers could provide some help with the media and outreach actions around the OSC.

Quiñones felt that if a high-quality product is to be provided to the media (and policy-makers), a professional, full-time, specialized consultant must be onboard early to handle the press and media.

Avril and Broadgate suggested that if a daily newsletter is to be prepared, it could be done as during the IGBP conference in 2001, by student journalists, and if there should be some press releases to the general media, it has to be “hot” news. Smith emphasised that it should not be “hot” news but “crucial” news. For example, the times-series studies have provided specific information on the long-term variability and ecosystem shifts.

Tilbrook mentioned that during the Bergen 2000 OSC, the journal Nature sent a full-time science writer and will need to be notified as soon as possible. Hanson suggested that the committee invite AAAS, Nature and New Scientist writers.

ACTION #8: Ducklow will convey these thoughts to the organising committee, i.e., media specialists and publicising the public talk of Carol Browner as a major event.

Internationally, Tréguer added that each national contribution to JGOFS should be specifically emphasised in order to get specific organisations (e.g., CNRS in France; MPI in Germany) and national press involved in the OSC programme in a “network of media” with international distribution in national press releases and prepared in the appropriate language. Quiñones emphasised the need for a common effort with a clear strategy and established well in advance of the event. Garçon recommended that each national representative on the SSC and National Committee Person contact their press agencies and main media directly. Ducklow suggested that the international actions would need some coordination with the OSC organising committee, possibly through Mary Zawoysky.

• Recognition of JGOFS “Unsung Heroes”. Hanson reminded everyone that there is still a

need to identify key international people who helped JGOFS along the way over the years and who should be invited to join the final OSC. In France, Tréguer named Guy Jacques, Roger Chesselet (deceased) and J.C. Duplessy, and in Oman, Smith recommended Thabit Zahran Al Abdessalaam.

ACTION #9: The lists of those names should be selected nationally and sent to the US PO and IPO in order to arrange an official invitation and travel-accommodation details (pending funds).

• National Academy of Sciences Web Casting the Conference. Hanson mentioned that

there is a possibility of web casting at the conference via the National Academy of Sciences. All members agreed that it would be a very valuable tool to all scientists who could not attend, for later use as a Conference record and as a valuable accompaniment to press releases.

ACTION #10: The OSC organising committee should accept the offer immediately, if the web casting is available at some reasonable cost to the JGOFS community.

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4. SYNTHESIS AND WORKING GROUPS, AND TASK TEAM REPORTS

4.1. Global Synthesis Working Group Schlitzer reported on the Modelling Workshop in Ispra, June 2002, which was organised to bring observationalists and modellers together (Annex 8.7). The workshop gathered about 70 scientists and emphasised current measurements and future perspectives. The key questions were presented and also discussed, including:

• Explain/constrain/reduce the great variability in primary productivity estimates from the satellites, mostly due to the chlorophyll assessment and the transformation of Chlorophyll stocks into primary productivity (PP) fluxes, especially in the Southern Ocean, where a poor, weak calibration for the satellite estimates and some sampling biases exists. It was agreed that in a highly noisy signal (environment) it is yet easier to measure variations in the real signal rather than the absolute value of it.

• Conversion methods from static (stocks) to dynamics (fluxes) are thus still controversial, especially since it is not only temperature-driven.

• Roles of the margins in the global fluxes. • Extrapolation of Chl. a and PP to greater depths (50-150 meters) is still quite uncertain. • Need for more emphasis on the twilight zone (community dynamics, carbon storage,

etc.). • Flux is not clearly coupled between the various mass fluxes and the usable carbon for

benthic activities or burial.

Schlitzer and Monfray also emphasised: • The importance of shift in species distribution according to external forcing. • The non-linear relationship between biological and physical couplings of the oceanic

processes. • The complementary need for large and small scales approaches. • The need for new tools such as autonomous recorders and efficient databases.

Finally, Schlitzer strongly supported the need for reliable and quantifying procedures for model evaluation and use expectations. For example, a model assessment should be organized in the future in order to qualify models and determine how to better use them for regional studies, process-oriented approaches, etc. by using objectives criteria for evaluation. He suggested that GSWG could launch a model assessment in the time remaining. In 2003, GSWG plans include: (1) a meeting for model evaluation and (2) an effort to liaise GSWG with the new OCEANS programme after JGOFS. The model evaluation meeting will be held after the OCEANS conference, e.g., around March 2003, and $10,000 is requested for the meeting. Schlitzer also reminded every one that it would be a disappointment to disband the GSWG at the end of JGOFS. He recommended that the GSWG should liaise with the future OCEANS programme and continue this effort on model evaluation.

Ducklow thanked Schlitzer and agreed that indeed new views and procedures are needed in the future OCEANS programme. Monfray, co-Chair of the OCEANS Conference, indicated that there would be opportunities to extend this discussion during OCEANS in January 2003. Smith mentioned that in the US, Marjy Fredericks within the US JGOFS Synthesis and Modelling Project (SMP) recently organised a similar effort of model (www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/research/synmod.html).

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4.2. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Garçon announced that NERC finally released funds for the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme for the period 2001-2005. This was good news to all concerned in maintaining the longevity of this meridional record in the Atlantic Ocean. In February 2002, the NASG organised an informal discussion during the AGU/ASLO Ocean Science Meeting (OSM) in Hawaii, and in April 2002, a session related to NASG activities during the EGS Conference, Nice (Annex 8.8). Early next month, Garçon noted a meeting on the Dynamic Green Ocean Model (with definitions of plant functional types) is planned for 2-5 October 2002 (LeQuéré, www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgc_prentice/projects/green_ocean/index.html). There are other initiatives and projects underway, including the Upstream Operational Oceanography: e.g., MERCATOR (www.mercator.com.fr), the GODAE project (www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/ocean/GODAE/) and a US Synthesis and Modelling Project (SMP) (www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/research/synmod.html). In case of the latter, she noted that Scott Doney (from US-JGOFS SMP) requested information from the Working Groups and Task Teams on what still needs to be answered as a piece of the JGOFS legacy. NASG future plans include a business meeting during the POMME meeting in Toulouse or the OCEANS Conference in Paris in January and a host a session during the EGU Conference in April. Funds requested for support of these activities and a meeting in AWI totalled $13,000.

4.3. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Tréguer reported on the SOSG synthesis and modelling papers in Deep-Sea Research Part II (2002) that followed on the SO-JGOFS Symposium held in Brest in July 2000. He also mentioned that SOSG held a general session at the AGU/ASLO Oceans Science Meeting (OSM) and a synthesis workshop in Hawaii in February 2002. He also presented a brief overview of main national contributions to SOSG. In France, the person in charge is Philippe Pondaven and the related database will be completed soon. In addition, a KEOPS (Kerguelen: Etude comparée de l'Océan et du Plateau en Surface et Subsurface, http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/projects/keops/keops.htm) project was launched recently, which will be linked to SOLAS; in Germany, there will be two publications on EISENEX I; and in the USA, a large iron fertilisation experiment, North and South of the Antarctic Polar Front was completed. Results indicated that the export was not observed during or after an increase in Chlorophyll in the fertilised region. A full report is given in Annex 8.9.

4.4. North Pacific Synthesis Group Saino presented a brief NPSG report prepared by Bychkov (Annex 8.10) and emphasised activities including the publication of a DSR II issue (in press), datasets from PAPA, KNOT and A-line (fisheries), plans for a special issue of the Journal of Oceanography and a CD-ROM data set during the JGOFS North Pacific Process Study (NPPS). NPSG request financial support ($10,000) for a meeting to organise the special issue, produce a CD-ROM and discuss follow up programs in the North Pacific after JGOFS. Ducklow asked about the iron fertilisation experiment planned by Canada and Japan at station P. The experiment was successful, the longest continuous monitoring of an iron enriched patch to date, 26 days. Sediment traps showed no increase in export during the early observational period, but towards the end, traps showed a doubling of material settling from all depths, indicating a flux of particulate matter out of the surface layer.

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4.5. Continental Margins Task Team Quiñones reported that the CMTT is in its last phase of synthesis, but the book publication is delayed. A meeting in Washington D.C. will take place on 4-6 December 2002 for the editors and lead authors. He suggested that this meeting might be too early because the deadline for chapter drafts is forthcoming and only few chapters have been submitted to the web site. Ducklow asked if there is an alternate plan since the group is late in its own schedule, such as postponing the publications or cancelling the late contribution. Quiñones indicated that he needed to check with Larry Atkinson, and agreed on an alternate plan. Ducklow also asked about the overlap with the recent book published in “The Sea” series. Quiñones indicated that it is different in its purpose and content, even though there are some overlap and common authors. Ducklow asked about the status of the LOICZ synthesis volume and the conflict in the conclusions between LOICZ and CMTT scientists regarding the sink or source status of the ocean margins, as emphasised by Arthur Chen. At first I thought we might be comparing apples and oranges. CMTT views that although the estuaries and proximal coastal seas are sources of carbon the total sea-to-air flux is smaller than the total air-to-sea flux in the much larger shelves. This view was expressed by K.-K. Liu, Robie MacDonald and Arthur Chen in the Fasham’s Springer Verlag book and will be confirmed in our synthesis book on continental margins by K.-K. Liu, Larry Atkinson, Renato Quiñones and Liana McManus (expected date 2004).

4.6. JGOFS-GAIM Task Team Monfray indicated that the main activity of the JGTT was the joint modelling workshop, as described in the GSWG report (Annex 8.7).

4.7. Data Management Task Team Avril presented the DMTT report prepared by Conkright (Annex 8.11). The SSC was pleased with the amount of work that has been completed by the DMTT with help from Avril and supportive of the work load that lay ahead, for example, the JGOFS Master Dataset and distribution of the CD ROM at the Final Open Science Conference. Avril requested financial support for two important meetings early next year in UK (DMTT annual meeting, $10,000) and in Germany (PANGAEA-JGOFS meeting, $8,000).

4.8. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group LeBorgne reported on the EPSG publication of a DSR II volume last June 2002; a copy was sent to the IPO. Regarding the activities of the recent workshop on 17-18 September and the EPSMG meeting on 19 September 2002 in Maine, USA (Annex 8.12), the following issues were discussed: • Large scale description, including of the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), the shut-down of

SeaWiFS at the end of 2002, the HNLC conditions, the latitudinal and meridional variations (e.g., warm pool and HNLC regions).

• The function of the biological pump, from PP to EP (export production), grazing, Fe fertilisation, etc.

• Ecosystem modelling for HNLC and iron fertilisation and with a test-bed project focusing on data assimilation.

• CO2 flux and biological pump. • Temporal variations, on seasonal, ENSO, and decadal time-scale; not predictive tools yet. • JGOFS and GLOBEC have some common products, down to fisheries. • Comparison between Equatorial Pacific and Equatorial Atlantic. • JGOFS benefited from the previous TAO works, of the availability of new methods, and of

different climatic events, and provided new findings.

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• JGOFS main fieldwork finished in 1996, except for JAMSTEC, but new fieldwork is underway along with ships of opportunity and TAO mooring servicing ship.

• Need of new training courses on Equatorial Pacific now that new and coherent knowledge has accumulated.

• The CD-ROM on EqPac is abandoned, as the datasets are on line, nationally. • To unravel the role of TIW (tropical instability wave) in carbon cycling and large scale

processes, 2 ships are required simultaneously. • Study of Si and Fe co-limitations, Fe speciation and distribution, and Fe sources.

4.9. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group Smith reported that the IOSG hosted a session at the Ocean Science Meeting in Hawaii last February 2002 and published JGOFS Report #35 (Annex 8.13). IOSG expects a follow-up book on Report #35 and a draft is expected by May 2003. The publication will synthesise the eleven international and interdisciplinary DSR II volumes and other relevant publications on the Arabian Sea since 1995. India and UK continue to conduct research cruises and Oman operates a satellite receiving station (NASA remote sensing data) in the region. Winter and SW monsoon situations were extensively studied during JGOFS and results indicate that export of primary production is sea-surface temperature (SST) and grazer controlled. Grazers are forced out of the euphotic zone, when SST exceeds 26-27°C, and seek refuge and hibernate at depth, during September – April. It is possible to reasonably predict the ecosystem according to the monsoon cycle. However, there remains a need for more accurate algorithms to understand better the natural iron fertilisation from dust storms as well as for clean iron measurement techniques.

4.10. PAGES-JGOFS Task Team Hanson presented the PGTT report prepared by Lochte (Annex 8.14). Lochte requested SSC advice on how this team should continue, what achievements are expected, and should PJTT consider new members? She indicated that if the group continues, it needs some changes in membership because several members are currently too busy, including her. The SSC did not have enough information to offer sound advice or course of action.

ACTION #11: Ducklow decided to contact Lochte personally and discuss her concerns.

4.11. Recap of financial requests

Hanson reviewed the financial status for the present (2002) and final year (2003). The unofficial balance for 2002 is about $16,000 due to the cancellation of the training course, postponing the DMTT technical meeting to 2003, etc. In calendar 2003, we expect $85,000 from SCOR plus the residual funds from 2000, 2001, and 2002. The 2003 requests for SCOR funds are as follows: SSC Meeting/OSC (committed) $20,000 NASG Meetings $13,000 DMTT Meeting (committed) $10,000 EPSG Meeting $11,000 PANGAEA DMTT (committed) $ 8,000 NPSG Meeting $10,000 GSWG Meeting (committed) $10,000 OSC Speakers (committed) $20,000 IOSG book funds from IGBP (committed) CMTT book funds from IOC (committed) JGOFS Executive Meeting (undecided) PJTT (no meeting requested) SOSG (no meeting requested) JGTT (no meeting requested) Chairs confirmed their requests, and Hanson notified the Chairs that the Executives would consider all requests carefully at years end. Ducklow would announce financial arrangement early next January 2003. Three events in 2003 were not included in the above budget: OCEANS

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Conference in Paris, IGBP Congress in Banff and the final Executive Meeting in Bergen. Attendance and representation at these meetings would be discussed later.

5. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES

5.1. IGBP and SCOR Because the SCOR Executive Director, Ed Urban, was unable to attend due to commitments in China, the IGBP Deputy Director, Wendy Broadgate, agreed to cover joint SCOR-IGBP activities under IGBP activities. For specific information on SCOR programmes, you are directed to the web site, http://www.jhu.edu/~scor/. Broadgate reported on the latest developments under IGPB Phase II with a focus on ocean science (Annex 8.15). The development of the new programme is well underway with various synthesis books, including the first JGOFS book in Cambridge University Press (IGBP book series), the IGBP science brochure (#2) contributing to the developments which were described in IGBP NewsLetter #50 Special Issue. In IGBP Phase II, there is a new structure with three main compartments: ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN (GLOBEC + OCEANS), and LAND (LUCC+GCTE), three corresponding interfaces projects: ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN (SOLAS), OCEAN-LAND (LOICZ), and LAND-ATMOSPHERE (ILEAPS) and 2 integration projects (GAIM and PAGES). In the OCEAN compartment, jointly with SCOR, several projects are included: JGOFS (need for continuation-legacy for the new project), GLOBEC (continuing to 2009) and a new developing project, currently called OCEANS (Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Analysis). To ensure a consistent vision in the marine projects, a draft “Ocean Vision” statement was handed out at the meeting (Annex 8.16) that laid out common goals for the OCEAN projects plus relevant parts of the interface projects, SOLAS and LOICZ. The “Ocean Vision” includes, see Figure 1 in Ocean Vision document, drivers, processes, responses, social impacts, and feedbacks. The figure cast oceans (biogeochemistry and ecosystems) into the broader context of Earth Systems that include human dimensions, biodiversity, and climate. The study on Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Analysis is related to GLOBEC foci and SOLAS foci (see Annex 8.15 for more information on SOLAS). The boundary between and within OCEAN and the interfacing activity of SOLAS remains unclear, but SOLAS involves the domains where there is a direct interaction with the other phase. For LOICZ, a synthesis book is almost finished and a LOICZ II should be launched soon with new themes related to IHDP. For Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Analysis, IGBP and SCOR expect a 10-year Science Plan and Implementation Strategy for peer review by the end of 2003. In 2001, the participants at the Futures Workshop in Barcelona, led by Peter Burkill, drafted a framework report for “Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems”. Thanks to their efforts, the OCEANS Transition Team, which formed in early 2002, and several background documents, see http://www.igbp.kva.se/obe/background.html, the OCEANS Open Science Conference (see, www.igbp.kva.se/obe/) was organised in Paris in January 2003. Conference organisers and sponsors now seek the widest participation possible at the Conference for maximum contribution to the Science Plan. In May 2003, the draft Implementation Plan will be presented and discussed at the JGOFS Open Science Conference, and in 2004, IGBP and SCOR expect to review and consider the Plan for approval. Monfray added that the Transition Team, chaired by Julie Hall, has involved researchers from JGOFS, GLOBEC, SOLAS, LOICZ and CLIVAR, especially during the meeting in March 2002.

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The body of the text deals with the three “big” topics: biogeochemical cycle and marine ecosystem (with physical and biological interactions, in order to describe the complete foodweb), global change in the marine environment and feedback to the Earth ecosystem. The OSC in Paris is very ambitious (visit programme at www.igbp.kva.se/obe/obeprog.html) and includes plans to draft an OCEANS science plan in time for the JGOFS Opens Science Conference. The science plan would be worked out in close cooperation with other projects until there is a complete merge or convergence of ideas. Monfray then described extensively the various parts and status of the programme (see OCEANS Open Science Conference under Annex 8.15). He drew special attention to items 5. Integration of foodweb dynamics at all levels including functional biodiversity; 6. Oceanic margins and the need of a keynote speaker; need of a larger effort including additional inputs from the “COOP” community; need to set-up limits to the estuaries and continental shelves; and need to emphasise the importance of social science aspects in natural sciences; 7. Mesopelagic layer and this is mostly a starting point, sometimes with provocative statements, to initiate reflection and discussions; 8. Hot spots, which include processes and areas that are sensitive to thresholds, switches and perturbations, cascading effects from thermohaline circulation, etc; 9. Human dimension and feedback to society, which include discussion, prediction and sustainable management for a changing world; and 10. Modelization for more detailed biological compartments and functioning, plus a human compartment and forcing with different models and approaches. Quiñones pointed out the need to avoid description of bottlenecked ecosystem and structure with top-down and bottom-up views, or “waste-warp” and remain open to alternative views. He also reminded everyone that the task of merging JGOFS models and GLOBEC models is not trivial. Monfray mentioned that an OCEANS poster might be prepared for the final JGOFS OSC and a strong need for exchanges with the JGOFS community. Schlitzer remarked that the main OCEANS questions are related to the study of a changing ecosystem, while there is yet no full or clear understanding of the present-day ecosystem. Hansell indicated that further observations and study of the ecosystem are included under “processes” of the three questions. Broadgate added that the system is not at a steady state, so it is impossible to separate natural variability and the anthropogenic global change for a definitive view of the present ecosystem. Therefore, observations must continue. Anderson commented that yet there are too many unanswered questions and processes to explain all the variability. Ducklow added that this is a recurrent problem when addressing funding agencies. Therefore, it is necessary and critical in the presentation of the strategy to address these issues upfront and openly. Hansell responded that the current science is fairly advanced in the resolution of the three main questions. Ducklow asked for a show of hands of SSC members who plan to attend the OCEANS OSC in Paris. The following groups indicated affirmative Indian Ocean, North Pacific, North Atlantic, Equatorial Pacific (probably Dick Barber), Continental Margins (Quiñones, Chen, or K.K Liu), Global Synthesis Working Group, JGOFS-GAIM TT, Southern Ocean, Data Management TT, and the IPO.

ACTION #12: Broadgate kindly asked the SSC members to review, comment, and contribute to the document on the “Ocean Vision” before November. The document should also be shortened and be used as a background “white paper” for all oceanic components in IGBP II, and it should be finalized after the OSM in Paris.

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Third IGBP Congress. Broadgate reminded everyone of the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada, 19-24 June 2003, with the IGBP Steering Committee and Core Project SSCs, Joint Projects SSCs, and IGBP National Committee Chairs. The Congress encompasses plenary talks, parallel Working Sessions and SSC meetings. The list of Working Groups and Working Sessions is unfinished and will remain open until after the Paris meeting. Therefore, SSC suggestions are welcomed. Ducklow offered JGOFS participation in Banff with a focus on the transfer of the JGOFS legacy to the next Ocean programme. Avril asked what are the expected outcome and set-up of the IGBP Congress. Broadgate answered that it is mostly about IGBP II integration and collaboration with IHDP, WCRP and DIVERSITAS. Ducklow felt that JGOFS science is aligned mostly with an interdisciplinary approach, and in IGBP II, the approach is similar but at a higher level. If the “process study approach” is involved in a larger context than the oceanic environment, then the congress is useful; if not, JGOFS full participation could not be certain. None of the SSC members expressed availability after the SSC and OSC in Washington DC, however the SSC Chair and Executive Officer are expected to join, and provide a talk on oceans. Broadgate added that within the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) with IGBP, IHDP, WCRP and DIVERSITAS, and with 3 joint projects on carbon, water, and food systems, the Global Carbon Project (GCP) is more advanced than the other two, and focuses on patterns and variability of processes, controls and interactions. It is linked to the IGBP II Core Projects. In IGBP II and OCEANS, the definition of sustainability is a key issue to be clarified.

5.2. GOOS and SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2: Activities Global Ocean Observing System activities. Haugan reported on GOOS/OOPC and CO2 Panel activities related to JGOFS (Annex 8.17). Joint IOC-WMO Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) oversees GOOS, which relies on OOPC and the recently established COOP for advice concerning design and development of a permanent ocean observing system. In this regard, he mentioned a very useful GOOS publication on a global ocean carbon observing serving system (GOOS Report #118, April 2002), which is a collection of results and ideas from several workshops and meetings over the past two years. It is believed that as COOP matures and aligns its elements with GOOS, a global carbon observing system will be truly global in coverage. Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 activities. The CO2 Panel (SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean Carbon Dioxide, SICAP) met early this year in Hawaii (Annex 8.18). Haugan reported on the Panel’s ongoing and new activities: ocean carbon dioxide sequestration mandate and workshop, time series observatory pilot project, CLIVAR repeat hydrography sections, and the new SICAP web site, http://www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/co2panel. Ducklow asked about the interactions and coordination between the Panel and the new programmes of CLIVAR, SOLAS, and Joint Global Carbon Project (GCP). Haugan felt that the links between the Panel and the new programmes have not developed fully, compared to previous efforts. It is expected that the organisational links will mature to account for the changing set of interacting and intersecting research programmes. Regarding carbon transport and inventory questions of the Panel, Tilbrook reminded everyone that these are important issues for OCEANS and of national activities underway. Monfray added that Working Group 4 in OCEANS covers this aspect and Wallace, the Panel Chair, will speak at the conference. Another important issue for the intended OCEANS Science Plan is carbon storage, in particular, in the mesopelagic layer, which will require greater discussion in Paris.

- 14 -

Tilbrook added that the GCP framework is still quite confusing in this aspect, especially with regards to OCEANS. Broadgate answered that IGBP want this aspect in the new OCEANS project, and this will be coordinated with the Panel. The GCP is expected to integrate and synthesize the different existing efforts in oceans, land and atmosphere. In addition, the CO2 Panel and GCP will hold a meeting on ocean carbon observation and coordination in Paris on 13-15 January 2003. The Panel is only concentrating on the inorganic carbon cycle. Therefore, there is a need to coordinate its study with that of the organic carbon cycle, which already exists in IGBP. Ducklow requested that this issue be closely followed. Regarding questions on ocean time series and pilot projects under GOOS, Haugan reported that GOOS has a long history on ocean observation and time-series stations. However, much of the effort is still “work in progress”. Tilbrook indicated that CLIVAR and POGO are working closely together and have set-up a permanent time-series station net for location and description of stations, both existing and expected, see the SICAP website. Physical time-series are already established with possible linkage to OCEANS.

6. INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE

Hanson reported on the administration and operations of the International Project Office (IPO) (Annex 8.19). He welcomed a new IPO staff member, Mr. Sturle Litland, to his first SSC meeting. Litland replaced Ms. Gjerde in the office as the financial assistant. He also mentioned that the IPO moved over the summer to another building on the “main University Campus” in Bergen. He then summarised other office activities, which consumed staff time, which included raising international funding for the final OSC and participants, managing the budget and travel for the SSC and groups, redesigning and releasing a new website on Internet, and continuing to print and distribute the JGOFS Reports and other information. Regards to publications, he asked Stokke to provide a brief report on the costs and distribution procedures of hard copies. Stokke informed the SSC that the distribution costs (printing and mailing) of the JGOFS Reports have increased and raised financial concerns. Presently, reports are sent to SSC members, Group and Task Team members, scientists, libraries and institutions. Since 1996, most reports are now available on the web site and downloadable as pdf files. However, Norwegian mailing costs have increased and now limit a worldwide distribution. She asked the SSC for advice on handling the future distribution of JGOFS Reports. The SSC agreed that the availability of online versions of the Reports would minimize distribution costs. However, Smith and Garçon cautioned that there is still a need to mail reports to institutions with limited or no Internet access. Stokke mentioned that the reports continue to be sent to libraries/some institutions but no longer to a general mailing list of individual researchers, except when specifically requested. Smith pointed out that many of the JGOFS Reports are still valuable and even classics, for example the JGOFS Protocols. These reports should be distributed and archived before the end of the project. For the community working on the Arabian Sea, Smith offered to send the extra copies. Quiñones indicated that a similar situation exists in South America. Stokke assured everyone that extra copies of the reports would not be thrown away at the end of the project.

ACTION #13: The IPO will contact the SSC to estimate an adequate number of printed copies for distribution.

- 15 -

Broadgate asked about the future of the published reports (archive). Hanson and Stokke mentioned that the University of Bergen Library and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) have offered to archive a complete set of all JGOFS Reports. Moreover WHOI has offered to archive historical documents, agreements and letters. Regarding the JGOFS web site and early discussions with Will Steffen, Hanson felt that the JGOFS website would be handed over to IGBP, perhaps on a CD ROM, and eventually passed on to next ocean project. Broadgate cautioned the SSC that the web site transfer to IGBP Secretariat need further discussion, as it is not a straightforward process. Finances. Hanson presented the finances for 2001 (final), 2002 (current) and 2003 (pending requests). Broadgate reminded that the IGBP funding has been “normalized” to $20,000, which is a minor change for JGOFS. Garçon asked about the present status of raising funds for the final OSC. Hanson indicated that as of today, only the APN provided a positive feedback on the pre-proposal and requested a full proposal. USPO will handle this request through WHOI, as a member of the APN. We also have requests out to the EU, IOC, SCOR, and IAI. Garçon felt that the timeline for EU funds is not adequate for the FP6 since the announcement will be let too late for the final decision before the OSC. Hanson acknowledged the time factor, but the IPO will continue to seek EU support for Western Europe JGOFS scientists. Anderson asked whether the chairs of each SG, WG and TT would be subsidized to go to Paris for the OCEANS Open Science Conference. Hanson replied that funds do not exist to support chairs at OCEANS under the 2003 budget. Ducklow asked specifically who needs support for the OCEANS Conference. LeBorgne, Garçon, Tréguer, Quiñones requested financial support for the OCEANS Conference. It was suggested that LeBorgne be replaced by any of the EPSG members from Europe at the Conference in order to reduce the cost. The SSC also suggested that chairs coordinate their meetings alongside the Conference; if possible, to optimise funds already budgeted.

ACTION #14: The chairs agreed to check with their groups and ascertain whether a member plans to attend and would represent the group at OCEANS; and if any one group needs to send a representative, the IPO would support such a request, pending availability of funds.

7. MEETING ADJOURNED

Ducklow thanked everyone for participation and before adjourning, he requested advice on setting the date for the last SSC meeting during the final OSC. He recommended a one day meeting and Garçon suggested the day before the OSC.

ACTION #15: SSC agreed to Sunday 4 May 2003 for the final JGOFS SSC meeting. Meeting adjourned before noon on Wednesday 25 September 2002.

- 16 -

8. A

NN

EX

ES

8.1. L

ist of Participants C

hair D

ucklow, H

ugh - JGO

FS NA

SG, IG

BP-SC

Virginia Institute of M

arine Science, College of W

illiam and M

ary, Route 1208-G

reate Road, B

ox 1346, G

loucester Point, VA

23062-1346, USA

Tel. +1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, duck@vim

s.edu

Vice C

hair G

arçon, Véronique - JG

OFS N

ASG

(Chair)

Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et O

céanographie Spatiales, CN

RS, 18 avenue Edouard B

elin, F-31055 Toulouse C

edex, FRA

NC

E. +33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, Veronique.G

[email protected]

E

xecutive Officer

Hanson, R

oger B. - JGO

FS IPO

JGO

FS International Project Office, C

entre for Studies of Environment and R

esources, University of

Bergen,

Post B

ox 7800,

N-5020

Bergen,

NO

RW

AY

. +47

5558 4244,

Fax. +47

5558 9687,

[email protected]

A

t-large Mem

bers A

nderson, Robert (Bob)

Lamont-D

oherty Earth Observatory, C

olumbia U

niversity, 61 Route 9W

, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, N

ew

York 10964-1000, U

SA. +1 845 365 8508, Fax. +1 845 365 8155, boba@

ldeo.columbia.edu

H

ansell, Dennis

Division of M

arine and Atm

ospheric Chem

istry, Rosenstiel School of M

arine and Atm

ospheric Science, U

niversity of Miam

i, 4600 Rickenbacker C

auseway, M

iami, FL 33149, U

SA. +1 305 361 4078, Fax. +1

305 361 4689, dhansell@rsm

as.miam

i.edu

Haugan, Peter - JG

OFS ISC

AP

Geophysical Institute, U

niversity of Bergen, A

llégaten 70, N-5007 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y. +47 5558 26 78,

Fax. +47 5559 9883, Peter.Haugan@

gfi.uib.no

Hong, H

uasheng (regrets received) C

ollege of Oceanography and Environm

ental Science, Xiam

en University, X

iamen, Fujian, 361005,

CH

INA

, P.R.C. Tel. +86 592 218 2216, Fax. +86 592 209 5242, hshong@xm

u.edu.cn

Tilbrook, Bronte - JGO

FS NC

P (AU

) D

ivision of Marine R

esearch, Com

monw

ealth Scientific and Industrial Research (C

SIRO

), GPO

Box 1538,

Hobart,

Tasmania

7001, A

USTR

ALIA

. +61

3 6232

5273, Fax.

+61 3

6232 5000,

[email protected] or tilbrook@

marine.csiro.au

Saino, Toshiro - JG

OFS N

PTT (Vice-C

hair) Institute for H

ydrospheric-Atm

ospheric Science (IHA

S), Nagoya U

niversity, Furo-cho, Chigusa-K

u, N

agoya 464-8601, JAPA

N. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436, tsaino@

ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp

SSC M

embers

Bychkov, Aleksandr (A

lex) - JGO

FS NPTT (C

hair) N

orth Pacific Marine Science O

rganization (PICES), c/o Institute of O

cean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich

Road, P.O

. Box 6000, Sidney V8L 4B2, B.C

., CA

NA

DA

. +1-250 363 6364, Fax. +1-250 363 6827, bychkov@

ios.bc.ca or [email protected]

Conkright, M

argarita (regrets received) - JGO

FS DM

TT (Chair)

Ocean C

limate Laboratory, N

OD

C/N

OA

A, O

C/5, 1315 East-W

est Highw

ay, Silver Spring, MD

20910, U

SA. +1 301 713 3290, ext. 193, Fax. +1 301 713 3303, m

[email protected]

Le B

orgne, Robert - JG

OFS EPSG

(Chair)

Centre de N

ouméa, Institut de R

echerche pour le Développem

ent (IRD

), 101 Promenade R

oger Laroque, B.P. A

5, F-98848 Noum

éa Cedex, N

ouvelle Calédonie, FR

AN

CE. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104

1635, leborgne@noum

ea.ird.nc

- 17 -

Lochte, Karin (regrets received) - PJTT (C

hair), JGO

FS NCP (G

E) FB M

arine Biogeochem

ie, Institut für Meereskunde an der U

niversität Kiel, D

üsternbrooker Weg 20, D

-24105 K

iel, GER

MA

NY

. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876, klochte@ifm

.uni-kiel.de

Monfray, Patrick - G

SWG

, JGO

FS/GA

IM TT (C

o-Chair), SO

SG,

Laboratoire des Sciences du Clim

at et de l'Environnement (LSC

E), CN

RS / C

EA / IPSL, C

E Saclay, l'O

rme des M

erisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Y

vette, FRA

NC

E. +33 1 6908 7724, Fax. +33 1 6908 7716, m

[email protected]

Platt, Trevor - (regrets received) IO

CC

G (C

hair) Biological O

ceanography Division, B

edford Institute of Oceanography, P.O

. Box 1006, Dartm

outh, Nova

Scotia B2Y 4A

2, CA

NA

DA

. +1 902 426 3793, Fax. +1 902 426 9388, [email protected]

Q

uiñones, Renato - JG

OFS/LO

ICZ C

MTT (C

o-Chair), JG

OFS N

CP (C

L) D

epartamento de O

ceanografia, Universidad de C


, Concepción, C

HILE. +56 41

203 861, Fax. +56 41 256 571, [email protected]

Schlitzer, Reiner - JG

OFS G

SWG

(Chair)

Departm

ent of

GeoSystem

, A

lfred-Wegener

Institut für

Polar- und

Meeresforschung

(AW

I), C

olumbusstraße, P.O

. Box 120161, D-27515 Brem

erhaven, GER

MA

NY

. +49 471 4831 1559, Fax. +49 471 4831 1149, rschlitzer@

awi-brem

erhaven.de

Smith, Sharon - JG

OFS SSC

, JGO

FS IOSG

(Chair)

Rosenstiel

School of

Marine

and A

tmospheric

Science (R

SMA

S), U

niversity of

Miam

i, 4600

Rickenbacker C

auseway, M

iami, FL- 33149-1098, U

SA. +1 305 361 4819, Fax. +1 305 361 4600,

ssmith@

rsmas.m

iami.edu

Tréguer, Paul - JG

OFS/PA

GES PJTT, JG

OFS SO

SG (C

hair) Institut U

niversitaire Européen de la Mer, U

niversité de Bretagne Occidentale (IU

EM / U

BO),

Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas C

opernic, F-29280 Plouzané, FRA

NC

E. +33 2 9849 8664, Fax. +33 2 9849 8645, Paul.Treguer@

univ-brest.fr

Wallace, D

ouglas (Doug) - (regrets received) JG

OFS ISC

AP (C

hair), JGO

FS NA

SG

FB Marine Biogeochem


niversität Kiel (IfM

-Kiel), D

üsternbrooker W

eg 20, D-24105 K

iel, GER

MA

NY

. +49 431 600 4200, Fax. +49 431 600 174201, dwallace@

ifm.uni-

kiel.de

IGB

P Secretariat Broadgate, W

endy - IGBP D

eputy Director, N

atural Sciences IG

BP Secretariat, Royal Sw

edish Academ

y of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm

, SWED

EN.

+46 8 6739 559, Fax: +46 8 166 405, wendy@

igbp.kva.se

SCO

R Secretariat

Urban, Edw

ard (Ed) (regrets received) - SCO

R Executive D

irector SC

OR

Secretariat, Departm

ent of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins U

niversity (JHU

), Olin

Hall, San M

artin Drive, Baltim

ore, MD

21218, USA

. +1 410 516 4070, Fax. +1 410 516 4019, scor@

jhu.edu

International Project Office

Avril, B

ernard - JGO

FS IPO (A

ssistant Executive Officer)

JGO




Bergen,

Post B

ox 7800,

N-5020

Bergen,

NO

RW

AY

. +47

5558 4249,

Fax. +47

5558 9687,

[email protected]

Litland, Sturle - JG

OFS IPO

(Financial Assistant)

JGO




Bergen,

Post B

ox 7800,

N-5020,

Bergen,

NO

RW

AY

. +47

5558 4246,

Fax. +47

5558 9687,

sturle.litland@sm

r.uib.no

Stokke, Judith - JGO

FS IPO (A

dministrative A

ssistant) JG


ffice, Centre for Studies of Environm

ent and Resources, U

niversity of B

ergen, Post

Box

7800, N

-5020 B

ergen, N

OR

WA

Y.

+47 5558

4246, Fax.

+47 5558

9687, judith.stokke@

jgofs.uib.no

- 18 -

8.2. D

raft Agenda

Opening (0900, M

onday, 23 September 2002)

W

elcome and O

pening Address

Hugh D

ucklow

Introductions/Science Talks (3)

Hugh D

ucklow

A

nnouncements and Local arrangem

ents

Judy Stokke

Adoption of A

genda

H

ugh Ducklow

O

ld Business

M

inutes of the 16th M

eeting (A

ctions)

Roger H

anson

IGB

P/Springer-Verlag B

ook: Status

Hugh D

ucklow

Synthesis Groups &

Task Teams B

usiness

Brief A

ctivity Reports

A

ll Chairs

Term

s of References and M

embers: N

ew and R

evised

Requests for Y

ear 2003 Activities

International Programm

es

IGB

P and SCO

R A

ctivities

Wendy B

roadgate

IOC

CG

Activities*

(Trevor Platt)

OPC

C (G

OO

S, etc.)

Peter H

augan A

dvisory Panel on Ocean C

O2

Peter Haugan

Other R

elated Meetings

Brief A

ctivity Reports

To be determ

ined Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee Business

Scientific Steering Com

mittee

Hugh D

ucklow

Executive Com

mittee M

eeting

H

ugh Ducklow

Third O

pen Science Conference (W

ashington Dc, M

ay 2003)

Conference Program

me and Support

Hugh D

ucklow

International Travel Support

Roger H

anson N

ational JGO

FS Programm

e Reports (w

ritten reports only) A

ustralia

Bronte Tilbrook

France

V

éronique Garçon

Germ

an

Karin Lochte

Japan

Toshiro Saino

International Project Office

Director R

eport

R

oger Hanson

Data M

anagement

Bernard A

vril C

alendar

R

oger Hanson

Publications

Bernard A

vril Finances

Roger H

anson O

ther Business

N

ext SSC M

eeting (Washington D

C (dates?)

Hugh D

ucklow

Adjourn (1200, W

ednesday, 25 September 2002)

* Not present

- 19 -

8.3. Agenda Timeline

Time Monday, 23 September Tuesday, 24 September Wednesday, 25 September 09:00 Welcome and Opening Address Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Reports International Project Office Report

Introductions Brief Activity Reports (continued) IPO Report (Hanson) Adoption of Agenda Data Management Report (Avril) Chair's Report Financial Recap (2003 Activities) (Hanson) Website & Publication Report (Hanson, Avril) Local arrangements Financial Report

09:30 Old Business Scientific Steering Committee Business Minutes of the 16th SSC Meeting (Amsterdam) Scientific Steering Committee Other Business IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book: Status Memberships Next SSC Meeting National synthesis activities: USA, etc. Washington DC (Dates TBD)

10:30 Break Break Break 11:00 JGOFS Open Science Conference Report Sponsors Reports

Science Programme (Ducklow) IGBP (Broadgate) Fund Raising Report (Hanson) Ocean Component and Vision Science Lecture (Dr. Osvaldo Ulloa)

12:00 Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Reports Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Topic: COPAS - Center initiative Brief Activity Reports (2001-02) Ocean’s Open Science Meeting, January 2003 Terms of References and Membership SOLAS Report/Progress Year 2003 Plans IGBP Congress, June 2003 Financial Requests SCOR (Urban, regrets sent)

13:00 Lunch Lunch Meeting Adjourns 14:30 Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Reports International Advisory Groups

Brief Activity Reports (2001-02) Carbon Advisory Panel Activities (Wallace) Terms of References and Membership IOCCG Activities (Platt, regrets sent, see rpt) Year 2003 Plans Financial Requests

16:00 Break Break 16:30 Brief Reports (continue) National Programme Reports (open) 17:30 Meeting Adjourns for the day Meeting Adjourns for the day Conference (Quiñones) 17:30 Bus Marine Biological Station, University at Dichato 18:00 Bus University Tour and Reception SSC Dinner Cove of Dichato on the shore

- 20 -

8.4. D

raft Asian Pacific N

etwork Proposal

This example is provided to assist SSC

mem

bers to seek travel support from their funding

agencies for national scientists. A

PN Project T

itle Travel support for A

sia-Pacific marine scientists to attend the Final JG

OFS O

pen Science C

onference D

etailed Proposal: O

verview

Launched over a decade ago, the Joint Global O

cean Flux Study (JGO

FS) is the most am

bitious ocean biogeochem

istry project ever undertaken. The goal of this project is to understand better the processes controlling the cycle of carbon and associated elem

ents in the open ocean, including the ocean m

argins. This knowledge m

ust now be synthesized and transferred to the

next generation of ocean biogeochemists w

ho will endeavour to predict the ocean’s response to

global climate change and variability, and to deliver this inform

ation to policy makers w

ho will

establish better-informed policies that are aim

ed at protecting our Earth systems.

JGO

FS has been a highly successful, large-scale ocean project of SCO

R and IG

BP. N

ew

paradigms regarding the ocean carbon cycle have been form

ed, and improved m

ethods for conducting integrated biological, chem

ical, physical and sedimentological studies of ocean

processes have been developed. Two recent publications have dedicated an entire issue to the

accomplishm

ents of JGO

FS. An A

MB

IO issue provided a broad overview

of the international accom

plishments to the global change research scientists 1 and The O

ceanography Society (TOS)

Magazine presented a m

ore detailed review of the U

S JGO

FS accomplishm

ents 2. W

e contend

that the

Final JG

OFS

Conference

will

be a

major

showcase

of JG

OFS

accomplishm

ents, synthesis and modelling, and w

e intend to treat this event as a culmination of

this project, even though the International JGO

FS Master D

ataset will not be delivered to the

World D

ata Centre system

until late 2003. Thus, its organisation and execution is a top priority for the International Project O

ffice (IPO) and the U

nited States JGO

FS Planning Office (U

S JG

OFS PO

). The IPO is located at the U

niversity of Bergen, N

orway, under the direction of D

r. R

oger B. H

anson with data m

anagement and inform

ation responsibilities under Dr. B

ernard A

vril. Our counterparts at the U

S JGO

FS PO are D

r. Kenneth O

. Buesseler and D

r. David M

. G

lover, respectively. The overall goals of the Offices are to support the successful com

pletion of JG

OFS and the prom

otion of JGO

FS science and ocean biogeochemistry.

Justification This proposal describes our interest to seek travel support for 13 JG

OFS and A

PN scientists from

the A

sia Pacific region to the Final JGO

FS Open Science C

onference “A Sea of Change: JGO

FS accom

plishments and the Future of O

cean Biogeochemistry”, scheduled for 5-8 M

ay 2003 at the U

S National A

cademy of Sciences, W

ashington, D.C

., USA

. The venue is historically significant as it w

as the birthplace of the project in the mid 80s. From

these facilities, the US N

ational R

esearch Council spearheaded the w

orkshop that played a major role in the genesis of the

JGO

FS program3 and a decade of ocean biogeochem

istry. 1 M

ichael J. R. Fasham, Beatriz M

. Baliño and Margaret C. Bow

les (editors), 2001. A new

vision of ocean biogeochem

istry after a decade of the Joint Global O


FS). AM

BIO Special Report N

o. 10 2 K

enneth O. Buesseler (editor), 2001. U

.S. JGO

FS, United States Joint G

lobal Ocean Flux Study. O

ceanography Special Issue V

ol. 14, No. 4

3 National A

cademy of Sciences, 1984. Study of ocean fluxes in tim

e and space by bottom-tethered sedim

ent trap arrays: a recom

mendation, N

ational Academ

y Press, Washington, D

.C.

- 21 -

In April 2000, the international Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee approved the proposal that US

JGO

FS host the final Conference, tentatively scheduled at the N

ational Academ

y of Sciences, and in Septem

ber 2000, the US N

ational Research C

ouncil confirmed the availability of the

venue. With the venue and date set, in 2001, the international Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee expressed the im

portance and desire of bringing together all scientists in the project to W

ashington. To accomplish this request, they invited the IPO

and US JG

OFS PO

to raise sufficient external funds for the conference program

and to assist scientists from developing

regions to travel to Washington and present their m

ost recent synthesis. Thanks for these efforts, the

co-sponsors w

ill enhance

international program

cooperation

and collaboration,

and possibility the delivery of all national or individual data sets collected under JG

OFS to the

Conference and eventually to the International JG

OFS M

aster Dataset. This joint database w

ill contain a fully integrated, high quality, uniform

ly formatted ocean dataset from

the JGO

FS field studies, w

hich will be deposited for long-term

stewardship at the W

orld Data C

entre system and

will serve future generations of biogeochem

ical studies on ocean processes, dynamics and

responses to climate change. W

e also contend that the Conference w

ill lead the way for the

international comm

unity in ocean biogeochemistry to be m

ore proactive in pulling together key scientific observations and to dissem

inate this information to the boarder global change

comm

unity, including

policy m

akers and

scientists charged

with

preparing policy

recomm

endations and planning future science programs.

The Open Science C

onference This conference is the third in the series of JG

OFS O

pen Science Conferences. The first w

as held in V

illefranche-sur-mer, France, at the m

id-term review

under the auspices of ICSU

in 1995, and the second w

as held in Bergen, N

orway, in 2000 at the culm

ination of the fieldwork that

formally initiated the synthesis, interpretation and m

odelling phase. These conferences lead to a C

ambridge U

niversity Press 4 and a Springer-Verlag

5 book on ocean biogeochemistry.

Several goals have been set for the Final Conference. A

s mentioned previously, the conference

will bring together all m

arine scientists that have been actively involved in the project since its inception. Second, it w

ill present the major accom

plishments of the national and international

JGO

FS process studies, time-series stations, ocean surveys, and ocean m

odelling. Third, it will

reach out to the broader global change programs in clim

ate, human dim

ension and biodiversity research by linking conference them

es to emerging issues in the global carbon cycle. Fourth, it

will include science and educational activities for the public. Finally, it w

ill offer the scientific com

munity and public an opportunity to discuss ocean-related issues and concerns w

ith renow

ned JGO

FS scientists and notable national officials. The C

onference program is now

set. All m

ain speakers have been contacted and confirmed in

August 2002. The general structure and form

at of the Conference w

ill include broad audience presentations in the m

orning plenary sessions, followed in the afternoon by special science

topics, international program lectures, poster sessions w

ith specific themes and regions, and

educational activities aimed at the kindergarten through 12

th grade in USA

. One evening w

ill be publicized w

ithin the Washington D

C area as an ocean policy lecture and w

ill be held at the Sm

ithsonian Museum

of Natural H

istory. The Conference organizers expect betw

een 300 and 500

scientists, students,


leaders,

government

and non-governm

ent

4 Roger B. H

anson, Hugh W

. Ducklow

and John G. Field (editors), 1999. The Changing O

cean Carbon Cycle, a

midterm

synthesis of Joint Global O

cean Flux Study, International Geosphere-Biosphere Program

me Book Series

Nr. 5, C

ambridge U

niversity Press 5 M

ichael Fasham (editor) w

ith John Field, Trevor Platt, Bernt Zeitzschel (co-editors), 2002. Ocean

Biogeochemistry: A

JGO

FS Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, expected in D

ecember 2002

- 22 -

representatives, and policy makers in attendance. The Scientific and Education Program

C

omm

ittee6 released the first C

onference announcement and program

to the JGO

FS comm

unity in June, via electronic m

ail, and enhanced web site presence. The distribution of conference

brochures and posters occurred in June and August.

Relationship to Priority Topics in the A

PN R

esearch Framew

ork: Joint G

lobal Ocean Flux Study (JG

OFS) is a joint core project of the International G

eosphere-B

iosphere Programm

e (IGB

P) and a large-scale ocean biogeochemistry project of the Scientific

Com

mittee on O

ceanic Research (SC

OR

). Much of the fieldw

ork completed under the project

now concerns the priority activities and special em

phasis within A

PN—

particularly “Clim

ate C

hange and Variability”. W

ithin the project, there are well-defined elem

ents on coastal zones and continental m

argins, biodiversity, and atmosphere.

Regional C

ollaboration: JG

OFS research included regional process studies and encouraged strong regional collaboration

over the past decade and a half among its partners. W

ith APN

co sponsorship, the conference w

ill further past regional collaborations and facilitate future collaborations among scientists and

institutions in developing countries throughout the Asia Pacific N

etwork and the global change

research comm

unities (IGB

P, WC

RP, IH

DP, and D

iversitas). C

apacity Building:

JGO

FS devoted resources, time and effort to capacity building and educating the next generation

of ocean biogeochemists and global change scientists. M

any conferences, symposia, and

meetings w

ere specifically held in developing regions for this purpose. Our goal today is to

ensure that they are heard from at the Final C

onference. It is a challenge, and APN

travel support for scientists to the conference w

ill stimulate quality as w

ell as future collaborative research proposals, and help build strong regional infrastructure to conduct global change research. Scientific C

ontribution of each Participating Country:

Scientists from A

PN developing regions w

ill contribute to the conference individually and collaboratively and play an im

portant part in the latest understanding of the ocean carbon cycle in IG

BP I and IG

BP II (partnership w

ith WC

RP, IH

DP and D

iversitas) and intergovernmental

agencies (APN

, IOC

and IAI).

Links to Policy: Increased public concern over clim

ate change in Asia Pacific region is strong a m

otivation for A

PN scientists participation in the inform

ation exchange process at the Conference. The

Scientific Steering Com

mittee recognized early on the im

portance of transferring information

from developing countries to the international com

munity and has set aside tim

e at the conferences to enhance links to policy m

akers, media and educators. The inform

ation assembled

under JGO

FS is now finding its w

ay into intergovernmental assessm

ents, and ocean and coastal docum

ents. R

elationship to Global C

hange Research:

The Open Science C

onference is the last major event of JG

OFS and m

arks the conclusion of a highly successful global ocean carbon program

in IGB

P and SCO

R history. The project provided

6 Program

Com

mittee: D

eborah Steinberg, Chair, Virginia Institute of M

arine Science, USA

; Véronique G

arçon, C

entre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, B

ronte Tilbrook, Com

monw

ealth Scientific and Industrial Research O

rganisation, Australia, K

on-Kee Liu, N

ational Taiwan U

niversity, China-Taipei, Peter Haugan,

Universitetet i Bergen, N

orway, D

avid Karl, U

niversity of Haw

aii, USA

- 23 -

new know

ledge and understanding on the role of the ocean in global climate change, such as the

exchange of CO

2 between the atm

osphere and ocean sediments, the carbon and nutrient

dynamics in the ocean interior and along ocean m

argins, and the biodiversity and variability of ocean ecosystem

s. R

elated Research W

ork: The International G

eosphere-Biosphere Program

me (IG

BP) and the Scientific C

omm

ittee on O

cean Research (SC

OR

) have backed a strong bottom up effort by the international scientific

comm

unity to the continued development of a new

project, Ocean B

iogeochemistry and

Ecosystems, as part of the next phase of IG

BP. This project w

ill have strong collaborative links w

ith the ongoing projects, like SOLA

S (Surface Ocean Layer and A

tmospheric Study) and

GLO

BEC

, and will build on the results of JG

OFS and other global change research.

Appendix 1: Major Contributors (nam

es, organisations, contact details) SC

OR

Secretariat. Contact details: D

r. Edward R

. Urban, Jr., Executive D

irector, Departm

ent of Earth and Planetary Sciences, O

lin Hall, San M

artin Drive, The Johns H

opkins University,

Baltim

ore, MD

, USA

21218. Tel +1-410-516-4070, Fax +1-410-516-4019, email: scor@

jhu.edu IG

BP Secretariat. C

ontact details: Dr. W

endy Broadgate, D

eputy Director, N

atural Sciences, IG

BP, R

oyal Swedish A

cademy of Sciences, B

ox 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SW

EDEN

. Tel +46-8-16-64-48, Fax +46-8-16-64-05, em

ail wendy@

igbp.kva.se Intergovernm


omm

ission (IOC

)/UN

ESC

O. Contact details: D

r. Maria

Hood, Program

Manager, 1, rue M

iollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FR

AN

CE. Tel +33 1 45 68 40

28, Fax +33 1 45 68 58 12, email m

[email protected]

Research C

ouncil of Norw

ay. Contact details: D

r. Terje Mørland, Senior A

dviser, Environment

and Developm

ent, PB 2700 St. H

anshaugen, 0131 Oslo, N

OR

WA

Y. Tel +47 22 03 70 00, Fax

+47 22 03 70 01, email: tm

[email protected]

US N

ational Science Foundation (NSF). C

ontact details: Drs. Phillip Taylor and D

onald Rice,

Program D

irectors, Biological O

ceanography and Chem

istry Programs, D

ivision of Ocean

Sciences, National Science Foundation, 4201 W

ilson Blvd., Suite 725, A

rlington, Virginia, U

SA

22230. Tel +1 703-292-8582, Fax 703-292-9085, email prtaylor@

nsf.gov and [email protected]

European U

nion, Framew

ork 6. Contact details: D

r Nicholas D

eliyanakis, DG

RTD

D-04,

European Research A

rea - The Hum

an Factor, European Com

mission, SD

ME 4/82, B

-1049 B

russels, Tel +32-2-29 95526, fax +32-2-29 63308, e-mail N

icholas.Deliyanakis@

cec.eu.int N

ational Aeronautics and Space A

dministration (N

ASA

). Contact details: Dr. C

harles Trees, Program

Scientist,

Oceanography

Program,

Office

of Earth

Science/Code

YS,

NA

SA

Headquarters, 300 E Street, SW

, Room

5S32, Washington, D

.C., U

SA 20546. Tel +1 202 358-

0310, Fax +1 202 358-2770, email ctrees@

hq.nasa.gov Appendix 2. CV of Proponent: W

oods Hole O

ceanographic Institution, Woods H

ole, USA

submits this proposal and agrees to

administer the travel costs via M

s. Mary Zaw

oysky, Adm

inistrative Assistant at the U

S JGO

FS PO

, in full consultation with D

r. Kenneth B

uesseler at WH

OI and D

r. Roger H

anson at the U

niversity of Bergen. The reason for M

s. Zawoysky taking the lead on this proposal is that D

r. B

uesseler is a soft money scientist and hesitates to add m

ore conference proposals of any kind to his nam

e and hence his current & pending proposal list. M

s. Zawoysky is a responsible m

ember

of the Local Organising C

omm

ittee7 and a vital part of the staff at U

S JGO

FS PO for 13 years,

and is therefore well qualified to lead the effort on this proposal and adm

inister the travel funds.

7 Local O

rganising Com

mittee: M

ark Abbott, U

.S. JGO

FS SSC, Chair, U

SA, M

ardi Bow

les, U.S. JG

OFS

Planning Office, U

SA, K

enneth Buesseler, U

.S. JGO

FS Planning Office, U

SA, H

ugh Ducklow

, International

- 24 -

Mary Zaw

oysky A

dministrative A

ssociate U

S JGO

FS Planning and Data M

anagement O

ffice P.O

. Box 521

Woods H

ole Oceanographic Institution

Woods H

ole, MA

02543-1057 U

SA

Telephone: +1-508-289-2834; Fax:

+1-508-457-2161 E-m

ail: m

[email protected]

hoi.edu, or mzaw

oysky@w

hoi.edu W

ebsite: http://usjgofs.w

hoi.edu/ Professional Experience A

dministrative A

ssociate I, Woods H

ole Oceanographic Institution, D

epartment of C

hemistry,

Woods H

ole, MA

02543, Planned and organized scientific workshops and assisted in editing

book, technical reports which arose from

those workshops, organized lab and graphics for

technical reports, June 1989-present A

rchaeological technician, John Milner and A

ssociates, West C

hester, Pennsylvania, Dug out

artefacts, mapped archaeological sites, 1989

Assistant D

irector and Sales Associate, International Im

ages, Ltd., 514 Beaver Street, Sew

ickley, PA

15143, Assisted in m

anaging gallery of Soviet, East European, and other, international art. M

anaged multiple projects including sales, com

puter, development, research, graphic design,

advertising, public relations, inventory control, organisation and planning, writing articles,

speaking to groups. Solved problems to keep operations running sm

oothly. Travelled to represent gallery nationally. Established relationship w

ith Czechoslovakian exporting agency,

1984-1988 Education B

.A. w

ith Honor, C

arlow C

ollege, 3333 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA

15213, Double m

ajor: Art

and Business M

anagement. 1981. H

ave continued to take classes to further education in the arts and sciences. H

onors R

otary Scholarship to Studia Academ

ica Slovaca, Studied Slovak language and culture at K

omenius U

niversity, Bratislava, C

zechoslovakia, 1990 M

inistry of Culture Scholarship to study Slovak language and culture at K

omenius U

niversity, B

ratislava, Czechoslovakia. 1988

Jednota Scholarship 1977 R

OG

ER B

. HA

NSO

N

Executive Director

JGO

FS International Project Office

Centre for the Studies of Environm

ent & R

esources University of B

ergen 5020 B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

Telephone: +47-55-58-4244; Fax: +47-55-58-8796 E-m

ail: [email protected]

JG

OFS SSC

, Chair, USA

, Elizabeth G

ross, Scientific Com

mittee on O

ceanic Research, USA

, Roger H

anson, JG


ffice, Norw

ay, Mary Z

awoysky, U

.S. JGO

FS Planning Office, U

SA.

- 25 -

Website: http://w

ww

.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html

Research and A

dministrative Experience

Executive Director, JG


ffice, Centre for Studies of Environm

ent and R

esources, University of B

ergen, 5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y. January 1996 to present

Associate Program

Director, O

ffice of Polar Programs, D

ivision of Ocean Sciences, and

Division of Environm

ental Biology, U

S National Science Foundation, 4201 W

ilson Boulevard,

Arlington, V

A 22230, U

SA. June 1989 to D

ecember 1995

Assistant,

Associate

and R

esearch Professor

of O

ceanography, Skidaw

ay Institute

of O

ceanography, University of G

eorgia System, 10 O

cean Science Circle, Savannah, G

A 31411,

USA

. June 1976 to May 1989

Research Scientist, U

niversity of Georgia M

arine Institute, University of G

eorgia Sapelo Island, G

A 31327, U

SA. July 1974 to June 1976

Education Ph.D

. U

niversity of

Haw

aii, D

epartment

of M

icrobiology, H

onolulu, H

I, U

SA,

Marine

Microbiology and O

ceanography, June 1974 M

.S. C

alifornia State

University

at Long

Beach,

Long B

each, C

A,

USA

, M

arine M

icrobiology, June 1970 B

.S. U

niversity of California at Los A

ngeles, Los Angeles, C

A, U

SA, M

ajor in Bacteriology

with a M

inor in Zoology, June 1967 Appendix 3: Budget for Travel Support B

udget Information

Support for the JGO

FS International Project Office com

es from grants in place from

the R

esearch Council of N

orway (N

RC

) and the University of B

ergen (UiB

) and is insufficient for providing travel support for planned JG

OFS activities. Support for the JG

OFS Scientific Steering

Com

mittee (SSC

) and activities come from

JGO

FS parent bodies, the International Geosphere-

Biosphere Program

me (IG

BP) and the Scientific C

omm

ittee for Oceanic R

esearch (SCO

R).

Support for the US JG

OFS Planning O

ffice and US activities, such as the U

S JGO

FS Synthesis and M

odelling Project, comes from

the US N

ational Science Foundation (NSF) and N

ational A

eronautics and Space Adm

inistration (NA

SA).

In 2000 and 2001, the SSC agreed to hold its 2003 annual m

eeting alongside of the final C

onference and budgeted $40,000 in support of its 19 mem

bers to attend final SSC m

eeting and support the final C

onference in Washington D

C. M

any will also contribute know

ledge and expertise in their disciplines as invited speaker, com

mentator or m

oderator. The SSC also

earmarked an additional $20,000 directly to the C

onference for invited speakers and associated travel expenses. JG

OFS IPO

will contribute in kind C

onference support through IPO staff tim

e, publication of conference literature and travel (approxim

ately $10,000). The US JG

OFS PO

in kind contributions w

ill be included in its combined PO

and Conference budget from

the NSF in

2003. W

ith Asia Pacific N

etwork for G

lobal Change R

esearch (APN

) support of ocean and marine

scientists from the developing countries in one of the largest geographical regions in JG

OFS

science, we can ensure that the interests of A

PN and JG

OFS as w

ell as that of global change scientists are represented at the conference. Selection of participants (applicants for travel support) w

ill be made in consultation w

ith the Program C

omm

ittees. Selection will be based on

the following criteria: past or present involvem

ent in JGO

FS research, a marine science them

e

- 26 -

related to global climate research in A

PN and IG

BP, the scientific quality of the abstract and

availability of funds. U

sing A

PN

per diem

guidelines

for 2002/2003,

we

estimated

that a

travel budget

of approxim

ately US $30,000 w

ould cover the expenses of 13 selected scientists from A

sia and w

estern Pacific developing countries. This estimate is based on econom

y airfare, 5-nights hotel and 6-days per diem

and Conference R

egistration. Woods H

ole Oceanographic Institution w

ill handle the adm

inistration of the travel support, e.g., make travel reim

bursements at no cost to

APN

, and after the completion of the conference, A

PN w

ill be provided with a final report w

ith all nam

es, addresses and travel expenditures.

Estim

ated Travel B

udget for APN

Consideration

Nam

es 8 A

irfare9

Hotel 10

Meals 11

Conf. Fee

12 T

otals 1-13

$ 1 264 $ 500

$ 240 $ 250

$ 2 255 Subtotals (1-13)

$ 16 432 $ 6 500

$ 3 120 $ 3 250

$ 29 315 Appendix 4. D

etails of funds from sources

Our goal to ensure full participation of JG

OFS and related global change research scientists goes

well beyond the financial capabilities of our im

mediate parental sponsors. To be successful w

e w

ill depends greatly on the financial support of our partners in regional, international and intergovernm

ental organisations in oceanography, marine science and global change research.

Therefore, we are seeking additional co-sponsorship from

Intergovernm


omm

ission (IOC

$20,000) for Eastern Europe scientists Inter-A

mericas Institute for G

lobal Change R

esearch (IAI, $20,000) for South A

merican

scientists SysTem

for Analysis, R

esearch, and Training (STAR

T, $20,000) for young African scientists

European Union (EU

, $20,000) for Western Europe scientists

Scientific Com

mittee on O

ceanic Research (SC

OR

, $10,000) for developing countries scientists R

esearch Council of N

orway (N

RC

, $10,000) for Norw

egian scientists In the U

SA, K

enneth Buesseler, U

S JGO

FS PO Executive O

fficer, has sought conference support from

the US N

SF within the fram

ework of the PO

budget. The US N

SF confirmed that

they would contribute directly to conference ($100,000) via PO

grant in 2003. The funds will

partially cover the travel support for Am

erican and international scientists. Financial support has also been sought from

other US A

gencies, including the National O

ceanic and Atm

ospheric A

dministration (N

OA

A, $50,000) and the O

ffice of Naval R

esearch (ON

R, $25,000). A

dditional conference support w

ill be sought through the National A

eronautics and Space Adm

inistration (N

ASA

, $25,000) and the Departm

ent of Energy (DO

E, in preparation). The com

bined IPO and PO

estimate for the overall conference and travel support budget is

$400,000 8 Individuals w

ill be selected by comm

ittees 9 A

irfare based on 80% of low

est listed price on United A

irline--Taipei to Washington D

C (round trip)

10 Hotel rate based on m

aximum

accomm

odation (USA

) under APN

per diem rates 2002/2003 (5 nights)

11 Meals based on m

aximum

daily allowance (U

SA) under A

PN per diem

rates 2002/2003 (6 days) 12 C

onference fee based on early estimate of $250

- 27 -

8.5. Financial Arrangements for the JGOFS OSC

Finance Plan $US dollars Focus Area APN fund (this proposal) $30,000 Asian Pacific developing countries_ travel support JGOFS funds $60 000 Scientific Steering Committee and speakers travel SCOR fund $10 000 Developing country scientists travel International Project Office fund (in kind and travel expense) $10 000 Administration, conference advertising, staff travel USA Federal agencies funds $200 000 Conference support and US scientists travel International and Intergovernmental funds, excluding APN funds $90 000 Developing country and young scientists travel TOTAL 400,000 Detailed Finance Plan $US dollars Focus Area International and Inter-governmental Agencies $130 000 Asia Pacific Network (APN) $30 000 Asia Pacific scientists Research Council of Norway (NRC) $10 000 Norwegian JGOFS scientists Inter American Institute (IAI) $20 000 South American scientists Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) $20 000 Eastern Europe and Middle East scientists International START $20 000 African scientists International SCOR $10 000 Asian and African scientists European Union (Framework Program #6) $20 000 Western Europe young scientists Project Offices (conference admin. and staff travel) $10 000 JGOFS IPO (University of Bergen) $10 000 Administration, Conference printing, staff travel JGOFS Core funds $60 000 SCOR $40 000 SSC and speakers travel IGBP $20 000 SSC travel US Federal Agencies $200 000 NSF (includes Project Office support) $100 000 Administration, staff & US scientists travel and conference support NOAA $50 000 US scientists travel and conference support NASA $25 000 US & foreign scientists travel ONR $25 000 US & foreign scientists travel TOTAL $400 000

- 28 -

8.6. R

eport on the Open Science C

onference by Debbie Steinberg

Program invitation and science program

The (snazzy) program

invitation is at the printers at time of w

riting. We are hopeful it w

ill be back in tim

e for mem

bers of the SSC to receive their copies at the m

eeting, so we w

on’t go into detail about the program

. The only invitation left to extend is for someone to introduce the public

speaker, Carol B

rowner, at the N

ational History M

useum’s B

aird auditorium. O

ne name that has

come up is R

ita Colw

ell. We think it’s a good idea, but would be interested to hear if the SSC

has other suggestions. C

urrent remaining issues

1. Outreach &

education part of program

This is the remaining part of the program

still to be decided. I spoke with B

lanche Meeson, head

of Earth Science Enterprise Education Implem

entation Office at the N

ASA

Goddard Space

Flight Center about doing w

hat they call an "Earth Science Update" about our m

eeting. The program

is modelled after som

e of the Sunday morning new

s programs in the U

S. There are supposed to be one or m

ore people on each side (or multiple sides) of an issue, w

ith the scientific topic of the program

something com

pelling to reporters and the public. It is about a half-hour program

filmed at N

ASA

headquarters where they up the forum

and invite journalists in. These updates get a lot of press in the U

S and it often goes international. They have done one before on carbon and the global productivity data set. Jorge Sarm

iento, Gene Feldm

an, Mike B

ehrenfeld, and Paul Falkow

ski were on the panel. B

lanche thinks some of the topics in our m

eeting would

make a good science update. The Sac’s ideas on topics and potential speakers are welcom

e. A

shanti Pyrtle from the School of Earth &

Atm

ospheric Sciences, Georgia runs a m

entoring program

for minorities in earth/ocean science. She has a proposal into N

ASA

, with our w

ritten support, to fund 20-25 m

inority undergraduates to come to our m

eeting. We will need to identify

some m

entors for them from

amongst the m

eeting attendees (occasionally take them around, help

explain things, etc.) I think it has an excellent chance of being funded. 2. R

ecognition of JGO

FS “unsung heroes” at the meeting. D

uring the course of the meeting the

service and enthusiasm of the creators and past chairs w

ill be recognized, but it has been suggested others such as N

eil Andersen, N

eil Swanberg, Elizabeth G

ross, the administrative staff

of the IPO (Stokke) and PO

(Zawoysky), and others should be recognized at an appropriate spot,

perhaps, during the cruise luncheon on the Potomac.

3. Do w

e want to bother w

ith web casting the m

eeting? The National A

cademy of Sciences

offered this capability. 4. B

ob Anderson brought up the fact that the poster session chairs are not really clear on w

hat a synthesis poster can or should be. The O

SC com

mittee plans to e-m

ail session chairs and ask for ideas, or present our ow

n. We m

ay have multiple posters on the C

D from

any session, if they w

anted to organize more than a single synthesis.

5. There is a conflict with a N

ational Academ

y dinner in the Great H

all at the National A

cademy

of Sciences on the May 5, w

hich interferes with our afternoon, 3:30-5:30 poster session and our

first night reception. Ken and M

ary are looking into options (having the reception someplace

else, using other rooms for the posters).

- 29 -

8.7. G

lobal Synthesis Working G

roup (GSW

G) R

eport by Reiner Schlitzer

Main activity of the JG

OFS G


roup (GSW

G) during 2002 w

as to organize and hold jointly w

ith the JGO

FS/GA

IM m

odelling task team a four day w

orkshop on G

lobal Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Com

bining Observations

and Models at the Joint R

esearch Centre of the European C

omm

ission in Ispra, Italy (24-27 June 2002). G

oal of the workshop w

as to assess the present state of research on global ocean productivity and dow

nward m

aterial fluxes from observations and biogeochem

ical models and to

identify future research needs. Emphasis w

as on integrated studies and the comparison betw

een m

ethods. The workshop involved about 70 scientists from

around the world representing all

aspects of the marine carbon and nutrient cycles – m

odeling, process studies and experiments, as

well as in situ and rem

ote sensing observations. Specific scientific questions addressed at the w

orkshop include: • H

ow accurate are satellite productivity algorithm

s? • A

re sediment trap data consistent w

ith satellite productivity maps?

• Are benthic food-supply requirem

ents matched by m

easured downw

ard fluxes? • W

hat controls the export and sequestration efficiency? • H

ow im

portant are ocean margins for global ocean biogeochem

ical cycles? • A

re modelled productivity rates and fluxes consistent w

ith observations? • H

ow w

ill marine biogeochem

ical cycles change in the future? • The next generation of biogeochem

ical models: w

hat level of complexity is

required to improve productivity and flux estim

ates? • N

ew technologies and observations: w

hich new datasets w

ill be available in 10 years? A

re they sufficient to validate future models?

The workshop w

as structured with half-day sessions on various them

es (see Appendix). The

presentations were m

ostly as posters with only a few

oral talks, to allow enough tim

e for discussion and short contributions of recent w

ork. Each theme w

as introduced by keynote presentations follow

ed by a poster session and a plenary discussion. Plenary speakers were asked

to provide overviews over their field, but also include open questions and provocative ideas.

Talks and posters were of high quality and the plenary discussions w

ere lively and stimulating.

A detailed w

orkshop agenda and the abstracts of all keynote presentations and posters, and on-line

version of

some

keynote presentations

and posters

can be

found at

http://ww

w.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/other_pub/Ispra_M

odelling/Ispra_Modelling.htm

l. A

manuscript sum

marizing the goals and m

ain conclusions of the workshop is in preparation.

Brem

erhaven, August 28, 2002

Reiner Schlitzer

Appendix: W

orkshop Themes and Invited Talks

A: Observing O

cean productivity from space (Chair: Trevor Platt)

• “Seasonal and ENSO

Variability in G

lobal Ocean Phytoplankton C

hlorophyll” (James A. Yoder and

Maureen A. K

ennelly) • “M

arine primary production estim

ates from ocean colour: A

comparative study of algorithm

s”(Mary-

Elena Carr and M

arjorie Friedrichs) • "A

Recipe for O

cean Productivity, and Variations" (John M

arra ) B: From

primary production to export flux: factors controlling the export efficiency (Chair:

Edward Laws)

- 30 -

• "Incorporating Respiration into the O

cean Carbon Budget: Lifting the Lid off Pandora's B

ox" (Peter J. Le B. W

illiams)

• "Role of Zooplankton in the Transform

ation, Rem

ineralization, and Export of Particulate Organic

Matter in the Sea" (D

eborah K. Steinberg )

• "Magnitude, V

ariability and Controls on the R

atio of Particle Export to Primary Production in the

Upper O

cean" (Ken O

. Buesseler ) C: The flux of particulate m

atter in the water column: m

agnitude and depth dependence (Chair: G

erhard Fischer) • “G

lobal Export Flux and Regional Functionality of Biological Pum

p: A R

esult from JG

OFS

Sediment Trap Program

s since 1982” (Susumu H

onjo , Roger Francois, Richard Krishfield, and Steve

Manganini)

• “Factors controlling the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone of the ocean” (Roger Francois , Susum

u Honjo, Richard Krishfield and Steve M

anganini) • "H

ow PO

C Export, C

urvature in the Martin Function, Biogenic Si C

ontent and Particle Settling V

elocity are Related" (W

ill M. Berelson )

• "Global distribution of dow

nward particle flux from

models and m

easurements: D

o we believe any of

them?" (Richard S. Lam

pitt , E.E. Popova, and I.J. Totterdell) D

: Benthic fluxes along ocean margins and in the open ocean (Chair: Richard Lam

pitt) • "G

lobal distribution and magnitude of deep particulate organic carbon fluxes estim

ated by benthic flux m

easurements" (Richard A. Jahnke )

• "Cross-boundary exchanges of carbon and nitrogen in the m

arginal seas" (Chen-Tung Arthur C

hen ) • "D

ecoupling surface production from deep rem

ineralization and benthic deposition: empirical

evidence and modeling challenges" (R. Arm

strong ) E: Recent evidence for changes in m

arine biogeochemical cycles (Chair: John Steele)

• "Responses

of m

arine organism

s and

ecosystems

to hydro-m

eteorological forcing"

(Gregory

Beaugrand , and Philip C. Reid) • "A

n ecosystem m

odels response to North A

tlantic oscillation like forcing" (Martin Visbeck, M

arina Levy , N

aomi N

aik, and Jessie Cherry)

• "Increased stratification and decreased primary productivity in the w

estern sub arctic North Pacific - a

30 years retrospective study" (S. Chiba , K. Tadokoro, T. O

no, and T. Saino) F: H

ind- and forecasting biogeochemical fluxes with m

odels (Chair: Steve A. Spall) • "The im

pact of climate change on the m

arine biogeochemical cycling: detecting change w

ith biogeochem

ical tracers" (Richard J. Matear )

• “Implications of various depth levels used to com

pute export production” (Andreas Oschlies)

• “Controls on global particle export and rem

ineralization: model developm

ent and calibration” (John P. D

unne , Robert A. Armstrong, C

urtis A. Deutsch, Anand G

nanadesikan, Jorge L. Sarmiento,

Panangady S. Swathi and Nicolas G

ruber) G

: The next generation of biogeochemical m

odels: what level of complexity is needed? (Chair:

Marina Levy) • "W

hat's missing in the ocean that the land already has?"(C

. Le Quéré, I.C. Prentice, E.T. Buitenhuis)

• "Ecological rules for managing com

plexity" (John H. Steele)

• "Modelling the response of the ocean carbon cycle to clim

ate change: is DO

M necessary?" (I.J.

Totterdell ) H

: Future observations of biogeochemical system

s: new technologies and networks (Chair: Nicolas G

ruber) • "R

obotic observations of carbon cycle processes in remote and very storm

y oceans" (Jim K

. B. Bishop )

• "Large Scale estimates of prim

ary production and export production: the JGO

FS Legacy" (Shubha Sathyendranath , and Trevor Platt)

• "Current

JGO

FS D

MTT

activities, and

data m

anagement

requirements

for future

marine

biogeochemical projects - insights for m

odellers" (Margarita C

onkright and Bernard Avril)

- 31 -

8.8. N

orth Atlantic Synthesis G

roup (NA

SG) R

eport by Véronique G

arçon

Mem

bers V

éronique Garçon, C

hair, CN

RS, France

Dave Siegel, U

CSB

, USA

H

ugh Ducklow

, VIM

S, USA

M

ichael Fasham, SO

C, U

K

Emilio Fernandez, U

niversity of Vigo, Spain

Glenn H

arrison, BIO

, Canada

Wolfgang K

oeve, Brem

en Univ., G

ermany

Roy Low

ry, BO

DC

, UK

Laurent

Mém

ery, LO

DY

C/C

NR

S, France

Activity R

eport Achievem

ents in 2001-2002 •

Ocean Sciences M

eeting, 11-15 February 2002, Haw

aii, USA

: Informal m

eeting with

Dave Siegel. M

eeting of preparation of the Final JGO

FS Open Science C

onference (Scientific Program

Steering Com

mittee and Local O

rganising Com

mittee)

• EG

S Spring Meeting, 22-26 A

pril 2002, Nice, France: Inform

al meeting w

ith Laurent M

émery and W

olfgang Koeve. O

pen Session (OA

8) on Biogeochem

istry of the carbon cycle of the (N

orth) Atlantic O

cean, W. K

oeve: convenor, J. Aiken, V

. Garçon: co-

convenors. Publication of JGO

FS Report 34

Actions for NA synthesis in 2002-2003

• V

isit to AW

I, Brem

erhaven to R. Schlitzer, G


roup's Chair,

(AC

CESS), N

ovember 21-23, 2002

• 4

th NA

SG M

eeting in Paris, International Open Science conference on O

CEA

NS: O

cean biogeochem

istry and Ecosystems A

nalysis, 7-10 January 2003 (IGB

P and SCO

R)

• Joint synthesis w

ork under way and planned publication for 2003 (C

:N ratios of new

production in the N

orth Atlantic, K

oeve and Garçon)

• Joint sessions A

GU

/EGS/EU

G in A

pril 2003, Nice, France:

• O

pen Session on the Biogeochem

istry of the Oceanic C

arbon Cycle, convened by W

. K

oeve, M. Follow

s and K. C

aldeira, •

Session on Iron resources and oceanic nutrients: advancement of global environm

ent sim

ulations, convened by H. de B

aar, C. Lancelot and E. M

aier-Reim

er •

Session on Eddy and frontal scale processes in ocean biogeochemistry, convened by L.

Mém

ery, D. M

cGillicuddy and R

. William

s •

Final JGO

FS Open Science C

onference May 2003, W

ashington, DC

: Poster Session on N

orth Atlantic Synthesis

• A

nalysis of a coupled physical/biogeochemical m

odel outputs of the North A

tlantic O

cean (1/15°) from the M

ERC

ATO

R program

. M

embership

Doug W

allace and Helge D

range withdrew

from the G

roup. Term

s of Reference Proposed m

odification: NA

SG expected to finish its w

ork in 2003 and therefore to disband. Budget Report Status A

ll expenses to the various informal m

eetings (Ocean Sciences and EG

S) in 2002 were taken in

charge by the Group m

embers on their funds. For 2003, the budget requirem

ents are as follows:

Visit to A

WI:

1,000 Euros

4th N

ASG

Meeting in Paris: 12,000 Euros

Total requested:

13,000 Euros

- 32 -

8.9. Southern O

cean Synthesis Group (SO

SG) R

eport by Paul Tréguer

1-Synthesis and modelling. A

ccording to the decisions taken during the August 2000 m

eeting (cf. B

rest Symposium

8 – 12 July 2000) the SO-SG

organized two synthesis m

eeting/workshop

in 2002: http://ww

w.univ-brest.fr/IU

EM/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm

A

- Special session on « the cycle of carbon in the Southern Ocean » (C

o-convenors: Paul Tréguer, U

li Bathm

ann, Tom Trull, Philip B

oyd, Stéphane Blain) of the O

cean Sciences Meeting

(AG

U-A

SLO), 11-15 February 2002, H

onolulu, Haw

aii: 41 comm

unications were presented

including: 5 invited conferences, 19 oral comm

unications, and 17 poster comm

unications (Appendix 1) B

- Workshop on « the biological pum

p of CO

2 in the Southern Ocean and its responses to

climate change ”: H

onolulu, Haw

aii (16-17 February 2002) Co-C

onvenors: Paul Tréguer and R

obert F. Anderson; this w

orkshop was supported by JG

OFS funds (also see the article

published by Paul Tréguer and Robert F. A

nderson in the April 2002 issue of U

S-JGO

FS New

s) Thirty-tw

o scientists from A

ustralia, France, Germ

any, New

Zealand, the United K

ingdom and

the USA

attended this workshop, held in H

onolulu (16-17 February 2002). The major aim

of this w

orkshop was to contribute to the synthesis phase of JG

OFS and especially to identify synthesis

contributions to the Final JGO

FS Open Science C

onference (5-8 May 2003, W

ashington DC

, U

SA). The m

eeting was introduced by Paul Tréguer (IU

EM, http://univ-brest.fr/IU

EM, B

rest, France), C

hair of the SOSG

, who: (1) recalled the answ

ers to the 6 major questions SO

-JGO

FS addressed since the beginning of the last decade, as given during the SO

-JGO

FS Symposium

held

in B

rest in

July 2000

(http://ww

w.univ-brest.fr/IU

EM/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm

), and

(2) identified the synthesis w

orks already published as well as the gaps. R

einer Schlitzer (AW

I, http://w

ww

.awi-brem

erhaven.de, Brem

erhaven, Germ

any), Chair of the G

lobal Synthesis and M

odelling Working G

roup (GSW

G) appointed by the JG

OFS SSC

, then introduced the plans for the next G

SWG

meeting, to be held in Ispra (Italy), 24-27 June 2002 (see, http://m

e-w

ww

.jrc.it/jgofs/). Tw

o plenary talks set the stage for later discussions of synthesis topics. Patrick Monfray (LSC

E, http://w

ww

.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/, Gif-sur-Y

vette, France) gave a very provocative talk on possible responses of the Southern O

cean as well as of the w

orld ocean to combined clim

ate and external forcings. This talk w

as based on outputs of a 3D coupled ocean – atm

osphere complex m

odel that includes a relatively com

plex ocean biogeochemistry (PISC

ES). Increased stratification of the ocean w

ith global warm

ing is expected to play a major role on biogeochem

ical fluxes as the m

ixed layer decreases and the productive season lengthens. The model predicts a significant

increase both in primary and export production in the high latitudes, but a decrease of biogenic

fluxes in low latitudes. Iron from

below also seem

s to play a role that has been underestimated;

most present studies focus on iron from

above. To validate model predictions for the near future,

in addition to microscale and/or m

esoscale experiments (e.g., iron fertilisation experim

ents), Patrick

Monfray

suggested w

e should

take into

account of

the natural

variability of

biogeochemical fluxes and ecosystem

structures due to the Antarctic C

ircumpolar W

aves (A

CW

). Indeed the AC

W affects the m

ean SST by ~ 1°C, and the m

ixed layer depth by ~ 50 m,

which is com

parable to predicted changes of the ocean features as a response of doubling the present atm

ospheric CO

2 concentration. Of course, initiatives to continue present, or to establish

new tim

e-series are of major interest in this perspective and w

ill receive strong support from the

- 33 -

SOSG

. Excerpts

of this

talk are

available on

the w

eb site:

(http://ww

w.univ-

brest.fr/IUEM

/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm).

Tilla Roy (A

CR

C, http://w

ww

.antcrc.utas.edu.au/antcrc/, Hobart, A

ustralia) presented a talk on the inconsistencies rem

aining between the outputs of atm

ospheric inversion models and the

global synthesis of air-sea delta pCO

2 data. Present estimates of the A

ustral annual sink of atm

ospheric CO

2 are still poorly constrained, varying between -0.1 (M

etzl et al. 2001; Gruber et

al. 2001) to -0.6 GTC

yr -1 (Takahashi et al, 2002) for the part of the Southern Ocean south of

50°S. Negative air-sea delta pC

O2 fluxes such as these are not reconcilable w

ith outputs of atm

ospheric inversion models validated from

the few C

O2 land stations located in the Southern

Hem

isphere. Increasing the number of land stations is requested, especially for South A

frica and South A

merica. N

ew approaches for a better integration of ocean and atm

ospheric data of CO

2 and O

2 are also strongly recomm

ended. Follow

ing a discussion on the plenary talks, workshop participants divided into w

orking groups (W

G) to assess and prom

ote synthesis of recent findings concerning three topics of particular im

portance to research on the carbon cycle of the Southern Ocean:

- WG

1 (Chair: U

li Bathm

ann, AW

I, http://ww

w.aw

i-bremerhaven.de, B

remerhaven, G

ermany):

What physical (e.g., light, ice, m

ixed layer depth, mixing rate) and chem

ical (e.g., Fe, Si) conditions regulate phytoplankton grow

th and species composition?

- WG

2 (Chair: Tom

Trull, (AC

RC

, http://ww

w.antcrc.utas.edu.au/antcrc/, H

obart, Australia):

What is the « fate » of biogenic m

aterial (e.g., regeneration in situ; sinking without being grazed;

grazing and export as fecal material), and can the « fate » be correlated w

ith environmental

conditions? - W

G3 (C

hair: Greg M

itchell, UC

SD, http://w

ww

.ucsd.edu/, San Diego, U

SA): Is the satellite

view of phytoplankton biom

ass in the Southern Ocean consistent w

ith the results from (1) to (2)

above? In reporting on the deliberations of W

G1, U

li Bathm

ann noted that the huge international effort undertaken during the last decade has drastically changed our sim

plistic vision of the Southern O

cean that prevailed at the beginning of the 1990s. To better account for the complexity of the

Southern Ocean ecosystem

s and for the impact of clim

ate change on primary production (cf.

Patrick Monfray’s introductive talk), W

G1 suggests that, on the one hand, biogeochem

ical m

odels should take account of a « polygonal » approach of the primary production lim

itations, including the role of light, nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid, iron, and grazing for the m

ajor players (diatom

s, Phaeocystis, crytophyceans, and other small phytoplankters). O

n the second hand, com

plementary approaches are also encouraged to include (1) the building up of a hierarchy of

limiting factors and bifurcations m

odels, (2) the design of the appropriate physical background (e.g., im

portance of mesoscale features in the frontal zones), (3) the m

easurements of the initial

(winter) values, (4) and the coupling betw

een atmosphere and sea ice. N

ew experim

ents in Lagrangian m

ode are recomm

ended including mesocosm

s, in situ and model experim

ents. Tom

Trull reported on what w

e learnt from the outputs of the SO

-JGO

FS field and modelling

work about the « fate » of biogenic m

aterial in the Southern Ocean and on the links w

ith environm

ental conditions. Am

ong the participants of Working G

roup 2, there is a consensus that the export production of organic carbon out of the photic layer is high, how

ever it also seems

that the export flux of carbon deeper than 2000 m is alm

ost comparable to that in the rest of the

world ocean; if this is indeed so, the m

ineralization of organic carbon in the “twilight zone”

should be high, of which w

e already have some indications. B

ut WG

2 also pointed out the present gaps: w

e know neither w

hich pathway (sinking, subduction, bio-entrainm

ent) is the most

effective nor which region/subsystem

of the Southern Ocean is the m

ost important for organic

- 34 -

carbon export below the ventilation depth. N

ew areas of research are to be initiated to better

understand and model the aggregation/disaggregation m

echanisms at m

icroscales. G

reg Mitchell reported on the accuracy of the satellite view

of the Southern Ocean (W

orking G

roup 3). SeaWiFS data now

allow realistic estim

ates of the seasonal and interannual variability of chlorophyll concentrations in A

ntarctic surface waters from

sea colour, although persistent cloud coverage m

akes it difficult to get continuous determinations. Im

proved algorithms w

ill soon be available for accurate determ

inations of chlorophyll in the offshore waters of the

Southern Ocean. The participants also debated on the degree of confidence for prim

ary production and export production derived from

satellite-based estimates of phytoplankton

biomass. W

G3 recom

mended that future cam

paigns in the Southern Ocean conducts system

atic in situ optics

(for a

detailed list

of param

eters and

methods

available, please

contact: gm

[email protected]) in parallel w

ith classical primary production m

easurements.

Bob A

nderson (LDEO

, ww

w.ldeo.colum

bia.edu, Palisades, USA

) gave preliminary inform

ation on the agenda of the Final JG

OFS O

pen Science Conference (5-8 M

ay 2003, Washington D

C,

USA

). Oral com

munications w

ill focus on scientific themes and not on regions, although

regional reports are possible by posters. The SOSG

meeting has already identified possible

poster comm

unications on synthesis answers to the six SO

-JGO

FS major questions, as w

ell as contributions to them

atic oral presentations. References: M

etzl, N., C

. Brunet, A

. Jabaud-Jan, A. Poisson and B

. Schauer (2001). Summ

er and winter air-

seas CO

2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Extended abstracts of the 6

th international Carbon

Dioxide C

onference, Sendai, Japan, October 1-5,685-688.

N. G

ruber, M. G

loor, R. A

. Feely, C. R

oedenbeck, C. L. Sabine and J. L. Sarm

iento (2001) Air-

sea fluxes of pre-industrial and anthropogenic CO

2 determined by inverse m

odeling of ocean carbon data. Extended abstracts of the 6

th international Carbon D

ioxide Conference, Sendai,

Japan, October 1-5, 1039-1042.

T. Takahashi, S. C. Sutherland, C

. Sweeney, A

. Poisson, N. M

etzl, B. Tilbrook, N

. Bates, R

. W

anninkhof, R.A

. Feely, C. Sabine, J. O

lafsson, and Y. N

ojiri (2002) Global sea-air C

O2 flux

based on climatological surface ocean pC

O2 , and seasonal biological and tem

perature effects. D

eep-Sea research Part II, 49 : 1601-1622. 2-Publications: (1) Peer-review

ed contributions of the 3rd SO

-JGO

FS Symposium

on « Climatic

changes and the cycle of carbon » (Brest, 8-12 July 2000) are now

published in 2 volumes of

Deep-Sea Research Part II : see Appendix 2. (2) Publication of JG

OFS R

eport 32 3-SO

-SG on-going w

ork: The 3rd International Joint G

lobal Ocean Flux Study O

pen Science C

onference, entitled « A Sea of Change: JGO

FS Accomplishm

ents and the Future of Ocean

Biogeochemistry » w

ill be held at the National A

cademy of Sciences in W

ashington, D.C

., 5-8 M

ay 2003. One poster session (C

onvenor: Paul Tréguer) is devoted to the Southern Ocean. The

selection of synthesis posters will be organized during fall 2002 (dead line for subm

ission: D

ecember, 31rst). N

B: U

li Bathm

ann was asked by the organizers to give a plenary talk entitled

« Plankton species determine biogeochem

ical fluxes: from scenarios to a global picture ».

4-National/international contributions related to SO

-JGO

FS:

- 35 -

Australia: A

ustralian Southern Ocean JG

OFS com

pleted its final major field program

in D

ecember 2001 w

ith a multi-disciplinary field study carried out during the 7

th repeat of the W

OC

E/CLIV

AR

transect from Tasm

ania to Antarctica along 140°E. This 47 day cruise onboard

Aurora A

ustralis brought together more than 70 scientists from

Australia, N

ew Zealand, Europe,

North A

merica and A

sia. It was tightly coordinated w

ith 3 additional Japanese Antarctic

Research Expeditions cruises to the seasonal sea-ice zone at the southern end of the transect.

Com

pleting the analyses, synthesis and publication of results from these cruises w

ill be the major

activity of Australian Southern O

cean in 2002 and 2003. A

set of 17 papers from the SA

Z Project biogeochemical studies from

the Sub-Antarctic and

Polar Frontal Zones was published as a special section of Journal of G

eophysical Research –

Oceans in D

ec. 2001 (Editors: Trull, T. W., Sedw

ick, P.N., G

riffiths, F.B., R

intoul, S.R):

Appendix 3. The SAZ Project m

oored sediment trap program

is continuing with m

oorings along 140E at 47, 54 and 61°S, coordinated w

ith an additional Japanese mooring at 64°S, and w

ith the intention of adding m

ixed layer instrument m

oorings in future years. O

ther future Australian carbon-cycle program

s are being developed under the SOLA

S-AN

Z banner (w

hich has preliminary plans on its w

ebsite: ww

w.antcrc.utas.edu.au, under the Special

Projects menu), the C

LIVA

R banner, in collaboration w

ith other national programs, and

independently. Many of these program

s depend on the successful creation of a new A

ntarctic C

limate &

Ecosystem C


entre to succeed the Antarctic C

RC

when it

finishes in June 2003. The evaluation of the proposed new A

CE C

RC

is currently underway,

with the final decision due in D

ecember 2002. The A

CE B

usiness Plan, including tentative field program

s through

2008 is

available from

A

CE

bid-team

leader Tom

Trull

(email:

Tom.Trull@

utas.edu.au). Tom

Trull continues as the Australian m

ember of the International JG

OFS Southern O

cean Synthesis G

roup. Brian G

riffiths continues as the Australian m

ember of the JG

OFS data

managem

ent task team and is w

orking to assemble results from

the 1991-2001 decade of program

s (Brian.G

[email protected]), and B

ronte Tilbrook continues as the Australian m

ember

of the JGO

FS SSC (B

[email protected]).

France. Philippe Pondaven (IUEM

, Brest) is the coordinator of the A

NTA

RES –France JG

OFS

Group during the final phase. The ToR

s of the group are (1) to complete the database in

connection with the France-JG

OFS database and D

MTT, (2) to organise synthetic contributions,

and (3) to exploit up today non-published AN

TAR

ES results. A w

orkshop was organized in

Brest in M

ay 2002 under the coordination of Paul Tréguer (IUEM

, Brest) to discuss new

results on fluxes of biogenic m

atter at the AN

TAR

ES mooring sites M

2 (51°S, 61°32E, 4600m

) and M3

(63°S, 70°57E, 4000m

). A m

anuscript coordinated by Jean-Jacques Pichon (EPOC

, Bordeaux)

will be subm

itted soon. A

s discussed during the SO-JG

OFS 2000 Sym

posium, new

projects in the Indian sector of the Southern O

cean are organized under umbrella of SO

LAS. Stéphane B

lain (IUEM

, Brest) is

taking the lead of the KEO

PS programm

e (KEO

PS = Kerguelen: Etude com

parée de l’Océan et

du Plateau en surface et Subsurface, http://ww

w.univ-brest.fr/IU

EM/projects/keops/keops.htm

) w

hich major aim

is to study the impacts of natural iron fertilisation on A

ntarctic waters. K

EOPS

preliminary science plan, open to international cooperation, has been approved by the Scientific

Com

mittee of PR

OO

F-CN

RS. C

ruises should be planned in 2004-2005. G

ermany. The D

SR II issue « Mesoscale Physics, Biogeochem

istry and Ecology of the Antarctic Polar Front, Atlantic Sector ». Edited by V

H Strass, U

V B

athmann, M

Rutgers v. d. Loeff and V

- 36 -

Smetacek is in press, published electronically (D

OI), and hopefully w

ill be published on paper in Septem

ber this year. A second iron fertilization experim

ent in under planning with allocated

ship-time of R

V Polarstern from

20 January to 25 March 2004 in the Southern O

cean. Requests

for a second ship are out. The Germ

an JGO

FS database is updated by Herm

ann in Kiel.

USA

. Within the U

.S. JGO

FS (AESO

PS) program, all of our activities during the past year have

involved the preparation of DSR-II volum

es. The second volume, published in late 2001,

comprises 20 publications (Table of content in Appendix 5). The m

anuscripts for the 3rd A

ESOPS volum

e (19 publications, Appendix 5) have now all been delivered to John M

illiman

for his final review.

Appendix 1: Special SO session on « the cycle of carbon in the Southern O

cean » (Co-

convenors: Paul Tréguer, Uli B

athmann, Tom

Trull, Philip Boyd, Stéphane B

lain) of the Ocean

Sciences Meeting (A

GU

-ASLO

), 11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, H

awaii

Invited Conference: • B Q

uéguiner, R Barber, S Blain, P Boyd, M

Brzezinski, H D

e Baar, V Franck, D

Nelson, D

H

utchins, P Sedwick, K

Timm

ermans, P Tréguer: B

ottom-up C

ontrol of Primary Production in the

Southern Ocean: the C

o-limitation Q

uestion With R

egard to the Availability of Fe, Si, and Light.

• V Strass: EisenEx-1: Test of the Iron H

ypothesis in a Southern Ocean Eddy

• M Carr, M

Friedrichs, J Moore, R

Barber: Satellite-based Primary Production Estim

ates in the Southern O

cean: a Com

parative Study • T Trull: C

arbon Export South of Australia.

• R Sem

péré, C Panagiotopoulos, I O

bernosterer, C D

ubreuil, D Lefèvre, M

Denis, M

Goutx, V

an W

ambeke, S B

ecquevort, C Lancelot, M

Bianchi: O

rganic Carbon C

ycling In The Southern Ocean.

Case Studies A

nd General O

bservations O

ral Comm

unications: • D

Hutchins, C

Hare, G

. DiTullio, A

Crossley, P Sedw

ick: Effects of Iron Limitation on Southern

Ocean

Biogeochem

istry and

Phytoplankton C

omm

unity Structure

Assessed

With

a N

atural C

omm

unity Continuous C

ulture Incubation System

• J Tremblay, N

Price: The Effect of Iron on the C/N

/P/Si Com

position of Phytoplankton: Does Fe-

deficiency Affect Structural or Labile, Soluble Pools?

• P Sedwick, S B

lain: Iron Distribution and Phytoplankton G

rowth in Subantarctic W

aters: A

Synthesis of results from the A

ustralian and Indian Sectors of the Southern Ocean

• R Edw

ards, P Sedwick: The Iron C

ontent of Seasonal Sea-ice: a Biologically Significant Source of Iron to the Southern O

cean? • A

Watson, D

Bakker, V Sm

etacek, P Nightingale, U

Riebesell, V

Strass, M M

essias, L Goldson, C

Law

: How

Rapid D

ilution Influences Southern Ocean Iron Fertilization Experim

ents: Com

parison betw

een EISENEX

and SOIR

EE • P Boyd, G

Jackson, A W

aite: Are M

esoscale Perturbation Experiments in Polar W

aters Prone to Physical A

rtefacts? Evidence from A

lgal Aggregation M

odelling Studies. • R

Bellerby, D Bakker, A

Watson, I Skjelvan, Y

Bozec, H

de Baar: Seawater pH

in the Southern O

cean: Interannual Variability and R

esponse to an Iron Enrichment Experim

ent • Z C

hase, R A

nderson, M Fleisher, P K

ubik : Accum

ulation of Biogenic and Lithogenic M

aterial in the Pacific Sector of the Southern O

cean During the Past 30,000 Y

ears. • K

Fennel, M A

bbott, Y Spitz, J R

ichman, D

Nelson: M

odeling Controls of Phytoplankton

Production in the Southern Ocean--M

odern and Glacial Scenarios

• SE Green, R

N Sam

brotto: Phytoplankton Com

munity C

omposition and N

itrogen Uptake R

ates off G

eorges V C

oastland, Antarctica:

• RN

Sambrotto, R

D V

aillancourt, C. Langdon, SE G

reen, A. M

atsuda, SS Jacobs, CI M

easures: Sum

mer Plankton Production and N

utrient Consum

ption Patterns in the Metz G

lacier Region of

East Antarctica:

- 37 -

• J Llido, E Machu, I D

adou, V G

arçon: Chlorophyll V

ariability in the Agulhas C

urrent System: a

Wavelet A

nalysis on Modelled and SeaW

iFS Chlorophyll Fields

• B Mitchell, M

Kahru, R

Reynolds, J W

ieland, D Stram

ski, C H

ewes, O

Holm

-Hansen: C

hlorophyll-a O

cean Color A

lgorithms for the Southern O

cean and their Influence on Satellite Estimates of

Primary Production

• J Boutin, Y R

angama, J Etcheto, L M

erlivat, T Takahashi, D D

elille, M Frankignoulle: A

ir-Sea CO

2 Fluxes Inferred From

in Situ and Rem

otely Sensed Parameters in the Southern O

cean • M

Hendricks, B Barnett, M

Bender, P. Falkowski: U

sing Ocean O

xygen Measurem

ents to Constrain

Carbon Fluxes in the Southern O

cean • X

Wang, R

Matear, T Trull: N

on-Redfield N

/P Nutrient U

tilization Ratios in the Polar Frontal Zone

of the Southern Ocean, a M

odel and Data Synthesis Study

• M Lutz, R

Dunbar: Elem

ental composition (C

, N, and P) of particulate m

aterial exported in the Ross

Sea, Antarctica.

• M Lourey, T Trull, D

Sigman: delta 15N

of Surface and Deep O

rganic Matter in the Subantarctic

and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean South of A

ustralia. • B Schneider, R

Schlitzer, G Fischer, E N

oethig: Depth D

ependent Elemental C

ompositions of

Particulate Organic M

atter in the Ocean

Poster Comm

unications: • T Trull, M

Lourey, S Bray: delta 13C of Surface and D

eep Organic M

atter in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern O

cean South of Australia.

• D Bakker, A

Watson, P N

ightingale, C Law

, Y B

ozec, L Goldson, M

Messias, H

Baar, M Liddicoat,

I Skjelvan: Inorganic Carbon C

hanges in two Southern O

cean Iron Release Experim

ents: Effects of Iron, H

ydrography and Meteorology

• G Jackson, A

Waite, P Boyd: R

ole of Algal C

oagulation in Carbon Export D

uring Iron Fertilization Experim

ents. • M

Fleisher, R A

nderson: Assessing the C

ollection Efficiency of Ross Sea Sedim

ent Traps Using

230Th and 231Pa • A

Tagliabue, K A

rrigo, D W

orthen: Anom

alously low Zooplankton A

bundance in the Ross Sea: A

n A

lternative Explanation • G

Fischer, R G

ersonde, G W

efer: Organic C

arbon, Biogenic Silica and Diatom

Fluxes in the M

arginal Winter sea ice Zone and in the Polar Front R

egion: Interannual Variations and D

ifferences in C

omposition

• K A

rrigo, D R

obinson, R D

unbar, A Leventer, M

Lizotte: Physical control of chlorophyll a, POC,

and TPN distributions in the pack ice of the R

oss Sea, Antarctica

• A. Ingalls, C

Lee, J Hedges, S W

akeham, O

rganic Matter Fluxes and Preservation in the Southern

Ocean: R

ole of Diatom

s • L R

ogers, R D

unbar, D M

ucciarone, M H

opkins, T Erohina, M Lizotte, A

Leventer: Estimates of

Net C

omm

unity Production Using D

issolved Inorganic Carbon D

eficits and delta13C Enrichm

ents in the U

pper Water C

olumn of Prydz Bay, A

ntarctica • I Peeken: C

hanges in Phytoplankton Com

munity D

uring the Southern Ocean Iron Fertilisation

Experiment "EisenEx 1" Based on M

arker Pigments

• A B

elem, R

Timm

ermann, G

Dieckm

ann, D W

olf-Gladrow

: Effects of Ice Drift on the Productivity

of Sea Ice Microbial C

omm

unities in the Weddell Sea, A

ntarctica • C

Pilskaln, S Manganini, V

Asper, T Trull, W

How

ard, L Arm

and: Seasonal Particulate Export B

elow the Polar Front in the Southern Indian O

cean Sector of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

• R M

atear, B McN

eil: A Southern O

cean Com

parison of CFC

11-Age D

erived Estimates of

Anthropogenic C

O2 to M

ulti-Parametric Linear R

egression • C

How

ard, T Cow

les, J Barth: Spatial Structure of Physical and Bio-O

ptical Distributions A

cross the A

ntarctic Polar Front • M

Mongin, P R

ivière, P Pondaven: Modelling M

esoscale Processes and Nutrient Lim

itation Impact

on the Biological Pum

p in the Frontal Zone of the Austral O

cean • P Y

ager: An A

rctic Ocean Tim

e Series of Dissolved Inorganic C

arbon. • M

. Boye, J. Nishioka, P C

root, P Laan, KR

Timm

ermans, S Takeda, H

J de Baar: Colloidal Fe

accounts for a significant part of dissolved organic Fe-complexes in the Southern O

cean.

- 38 -

Appendix 2: Proceedings of the 3rd SO

-JGO

FS Symposium

on « Clim

atic changes and the cycle of carbon » (B

rest, 8-12 July 2000) Contents of the first volum

e: Deep Sea R

esearch Part II: Topical Studies in O

ceanography: 2002, 49(9-10), 1597 –1962: • C

limatic changes and the carbon cycle in the Southern O

cean: a step forward, 1597-1600. P.

Tréguer and P. Pondaven • G

lobal sea-air CO

2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pC

O2, and seasonal biological and

temperature effects, 1601-1622. Taro Takahashi, Stew

art C. Sutherland, Colm

Sweeney, A

lain Poisson, N

icolas Metzl, Bronte Tilbrook, N

icolas Bates, Rik W

anninkhof, Richard A

. Feely, C

hristopher Sabine et al. • C

arbon export fluxes in the Southern Ocean: results from

inverse modeling and com

parison with

satellite-based estimates, 1623-1644. R

einer Schlitzer • V

ertical budgets for organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean,

1996¯1998, 1645-1674. David M

. Nelson, R

obert F. Anderson, R

ichard T. Barber, Mark A

. Brzezinski, K

en O. Buesseler, Zanna, C

hase, Robert W

. Collier, M

ary-Lynn Dickson, R

oger François, M

ichael R. H

iscock et al. • A

nnual export production in the interior Weddell G

yre estimated from

a chemical m

ass balance of nutrients, 1675-1689. M

ario Hoppem

a, Hein J. W

. de Baar, Richard G

. J. Bellerby, Eberhard Fahrbach and K

arel Bakker • N

et comm

unity production in the marginal ice zone and its im

portance for the variability of the oceanic pC

O2 in the Southern O

cean south of Australia, 1691-1706. M

asao Ishii, Hisayuki Y

. Inoue and H

idekazu Matsueda

• Water-colum

n remineralization in the Indian sector of the Southern O

cean during early spring, 1707-1720. Javier A

rístegui, Michel D

enis, Javier Alm

unia and María F. M

ontero • O

rganic carbon, biogenic silica and diatom fluxes in the m

arginal winter sea-ice zone and in the

Polar Front Region: interannual variations and differences in com

position, 1721-1745. G. Fischer,

R. G

ersonde and G. W

efer • The Si cycle in the Pacific sector of the Southern O

cean: seasonal diatom production in the surface

layer and export to the deep sea, 1747-1763. Daniel E. Sigm

on, David M

. Nelson and M

ark A.

Brzezinski • Biogenic silica production rates and particulate organic m

atter distribution in the Atlantic sector of

the Southern Ocean during austral spring 1992, 1765-1786. B. Q

uéguiner and M. A

. Brzezinski • Prim

ary production processes in ice-free waters of the R

oss Sea (Antarctica) during the austral

summ

er 1996, 1787-1801. Vincenzo Saggiom

o, Giulio C

atalano, Olga M

angoni, Giorgio Budillon

and Gian C

arlo Carrada

• The role of iron in the biogeochemistry of the Southern O

cean and equatorial Pacific: a comparison

of in situ iron enrichments, 1803-1821. Philip W

. Boyd • A

quasi-synoptic view of the frontal circulation in the C

rozet Basin during the Antares-4 cruise,

1823-1842. Young-H

yang Park, Raymond T. Pollard, Jane F. R

ead and Viviane Leboucher

• Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the A

ntarctic Polar Front region at 170°W, 1843-1865.

Michael R

. Landry, Karen E. Selph, Susan L. Brow

n, Mark R

. Abbott, C

hristopher I. Measures,

Suzanna Vink, C

olleen B. Allen, A

lbert Calbet, Stephanie C

hristensen and Hector N

olla • Phytoplankton distribution in the Indian sector of the Southern O

cean during spring, 1867-1880. M.

Fiala, M. -C. M

achado and L. Oriol

• Salp/krill interactions in the Southern Ocean: spatial segregation and im

plications for the carbon flux, 1881-1907. E. A

. Pakhomov, P. W

. Froneman and R. Perissinotto

• The Southern Ocean's biological pum

p during the Last Glacial M

aximum

, 1909-1938. Robert F.

Anderson, Zanna C

hase, Martin Q

. Fleisher and Julian Sachs • Late quaternary variations of elem

ental ratios (C/Si and N

/Si) in diatom-bound organic m

atter from

the Southern Ocean, 1939-1952. X

avier Crosta, A

ldo Shemesh, M

arie-Eve Salvignac, Hezi G

ildor and R

uth Yam

• 14C

of the organic matter in sedim

ents from the A

ntarctic Polar Front: origin and dynamics of

sedimentary organic carbon, 1953-1961. C. R

abouille, N. Tisnérat and D

. Blamart

- 39 -

Contents of the second volume: D

eep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in O

ceanography, 2002, V

olume 49, Issue 16, 3103-3407 (2002)

• Clim

atic changes and the cycles of carbon in the Southern Ocean: a step forw

ard (II), 3103-3104. P. Tréguer and P. Pondaven

• Assessing the im

portance of the Southern Ocean for natural atm

ospheric pCO

2 variations with a

global biogeochemical general circulation m

odel, 3105-3125. Christoph H

einze • Si/C

decoupling in the world ocean: is the Southern O

cean different? Pp. 3127-3154. Olivier

Ragueneau, N

icolas Dittert, Philippe Pondaven, Paul Tréguer and Lydie C

orrin • The accum

ulation and cycling of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: revisiting the m

arine silica budget, 3155-3167. D

avid J. DeM

aster • C

arbon intake by zooplankton. Importance and role of zooplankton grazing in the Indian sector of

the Southern Ocean, 3169-3187. P. M

ayzaud, V. Tirelli, A

. Errhif, J. P. Labat, S. Razouls and R.

Perissinotto • Particulate biogenic silica and carbon production rates and particulate m

atter distribution in the Indian sector of the Subantarctic O

cean, 3189-3206. K. Leblanc, B. Q

uéguiner, M. Fiala, S. Blain, J.

Morvan and R

. Corvaisier

• Diel feeding patterns and daily ration estim

ates of three subantarctic euphausiids in the vicinity of the Prince Edw

ard Islands (Southern Ocean), 3207-3227. L. J. G

urney, P. W. Fronem

an, E. A.

Pakhomov and C

. D. M

cQuaid

• The occurrence of faecal material in relation to different pelagic system

s in the Southern Ocean and

its importance for vertical flux, 3229-3242. C

orinna D. D

ubischar and Ulrich V

. Bathmann

• Predation impact of carnivorous m

acrozooplankton in the vicinity of the Prince Edward Island

archipelago (Southern Ocean) in austral autum

n 1998, 3243-3254. P. W. Fronem

an, E. A.

Pakhomov, L. J. G

urney and B. P. V. H

unt • Q

uantification of algal iron requirements in the Subantarctic Southern O

cean (Indian sector), 3255-3273. S. Blain, P. N

. Sedwick, F. B. G

riffiths, B. Quéguiner, E. Bucciarelli, M

. Fiala, P. Pondaven and P. Tréguer

• Sediment accum

ulation rates and carbon burial in the bottom sedim

ent in a high-productivity area: G

erlache Strait (Antarctica), 3275-3287. E. Isla, P. M

asqué, A. Palanques, J. A

. Sanchez-Cabeza, J.

M. Bruach, J. G

uillén and P. Puig • Physical controls on biogeochem

ical zonation in the Southern Ocean, 3289-3305. R

. T. Pollard, M.

I. Lucas and J. F. Read

• Com

munity structure of m

esozooplankton in the Antarctic polar frontal zone in the vicinity of the

Prince Edward Islands (Southern O

cean): small-scale distribution patterns in relation to physical

parameters, 3307-3325. B. P. V

. Hunt, E. A

. Pakhomov and C

. D. M

cQuaid

• Resource lim

itation of phytoplankton growth in the C

rozet Basin, Subantarctic Southern Ocean,

3327-3349. P. N. Sedw

ick, S. Blain, B. Quéguiner, F. B. G

riffiths, M. Fiala, E. Bucciarelli and M

. D

enis • M

olecular and pigment studies of the picophytoplankton in a region of the Southern O

cean (42-54°S, 141-144°E) in M

arch 1998, 3351-3363. A. W

ilmotte, C

. Dem

onceau, A. G

offart, J.-H. H

ecq, V

. Dem

oulin and A. C

. Crossley

• Trace metals and nitrogenous nutrition of A

ntarctic phytoplankton: experimental observations in the

Ross Sea, 3365-3390. W

illiam P. C

ochlan, Deborah A

. Bronk and Kenneth H

. Coale

• Southern Ocean lam

inated diatom ooze: m

at deposits and potential for palaeo-flux studies, OD

P leg 177, Site 1093, 3391-3407. Ivo G

rigorov, Richard B. Pearce and A

lan E. S. Kem

p Appendix 3: A

ustralian JGO

FS special section of JGR

-Oceans vol 106, issue 12, D

ec. 2001, Edited by: Trull, T. W

., Sedwick, P.N

., Griffiths, F.B

., Rintoul, S.R

. Table of Contents: • Biogeochem

istry of the Australian Sub-A

ntarctic region: An Introduction to the SA

Z Project • Boyd, P.W

., A.C

. Crossley, G

.R. D

iTullio, F.B. Griffiths, D

.A. H

utchins, B. Quéguiner, P.N

. Sedw

ick, and T.W. Trull, C

ontrol of phytoplankton growth by iron supply and irradiance in the

Subantarctic Southern Ocean: Experim

ental results from the SA

Z Project

- 40 -

• Cardinal, D

., F. Dehairs, T. Cattaldo, and L. A

ndré, Geochem

istry of suspended particles in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones south of A

ustralia: Constraints on export and advection

processes, • Lesley A

. Clem

entson, John S. Parslow, A

lison R. Turnbull, D

onald C. M

cKenzie, and C

hristopher E. R

athbone. The Optical Properties of W

aters In The Australasian Sector O

f The Southern Ocean

• DiTullio, G

.R., P.N

. Sedwick, D

.R. Jones, P.C. Boyd, C

. Crossley, and D.A

. Hutchins Effects of

iron, silicate and light on particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate production in the A

ustralian Subantarctic zone

• Featherstone, A.M

., E.C.V

. Butler, and B.V. O

'Grady, M

eridional distribution of arsenic species in the Subantarctic Zone of the Southern O

cean, south of Australia

• Hutchins, D

.A., P.N

. Sedwick, G

.R. D

iTullio, P.W. B

oyd, F.B. Griffiths, B. Q

uéguiner, and A.C

. C

rossley, Control of phytoplankton grow

th by iron and silicic acid availability in the Subantarctic Southern O

cean: experimental results from

the SAZ project

• Kopczynska, E.E., F. D

ehairs, M. Elskens, and S. W

right, Phytoplankton and microzooplankton

variability between the Subtropical and Polar Fronts south of A

ustralia: thriving under regenerative and new

production in late summ

er • Lourey, M

., and T.W. Trull, Seasonal N

utrient Depletion and C

arbon Export in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern O

cean, South of Australia

• 10-McN

eil, B.I., B. Tilbrook, and R.J. M

atear, The accumulation and uptake of anthropogenic C

O2

in the Southern Ocean south of A

ustralia between 1968 and 1996

• O'Leary, T., T. Trull, F.B. G

riffiths, B. Tilbrook, and A. R

evill, Vertical V

ariations in Bulk and C

ompound-Specific d13C

of Suspended Organic M

atter in the Sub-Antarctic Zone, South of

Australia

• Parslow, J., P. Boyd, S.R

. Rintoul, and F.B. G

riffiths, A persistent sub-surface chlorophyll

maxim

um in the Inter-Polar Frontal Zone south of A

ustralia: seasonal progression and implications

for phytoplankton-light-nutrient interactions • Q

ueguiner, B., Biogenic silica production in the Australian sector of the Sub-A

ntarctic Zone of the Southern O

cean at the end of summ

er (March 1998)

• Rintoul, S.R

., and T.W. Trull, Seasonal evolution of the m

ixed layer in the Subantarctic Zone south of A

ustralia • Trull, T.W

., S.G. Bray, S. M

anganini, S. Honjo, and R

. Francois, Moored sedim

ent trap m

easurements of carbon export in the Sub-A

ntarctic and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean,

south of Australia

• Wang, X

., and R.J. M

atear, Modeling the upper ocean dynam

ics in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones in the A

ustralian sector of the Southern Ocean

• Wang, X

., R.J. Matear, and T.W

. Trull, Modeling the seasonal phosphate export and resupply in the

Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones in the Australian sector of the Southern O

cean Appendix 4 : The D

SR Part II issue « Mesoscale Physics, Biogeochem

istry and Ecology of the Antarctic Polar Front, Atlantic Sector », edited by V

H Strass, U

V B

athmann, M

Rutgers v. d.

Loeff and V Sm

etacek is in press. • Strass, Bathm

ann, Rutgers v. d. Loeff and Sm

etacek: Introduction • R

ead, Pollard and Bathmann: Physical and biological patchiness of an upper ocean transect from

South A

frica to the ice edge near the Greenw

ich Meridian

• Strass, Naveira G

arabato, Pollard, Fischer, Hense, A

llen, Read, Leach and Sm

etacek: Mesoscale

frontal dynamics: shaping the environm

ent of primary production in the A

ntarctic Circum

polar C

urrent • N

aveira Garabato, Strass and K

attner: Fluxes of nutrients in a three-dimensional m

eander structure of the A

PF • Trem

blay, Lucas, Kattner, Pollard, Bathm

ann, and Strass: Significance of the Antarctic Polar Front

for the production of biogenic carbon and silicon during early summ

er in the Southern Ocean

• Strass, Naveira G

arabato, Bracher Pollard and Lucas: A 3-D

mesoscale m

ap of primary production

at the Antarctic Polar Front: results of a diagnostic m

odel

- 41 -

• Smetacek, K

laas, Menden-D

euer and Rynearson: M

esoscale distribution of dominant diatom

species relative to the hydrographical field along the A

ntarctic Polar Front • R

utgers van der Loeff, Buesseler, Bathmannn, H

ense and Andrew

s: Steady summ

er production and a sudden spring bloom

make a com

parable contribution to Carbon and O

pal export near the A

ntarctic Polar Front, SE Atlantic

• Dubischar, Lopes and Bathm

ann: High sum

mer abundances of sm

all pelagic copepods at the A

ntarctic Polar Front – implications for ecosystem

dynamics

• Pollard, Bathmann, D

ubischar, Read, and Lucas: Zooplankton distribution and behaviour in the

Southern Ocean from

surveys with a tow

ed Optical Plankton counter

• Velez-B

elchi, Allen and Strass: A

new w

ay to look at mesoscale zooplankton distributions: an

application at the Antarctic Polar Front

• Van Franeker, van den Brink, Bathm

ann, Pollard, de Baar, Wolff: R

esponses of seabirds, in particular prions (Pachyptila sp.), to sm

all scale processes in the Antarctic Polar Front

Appendix 5:

U.S.

JGO

FS (A

ESOPS)

Deep

Sea R

esearch Part

II: Topical

Studies in

Oceanography, V

olume 48, Issue 19-20, 2001: U

S Southern Ocean JG

OFS Program

(AESO

PS) - Part II Edited by R

.F. Anderson and W

.O. Sm

ith Jr. • R

obert F. Anderson and W

alker O. Sm

ith Jr. The US Southern O

cean Joint Global O

cean Flux Study: V

olume Tw

o. Pp., 3883-3889. • M

ark R. A

bbott, James G

. Richm

an, Jasmine S. N

ahorniak and Brett S. Barksdale. Meanders in the

Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone and their im

pact on phytoplankton. Pp., 3891-3912. • C

.I. Measures and S. V

ink. Dissolved Fe in the upper w

aters of the Pacific sector of the Southern O

cean. Pp. 3913-3941. • J.M

. Morrison et al., Seasonal evolution of hydrographic properties in the A

ntarctic circumpolar

current at 170°W during 1997-1998. Pp 3943-3972.

• David M

. Nelson, M

ark A. Brzezinski, D

aniel E. Sigmon and V

alerie M. Franck. A

seasonal progression of Si lim

itation in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Pp 3973-3995.

• Mark A

. Brzezinski, David M

. Nelson, V

alerie M. Franck and D

aniel E. Sigmon. Silicon dynam

ics w

ithin an intense open-ocean diatom bloom

in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Pp, 3997-

4018. • M

ark R. D

ennett, Sylvie Mathot, D

avid A. C

aron, Walker O

. Smith Jr. and D

arcy J. Lonsdale. A

bundance and distribution of phototrophic and heterotrophic nano- and microplankton in the

southern Ross Sea. Pp, 4019-4037.

• Susan L. Brown and M

ichael R. Landry. M

icrobial comm

unity structure and biomass in surface

waters during a Polar Front sum

mer bloom

along 170°W. pp, 4039-4058.

• Karen E. Selph et al. M

icrobial comm

unity composition and grow

th dynamics in the A

ntarctic Polar Front and seasonal ice zone during late spring 1997. Pp, 4059-4080.

A. M

engelt et al. Phytoplankton pigment distribution in relation to silicic acid, iron and the physical

structure across the Antarctic Polar Front, 170°W

, during austral summ

er. Pp, 4081-4100. • M

ary-Lynn Dickson and Joseph O

rchardo. Oxygen production and respiration in the A

ntarctic Polar Front region during the austral spring and sum

mer. Pp, 4101-4126.

• William

P. Cochlan and D

eborah A. Bronk. N

itrogen uptake kinetics in the Ross Sea, A

ntarctica. Pp, 4127-4153.

• S. Becquevort

and W

.O.

Smith

Jr. A

ggregation, sedim

entation and

biodegradability of

phytoplankton-derived material during spring in the R

oss Sea, Antarctica. Pp, 4155-4178.

• David L. K

irchman et al. G

lucose fluxes and concentrations of dissolved combined neutral sugars

(polysaccharides) in the Ross Sea and Polar Front Zone, A

ntarctica. Pp, 4179-4197. • H

ugh Ducklow

et al. The seasonal development of the bacterioplankton bloom

in the Ross Sea,

Antarctica, 1994-1997. Pp, 4199-4221.

• Juanita Urban-R

ich, Michael D

agg and Jay Peterson. Copepod grazing on phytoplankton in the

Pacific sector of the Antarctic Polar Front. Pp, 4223-4246.

• Mark A

. Altabet and R

oger Francois. Nitrogen isotope biogeochem

istry of the Antarctic Polar

Frontal Zone at 170°W. pp. 4247-4273.

- 42 -

• K.O

. Buesseler et al. Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon and biogenic silica in the

Southern Ocean along 170°W

. pp. 4275-4297. • Parker M

acCready and Paul Q

uay. Biological export flux in the Southern O

cean estimated from

a clim

atological nitrate budget. Pp. 4299-4322. • F.L. Sayles, W

.R. M

artin, Zanna Chase and R

.F. Anderson. B

enthic remineralization and burial of

biogenic SiO2, C

aCO

3, organic carbon, and detrital material in the Southern O

cean along a transect at 170° W

est. Pp. 4323-4383. AESO

PS DSR-II vol. 3

• Smith, W

. O. and R

. F. Anderson. Preface.

• 2-Hiscock M

. R., J. M

arra, W. O

. Smith, R

. Goericke, C

. Measures, S. V

ink, R. J. O

lson, H. M

. Sosik and R

. T. Barber. Primary Productivity and its R

egulation along 170°W in the Pacific Sector

of the Southern Ocean.

• Vaillancourt,

R. D

., J.

Marra,

R.

T. Barber

and W

.O.

Smith.

Primary

productivity and

photosynthetic quantum yields in the Southern O

cean. • Buesseler, Barber, D

ickson, Hiscock, M

oore, Sambrotto. The effect of m

arginal ice-edge dynamics

on production and export in the Southern Ocean along 170°W

• Sm

ith W. O

., M.R. D

ennett, S. Mathot, and D

. Caron. The Tem

poral Dynam

ics of the Flagellated and C

olonial Stages of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea.

• Brzezinski, M., M

.L. Dickson, D

.M. N

elson, R. Sam

brotto. Ratios of Si, C

and N U

ptake by M

icroplankton in the Southern Ocean.

• Coale, K

., X. W

ang, S. Tanner, K. Johnson. Phytoplankton grow

th and biological response to iron and zinc addition in the R

oss Sea and Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone along 170°W

. • W

. D

. G

ardner, M

. J.

Richardson,

C.

A.

Carlson,

D.

Hansell.

Determ

ining PO

C

from

transmissom

eters: bottle versus pump PO

C.

• Dagg, M

. J., J. Urban-R

ich and J. O. Peterson. Large copepods and the flux of biogenic silica and

particulate organic carbon in the Antarctic Polar Front.

• Fleisher, M. Q

. and R. F. A

nderson. Assessing collection efficiency of R

oss Sea sediment traps

using 230Th and 231Pa. • Ingalls A

., C. Lee, S. W

akeham and J. H

edges. Southern Ocean trap am

ino acid/pigment fluxes.

• Chase, Z., R. F. A

nderson, M. Q

. Fleisher and P. Kubik. Scavenging of 230Th, 231Pa and 10B

e in the Southern O

cean (SW Pacific sector): The im

portance of particle flux and advection. • K

. Fennel, M. R

. Abbott, Y

. H. Spitz, J. J R

ichman and D

. M. N

elson. Modeling controls of

phytoplankton production in the southwest Pacific sector of the Southern O

cean. • C

hase, Z., R. F. A

nderson, M. Q

. Fleisher and P. Kubik. A

ccumulation of biogenic and lithogenic

material in the Pacific sector of the Southern O

cean during the past 30,000 years

- 43 -

8.10. N

orth Pacific Synthesis Group (N

PSG) R

eport by Alex B

ychkov

The NPSG

met in V

ictoria, BC

, Canada, in O

ctober 2001, in conjunction with the PIC

ES Tenth A

nnual Meeting. It w

as decided that the NPSG

produce a special issue of the Journal of O

ceanography (JO) on JG

OFS N

orth Pacific Synthesis in February 2004, and a CD

-RO

M data

sets obtained during the North Pacific Process Studies. It w

as also agreed to convene the JGO

FS N

orth Pacific Synthesis meeting, in N

agoya, in Decem

ber 2002. The meeting w

as expected to be hosted by H

yAR

C, N

agoya University, and co-sponsored by PIC

ES. A

collection of contributed papers from JG

OFS-related field program

s in the North Pacific w

ill be published as a special issue of D

eep-Sea Research II (Topical Studies in Oceanography) on

North Pacific B

iogeochemical Processes (G

uest editors: Alexander S. B

ychkov, Chen-Tang A

. C

hen, Paul J. Harrison and Toshiro Saino). The editorial m

eeting for this DSR

II special issue w

as held following the N

PSG m

eeting in 2001. The issue includes 27 contributed papers plus one overview

and now in press.

The NPSG

participated in the planning and JGO

FS co-sponsored a topic session on Plankton size classes, functional groups and ecosystem

dynamics: Causes and consequences at the PIC

ES Tenth A

nnual Meeting, in O

ctober 2001, in Victoria, C

anada. The session was convened by D

rs. A

ngelica Pena (Canada), Toshiro Saino (Japan) and Patricia W

heller (U.S.A

.) and well attended

(~60 scientists). Selected papers from this session com

prise a special issue of Progress in O

ceanography (Guest editors: A

lexander S. Bychkov and A

ngelica Peña) that is at the review

stage now and w

ill be published in spring 2003. The issue will include 10-12 papers. The session

and publication are dedicated to the mem

ory of the late Prof. Michael M

. Mullin.

Although the JG

OFS N

orth Pacific Synthesis meeting in N

agoya was not approved, the Japan

Oceanography Society (JO

S) offered an opportunity to convene a session on Synthesis of JGO

FS North Pacific Process Study as a part of the SC

OR

/JOS International Sym

posium to be held in

conjunction with the 26

th SCO

R G

eneral Meeting and the JO

S annual meeting in Sapporo, Japan.

The session will be held on O

ctober 1-2, 2002, and the NPSG

meeting w

ill be organized in the afternoon of O

ctober 2. Travel of NPSG

mem

bers will be supported by JO

S, PICES and N

agoya U

niversity (inform

ation is

available at

http://co2.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jgofs/index.html.).

Discussion item

s at the NPSG

meeting include:

• Presentation (s) at the 3

rd JGO

FS Open Science C

onference •

JO special issue on JG

OFS N

orth Pacific Synthesis •

CD

-RO

M data from

the North Pacific Process Studies

• JG

OFS follow

-up programs in the N

orth Pacific In 1999-2001, the N

PSG in cooperation w

ith the PICES W

G 13 on CO

2 in the North Pacific has supported a series of international inter-com

parison studies of measurem

ent techniques for carbonate param

eters (dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity and inorganic 13C/ 12C

ratio) in seaw

ater. In total, 15 laboratories from 7 countries w

ere involved in the inter-comparisons.

Results from

these exercises are included in the PICES Scientific R

eport No. 24 to be published

by the end of this year. Through a series of workshops on CO

2 Data Integration, convened in

2001, NPSG

and WG

13 identified available and suitable data sets on the oceanic CO

2 system in

the North Pacific and developed strategies (including form

ats and technologies) for the exchange of C

O2 and related data at the international level. These issues are highlighted as the key

activities for a new PIC

ES WG

17 on Biogeochemical data integration and synthesis.

- 44 -

Report from

Saino (Vice C

hair): The NPSG

met in V

ictoria, BC

, Canada in O

ctober 2001 on occasion of the PIC

ES X m

eeting. It was decided that the N

PSG produce a special issue of the

Journal of Oceanography in February 2004, and a C

D-R

OM

data sets obtained during the NPPS.

Also agreed w

as that a Synthesis meeting to be held in N

agoya, Decem

ber 2002. The meeting

was hosted by H

yAR

C, N

agoya University and PIC

ES. The editorial m

eeting for the DSR

II special issue on the NPPS w

as also held following the

NPSG

meeting. D

SR II special issue contains 27 original papers plus 1 overview

and is now in

press. D

uring the PICES X

, there was a joint session betw

een JGO

FS and PICES on “Plankton size

classes, functional groups and ecosystem dynam

ics: Causes and C

onsequences.” It was convened

by A. Pena, P. W

heeler, and T. Saino. Approxim

ately 50 people attended, and a Special issue in Progress in O

ceanography for the session is being edited. A

lthough the

JGO

FS N

orth Pacific

Synthesis m

eeting w

as not

approved, the

Japan O

ceanography Society offered an opportunity to have the meeting as a part of the SC

OR

/JOS

International Symposium

to be held in conjunction with SC

OR

general assembly and the JO

S annual m

eeting in Sapporo, Japan. The workshop w

ill be held on 1st and 2nd October, and the

NPSG

meeting w

ill be held in the afternoon of 2nd October. Travel of N

PSG m

embers w

ill be supported

by JO

S, PIC

ES and

Nagoya

University.

(Information

available at

http://co2.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jgofs/index.html.).

- 45 -

8.11. D

ata Managem

ent Task T

eam (D

MT

T) R

eport by M. C

onkright

Mem

bership: Margarita C

onkright Gregg (chair) - N

OA

A/N


ata C

enter, US; D

onald Spear- Marine Environm

ental Data Service, C

AN

AD

A;

Brian

Griffiths - C

SIRO

Marine R

esearch - AU

STRA

LIA; C

ynthia Chandler - U

.S. JGO

FS Data

Managem

ent O

ffice -

US;

Joachim

Herrm

ann -

Germ

an JG

OFS

Data

Managem

ent -

GER

MA

NY

; Marie-Paule L

abaied - Observatoire O

céanologique - FRA

NC

E; Roy L

owry -

British O

ceanographic Data C

entre - UN

ITED K

ING

DO

M; T

akeharu Miyake -

Japan O

ceanographic Data C

enter - JAPA

N; Jasw

ant S. Sarupria - Indian NO

DC

- IND

IA.

Main A

ctivities •

New

mem

bers: Cynthia C

handler (US D

MO

) replaces Christine H

amm

ond as the US

JGO

FS representative, and Donald Spear (M

EDS, C

anada) replaces Graham

Glenn as the

Canada JG

OFS representative;

• The D

MTT m

et in Washington, D

.C. January 2002. This meeting w

as originally scheduled for O

ctober 2001. The main topics of discussion w

ere national reports, technical details for the preparation of the International JG

OFS D

ata CD

s, long-term

archival of JGO

FS data, and acquisition of data from countries not represented in the

DM

TT. Two outputs from

the meeting w

ere the preparation of a list of JGO

FS core variables (as defined in the JG

OFS R

eport #19 Core Measurem

ent Protocols), and a draft of the letter to funding m

anagers initiated during the last SSC m

eeting. Meeting w

as organized by B

ernard Avril (IPO

Assistant). The JG

OFS R

eport #37, summ

arizing the D

MTT m

eetings in Kiel (June 2000) and W

ashington is finalized; •

Draft of letter to funding m

anagers is completed and w

ho it should initially be submitted

to will be further discussed at the upcom

ing SSC m

eeting in Chile;

• D

efinition of a DM

TT list of JGO

FS core parameters (w

ith all DM

TT mem

bers) and of a Execs’ recom

mendation list for core param

eters for future research programs in m

arine biogeochem

istry (with IPO

Assistant and all SSC

Execs); •

Held a “D

ata Rescue” m

eeting with representatives of countries non-represented in the

DM

TT (Belgium

[OSTC

], Italy, Netherlands [N

IOZ], N

orway [IM

R], and Spain) and

invited experts. Meeting w

as organized by Bernard A

vril and the report is under review;

• A

ssistance (with IPO

Officer and A

ssistant) to the WD

C-M

AR

E / PAN

GA

EA team

in the preparation of a G

erman proposal for funding of JG

OFS data collection, organisation

and edition; •

Australian O

ZGO

FS CD

-RO

M w

as completed.

Future Plans The focus of the D

MTT in the next year w

ill be: (1) preservation of JGO

FS data for future generation

of scientists

by archiving

at the

World

Data

Center

for O

ceanography; (2)

documentation of JG

OFS data in N

ASA

’s Global C

hange Master D

irectory, which w

ill increase its future use; (3) attem

pt to consolidate all available JGO

FS data into one comm

on data format;

and (4) the next DM

TT meeting w

ill be hosted by Roy Low

ry at BO

DC

, Bidston, U

K, early

2003. The latter meeting w

ill organise and finalise the CD

-RO

M. It either w

ill be on Monday-

Tuesday or on Tuesday-Wednesday, to reduce the travelling costs.

Publications •

Conkright, M

.E. and B. A

vril, 2002, DM

TT Update: D

issemination and Stewardship of

JGO

FS Data, U

.S. JGO

FS New

s 11(4), 18-19.

- 46 -

Report from

DM

TT

Meeting in W

ashington DC

, January 2002 Item

s of discussion: •

National

reports w

ere presented

from

mem

bers representing

JGO

FS activities

in A

ustralia (via email), C

anada, Germ

any, India, Japan, Norw

ay, United K

ingdom, and the

United States. Em

phasis was placed on data availability from

these countries. A

ction Items

• A

ll outstanding action items from

the DM

TT meeting relate to the preparation of the

International JGO

FS Data Set and to the continuation of acquisition of data from

countries, w

hich participated in the program.

Bernard A

vril: task related to the DM

TT

•

Pakistani NA

SEER datasets subm

itted to WD

C;

• C

ontinuation of the update of draft report for the “Com

pilation of research project and cruises &

Data status report” for all JG

OFS national activities, initially established in

August 1999 by the form

er IPO-A

EO;

• Increase integration of several D

MTT m

embers and other national contact persons, and

request feedback information for cruise inventory / m

etadata / data inventory or datasets them

selves; •

Maintain / develop contacts / close interactions am

ong DM

TT mem

bers and with W

DC

-M

AR

E / PAN

GA

EA team

; •

Participation to the GSW

G/O

CM

IP Workshop in Ispra (June 2002), w

ith one poster presentation;

• Participation of national m

eetings about Data M

anagement m

atters in Norw

ay [IMR

&

Bjerknes C

enter] and in France [PRO

OF];

• Preparation/sending of letters (w

ith SSC C

hair and DM

TT Chair) to request assistance in

the establishment of the com

plete cruise inventory, metadata cataloguing and datasets

collection to

national contact

persons and

SSC

mem

bers; also

to present

recomm

endations for proper data managem

ent practises and lessons learned from

JGO

FS; •

Miscellaneous actions related to the D

MTT on the new

International JGO

FS website

(e.g., compilations of all published C

D-R

OM

s and DSR

II volumes w

ith JGO

FS and JG

OFS-related data; edition of a on-line slide show

about DM

TT activities); B

udget •

Final DM

TT meeting in B

OD

C, B

idston, UK

, early 2003. Request $10,000 for travel,

hotel, and per diem for D

MTT m

embers;

• M

eeting to discuss technical details relating to the International JGO

FS Data Set to take

place in Germ

any, early 2003. Participants will be M

ichael Diepenbroek (W

DC

-MA

RE /

PAN

GA

EA, G

ermany), B

ernard Avril (IPO

), Roy Low

ry (UK

), Joachim H

errmann

(Germ

any), and Cynthia C

handler (USA

). Request $8,000 for travel, hotel, and per diem

for attendees.

- 47 -

8.12. E

quatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (E

PSG) R

eport by R. L

eBorgne

Fieldwork. M

ost of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except the JAM

STEC

ones which are organized every year in January-February in the w

estern and central Pacific (145°E-160°W

). Carbon dioxide observations are routinely m

ade by PMEL along the TA

O

mooring lines, w

ith eight cruises per year on board R/V

Ron B

rown and K

a’imim

oana. Two tim

e series w

orks, involving CO

2 and bio-optical measurem

ents on TAO

moorings (155°W

and 170°W

) started in 1997 and are being carried out by PMEL, A

OM

L and MB

AR

I. In addition, tw

o other TAO

mooring lines w

ill be fitted with C

O2 and bio-optical sensors on 140° and

125°W. Finally, ship of opportunity m

easurements of C

O2 , pigm

ents and nutrients have been on, since the end of 1999 in the fram

e of PRO

OF (form

erly France-JGO

FS) and will end in

September 2002.

Data C

D-R

OM

’s. Since its first meeting in 1998, EPSM

G decided to gather all data collected

during oceanographic cruises on CD

-RO

M’s. H

owever, it w

as found impossible to gather all

existing data on the region and the project was abandoned. It w

as further suggested that this task w

ould be left to DM

TT. Now

, data may be found on w

ebsites of Australia, France and the U

SA

for all parameters and on the Japanese w

ebsite for hydrology and carbon dioxide. M

odelling activities. Most of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to

modelling w

ithin two groups: U

S JGO

FS SMP (Synthesis and M

odeling Program) and PR

OO

F M

odélisation. In

addition, the

region is

part of

global m

odels developed

by various

organisations. The models consider the follow

ing points: new and export productivity regulation

by Si and Fe, ecosystem and carbon cycle responses to physical variability on various tim

e-scales, evaluation of m

arine primary productivity using satellite ocean colour, food-w

eb regulation of particulate export flux in H

NLC

regions, and plankton comm

unity structure and export flux. A

n international meeting, gathering observers and m

odellers working on the

equatorial Pacific, is being organized by Fei Chai and R

obert Le Borgne at the D

arling Marine

Center (U

niversity of Maine, U

SA) on Septem

ber 17-18, 2002 with a financial support from

JG

OFS IPO

, US-JG

OFS and PR

OO

F. The goal of the meeting is to update synthesis and

modelling results and to identify the gaps in current m

odels and the way they can be filled.

Synthesis publications. A D

eep-Sea Research Part II volum

e has been edited by Le Borgne,

Feely and Mackey and w

as published in June 2002. A m

odified summ

ary of the introductory paper is currently being w

ritten and will be subm

itted to « New

Scientist ». Provided it is accepted, it w

ill lead to a general article about the carbon budget of the equatorial Pacific. E

PSMG

recent activities. The entire Group should m

eet for the third time at the end

(September 19) of the D

arling Marine C

enter meeting.

Plans for 2003 and fund requested. No plans for 2003 except our participation to the

Washington Conference. R

equest $11K, including per diem

s and air tickets.

- 48 -

8.13. Indian O

cean Synthesis Group (IO

SG) by Sharon Sm

ith

In February 2002 at the Ocean Sciences M

eeting, AG

U/A

SLO, H

onolulu, Haw

aii, Sharon Smith,

Wajih N

aqvi, and Peter Burkill convened a Special Session entitled, “Synthesis of the A

rabian Sea Expeditions”, containing six oral presentations and three posters. Titles of presentations and posters are attached (A

ppendix I). A dinner m

eeting of IOSG

mem

bers present in Honolulu w

as held to determ

ine the need for a Springer-Verlag book sum

marizing the JG

OFS results from

the A

rabian Sea. In January 2002, JG

OFS R

eport #35 entitled, “Report of the Indian O

cean Synthesis Group on

the Arabian Sea Process Study”, w

as published. This 106-page report has 11 chapters, which

summ

arize the scientific accomplishm

ents of the JGO

FS investigations in the Arabian Sea. It

also contains recomm

endations for future research and a listing of publications during the 1990s dealing w

ith the Arabian Sea. The report w

as edited primarily by Louisa W

atts with assistance

from Sharon Sm

ith and Peter Burkill. This report w

ill be the basis for a Springer-Verlag book on

the Arabian Sea, w

hich is in preparation. Satellite receiving stations acquiring high-resolution (local area coverage; LA

C) data for the

Arabian Sea are still in operation in M

uscat, Om

an, and Goa, India. These w

ere provided by the U

S and their operation has been facilitated by John Morrison and staff at N

orth Carolina State

University. The station in M

uscat was highly useful in analysing the cause of a m

ajor fish kill in autum

n 2000. A

time-series station w

ith a mooring obtaining som

e JGO

FS data has been established by Michel

Claereboudt (Sultan Q

aboos University faculty) in the G

ulf of Om

an near Muscat.

In total to date, there have been eleven (11) special issues of Deep-Sea Research II devoted to

results obtained in the Arabian Sea and Indian O

cean in the 1990s. N

ational Reports

Germ

any: Tim

Rixen

National JG

OFS W

orkshop, Kiel, Sept. 26/27, 2002.

United K

ingdom: Peter B

urkill A

major U

K cruise took place in A

ugust and September 2001 betw

een the Seychelles and M

uscat on RR

S Charles Darwin investigating m

icrobial diversity and biogeochemistry. The

cruise was com

pletely successful in spite of Sept. 11 events and included sampling in the Straits

of Horm

uz. Subsequent cruises were postponed in the region but w

ill begin again in March-

Novem

ber 2003. In 2004, the RR

S Discovery is expected to be w

orking in the Indian Ocean.

India: Wajih N

aqvi a) B

ay of Bengal Process Studies (B

OB

PS) A

s the general oceanography of the Bay of B

engal and its role in carbon cycling remains poorly

understood, a new program

me entitled "B

ay of Bengal Process Studies (B

OB

PS)” which is an

equivalent of the JGO

FS programm

e in the Arabian Sea, has been launched. This is also a m

ulti-institutional program

me im

plemented by N

ational Institute of Oceanography, Physical R

esearch Laboratory, C

entre for Mathem

atical Modelling &

Com

puter Simulation and G

oa University

with a project duration of three years.

- 49 -

The first cruise under BO

BPS w

as undertaken in July-August (Southw

est Monsoon), 2001. The

second cruise covering Fall Inter-monsoon (Septem

ber-October, 2002) is underw

ay currently, follow

ing the same track (a m

eridional –88oE section from

11 to 20oN

and another coastal one along the east coast of India). The first cruise results show

ed that during the summ

er, the Bay is

considerably less productive as compared to the A

rabian Sea during the same season. This is

because the low salinity cap prevents the surfacing of nutrients despite intense w

inds prevailing during the season. In addition, although the river plum

e effects were visible in the upper B

ay it did not bring in sufficient am

ounts of nutrients. b) B

iogeochemical C

ycles in Relation to G

lobal Change in the N

orth Indian Ocean (C

ruise of A.A. Sidorenko from

13 February 2002 to 8 March 2002)

Observations w

ere made at 23 stations; 20 w

ere sampled for w

ater column studies, including 12

stations along a zonal transect following 15

oN. Four stations w

ere sampled in the perennial open-

ocean suboxic zone of the central Arabian Sea. In addition to the collection of routine

hydrographical (temperature and salinity) and hydro chem

ical (oxygen and nutrients) data, studies w

ere carried out on dissolved gases (nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and dimethyl

sulphide). Water sam

ples were also collected for trace m

etal determination. Prim

ary productivity w

as measured (using

14C technique) on the shelf and at an offshore denitrification site.

Incubation experiments w

ere carried out for quantifying the rate of denitrification in the water

column. Seven sedim

ent cores were collected, processed and preserved for paleoclim

atic investigations. B

looms of lum

inescent plankton were observed during the period 27 February - 1

March at a tim

e-series station (21oN

, 64oE).

United States: Sharon Sm

ith The U

.S. has been active publishing five special issues of Deep-Sea Research II devoted to the

results of the combined U

S JGO

FS and ON

R program

s known as the A

rabian Sea Expedition. The fifth and final special issue just arrived this m

onth. There have been no cruises with

biogeochemical investigations to this region. The N

ational Science Foundation on the advice of the U

.S. State Departm

ent is not sending research vessels to the region at this time. W

e are also w

riting a book summ

arizing our knowledge of the A

rabian Sea prior to 1990 and synthesizing the new

understanding we gained during the 1990-2000 decade. W

e are planning future work

jointly with O

man and India, including a w

orkshop that took place in Muscat in N

ovember 2000,

but realizing the plans is a problem right now

. Plankton experts at the Institute of Biology of the

Southern Seas in Sevastopol continue to work w

ith us and regional states (Kuw

ait) to publish taxonom

ic guides to the zooplankton of the region. T

he Netherlands: M

artien Baars

No A

rabian Sea activities are ongoing. Pakistan: Shahid A

mjad

Pakistani scientists at the National Institute of O

ceanography in Karachi are still actively w

riting papers on the results of their program

known as N

ASEER

(North A

rabian Sea Ecological and Environm

ental Research) for peer-review

ed journals. They have also submitted the final version

of their hydrographic and chlorophyll data to the international JGO

FS office. C

anada: Shubha Sathyendranath C

anada did not report any activities ongoing.

- 50 -

Appendix 1. AGU

/ASLO O

cean Sciences Meeting, February 2002

Oral presentations •

Haley, P.J. and A

. Gangopadhyay: A

Feature Oriented R

egional Modeling System

for the A

rabian Sea, Persian Gulf and the R

ed Sea. •

Kindle, J.C

., R. Arnone and O

. Smedstad: O

n the Generation of C

oastal Filaments D

uring the Spring Interm

onsoon. •

Idrisi, N., M

.J. Olascoaga, S.L. Sm

ith: Translocation of Diapausing C

alanoides carinatus in the M

esopelagic/Deep Layers in the A

rabian Sea: Modeling Lagrangian Particle D

rift in an Isopycnic O

cean Model.

• H

ood, R.R

., K.E. K

ohler, J.P. McCreary Jr., S.L. Sm

ith: A 4-D

imensional V

alidation of a C

oupled Physical-Biological M

odel of the Arabian Sea.

• Friedrichs,

M.A

., R

.R.

Hood,

and J.D

. W

iggert: The

Arabian

Sea M

odel Testbed:

An

Intercomparison of D

ata Assim

ilative Ecosystem M

odels. •

Wiggert, J.D

., R.G. M

urtugudde, and J.R. C

hristian: Simulation and O

bservation of Seasonal to Interannual V

ariability in the Arabian Sea Ecosystem

. •

Banse, K. and J.R. Postel: The “N

orth Arabian Sea H

igh Salinity Water” A

nnually Ventilates the

Upper Part of the Pycnocline N

orth of 21-22N.

• Som

ayajulu, B.L., A. Sarkar, R

. Ram

esh, A.J. Jull, G

.S. Burr and R. A

gnihotri: Arabian Sea

Eastern Continental M

argins: Natural Laboratory of Biogeochem

ical and Paleoceanographic Studies.

• N

aqvi, S., H. N

aik, S.A. Jayakum

ar, P.V. N

arvekar, M.s. Shailaja, R

. Alagarsam

y, W. D

’Souza, M

.D. G

eorge and S. Matondkar: The Eastern A

rabian Sea, A R

egion of Unusual B

iogeochemical

Cycling.

• Banzon, P.F., R

.H. Evans, H

.R. G

ordon, and R.M

. Chom

ko: Application of the Spectral

Matching A

lgorithm to R

ecover Chlorophyll Tim

e Series during the Arabian Sea Southw

est M

onsoon. •

Naik, H

. and S.W. N

aqvi: Sedimentary N

itrogen Cycling over the W

estern Continental Shelf of

India. •

Rapien, M

.K. and K

.F. Wishner: V

ertical Distributions of M

acrozooplankton and Micronekton in

the Arabian Sea O

xygen Minim

um Zone.

• M

adin, L.P., E.R.

Horgan,

J.E. Craddock,

P. K

remer

and S.M

. Bollens:

Diversity

and D

istribution of Midw

ater Fish and Macrozooplankton in the A

rabian Sea. •

Rixen, T. and V

. Ittekkot: Characteristics of the N

E and SW M

onsoon Blooms and Its R

elevance for the C

O2 Em

ission from the A

rabian Sea. •

Guptha, M

.: Extant Planktic Foraminifera from

the Arabian Sea, A

Review

. •

Uz, B. and J.A

. Yoder: W

hat Causes the Sporadic Summ

er Bloom

SE of Madagascar?

Poster presentations •

Olascoaga, M

.J., N. Idrisi, A

. Rom

anou, D.B. O

lson and S.L. Smith: B

iophysical Modeling of

Plankton Dynam

ics off Somalia and O

man.

• W

hite, P., S. Honjo, T. D

ickey, and R. W

eller: Episodic Primary Production and Export C

arbon Fluxes in the A

rabian Sea. •

Wilson-D

iaz, D.M

., A.J. M

ariano, and R.H

. Evans: An A

nalysis of the Arabian Sea Surface H

eat Budget U

sing Satellite and In-Situ Multi annual D

ata Sets.

- 51 -

8.14. PA

GE

S JGO

FS Task T

eam (PJT

T) R

eport by Karin L

ochte

A w

orkshop was held in D

ecember 2001 in G

if-sur-Yvette jointly w

ith IMA

GES. This w

orkshop developed a brief conceptual docum

ent, with the aim

to use it as an input for future scientific program

mes. The ideas of the PJTT-W

orkshop were presented at the D

ecember 2001 m

eeting of the w

riting team of the new

OC

EAN

S programm

e and were incorporated into the O

CEA

NS

science plan, however in abbreviated form

. As a second step, the PJTT concepts w

ere used as a basis for an Expression of Interest (EoI) for an integrated project of the EU

6th framew

ork program

me under the title "Paleo and Present O

cean Carbon Fluxes (PPO

C)" (see copy attached

of this EoI). So far, I had no feedback from the EU

in respect to this EoI, but there were several

scientists expressed interest to cooperate. Although initially planned, w

e did not yet submit a

proposal to SCO

R for a w

orking group along these lines. These activities achieved one aim

of PJTT, namely that the link betw

een present and past oceanic processes is now

part of the new O

CEA

NS program

me. M

y concern about PJTT is at present, that m

any people express interest in this topic, but all our PJTT mem

bers are over com

mitted so that little is happening unless I push it. Since I am

very busy myself, I find it

increasingly more difficult to advance this task team

at a good pace and there is nobody else who

can take the lead now. I w

ould welcom

e some advice from

the SSC on how

to proceed. Should this group continue? W

hat would be JG

OFS expectations from

this group? What should w

e achieve? Perhaps w

e should also reconsider the mem

bers of the PJTT group in order to include m

ore mem

bers that are active.

- 52 -

8.15. IG

BP and SC

OR

Reports by W

endy Broadgate (and E

d Urban)

Surface Ocean–Lower Atm

osphere Study (SOLAS)

During the past year, the Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee (SSC) for SO

LAS has been form

ed by the sponsors (IG

BP, SC

OR

, CA

CG

P and most recently W

CR

P). The following m

embers have

been appointed, to serve until the end of 2003: Peter Liss (U

K) C

hair D

ileep Kum

ar (India) Paty M

atrai (USA

) Vice-C

hair W

illiam M

iller (Canada)

Phil Boyd (N

ew Zealand)

Ulrich Platt (G

ermany)

Elsa Cortijo (France)

Katherine R

ichardson (Denm

ark) K

en Denm

an (Canada)

Peter Schlosser (USA

) B

arry Huebert (U

SA)

Mitsuo U

ematsu (Japan)

Tim Jickells (U

K)

Ilana Wainer (B

razil) Truls Johannessen (N

orway)

Doug W

allace (Germ

any) G

erbrand Kom

en (Netherlands)

The SSC

met for the first tim

e in San Francisco 14-17 Decem

ber 2001. The main item

on the agenda w

as revision of the SOLA

S Science Plan in the light of comm

ents from referees and the

sponsors. The SOLA

S Science Plan is now available on w

ww

.solas-int.org. Over the next 6

months, this plan w

ill be converted into an integrated Science Plan and Implem

entation Strategy for the project. Copies of the SO

LAS brochure are available from

Peter Liss. Other SO

LAS

activities include: •

The "SOLA

S Science Plan and Implem

entation Strategy" document w

ill be submitted to the

sponsors for approval prior to planned publication in mid-2003.

• The SO

LAS W

eb site will carry a tw

ice-yearly newsletter on recent and planned SO

LAS

activities. •

An evening session on SO

LAS is being organized for the C

AC

GP/IG

AC

Atm

ospheric C

hemistry C

onference being held in Greece in Septem

ber 2002 •

Articles on SO

LAS w

ill shortly appear in the journal Atmospheric Environm

ent and the IG

BP Newsletter. •

A session on early results of SO

LAS research w

ill be held at the IUG

G 23

rd General

Assem

bly being held in Sapporo, Japan in July 2003. Report on O

cean Vision Docum

ent (from Karin Lochte):

I am revising the docum

ent now (A

nnex 16). The revised document w

ill be made available at the

meeting by W

endy Broadgate. W

e want to invite com

ments from

the JGO

FS SSC on the

document in order to im

prove it. The same docum

ent will be m

ade available to the SSCs of

SOLA

S, GLO

BEC

, LOIC

Z and a number of selected scientists w

orldwide w

ith the invitation to com

ment on it. It w

ill then be revised again (a small m

eeting to finalize the document is planned

for the OC

EAN

S Science meeting in Paris in January) and presented to the IG

BP SC

later in January. I think that the docum

ent can also be put on the home pages of JG

OFS and G

LOB

EC in

order to attract more com

ments. Please discuss this w

ith Wendy during the SSC

meeting.

Report on the Oceans Transition Team

(from Julie H

all) The O

CEA

NS Transition Team

was form

ed in April 2002 follow

ing from the w

ork of the Ocean

Futures Com

mittee in 2001. The group is charged w

ith developing a new IG

BP/SC

OR

activity in ocean biogeochem

istry and ecosystems w

ithin the IGB

P II Vision for the next 10 years of ocean

research. The new activity should be developed in harm

ony with the G

lobal Ocean Ecosystem

D

ynamics (G

LOB

EC) project and be designed and im

plemented in close collaboration w

ith G

LOB

EC and cooperate closely w

ith LOIC

Z and SOLA

S and other relevant projects and Program

s. To achieve this, the Transition Team w

ill draw on the Fram

ework for Future Research on Biological and Chem

ical Aspects of Global Change in the O

cean: An IGBP/SCO

R Collaboration (developed by the O

cean Futures Com

mittee in 2001) and com

munity input from

- 53 -

the Open Science C

onference to be held January 7-10, 2003. The group is charged with

producing a Science Plan/Implem

entation Strategy for the new activity by the end of 2003.

OC

EA

NS T

ransition Team

: Julie H

all (Chair)

NEW

ZEALA

ND

Patrick M

onfray (VC

) FRA

NC

E A

nn Bucklin

USA

W

illiam M

iller C

AN

AD

A

Dennis A

. Hansell

USA

W

ajih Ahm

ad Naqvi IN

DIA

Carlo H

eip

NETH

ERLA

ND

S H

iroaki Saito JA

PAN

R

ichard A. Jahnke

USA

Svein Sundby

NO

RW

AY

S. Prasanna K

umar

IND

IA

Ein-Fen Yu

C

HIN

A (Taipei)

OC

EA

NS O

pen Science Conference

6-10 January 2003, Paris, France. ww

w.igbp.kva.se/obe/

Plenary speakers • Tem

poral Changes in the B

iogeochemistry of the N

orth Pacific Gyre: C

auses and Ecological Im

plications, Dave Karl, U

niversity of Haw

aii, USA

. • C

oupling between the upper and m

esopelagic ocean: carbon and nutrient fluxes in relation to global change, Louis Legendre, Laboratoire d'O

céanographie de Villefranche, France, and

Richard Rivkin, Mem

orial University of N

ewfoundland, C

anada. • Linking the biology of key species w

ith ocean biogeochemistry, Victor Sm

etacek, Alfred

Wegener Institute for Polar and M

arine Research, B

remerhaven, G

ermany.

• Clim

ate Variability and M

arine Ecosystems: The R

ole of Forcings and Feedbacks, Tony Busalacchi, U

niversity of Maryland, C

ollege Park, USA

. • M

esoscale ocean processes in relation to ocean biogeochemistry, Jean-François M

inster, French R

esearch Institute or Exploitation of the Sea, France. • Q

uantifying biogeochemical fluxes w

ith inverse models: current and future perspectives,

Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred W

egener Institute for Polar and Marine R

esearch, Germ

any. • O

CEA

NS:

Questions

from

the Past,

Laurent Labeyrie,

Université

Paris-Sud O

rsay, Laboratoire des Sciences du C

limat et de l'Environnem

ent, France. • The role of trace m

etals as micronutrients im

pacting marine biogeochem

ical cycles and ecosystem

dynamics, Ken Bruland, U

niversity of California, Santa C

ruz, USA

. • O

xygen and Carbon D

ioxide in the Anthropocene O

cean, Doug W

allace, Institut für M

eereskunde an der Universität K

iel, Germ

any. W

orking Group D

iscussions • Trace elem

ents in ecological and biogeochemical processes

• Physical forcing of biogeochemical cycling and m

arine food webs • Clim

atic modulation of organic m

atter fluxes • D

irect effects of anthropogenic forcing on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem

s • Integrating food webs from

end to end • Continental m

argins • The m

esopelagic layer • Biogeochem

ical hotspots, choke points, triggers, switches and non-linear responses • Feedbacks to the Earth System

• Coupled m

odels of biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem

s Third IG

BP C

ongress (Banff, C

anada, 19-24 June 2003) O

bjective: To develop the scientific agenda and implem

entation approaches for the next decade of Earth System

research within IG

BP.

- 54 -

Much em

phasis will be placed on integration across traditional boundaries and disciplines, and

on interaction with colleagues from

the World C

limate R

esearch Programm

e (WC

RP), the

International Hum

an Dim

ensions Programm

e of Global Environm

ental Change (IH

DP) and

DIV

ERSITA

S. The approach will build on concepts such as the G

AIM

Questions, w

hich can be adapted and applied to a variety of environm

ents. An advanced draft of the IG

BP II Science Plan

will be circulated before the C

ongress. Output from

the Congress w

ill form the basis of the IG

BP

II Implem

entation Strategy. Participants: SSC

Mem

bers of IGB

P Projects and Transition Teams, IG

BP N

ational Com

mittee

Chairs, and representatives of key partner organisations.

Programm

e: The first and last days (19 and 24 June) will be reserved for the individual IG

BP

Core Project Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee meetings and a m

eeting of National C

omm

ittee C

hairs. The m

iddle four days will be devoted to a m

ix of plenary and small-group w

orking sessions. The scientific talks w

ill focus on state-of-the art scientific highlights from the projects and look at

interactions between com

ponents of the Earth System. This w

ill be followed by several half-day

working group discussions in parallel on exciting topics crossing the disciplinary boundaries.

There is the possibility of a small poster session of national presentations. W

e invite ideas for w

orking groups, which should be of interest to several projects w

ithin IGB

P and across the Program

s. Invitation to the G

lobal Carbon Project SSC

meeting by Pep Canadell

The International

Geosphere-B

iosphere Program

me

(IGB

P), the

International H

uman

Dim

ensions Programm

e (IHD

P), and the World C

limate R

esearch Programm

e (WC

RP) have

established a new joined project on carbon: The G

lobal Carbon Project. The Steering C

omm

ittee of the G

CP m

et for the first time last year in San Francisco, and in recognition of the need to

work closely w

ith a number of the core projects of the sponsor program

mes and other projects

and assessments bodies, the G

CP is now

developing a number of m

echanisms to ensure that

appropriate comm

unication channels are established among the m

ost critical projects. On behalf

of Mike R

aupach, Oran Y

oung, and Bob D

ickinson, the co-chairs of the GC

P, I would like to

invite you (Ducklow

?) to attend the Second SSC m

eeting of the GC

P that will take place on

Novem

ber 18-21, 2002, in Tsukuba, Japan. This second meeting of the SSC

will be a crucial one

because we are planning to further develop the im

plementation plan, and approve it by the end of

the meeting. W

e are also planning to develop a workshop series on the coupling of biophysical

and human dim

ensions of the carbon cycle for which your input w

ould be highly valued. All co-

chairs have

indicated their

strong desire

to have your

valuable input

in m

any of

the program

matic and scientific areas that w

ill be discussed at the meeting and to ensure strong links

with you project. N

eedless to say that the invitation can be passed onto any other mem

ber of your SSC

who you think m

ight be most appropriate to interact w

ith the GC

P as per his/her expertise on carbon related issues. G

iven the fact, the GC

P is still a young project; we regret to

inform you that w

e won’t be able to cover the cost of your attendance to the SSC

meeting at this

point . How

ever, we realize how

critical is to establish strong links at this early stages. We hope

you will be able to cover your ow

n cost.

I also want to bring to your attention a second opportunity for close interaction during the workshop that the G

CP and C

O2 Panel will organize after the JG

OFS Conference in Paris in

January 2003. We are already planning strong program

matic linkages with JG

OFS through the

critical contributions and participation of Doug W

allace and Wendy Broadgate, am

ong hopefully, m

any others.

- 55 -

8.16. “O

cean Vision”: Future R

esearch of Global C

hange in the Ocean

The draft that follows is an early draft (11-9-02)! Lochte has since produced a later version that

responded to earlier comm

ents, not recent ones! C

ompiled by K

arin Lochte with contributions from

Manuel B

arange, Julie Hall, W

endy B

roadgate, W

olfgang C

ramer,

John Schellnhuber,

Stefan R

amsdorf,

Ulf

Riebesell,

Uli

Bathm

ann, et al. 1.

The Question of Sustainability and the O

cean The ocean is a vital com

ponent in the metabolism

of Earth and an important player in G

lobal C

hange. Its vast storage of heat and gases have decisive impacts on the clim

ate, it harbours the m

ost extensive and least known biosphere, and contains living and m

ineral resources which w

e just have begun to recognise. The ocean usually reacts m

ore slowly in com

parison to land or atm

osphere, and it is considered as that part of the Earth System, w

hich buffers, modulates or

amplifies physical and geochem

ical signals. Atm

osphere and ocean are intimately dependent

upon each other and exchange physical and chemical signals. The link betw

een land and ocean is based on considerable am

ounts of material, w

hich enter the sea from land and influence the

global biogeochemical cycles. Physical forces exert a large influence on the biology of the

ocean, from the elem

ental to the population level. These scales of influence are important in

understanding the reactions of biological systems to G

lobal Change. W

ith respect to the links of the ocean to atm

osphere and land and with respect to the reaction of m

arine organisms to G

lobal C

hange there are still many unresolved questions, w

hich will have to be, addressed in future

research. A

lthough less imm

ediately obvious than within the terrestrial system

, human societies are

dependent on a predictable behaviour of the marine ecosystem

. The ocean affects humans

indirectly through moderating atm

ospheric composition, w

eather, and climate. D

irect links to hum

an society are given by the requirement of adequate supplies of food and energy, safe

transportation and secure habitation in the densely populated coastal areas. Man’s activities, both

on land and in the sea, influence the ocean and are doing so at an ever-increasing rate. Population grow

th, coupled with an escalating proportion of hum

anity inhabiting the coastal zone, has increased the burdens on the ocean and m

ade human society m

ore vulnerable to changes in the ocean. In fact, concern is grow

ing regarding human-induced changes that m

ay threaten marine

“ecosystem services”

13 and undermine hum

ankind’s own sustainability. U

nderstanding the inter-dependency betw

een the well being of the ocean and that of hum

an society demands closer links

between the natural and the social sciences to provide know

ledge for a better managem

ent of the Earth System

.

In recognition that the ocean provides a number of essential ecosystem

services, such as: •

food •

energy •

habitation and economical exploitation of the coastal zone

• transportation

• w

aste assimilation

• biological and m

ineral resources (i.e. renewable and not renew

able resources) •

climate regulation

• system

stabilisation via water vapour,

13 (Footnote 1: “W

hile ecosystem functions refer variously to the habitat, biological, or system

s properties or processes of ecosystem

s, ecosystem goods (e.g., food) and services (e.g., w

aste assimilation) represent the

benefits human populations derive, directly or indirectly, from

ecosystem functions" (C

ostanza et al., 1999).

- 56 -

we need to develop our understanding in such a w

ay that we have a firm

grasp of the functioning of the ocean and its interaction w

ith other components—

including humans—

in the Earth System.

We m

ust also grapple with societal issues such as health, ecosystem

services, and sustainability. O

ur existing knowledge is insufficient to optim

ise use of ecosystem com

ponents, while

sustaining their health and integrity, and the array of non-consumptive services that m

arine ecosystem

s provide. Integrated system process studies w

ill be needed to determine the im

pacts of G

lobal Change on services provided by the ocean and how

to ensure sustainable marine

resources in a Global C

hange context. 2.

Global Change and the O

ceans Linkages betw

een global change driven by natural processes as well as by hum

an activity and changes in m

arine ecosystems and biogeochem

istry are shown in Figure 1. These links include

drivers, processes,

responses, social

impacts,

and feedbacks,

which

place the

marine

biogeochemistry and ecosystem

in the context of human perturbations of the global environm

ent.

Figure 1: Im

pacts and feedbacks between global environm

ental change and the ocean system.

The chemical and biological environm

ent of the ocean is represented by the large ellipse, with

the shading representing the gradation from m

arine chemical and biological processes from

low

er trophic levels through to higher trophic levels. Cycling w

ithin, and between, chem

ical and biological com

ponents is also indicated. This representation reflects the tightly coupled nature of ecological and biogeochem

ical processes, and the connectivity of different components of this

system w

ith the atmosphere and/or hum

an activity. Arrow

s with num

bers refer to global-scale processes in the Earth System

. Arrow

s with letters refer to im

pacts on society and human

perceptions/responses (see also Tab.1). D

irect and indirect human perturbations to the ocean (Table 1) are G

lobal Change drivers, w

hich are increasing in m

agnitude. Direct perturbations include over fishing, increasing nutrient and

sediment loading in river runoff, coastal pollution caused by w

aste disposal, lowering of pH

due to increasing atm

ospheric CO

2 , etc. Indirect perturbations arise mainly from

the anticipated clim

ate change due to human-induced changes in the atm

osphere, such as increasing emissions

of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Perturbation of the ocean will lead to alterations of m

arine biogeochem

istry and ecosystems that m

ay have serious consequences as ecosystems provide a

myriad of goods and services necessary to sustain hum

ans in the biosphere.

- 57 -

Table 1: Examples of natural and hum

an perturbations that affect the ocean ecosystem.

Processes R

esulting impacts on society

Emission of greenhouse gases, dust,

halogens, SO

2 , etc.

from

human

activity to the atmosphere

Clim

ate change,

catastrophic clim

ate disasters,

energy policy

Emission of C

O2 , D

MS, H

alogens, sea-salt, N

2 O, w

ater, etc. from the

ocean to the atmosphere

Clim

ate change

CO

2 , Fe,

N

inputs from

the

atmosphere into the ocean

Changes in various ecosystem

services (e.g. uptake of CO

2 , biological productivity); C

hanges in biodiversity; R

adiative transfer A

lteration of radiation (e.g. UV

, cloud cover) and rainfall Effects of w

ind, temperature, fresh

water, light on ocean stratification,

circulation, ice-cover...

Sea level rise, climate change;

Consequences for food supply due to perturbation of food

webs, changes in biodiversity;

Biological

feedbacks on

physical processes (heating of surface layer)

Clim

ate change

Pollution (incl. riverine input) D

angers to human health, e.g. from

harmful algal bloom

s, toxin accum

ulation; Effects on tourism

; D

eterioration of ecosystem services;



Non-consum

ptive use

of m

arine resources, e.g. fishing, aquaculture, tourism

, transport, wind and tidal

energy


webs, changes in biodiversity, alteration of fish stocks;

Introduction of alien species causing changes in ecosystem

services; C

onsumptive

use of

marine

resources, (e.g.,

oil production,

mining, dum

ping)



Effects on

human

health due

to release

of harm

ful substances.

It becomes obvious from

Table 1 that major processes and im

pacts are a consequence of changes in physical forcing on different scales, such as alteration of radiative transfer, tem

perature, wind

stress or fresh water input. They cause m

ultiple changes in the marine system

with a variety of

consequences for society. Therefore, progress in understanding the effects of Global C

hange on ocean ecosystem

s and biogeochemistry can only be achieved jointly w

ith investigations of physical oceanographic processes in collaboration w

ith the World C

limate R

esearch Programm

e (W

CR

P), in particular with the C

LIVA

R-Project (C

limate V

ariability and Predictability). On the

other side of the spectrum, the perceived effects of G

lobal Change in the ocean on society

require an assessment of econom

ic and societal impacts in different regions of the w

orld. Therefore, the new

decade of ocean research needs to develop an unprecedented level of cooperation

with

the Integrated

Hum

an D

imensions

Programm

e (IH

DP)

and w

ith the

Biodiversity Program

me (D

IVER

SITAS).

3. The Challenge of Future Research of G

lobal Change in the Ocean

The last decade has seen major advances in our understanding of the m

arine system. U

nder the um

brella of the International Geosphere-B

iosphere Programm

e (IGB

P) and the Scientific

- 58 -

Com

mittee on O

cean Research (SC

OR

), the core project JGO

FS (Joint Global O

cean Flux Study) has investigated on a global scale the processes controlling the fluxes of carbon and associated biogenic elem

ents in the ocean. Present day biogeochemical processes, the m

agnitude of fluxes, the scale of their spatial and tem

poral changes as well as the forcing functions have

been described in considerable detail and can be assessed much m

ore accurately than ever before. Stocks and rates have been quantified w

hich were poorly constrained prior to these

studies, such as CO

2 fluxes between atm

osphere and ocean, global marine prim

ary production and export of carbon into the deep ocean. N

ew traits in organism

s were found, such as the

widespread occurrence of archaea or heterotrophic photosynthetic bacteria, w

hich open up unexpected biochem

ical pathways that change our concept of m

arine biogeochemical cycles. A

t the higher end of the food chain, direct influences of ocean physical processes on fish stocks and the different response of species to such influences are becom

ing known now

. W

hile seasonal and to some degree interannual changes have been assessed, there rem

ains considerable uncertainty about longer-term

changes and abrupt shifts. We are beginning to

record such changes, but in most cases, w

e are not sure about causes or consequences. For exam

ple, large interannual changes in the uptake of CO

2 by land and ocean are observed and appear to be linked to El N

ino events (Fig.2), but the partitioning of this variability in uptake betw

een land and ocean is difficult to assess. Long term changes in phytoplankton populations

are indicated by some observations (Fig 3), but data are still too scarce to understand w

hether these are steady trends or long-term

oscillations, and to assess potential effects of such changes on the m

arine food web.

Figure 2: V

ariability of oceanic CO

2 sinks. The stepwise increase show

n by the upper curve represents the anthropogenic C

O2 em

issions in the indicated years, the blue curve shows the m

easured rise of CO

2 in the atm

osphere for each year, the difference between both curves represents the am

ount of CO

2 taken up by land or ocean in the respective year. Large interannual changes in the uptake of C

O2 by terrestrial or

marine reservoirs becom

e obvious which are in m

any cases related to El Niño events (indicated by

arrows). (R

EF to source)

- 59 -

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998

Opal/CaCO3 Flux Ratio

32°N, 64°W

48°N, 20°W

34°N, 21°W

Figure 3: Long-term

changes in the ratio of opal bearing phytoplankton (diatoms) and calcium

carbonate bearing plankton (coccolithophorids, foram

inifera etc.) detected in sediment traps in the N

orth Atlantic.

These trends indicate a steady change in plankton composition; the causes are as yet unknow

n. (Honjo et

al. REF, A

ntia et al. 2001) Linkages of the different parts of the ocean system

have in the past been treated inadequately. This is true for exchange processes across the ocean’s interfaces, such as coastal zones, sea floor or low

er atmosphere, as w

ell as the linkage between m

arine biogeochemical cycles and the

higher trophic levels of the marine ecosystem

. For instance, we are aw

are that large amounts of

organic carbon and related elements are exported from

land and are deposited on the shelf and continental slope, but the m

agnitude and variability of this flux, its effects on the marine system

and its susceptibility to G

lobal Change are still unresolved. Exchanges betw

een the ocean interior w

ith the sea floor (in both directions) and deep ocean processes are still poorly understood, partly due to technological difficulties. O

nly some of these deep ocean processes,

such as release of methane from

gas hydrates, have so far been recognised as a potentially large factor in clim

ate change. A very sensitive boundary is the upper ocean and the low

er atmosphere,

where globally the largest exchange of clim

atically active gases occurs. The interdependence of biogeochem

ical cycles, mainly driven by m

icroorganisms, and the organism

s at the high end of the food chain becom

es increasingly clearer. How

ever, a long way is still ahead before a

complete assessm

ent of food webs from

end to end is possible and can be modelled. Finally,

long-term changes in the ocean ecosystem

, as illustrated by records from sedim

ent and ice cores or corals, need to be included in ocean studies to extend and com

plement the short-term

m

easurements, w

hich provide only “snap-shots” of the present day status of the ocean. Therefore, a challenge of future research w

ill be to integrate the research on these different parts of the ocean system

in order to obtain a comprehensive view

of the role of the ocean in the Earth System

. Several IGB

P programm

e elements w

ill study these aspects of the ocean system

(LOIC

Z, SOLA

S, GLO

BEC

, PAG

ES2) and it w

ill be critical for the success of future research of G

lobal Change in the ocean to bring together these different projects.

Some key environm

ental elements of the Earth System

, particularly in atmospheric com

position, have by now

moved w

ell outside the range of the natural variability. It is unclear how the ocean

will react to such changes in the future. M

odelling approaches have tried to analyse ocean 2 LO

ICZ = Land-O

cean Interaction in the Coastal Zone

SOLA

S = Surface Ocean Low

er Atm

osphere Study G

LOBEC

= Global O

cean Ecosystem D

ynamics

PAG

ES = Past Global Changes

- 60 -

behaviour under different scenarios of anthropogenic disturbance. How

ever, their predictions about future developm

ents 50 or 100 years from now

diverge considerably. This is indicative of large uncertainties in sensitive elem

ents of the ocean system from

the coastal zone to the open sea, unrecognised feedbacks betw

een parts of the Earth System, and a lack of adequate data for

initiating and verifying the models. In order to assess the effects of increasing hum

an perturbations on the ocean, these uncertainties have to be reduced and future research has to provide m

eans to improve predictability of the ocean system

. N

ot all of the multitudes of interacting elem

ents determining the functioning of the ocean system

are susceptible to hum

an perturbations. Some react at very long tim

e scales so that their impact

with respect to m

ore imm

ediate Global C

hanges may not be felt. Som

e regions of the ocean are m

ore vulnerable to certain disturbances than others. It will be a m

ajor task of the future research to identify the critical elem

ents / processes and the most vulnerable regions of the ocean to

Global C

hange and to determine the potential consequences of these changes.

The sensitivity of elements of the ocean system

to Global C

hange, the nature, magnitude and rate

of changes in the oceanic system in relation to the type of perturbation has to be assessed not

only as an “early warning system

” for impending dangers, but also to help society to m

ake choices about future options. The future ocean research m

ust develop the tools and the basic know

ledge required to assess with sufficient reliability the ocean’s reaction to natural and

anthropogenic changes on the time scale relevant to society.

The challenge for future research on Global C

hange in the ocean for the next decade can therefore be stated as:

• To identify elem

ents, processes and regions in the ocean with m

ajor relevance for Global

Change and develop the capability to observe them

on appropriate scales •

To develop a predictive capability for the response of the ocean system to natural and

anthropogenic changes •

To assess and predict scenarios / options in order to enable society to make choices about

sustainable futures. 4.

The Approach

The ocean, due to its vast storage capacity, has a decisive impact on the state of the Earth System

and m

ultiple feedbacks are linking it to land and atmosphere. W

hile this principle is clear, the connections and interfaces betw

een the earth’s components are often insufficiently know

n for an integration of present know

ledge into earth system science. A

major task is to develop an

integrative approach to understand the holistic dynamics of the planetary life support system

. We

need to explore characteristic features of the ocean that may be capable of m

aking the ocean a trigger in the path of G

lobal Change, though it is often regarded as a buffer in the dynam

ics of the Earth System

. A

way to focus future research on an earth system

approach has been suggested by the Global

Analysis, Integration and M

odelling Project (GA

IM) of IG

BP. A

set of very general, overarching questions (Table 2) w

as posed to help to focus research on key patterns of Earth ecosystem

behaviour and their relation to global change. These questions can be considered as guard rails to identify critical elem

ents for global change in the ocean and to link them to sim

ilarly vulnerable elem

ents on land and in the atmosphere.

Table 2: Overarching Q

uestions posed by GA

IM to structure and guide future Earth System

Science w

ithin IGB

P

- 61 -

Analytical Q

uestions: 1. W

hat are the vital organs of the ecosphere in view of operation and evolution?

2. What are the m

ajor dynamical patterns, teleconnections and feedback loops in the planetary

machinery?

3. What are the critical elem

ents (thresholds, bottlenecks, switches) in the Earth System

? 4. W

hat are the characteristic regimes and tim

e-scales of natural planetary variability? 5. W

hat are the anthropogenic disturbance regimes and teleperturbations that m

atter at the Earth-System

level? 6. W

hich are the vital ecosphere organs and critical planetary elements that can actually be transform

ed by hum

an action? 7. W

hich are the most vulnerable regions under global change?

8. How

are abrupt and extreme events processed through nature-society interactions?

Methodological Q

uestions: 9. W

hat are the principles for constructing “macroscopes”, i.e. representations of the Earth System

that aggregate aw

ay the details while retaining all system

s-order terms?

10. What levels of com

plexity and resolution have to be achieved in Earth System m

odelling? 11. Is it possible to describe the Earth System

as a composition of w

eakly coupled organs and regions, and to reconstruct the planetary m

achinery from these parts?

12. Is there a consistent global strategy for generating, processing and integrating relevant Earth System

data sets? 13. W

hat are the best techniques for analysing and possibly predicting irregular events? 14. W

hat are the most appropriate m

ethodologies for integrating natural-science and social-science know

ledge? N

ormative Q

uestions: 15. W

hat are the general criteria and principles for distinguishing non-sustainable and sustainable futures? 16. W

hat is the carrying capacity of the earth as determined by hum

anitarian standards? 17. W

hat are the accessible but intolerable domains in the co-evolution space of nature and hum

anity? 18. W

hat kind of nature do modern societies w

ant? 19. W

hat are the equity principles that should govern global environmental m

anagement?

Strategic Questions:

20. What is the optim

al mix of adaptation and m

itigation measures to respond to global change?

21. What is the optim

al decomposition of the planetary surface into nature reserves and m

anaged areas? 22.

What

are the

options and

caveats for

technological fixes

like geoengineering

and genetic

modifications?

23. What is the structure of an effective and efficient system

of global environment &

development

institutions? A

number of these questions are not directly applicable to future ocean research, but rather

indicate the interaction between the natural system

and human society. H

owever, som

e questions w

ill prove to be valuable guidelines for future research of Global C

hange in the ocean and will

help to formulate researchable questions in individual projects. B

y remoulding som

e of the crucial questions, a m

ore focussed approach can be attained, as illustrated by the following

examples:

• What are the critical elem

ents and processes in the ocean that can actually be transformed by

human action?

Some answ

ers can imm

ediately be given: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, silica and trace element

cycles, iron supply from the land, food w

eb structure and fish stocks. This leads to the consideration w

hether these transformations are critical to the functioning of the ocean system

and how

the interactions with atm

osphere and land are affected. Most of these questions m

ay actually be answ

ered by our present knowledge, but gaps in our understanding to assess future

changes in the ocean system w

ill also become obvious and w

ill help to develop research strategies.

- 62 -

• What levels of com

plexity and resolution have to be achieved in the ocean component of Earth

System m

odelling? C

oupled models developed in the last decade have helped trem

endously to assess the interaction betw

een physical and biological processes. How

ever, higher spatial resolution as well as

integration of different biogeochemical cycles, low

er and higher trophic levels is needed in order to im

prove the representation of natural processes by models. In addition, hum

an impacts have

so far not been included, but will be an essential part of the next decade of research adding a

further level of complexity. This developm

ent has to be critically evaluated, as computer

capacity puts restrictions on the level of complexity and the tim

e scales, which can be m

odelled. • Is there a consistent global strategy for generating, processing and integrating relevant ocean

data sets? A

quantum leap in global observation w

as achieved by satellite missions and developm

ent of advanced sensors. This dem

anded, as a consequence, a coordinated approach to ground trusting and processing of the data. H

owever, present oceanographic observations are generally carried

out without long-term

comm

itment or coordination betw

een investigating institutions or national agencies. W

hile in physical oceanography already an advanced standard of observational strategies exists, such as for exam

ple in the Argo Project, this is not m

atched when chem

ical or biological variables are concerned, perhaps w

ith the exception of fish stock surveys. Lack of data coordination becom

es most obvious w

hen different disciplines and different research fields are com

pared. The greatest challenge in this direction will be to develop com

mon observational

strategies between natural and socio-econom

ic sciences. An assessm

ent of future changes within

the ocean system and their feedbacks on the other com

ponents of the Earth System requires

adequate representation of both, natural processes and developments in societies, econom

ics and technology. • W

hat are the accessible but intolerable domains in the co-evolution space of m

arine ecosystem

s and humanity?

The marine environm

ent provides a range of ecosystem services that are taken for granted by the

general public. These services are, however, not guaranteed and m

ay be affected by Global

Change in w

ays, which w

e do not yet understand. Research has to address the questions w

hich ecosystem

services are provided by the ocean, which services are m

ost important and w

hich ones can, in em

ergency, be sacrificed. Technological potential exists to manipulate m

arine processes even on large scales for the benefit of hum

an societies. At present, globally the largest direct

human im

pact on marine ecosystem

s is caused by fishing changing the food web structure and

leading to economic decline in fishing industry. Locally extrem

e changes of the marine

environment are a result of

high population density, econom

ic development,

inadequate legislation, poverty and/or lack of know

ledge. Since we cannot assum

e to maintain all aspects of

the marine ecosystem

in unadulterated form, research is required to explore possible dom

ains of developm

ent and analyse consequences for marine ecosystem

services. Questions m

ay be tackled, such as “H

ow m

uch protein can be extracted from the ocean w

ithout sacrificing valuable ecosystem

services?” • W

hat are the options and caveats for technological fixes like geoengineering in the ocean? Several approaches are presently discussed to use the vast ocean space and resources for alleviating G

lobal Change problem

s. This ranges from purposeful sequestration of C

O2 in the

ocean, to open ocean aquaculture in HN

LC regions for food production and energy production

from physical and chem

ical ocean resources. The next decade will see rising pressure to address

questions of technological fixes, as Global C

hange problems w

ill become m

ore obvious. The w

hole range of these potential technological applications needs to be underpinned by research in order to understand the underlying processes and consequences.

- 63 -

Future Research of G

lobal Change

in the Ocean w

ill m

ove increasingly

from a better

understanding of present day ocean processes to an assessment of the role of the ocean in G

lobal C

hange processes and feedbacks within the Earth System

. The history of ocean processes provides inform

ation on changes at different scales and on controls of the state of the ocean, w

hile studies of present day processes indicate the system

dynamics and reveal causal

relationships. The response and adaptation of this evolving, dynamic and self-organising system

at different scales to G

lobal Change is the challenging question of the new

ocean research program

me.

In order to achieve the ambitious goal, Future R

esearch of Global C

hange in the Ocean has to

develop new research aspects surpassing the previous IG

BP ocean program

me elem

ents. A better

connection of physical, biogeochemical and ecological research is needed in order to understand

how changes in physical forcing w

ill affect the ecosystem. The linkages betw

een the different parts of the Earth System

have to be made clear in order to assess the m

ultitude of feedback processes. H

umans as drivers and as subjects of G

lobal Change have to be considered explicitly,

since one of the major aim

s is the assessment of im

pacts on society. This leads to emphasis on:

• com

bining physical, chemical and biological research at all scales and foster m

ulti/inter-disciplinary approaches

• developing joint projects w

ith physical oceanography (link to CLIV

AR

) •

understanding the exchange between ocean and the atm

osphere (link to SOLA

S) •

understanding the exchange between ocean and land (link to LO

ICZ)

• understanding the exchange betw

een the ocean interior and the sea floor •

understanding the variation of the ocean system over longer tim

e scales, e.g. glacial- interglacial variation (link to PA

GES/IM

AG

ES) •

assessing climate variability versus clim

ate change •

understanding the role of species in regulation of biogeochemistry

• studying the diversity and evolution of deep sea species (as the last unknow

n frontier) •

investigating variability and change in food web dynam

ics This fram

ework of Future R

esearch of Global C

hange in the Ocean is designed to enable new

m

odes of operation. It should provide a major goal and highlight the issues, but leave enough

flexibility to allow the science com

munity to explore the m

ost promising avenues of research. It

should be diffusive to allow inform

ation to transgress the boundaries of core projects and develop joint, tem

porary task teams. It should be able to react fast to new

ideas, challenges and problem

s. It should provide only a light organisational structure, which helps to coordinate

research and to come to synergistic results. The projects of this new

framew

ork need to develop an approach, w

hich enables to determine w

hen their goals are reached. Therefore, a hierarchy of researchable questions have to be posed guided by the overarching questions (Table 2). B

enchmarks have to be developed to check the progress of research at different tim

es. The challenge of Future R

esearch of Global C

hange in the Ocean is also the integration of

developing countries in this research programm

e. Many of the critical ocean regions are totally

under researched due to their remoteness and because the adjacent countries do not have enough

capacities to collaborate as equal partners in this research. Therefore, joint research programm

es and im

proved capacity building jointly with STA

RT is needed and w

ill be beneficial for this program

me. The results of this program

me have to be presented to the public in com

prehensive and suitable form

. It has been one of the major draw

backs of Global C

hange research in the past that their results w

ere not presented in adequate form to the public. Im

provement of public

outreach, however, is necessary to ensure that the new

knowledge w

ill eventually lead to changes in attitude, policy and legislation.

- 64 -

8.17. G

lobal Ocean O

bserving System and O

OPC

by Peter Haugan

As described at the previous JG

OFS SSC

meeting, the G

OO

S Steering Com

mittee relies on tw

o m

ain scientific panels for advice concerning the design and development of a perm

anent ocean observing system

, namely the O

cean Observations Panel for C

limate (O

OPC

) and the Coastal

Ocean O

bservations Panel (CO

OP). C

OO

P has been established recently by merging three

different earlier panels. CO

OP is in the process of com

pleting its Strategic Design Plan, and

meets in C

ape Town in Septem

ber 2002. The formal body to oversee im

plementation issues in

GO

OS

is the Joint IOC

-WM

O C

omm

ission on O

ceanography and M

arine Meteorology

(JCO

MM

), which m

eets every 4 years, first time in 2001 in A

kureyri, Iceland. O

OPC

has been in existence since 1996 under the chairmanship of N

eville Smith of B

oM,

Australia. It took over from

the predecessor OO

SDP that produced a conceptual design of a

system of ocean observations for clim

ate. Up to now

, OO

PC has w

orked on planning and im

plementation of such a system

covering a broad range of issues and parameters. N

ow the

efforts are moving m

ore towards review

and evaluation, prioritisation, rationalization and selected enhancem

ents. At the m

ost recent session of the OO

PC in K

iel, Germ

any, on 5-8 June 2002, N

eville Smith stepped dow

n as chairman and w

as replaced by Ed Harrison of N

OA

A

PMEL, U

SA.

The part of the mandate of O

OPC

, which is m

ost relevant to JGO

FS, is ocean carbon observations. The G

OO

S Report N

o. 118 entitled “A G

lobal Ocean C

arbon Observation System

- A

Background R

eport” issued in April 2002, edited by Scott D

oney and Maria H

ood with

contributions from a num

ber of authors was endorsed by the O

OPC

. It has been produced by com

bining input, results from a num

ber of workshops and m

eetings during the past two years,

and has been subject to comm

unity-wide review

. It will be a very useful docum

ent for carbon observations in G

OO

S. OO

PC relies on the SC

OR

-IOC

Advisory Panel on O

cean CO

2 for advice concerning carbon observations. M

aria Hood, w

ho is now the IO

C Technical O

fficer for both O

OPC

and the CO

2 Panel, will develop an account of im

plementation progress. It w

as agreed that a carbon pilot project, perhaps including selected aspects of ocean biogeochem

istry, m

ight move this issue forw

ard in GO

OS. C

arbon and ecosystem related activities consistent w

ith the report and O

ceanObs99 recom

mendations, and com

prising time series, hydrographic cruises

and Voluntary O

bserving Ships, will be brought up also w

ith the Partnership for Observation of

the Global O

ceans (POG

O) w

hich has its next meeting on 22-24 January 2003 in H

obart, Tasm

ania. N

either the

mentioned

report nor

the O

OPC

m

andate covers

coastal observations.

PRESU

MA

BLY

, CO

OP w

ill be responsible for such elements, w

hich will be needed for a truly

global carbon observing system. H

owever, planning for this is still at a very early stage. In

addition, for ocean ecosystem issues and ocean-w

ide biogeochemistry beyond carbon, the

situation is less clear. The OO

PC at its m

ost recent session discussed whether these issues should

be left to CO

OP, w

hich at the outset has a focus on coastal measurem

ents. It was agreed that

attention is required from several groups in order to bring it to a level w

here GO

OS can agree on

actions and implem

entation. Tomm

y Dickey of O

OPC

, in partnership with the C

O2 panel, and

enlisting assistance from C

OO

P, will initiate w

ork on a draft of a preliminary equivalent of the

ocean carbon report for ecosystems/biogeochem

istry.

- 65 -

8.18. SC

OR

IOC

Advisory Panel on O

cean CO

2 by Peter Haugan

The second session of the SCO

R-IO

C A

dvisory Panel on Ocean C

O2 took place in H

onolulu, H

awaii on February 9th 2002. The chair, D

oug Wallace, w

elcomed D

r. Kitack Lee, K

orea, to the m

eeting as a new m

ember. The w

eb site (http://ww

w.ioc.unesco.org/iocw

eb/co2panel) is now up

and running and contains information on panel activities, relevant reports, overview

s of m

easurement plans, and a w

atching brief on ocean CO

2 sequestration. The G

OO

S Report N

o. 118 entitled “A G

lobal Ocean C

arbon Observation System

- A

Background R

eport” edited by Scott Doney and M

aria Hood w

ith contributions from a num

ber of authors, and later issued in A

pril 2002, was discussed at the panel m

eeting. The final version of the docum

ent focuses on integrating ocean carbon measurem

ents into the framew

ork of other observing system

structures and programs, such as the tim

e series observatory pilot project, C

LIVA

R repeat hydrographic sections, and the JC

OM

M Ship O

bservations Team for the

coordination of oceanographic and meteorological m

easurement program

s made on volunteer

observing ships. The repeat hydrography program

of CLIV

AR

offers opportunities for carbon measurem

ents that m

any scientists are interested in pursuing, and which seem

cost-effective and important for a

number of reasons, but for w

hich no coordinating international research program currently

exists. The most appropriate international coordination m

echanism through w

hich national agencies could cooperate w

ould probably be within IG

BP. W

hile no new program

has been established to take over this part of the legacy of JG

OFS, there is agreem

ent among all parties

that the CO

2 panel is the most suitable forum

to coordinate this work now

. Information is now

available on the C

LIVA

R w

eb page and linked from the panel w

eb site, outlining the international plans and com

mitm

ents for the hydrography repeat sections and information about

carbon and tracer measurem

ents to be made.

The Panel has made input to the Tim

e Series Observatory Pilot project and the V

oluntary O

bserving Ships (VO

S) programm

e. The former is intended for process studies as w

ell as obtaining m

ulti-parameter tim

e series in key locations. VO

S tend not to be included in research program

mes but can be quite im

portant for obtaining regular products such as space-time m

aps for G

OO

S. Oversight of intercalibration exercises and standards and reference m

aterials, technology developm

ent and modelling, are continuous activities of the panel.

The Panel also has a mandate to develop and m

aintain a watching brief on ocean sequestration of

CO

2 , which is m

eant to inform non-specialists on the current scientific and legal issues of ocean

sequestration. A draft version of this w

atching brief is now available on the w

eb site with an

adequate coverage of background and legal issues, but still far from com

plete on the science overview

. SCO

R and IO

C w

ith assistance from the Panel are w

ell along with the planning and

organisation of a workshop on ocean carbon sequestration. This w

ill take place in the second half of 2003. The G

lobal Carbon Project (G

CP) as w

ell as IGB

P and CLIV

AR

and the new IG

BP O

CEA

NS

program are all potential contributors to ocean carbon observations although it is unclear how

the division of responsibilities m

ay be. It seems clear that all parties w

ant the panel to continue its activities, but its organisational links m

ay be revised to take account of a changing set of interacting research program

mes. The Panel w

ill take an active role with the G

CP in organising a

workshop for early 2003 to com

bine all the information about observation program

mes for the

next few years and discuss technological progress that is required to sustain carbon observations

into the future. In essence, this will im

ply reviewing, updating and expanding upon the

mentioned background report (G

OO

S Report N

o. 118.

- 66 -

8.19. International Project O

ffice by Roger H

anson and Bernard A

vril

Executive O

fficer’s Report. The International Project O

ffice (IPO) continues its full support of

the SSC activities from

our new offices on the m

ain campus of the U

niversity of Bergen. O

ffice staff has changed w

ith the departure of Ms. R

eidun Gjerde and the arrival of our new

Financial A

ssistant, Mr. Sturle Litland.

As JG

OFS approaches its sunset date, IPO

is focusing on raising external funds for the Final C

onference, Synthesis Groups and Task Team

s to complete their ToR

, and on the support of the D

ata Managem

ent Task Team (D

MTT) to docum

ent and compile all data and m

etadata collected over the last decade. A

vril is assisting the DM

TT in the collection of information on

participating national research projects and cruises from each contributing country since 1988.

This compendium

also includes aspects of national data managem

ent, including the location and archival of JG

OFS data collected during the fieldw

ork. This information w

ill also assist the D

MTT in their activities directed at securing the long-term

stewardship of the “JG

OFS M

aster D

ataset”. The

ultimate

purpose of

the M

aster D

ataset is

to provide

scientists w

ith a

comprehensive biogeochem

ical dataset in a comm

on file and data format for use not only in

current modelling projects, but also as a JG

OFS legacy to future global change studies. It is the

responsibility of the DM

TT and IPO to ensure the future accessibility and long-term

archival of this m

ost valuable and one of a kind dataset. Plans are now underw

ay to delivery the national datasets to the W

DC

-MA

RE for inclusion in the M

aster Dataset and to eventually produce a

JGO

FS Master D

ataset CD

RO

M. C

ountries, institutions, and principal investigators who subm

it data w

ill be given full credit within the JG

OFS M

aster Dataset and have priority access to it.

Assistant E

xecutive Officer T

asks and Achievem

ents (IPO). A

vril has provided support and assistance for the follow

ing tasks: o Preparation and edition of the new

International JGO

FS website (w

ith IPO EO

), o M

irroring and update of the CM

TT website,

o Preparation and edition of an on-line slide show after the 2 posters presented during the

IGB

P 2000 Conference (more than 60 requests for the original file),

o Drafting and proof-reading of the SSC

(Am

sterdam, July 2000) m

eeting minutes,

o Proof-reading and edition of JGO

FS Reports 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 (ISSN

redefined), o D

rafting, proof-reading and edition of JGO

FS Report 37,

o Participation to the EGS conference (N

ice, April 2002),

o Participation to the GSW

G/O

CM

IP Modelling W

orkshop (Ispra, June 2002, one poster presented),

o Preparation and edition of an on-line slide show after the poster presented during the

Modelling W

orkshop, o Preparation and edition of an on-line draft R

eport after the Modelling W

orkshop, o Preparation and edition of the First A

nnouncement (w

ebsite, poster and IGB

P newsletter)

for the Final JGO

FS Open Science C

onference (with IPO

Executive Officer),

o Preparation of the brochure for the Final JGO

FS OSC

Programm

e (with organising

comm

ittees), o C

ontinuous update of mem

bership and address list, and of peer-reviewed publication

reference list, o C

ontinuous interactions with Parent B

odies (IGB

P, SCO

R) and JG

OFS Execs and W

G &

TT C

hairs. Special em

phasis on the new JG

OFS w

ebsite. Early July 2002, a new international JG

OFS

website (http://w

ww

.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html) w

as launched with three objectives in m

ind: first, to im

prove the browsing and m

ake it user friendly to all within and outside the JG

OFS com

munity;

- 67 -

second, to preserve the accumulated know

ledge with a m

inimal support requested until

Decem

ber 2003, and third, to facilitate the handover to IGB

P and the next ocean biogeochemical

program. A

ll comm

ents / suggestions are greatly appreciated, since the content and structure is still evolving. D

ata Managem

ent: Assistant E

xecutive Officer T

asks and Achievem

ents (DM

TT

activities). A

vril has provided support and assistance for the following tasks:

o A

cquisition, compilation and transm

ission of the Pakistani NA

SEER datasets to W

DC

s (thanks to S. Sm

ith), o

Acquisition and partial com

pilation of various datasets and / or metadata (inventories for

cruises and parameters) for several countries not represented in the D

MTT (Italy,

Netherlands, N

orway, Spain),

o C

ontinuous update of a report for the “Com

pilation of research project and cruises &

Data status report” for all JG

OFS national activities, initially prepared in A

ugust 1999, and of the publications list (including the D

SR II Special Issues and the C

D-R

OM

s and w

ebsites in relation to Data M

anagement),

o O

rganisation of the annual DM

TT meeting (W

ashington, January 2002) and a “Data

Rescue” m

eeting with national representatives not involved in D

MTT (B

E, IT, NL, N

O,

SP) and invited experts (Ispra, June 2002), o

Writing and edition of JG

OFS R

eport 37 for 2000 & 2002 D

MTT m

eetings (with D

MTT

Chair),

o W

riting of the report (with D

MTT C

hair) after the Data R

escue meeting (not edited),

o Preparation of a D

MTT list of JG

OFS core param

eters (with all D

MTT m

embers) and of

an Execs’ recomm

endation list for core parameters for future research program

mes in

marine biogeochem

istry (with D

MTT C

hair and all SSC Execs),

o Follow

-up after the DM

TT meeting and D

ata Rescue m

eeting and Developm

ent of cooperation betw

een DM

TT, Execs, PAN

GA

EA team

, national representatives not involved in D

MTT (especially preparation of D

M practices recom

mendations and

guidelines, for the latter), o

Close cooperation / m

eetings with data m

anagers in Norw

ay [IMR

& B

jerknes Centre]

and in France [PRO

OF], including guidance and recom

mendations,

o Participation to the preparation of the W

DC

-MA

RE / PA

NG

AEA

Proposal (Germ

any) for national funding (w

ith IPO Executive O

fficer and DM

TT Chair),

o D

evelopment of interactions w

ith JGO

FS parent bodies (IGB

P, SCO

R), other funding

agencies and programm

e managers, in order to increase aw

areness, request support and present recom

mendations for proper data m

anagement practises and lessons learned from

JG

OFS (w

ith SSC C

hair and DM

TT Chair). A

“recomm

endation” letter and an address list have been prepared that should be further discussed by the SSC

(see Letter below

) o

Developm

ent of comm

unication with national contact persons and SSC

mem

bers to request assistance in the establishm

ent of the complete cruise inventory, m

etadata cataloguing and datasets collection (w

ith SSC C

hair and DM

TT Chair),

o Exploration of new

ways for possible collaboration w

ith similar program

mes and for

better data managem

ent practices and more integration in future program

mes (e.g.,

SCA

R/JC

AD

M and IndO

cean), o

Edition of web pages related to D

M m

atters (e.g., cruise inventories; published CD

-R

OM

s and DSR

II issues; on-line slideshow),

o Participation to the G

SWG

/OC

MIP W

orkshop, with one D

M-oriented poster presentation

and one DM

-oriented talk (presented by DM

TT Chair),

o W

riting of a short note (with D

MTT C

hair) for the US JG

OFS N

ewsletter.

- 68 -

Letter to funding agencies and program

me m

anagers. 28 O

ctober 2003 ___________________ A

ddress etc D

ear _________________ Subject: D

ata Managem

ent for future ocean biogeochemistry/clim

ate programs: Lessons learned

from JG

OFS

This letter concerns the issue of data managem

ent for ocean biogeochemistry in new

research program

s being planned under the auspices of IGB

P and SCOR. If w

e have sent you this letter in error and you know

of a colleague who is m

ore directly responsible with support and funding as

well as m

anagement of ocean data in your agency, w

e would be grateful if you could pass it to that

person. The

JGO

FS Project

has been

highly successful

in providing

new

insights into

global biogeochem

ical cycling in the oceans through a multi-national effort. A

n considerable effort was

invested in new m

easurements of ocean properties during JG

OFS. Y

et, a much sm

aller stress was

directed toward ensuring the accessibility and ultim

ate stewardship of these expensive and

irreplaceable data through a coordinated international data managem

ent effort. As new

programs are

being designed and implem

ented, we m

ust learn from the JG

OFS data m

anagement experience. The

following is a set of recom

mendations for new

programs to consider:

Establishment and support of a centralized International Project D

ata Centre responsible for: acquisition of data, data access, and distribution of data to the W

orld Data Centre system

to ensure its long-term

archival; Establishm

ent and support of experienced/full-time national data coordinators w

ho will:

identify cruises and Principal Investigators (PIs) associated with the national program

s, work w

ith PIs to ensure data and m

etadata are complete and in com

mon file and data form

ats and submit data

to the International Project Data C

entre; Setting of a tim

e limit after w

hich all countries participating in the program m

ust submit

their data to the Data C

entre; Establishm

ent of a minim

um set of standards for reporting data and m

etadata. W

orking with funding agencies to ensure com

pliance with program

data policies. These recom

mendations are designed to ensure the rapid dissem

ination of data and its long-term

preservation and accessibility. D

uring the JGO

FS Project, key biological and chemical variables w

ere sampled by over 20

countries at the regional scale (process studies in the North A

tlantic, Arabian Sea, Equatorial

Pacific, Southern Ocean and N

orth Pacific), global scale (carbon survey) and from long-term

m

easurements at key ocean sites. A

s we proceed w

ith the final synthesis and modelling phases of

JGO

FS, it is likely that JGO

FS may fall short in providing a satisfactory data legacy for future

generations. The JG

OFS data m

anagement plan w

as set up so each nation had a data coordinator responsible for that nation’s data. D

ata are either managed by a national JG

OFS data m

anager (e.g., Australia,

Canada, France, Germ

any, India, Japan, U.K

. and U.S.), or reside w

ith individual PIs. A D

ata M

anagement Task Team

(DM

TT) was form

ed to coordinate the data managem

ent efforts, but in effect, the D

MTT does not represent all nations involved in JG

OFS activities, and does not have the

manpow

er or financial resources to go far beyond coordination and cataloguing of data collections

- 69 -

carried out nationally. The lack of a centralized International Data Centre severely ham

pers the use of JG

OFS data for synthesis and m

odel validation, now and in the future.

Additional problem

s identified with the current JG

OFS D

ata Managem

ent are: A

mbiguity in m

any countries as to what constitutes a JG

OFS cruise;

No tim

e limit, and in m

ost countries, no requirement for delivery of data to a D

ata Centre

from w

here it can be disseminated and archived;

Reluctance by PIs to share data; D

ata in diverse formats w

ith incomplete docum

entation or missing key core JG

OFS

parameters.

Efforts to acquire funds to compile all JG

OFS international data into a com

mon file and data

format, to be distributed internationally, have thus far failed in the U

.S. Other national funding

agencies have not been approached. These efforts failed mainly because such supporting activities,

although extremely im

portant to make optim

al use of the scientific data, have fared poorly in com

petition with proposals to initiate new

science projects. This is very unfortunate, since the acquisition of data is very costly com

pared to the small cost of effective data m

anagement.

JGO

FS was proactive in setting a data policy and establishing an international data m

anagement

comm

ittee very early in the Project, and the JGO

FS system becam

e a model for other program

s (e.g., G

LOB

EC). Y

et in spite of this effort and because of the complexity of interdisciplinary

data and of JGO

FS itself, much rem

ains to be done to secure the accessibility of all data collected in the Project. W

e offer these recomm

endations to the planners of the next generation of ocean program

s, to help move tow

ard a new and better, integrated data m

anagement system

in the next few

years. W

e are very interested in your views on the data m

anagement issue facing future program

s and invite you to share your thoughts w

ith us. We w

ill be passing on a more com

prehensive view of

the JGO

FS experience to planners of the next generation of ocean research programs and look

forward to your input.

Sincerely, H

ugh Ducklow

(Chair, JG

OFS SSC

) M

argarita Conkright (C

hair, JGO

FS Data M

anagement Task Team

) B

ernard Avril (A

ssistant Executive Officer, JG

OFS IPO

)

- 70 -

Special emphasis on the “JG

OFS M

aster Dataset”. In the final Synthesis and M

odelling phase of the JG

OFS project, it is especially im

portant for the oceanographic comm

unity to have a clear and com

plete view of the relevant datasets and associated

metadata. The D

ata M

anagement Task Team

(DM

TT) and the IPO A

ssistant are continuing to identify, document

and assimilate the recent progress by each national oceanographic com

munity, and to docum

ent and com

pile all data and metadata collected over the last decade. W

e have also explored for the countries not represented in the D

MTT, new

ways to achieve our goal, w

hich is one of the highest priorities for the present JG

OFS activities.

The “compilation of research project and cruises &

Data status report” includes aspects of

national data managem

ent, including the location, acquisition and archival of JGO

FS data collected during the fieldw

ork since 1988. This information w

ill also help the DM

TT in its activities directed at securing the long-term

stewardship of the “JG

OFS M

aster Dataset”. The

ultimate purpose of the D

MTT is to provide scientists w

ith a comprehensive biogeochem

ical dataset in a com


at for use not only in current modelling projects, but also

as a JGO

FS legacy to future global change studies (full accessibility and long-term archival

through the WD

Cs system

, thanks to WD

C-A

for Oceanography, U

SA and W

DC

-MA

RE,

Germ

any) and to eventually edit the JGO

FS Master D

ataset on CD

RO

Ms or D

VD

s, and on-line. C

ountries, institutions, and principal investigators who subm

it data will be given full credit

within the JG

OFS M

aster Dataset and have priority access to it.

Special emphasis on the “JG

OFS core param

eters”. During previous D

MTT m

eetings, m

embers defined cruises w

ith JGO

FS core parameters and those w

ith a sufficient number of core

parameters as “level 1”, and other cruises w

ith parameters relevant to JG

OFS. The D

MTT

drafted a list of parameters w

ith preferred units for inclusion on the JGO

FS Master D

ataset. This initial list w

as circulated among the Executives for discussion and com

ments. A

fter several iterations betw

een the DM

TT and the Executives, we now

have two “core param

eters” lists as m

uch convergent as possible: one taking into account the comm

ents of the DM

TT mem

bers and the other one taking also into account the com

ments of the Exec m

embers. The D

MTT

considered that its list "Core_param

eters_DM

TT

" should be what each nation w

ill focus on for the establishm

ent of the comm

on JGO

FS Master D

ataset, to be published before the end of JG

OFS,

and that

the other

list "C

ore_parameters_E

xec" should

be regarded

as a

"recomm

endation" list to be presented to the managers of future program

s / projects in marine

biogeochemistry. O

f course, this list should rather be established by the field scientists them

selves, but it could be very useful to further discussed / improved it during our SSC

meeting

and later, as a part of the JGO

FS "legacy" (see Tables below

)

- 71 -

Table “Core_parameters_DMTT” (this list has been later updated) Group Parameter Method Unit CTD Pressure dbar Temperature °C Dissolved Oxygen µmol l-1 Downwelling Irradiance (PAR) Scalar (2-π) W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1

Downwelling Irradiance (PAR) Vector (cosine collector) W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1

Depth in water m (positive) Salinity (practical salinity units) Fluorescence µgChl. a l-1 Beam Attenuation Coefficient m-1 Bottle Dissolved Oxygen µmol l-1 Total Inorganic Carbon µmol l-1 Nitrite Autoanalyzer,

Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1

Nitrate + Nitrite Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)

µmol l-1

ortho-Phosphate Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)

µmol l-1

Silicate Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual)

µmol l-1

Nitrate Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1 Pigments Chlorophyllide b HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyllide a HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll c3 HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll c1+c2 & Chl. Mg 3,8DVP a5 HPLC ng l-1 Peridinin HPLC ng l-1 19' - Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Fucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 19' - Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Prasinoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Pyrophaeophorbide a HPLC ng l-1 Diadinoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Alloxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Diatoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Lutein HPLC ng l-1

- 72 -

Zeaxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll b HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll a HPLC ng l-1 Phaeophytin b HPLC ng l-1 Phaeophytin a HPLC ng l-1 α - Carotene HPLC ng l-1 β - Carotene HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll a Fluorometric µg l-1 Phaeopigments Fluorometric µg l-1 Mass Particulate Organic Carbon CHN µmol-C l-1 Particulate Nitrogen CHN µmol-N l-1 Dissolved Organic Carbon HTCO µmol-C l-1 Phytoplankton New Production 15N nmol-N l-1 d-1 Production Primary Production 14C µmol-C l-1 d-1 Integrated Primary Production 14C mmol-C m-2 d-1 Bacteria Bacteria Plankton Abundance 106 cells l-1 Bacteria Production Methyl-tritiated Thymidine pmol l-1 h-1 Bacteria Production Tritiated Leucine pmol l-1 h-1 Microzooplankton biomass (as carbon) µg l-1 herbivory mg l-1 d-1 Sediment Traps Mass Flux Sediment trap mg m-2 d-1 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux Sediment trap mg m-2 d-1 Particulate Nitrogen Flux Sediment trap mg m-2 d-1 CO2 system pCO2 in situ µatm pH Seawater scale, NBS scale,

TRIS scale -

Total Alkalinity (TAlk) µmol l-1 Mesozooplankton Biomass (as carbon) µmol l-1 Displacement volume µl l-1 Wet mass µg l-1

- 73 -

Table “Core_parameters_Exec" (this list has been later updated) Group Parameter Method Unit CTD Pressure dbar

Temperature °C Dissolved Oxygen µmol l-1 Downwelling Irradiance (PAR) Scalar W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1 Downwelling Irradiance (PAR) Cosine W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1 Depth in water m (positive) Salinity (practical salinity units) Fluorescence mgChl. a m-3

Beam Attenuation Coefficient m-1 Bottles - Discrete Dissolved Oxygen µmol l-1

Nitrite Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1 Nitrate + Nitrite Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1 Ortho-Phosphate Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1 Silicate Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1 Nitrate Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1 Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) µmol kg-1 Seawater pCO2/fCO2 µatm pCO2/fCO2 measurement temperature °C pH Seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale pH measurement temperature °C

measurements

Total alkalinity (TAlk) µmol l-1 Pigments Chlorophyllide b HPLC ng l-1

Chlorophyllide a HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll c3 HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll c1+c2 & Chl. Mg 3,8DVP a5 HPLC ng l-1 Peridinin HPLC ng l-1

19' - Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1

- 74 -

Fucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 19' - Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Prasinoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Pyrophaeophorbide a HPLC ng l-1 Diadinoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Alloxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Diatoxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Lutein HPLC ng l-1 Zeaxanthin HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll b HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll a HPLC ng l-1 Phaeophytin b HPLC ng l-1 Phaeophytin a HPLC ng l-1 α - Carotene HPLC ng l-1 β - Carotene HPLC ng l-1 Chlorophyll a Fluorometric µg l-1

Phaeopigments Fluorometric µg l-1 Mass Particulate Organic Carbon CHN µmol-C l-1

Particulate Nitrogen CHN µmol-N l-1 Dissolved Organic Carbon HTCO µmol-C l-1 Phytoplankton New Production 15N nmol-N l-1 d-1

Primary Production 14C µmol-C l-1 d-1 Production Integrated Primary Production 14C mmol-C m-2 d-1

Bacteria Bacteria Plankton Abundance cells l-1 Bacteria Production Methyl-tritiated Thymidine pmol l-1 h-1

Bacteria Production Tritiated Leucine pmol l-1 h-1 Microzooplankton Biomass µmol l-1 Herbivory µmol-C l-1 d-1 Sediment Traps Mass Flux Sediment trap mg m-2 d-1

- 75 -

Particulate Organic Carbon Flux Sediment trap µmol-C m-2 d-1 Particulate Nitrogen Flux Sediment trap µmol-N m-2 d-1 CO2 system Seawater pCO2/fCO2 µatm

Intake or in situ temperature °C Intake or in situ salinity - (Practical salinity units)Pressure in equilibrator µatm Temperature in equilibrator °C Air pCO2/fCO2 µatm pH Seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale pH measurement temperature °C Total alkalinity (TAlk) µmol l-1

Continuous measurements

Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) µmol kg-1 Mesozooplankton Biomass µmolC m-3

Displacement volume ml m-3 Wet mass mg m-3 Iron Dissolved Fe concentration Method to be specified nmol l-1 Specific Fe uptake Method to be specified pmol (µg Chl a)-1 h-1 Radionuclides Examples: 234Th flux, 238U flux... Method to be specified dpm m-2 d-1 Particulate (organic carbon/234Th) ratio ... Method to be specified

- 76 -

Publications. The IPO continues to support the printing of the JG

OFS R

eports (ISSN: 1016-

7331) in Bergen, N

orway, distribute them

internationally free of charge to libraries, institutions and scientists, and m

ake them available as pdf files from

the JGO

FS web site. In 2001/2002, the

IPO m

anaged the technical editing and printed the following reports:

• N

o. 31. Thirteenth, Fourteenth & Fifteenth M

eetings of the JGO

FS Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee. Oct. 2001.

• No. 32. M

eeting of the Southern Ocean Synthesis G

roup, Year 1998. O

ct. 2001. • N

o. 33. Joint IGB

P EU-U

S Meeting on the O

cean Com

ponent of an Integrated Carbon

Cycle Science Fram

ework. O

ct. 2001. • N

o. 34. First, Second & Third M

eetings of the North A

tlantic Synthesis Group. O

ct. 2001. • N

o. 35. IOSG

Synthesis Report on the A

rabian Sea Process Study. Jan. 2002. • N

o. 36. Photosynthesis and Primary Productivity in M

arine Ecosystems: Practical A

spects and A

pplication of Techniques. July 2002. • N

o. 37. Data M

anagement Task Team

Reports (at the printers).

Calendar of Activities. In Am

sterdam, the SSC

also set the priority for meetings and tentatively

allocated funds for activities. The current list of meetings in 2001-2002 is show

n below.

Year 2001

Jan. 15-16, Arcachon, France. N


roup Meeting. C

ontact: Véronique

Garçon, LEG

OS/G

RG

S/CN

RS, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse C

edex - FRA

NC

E - Tel. (33) 56 133 2957 M

ay 7-11, Sidney, B.C

., Canada. JG

OFS/LO

ICZ C

ontinental Margins W

orkshop on Polar M

argins. Contact: Robie M

acdonald, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O

. Box 6000, Sidney, B

.C.

V8L 4B

2 CA

NA

DA

, Tel. (1) 250 363 6409, Fax. (1) 250 363 6807 7-9 June, M

iami, FL, U

SA. Indian O

cean Synthesis Group editors m

eeting. Contact: Peter

Burkill, Plym

outh Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, W

est Hoe, Plym

outh, PL1 3DH

- U

NITED

KIN

GD

OM

- Tel. (44) 175 263 3422 27-29 June, Southam

pton Oceanography C

entre, Southampton, U

K. JG

OFS/W

OC

E/IOC

CO

2 Transport W

orkshop. Contact: Paul R

obbins, Physical Oceanography R

esearch Division, Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, M

ail Stop 0230, SIO/U

CSD

, 9500 Gilm

an Dr., La Jolla, C

A

92093-0230, USA

. Tel: (858) 534-6366 6 July, A

msterdam

, the Netherlands. G


roup Meeting. C

ontact: Reiner

Schlitzer, Alfred W

egener Institute for Polar and Marine R

esearch, Colum

busstraße, 27568 B

remerhaven, G

ERM

AN

Y. Tel: (+49) 471 48311559, Fax: (+49) 471 48311149

7-8 July, Am

sterdam, the N

etherlands. 16th JGO


mittee. C

ontact: R

oger Hanson, JG


ffice, SMR

, University of B

ergen, PO B

ox 7800, 5020 B

ergen, Norw

ay. Tel: (+47-555) 84244, Fax: (+47-555) 89687 28-30

September,

Taipei/Taiwan,

RO

C.

JGO

FS/LOIC

Z C

ontinental M

argins Task

Team

Workshop

on M

arginal Seas

and Tropical

Coasts.

Contact:

Kon-K

ee Liu,

Institute of

Oceanography, N

ational Taiwan U

niversity, Taipei/Taiwan, R

oC, Tel.: (886-2) 363 1810, Fax:

(886-2) 362 6092

- 77 -

1-5 October, Sendai, Japan. Sixth International C

arbon Dioxide C

onference. Contact: Shuji

Aoki, C

enter for Atm

ospheric and Oceanic Studies, G

raduate School of Science, Tohoku U

niversity, Sedai 980-8578, Japan 5-13 O

ctober, Victoria, B

.C., C

anada. North Pacific Synthesis G

roup Meeting. C

ontact: A

lexander Bychkov, PIC

ES Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O

. Box 6000, Sidney, B

ritish C

olumbia, C

AN

AD

A V

8L 4B2. Tel: 1-250-363-6366, Fax: 1-250-363-6827

21-28 October, M

ar del Plata, Argentina. Joint IA

PSO.IA

BO

Assem

bly. Contacts: H

ugh D

ucklow, School of M

arine Science, The College of W

illiam and M

ary, Box 1346, V

A 23062-

1346, Tel: (+1 804) 684 7180, Fax: (+1 804) 684 7293, or Karin Lochte, Institut für

Meereskunde an der U

niversität Kiel D

üsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 K

iel, Germ

any. Tel: +49 431 600 4250 15-16 N

ovember, G

if-sur-Yvette, France. Paleo-JG

OFS Task Team

Meeting. C

o-organized by JG

OFS and IM

AG

ES - PAG

ES. Contact: K

arin Lochte, Institut für Meereskunde an der

Universität K

iel Düsternbrooker W

eg 20, 24105 Kiel, G

ermany. Tel: +49 431 600 4250, or

Marie-A

lexandrine Sicre, Laboratoire des Sciences du Clim

at et de l'Environnement (LSC

E), D

omaine du C

NR

S, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 G

if-sur-Yvette C

edex, France Y

ear 2002 29-30 January, W

ashington DC

, USA

. Data M

anagement Task Team

Meeting. C

ontact: M

argarita Conkright, O

cean Clim

ate Laboratory, E/OC

5, 1315 East-West H

ighway, Silver

Spring, MD

20910, USA

. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303 11-15 February 2002, H

onolulu, Haw

aii, USA

. During the forthcom

ing 2002 Ocean Sciences

Meeting organized by A

GU

and ASLO

, special sessions or meetings are sponsored by JG

OFS

for the SOSG

(Paul Tréguer, Ulrich B

athmann, Tom

Trull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane B

lain), the PJTT (R

ick Jahnke and Roger Francois), the EPSG

(Robert Le B

orgne) and the NA

SG

(Véronique G

arçon). 16-17 February 2002, H

onolulu, Haw

aii, USA

Southern Ocean Synthesis G

roup Workshop:

"The Cycle of C

arbon in the Southern Ocean", C

ontacts: Paul Tréguer and Ulrich B

athmann.

16-18 April, Southam

pton, UK

. Continental M

argin Task Team W

orkshop on Subpolar Regions.

Contact: Jonathan Sharples, School of O

cean and Earth Science, Southampton O

ceanography C

entre, European Way, Southam

pton SO14 3ZH

, United K

ingdom. Tel. +44 23 8059 649; Fax

+44 23 8059 3059 22-26 A

pril, Nice, France. D

uring the forthcoming European G

eophysical Society 27th General

Assem

bly, a special session "OA

8. Biogeochem

istry of the carbon cycle of the Atlantic O

cean", chaired by W

. Koeve, J. A

iken and V. G

arçon is sponsored by JGO

FS for the NA

SG.

24-27 June, Ispra, Italy. Joint Global Synthesis W

orking Group and JG

OFS-G

AIM

Task Team

Workshop entitled "G

lobal Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of C

arbon and Nutrients:

Com

bining Observations and M

odels". Contacts: R

einer Schlitzer, Alfred W

egener Institute for Polar and M

arine Research, D

ept. of GeoSystem

, P.O. B

ox 120161, D-27515 B

remerhaven,

GER

MA

NY

, Tel. +49 471 48311559, Fax. +49 471 48311149; Patrick Monfray, Institut Pierre

Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du C

limat et de l'Environnem

ent, Orm

e des Merisiers,

F-91191 Gif sur Y

vette, FRA

NC

E, Tel. +33 1 69 08 77 24, Fax. +33 1 69 08 77 16

- 78 -

28 June, Ispra, Italy. DM

TT European Countries, D

ata Rescue M

eeting. Contact B

ernard Avril,

Assistant Executive O

fficer, JGO

FS International Project Office, SM

R (P.O

. Box 7800),

University of B

ergen, N-5020 B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

, Tel: (+47) 555 84249 Fax: (+47) 555 89687 17-19 Septem

ber, Orono, M

aine, USA

. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Meeting and W

orkshop. C

ontact: Robert Le B

orgne, Centre IR

D, B

.P. A5, F-98848 N

ouméa C

edex, Tel. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, FR

AN

CE; Fei C

hai, School of Marine Sciences, U

niversity of M

aine, Orono, M

E 04469-5741, USA

, Tel. +1 207 581 4317, Fax. +1 207 581 4388 23-25 Septem

ber, Concepción, C

hile. 17th JGO


mittee M

eeting. C

ontact: Roger Hanson, JG


ffice, SMR

, University of B

ergen, PO

Box 7800, 5020 B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687 1-2 O

ctober, Sapporo, Japan. North Pacific Synthesis G

roup Meeting and Sym

posium for the

North

Pacific synthesis.

Contact:

Toshiro Saino,

Institute for

Hydrospheric-A

tmospheric

Science, Nagoya U


u, Nagoya 464-8601, JA

PAN

, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436 Fall, Sidney, B

.C., C

anada. North Pacific Synthesis G

roup editorial meeting for an issue of the

Journal of Oceanography on JG

OFS N

P synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for

Hydrospheric-A

tmospheric Science, N

agoya University, Furo-cho, C

higusa-Ku, N

agoya 464-8601, JA

PAN

, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436 4-6 D

ecember, W

ashington DC

, USA

. Continental M

argin Task Team W

orkshop for the Global

Synthesis of the Regional Syntheses. C

ontact: Larry Atkinson, C

enter for Coastal Physical O

ceanography, Old D

ominion U


A 23529-0276, U

SA, Tel. +1 757 683

4926, Fax. +1 757 683 5550; Renato Q

uiñones, Departam

ento de Oceanografia, U

niversidad de C


, Concepción, C

HILE, Tel. +56 41 203861, Fax. +56 41 256571

Finances. In Year 2001, the project com

pleted an overall operation budget of $391,173 with

funds coming from

the Research C

ouncil of Norw

ay (NR

C), SC

OR

, IGB

P, University of B

ergen (U

iB), IO

C, and IC

SU. These funds covered the adm

inistration costs of the project, overheads for the project and facilities, publication costs, travel costs of the com

mittee and activities, such

as meetings, w

orkshops and symposia. In Y

ear 2002, operating funds from N

RC

, SCO

R, IO

C,

UiB

and IGB

P, including residuals from Y

ear 2000 and 2001, totals $366,821. The expected expenditure for Y

ear 2002 is $350,537. As of Septem

ber 2002, the estimated balance is $16,296.

Other details are show

n in the table below.

- 79 -

Year 2001 Budget *Final* JGOFS SSC, SG, and TT Activities Status SOURCES Budget Received Purpose Confirmed Research Council of Norway (NRC) $ 183,000 $ 183,000 SSC Administration, travel, misc. Reports, etc. Expected SCOR funds (Mar-Dec 2001) $ 85,000 $ 70,833 JGOFS SSC meeting and Committee activities SCOR funds (Jan-'Feb 2000) $ 14,167 Jan & Feb 00 Committed ICSU funds $ 40,000 $ 40,000 Springer-Verlag/Synthesis Book Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB) $ 27,000 $ 27,000 IPO supplies, printing, HIB overhead (offices) Completed IGBP funds $ 20,145 $ 18,000 JGOFS SSC - minus lunches/coffee breaks @KNAS deferred IGBP funds (deferred to 2002) $ - $ - Springer-Verlag Layout/Synthesis Book (2002) Completed IOC funds (1st instalment) $ 20,000 $ 18,000 CO2 Transport Workshop/Southampton Confirmed IOC funds (deferred to 2002) $ 20,000 $ - CMTT Synthesis Workshops Confirmed 2000 Carry over $ 20,173 $ 20,173 University and SCOR funds Subtotal $415,318 $391,173 Status ACTIVITIES 2001 Requested Budgets Approved Expenses Comments Dates Obligated International Project Office (staff) $ 183,000 $ 183,000 NFR funds/ Administration Obligated JGOFS IPO Operations $ 27,000 $ 27,000 SSC Business Completed SSC Meeting (10+1) IGBP+OSC $ 20,145 $ 18,000 IGBP funds/Amsterdam 7-8 July Completed SSC Meeting (9) SCOR+OSC $ 20,000 $ 20,000 SCOR funds/Amsterdam 7-8 July Completed David Karl--repr. JGOFS @ OSC $ 2,000 $ 2,500 SCOR funds/IGBP OSC Speaker Completed Larry Atkinson--repr. JGOFS @ OSC $ 1,500 $ 1,400 SCOR funds/SSC & OSC mtgs Cancelled Executive Meeting (5) $ - Cancelled Synthesis Groups and Task Teams

Completed CMTT (5) 2nd $ 10,000 $ 7,021 Workshop, Polar Margins (joint c/ LOICZ-$0K, Sydney, CA) 5-11 May

Committed CMTT (10) 3rd $ 20,000 $ 6,466 Workshop, Tropical Margins (NCOR 28-30 Sept Planned CMTT (5-7) 4th $ 10,000 Workshop, Subpolar Margins Apr-02

Committed JGTT (England, Matt) $ 20,000 $ 2,003 Changed request: now 2 small Amsterdam Meetings (2 scientists)

9-10, 11-12July

Completed NASG (7) $ 10,000 $ 5,968 Arcachon, France, Meeting 15-16 Jan

- 80 -

Cancelled DMTT (10) (airfare loses) $ 10,000 $ 2,000 Cancelled, Washington DC, USA Planned PJTT (9) $ 10,000 $ 6,449 TT WKS-Meeting, 2-days; +Shimmield 12-17 Nov Completed IOSG (3) Burkill and Watts $ 5,000 $ 2,027 Miami, USA, Meeting/Edit Synthesis 2-3 June Planned SOSG $ - $ - Workshop-meeting at Ocean Sciences 29-30 Jan

Completed EPSG (LeBorgne and Feely) $ 5,000 $ 5,813 Hobart Meeting/Australia, DSR volume and NewScientist article

Committed NPSG (Burkill, Taniguchi, Chen) $ 5,000 $ 5,000 Sydney, BC, Canada October Completed GSWG(7) + E. Law (SF ALSO) $ 10,000 $ 7,847 Amsterdam, NL (est.) 6 July Other meetings and expenses Completed Ambio Special Report/Printing $ 5,000 $ 5,166 ICSU funds May Ambio Special Report/Printing $ 10,000 $ 2,334 SCOR and UiB funds open acct. SCOR Secretariat $ 2,000 $ 1,082 SCOR/Conkright travel (USA) 7-8 July Completed JGOFS-WOCE-IOC CO2 Transport $ 30,000 $ 18,895 IOC funds/Southampton 27-29 June Completed Ambio editing (misc expenses) $ 500 $ 619 SCOR funds/Mardi Bowles July Obligated JGOFS Springer-Verlag, Synthesis $ 25,000 $ 25,050 ICSU funds/Managing Editors, Honoraria, etc Committed JGOFS Reports Series $ 5,000 $ 4,200 SCOR and UiB funds/Reports Committed IAPSO-IABO Assembly $ 2,500 $ 2,726 IAPSO-IABO Ocean Odyssey 21-28 Oct Subtotal $448,645 $362,566 Balance $ 28,607

- 81 -

Year 2002 Budget (today)

JGOFS SSC, SG, and TT Activities Status SOURCES Budget Planned Purpose

Confirmed Resource Council of Norway (NRC) $ 171,415 $ 171,415 Administration, travel, JGOFS Report Series Expected SCOR funds (Mar-Dec 2002) $ 85,000 $ 70,833 JGOFS SSC meeting and group activities Expected SCOR funds (Jan-'Feb 2003) $ 14,167 JGOFS SSC meeting and group activities Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB) $ 27,000 $ 27,000 Office, supplies, printing, HIB overhead (offices) Confirmed IGBP Secretariat $ 20,145 $ 20,145 SSC meeting Confirmed IGBP Secretariat 2001 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 Springer-Verlag Publication/Technical Confirmed IOC funds $ 9,100 $ 7,761 CMTT workshop Pending IOC funds $ 9,100 $ 9,100 CMTT Global Synthesis Workshop IOC final instalment $ 895 JGOFS WOCE Workshop (2001) LOICZ funds $ 15,000 $ 15,000 CMTT workshop & Global Synthesis Confirmed SCOR residual form 2001 $ 8,332 $ 8,332 SCOR Secretariat SCOR residual form 2000 $ 20,173 $ 20,173 UIB account

Subtotal $367,265 $366,821 Status ACTIVITIES Requested Budget Expenses Comments Dates Obligated International Project Office $ 171,415 $ 171,415 Office Administration (staff) International Project Office $ 27,000 $ 27,000 Office Operations (supplies, travel, etc.) Committed SSC Meeting (19) $ 40,000 $ 40,000 IGBP/SCOR funds/Chile (Quinones) 23-35 Sept Cancelled Executive Meeting (5) $ 10,000 $ - Cancelled Synthesis Groups and Task Teams Committed CMTT (10-12)--Subpolar workshop $ 5,000 $ 5,119 Joint c/ LOCIZ@$5K and IOC@9,100/Subpolar April Committed CMTT (10-12)--Global Synthesis $ 20,000 $ 19,100 Joint c/ IOC & LOCIZ@$10K each 4-6 Dec Planned JGTT (10+20) $ - Joint with GSWG (c/ GAIN 10K@ j 23-25 June Planned NASG $ - 3 meetings Multi/dates Planned DMTT (10) $ 10,000 $ 3,654 General Business Mtg plans 28-28 Jan

- 82 -

Planned DMTT (tentative) $ 5,000 $ 5,000 Ispra_ DM Rescue 26 June Planned DMTT (tentative) Bremerhaven_Pangaea Jan-03 Planned PJTT (9) $ 715 Joint c/ PAGES Nov-01 Obligated IOSG $ 339 Ad hoc Mtg in Hawaii 10 February Committed SOSG $ 10,000 $ 15,072 Synthesis Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii

11-12 February

Planned EPSG $ 10,000 $ 10,000 Modeller workshop &business mtg, misc (budget $34K) Planned NPSG (9) $ 1,654 Meeting and Session @ PICES Planned GSWG (10+20) $ 30,000 $ 28,000 Joint c/ JGTT and GAIM/ Workshop/Ispra Other meetings and expenses Committed Capacity Building/Training Course $ 10,000 Cancelled Sep-02 Pending Angela Bonus Springer/Verlag book $ 775 TB Reviewed at the SSC Meeting (Concepcion) Pending CMTT Book Publication $ 10,000 IOC funds/deferred to 2003 Undecided OSC Planning Committee $ 1,270 Possible Feb Meeting-.-Honolulu/ASLO OSM February Undetermined SCOR Secretariat $ 4,000 $ 4,000 Estimated travel expenses, Conkright (USA) Planned JGOFS Synthesis Books/IOSG Book $ 2,000 $ 2,000 IGBP-$2K, Technical layout @ Springer-Verlag Planned JGOFS Reports Series $ 10,000 SCOR and UiB funds Corrections 2001 $ 2,781 NPSG (Fernandez), IOSG (Burkill) Returned to IOC $ 2,643 CMTT Workshop, Southampton

Subtotal $364,415 $350,537 September Balance $16,284

- 83 -

Year 2003 Budget *Worksheet* JGOFS SSC, SG, and TT Activities

Status SOURCES Budget Planned Purpose Confirmed Resource Council of Norway $ 182,900 $ 182,900 Administration Expected SCOR funds (Mar-Dec 2003) $ 85,000 $ 70,833 JGOFS SSC activities SCOR funds (Jan-'Feb 2004) $ 14,167 Confirmed University of Bergen (UiB) $ 27,000 $ 27,000 Office, supplies, printing Confirmed IGBP Secretariat $ 20,145 $ 20,145 SSC meeting IGBP funds $ 2,000 $ 2,000 Springer Verlag Book IOC funds $ 10,000 CMTT Book Technical Layout Springer Confirmed 2002 Carry over $ 11,296 $ 16,284 Subtotal $ 328,341 $ 331,329

Status ACTIVITIES REQUESTS EXPENSES Comments Dates Obligated International Project Office $ 209,900 $ 209,900 Administration Committed SSC Meeting (19) $ 40,000 $ 40,000 Washington DC May-03 Undecided Executive Meeting (5) Synthesis Groups and Task Teams CMTT $ 10,000 Book (IOC funds) JGTT (10) NASG (10) $ 13,000 Meetings DMTT (10) $ 10,000 BODC Meeting Jan-03 DMTT $ 8,000 Pangaea (technical) Mar-03 PJTT (9) IOSG (3) $ 2,000 Book (IGBP funds) SOSG EPSG $ 11,000 NPSG (9) GSWG (10) $ 10,000 Meeting Other meetings and expenses Committed 3rd JGOFS OSC $ 20,000 $ 20,000 Speakers SCOR Secretariat $ 2,000 JGOFS business JGOFS Reports Series $ 10,000 Printing

Subtotal $323,900 $281,900 Balance $7,429 $49429

Minutes of the 18th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee

for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

Washington DC, USA 4 May 2003

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Opening and Welcome ..................................................................................................1

II. Adoption of Agenda and Timeline.................................................................................1

III. Meeting Arrangements ..................................................................................................1

IV. Old Business .................................................................................................................1

A. IGBP Book Series Publication..............................................................................1

B. Third JGOFS Open Science Conference...............................................................1

V. Synthesis Groups and Task Team Reports .....................................................................2

A. Data Management Task Team..............................................................................2

B. Global Synthesis Working Group.........................................................................2

C. North Atlantic Synthesis Group............................................................................3

D. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group .............................................................................3

E. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group ......................................................................3

F. North Pacific Synthesis Group .............................................................................4

G. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group .........................................................................4

H. Continental Margins Task Team...........................................................................5

I. JGOFS-GAIM Task Team....................................................................................6

J. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team .....................................................................................6

VI. International Programmes..............................................................................................6

A. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) .......................................6

1. Core Projects................................................................................................6

2. IGBP Congress ............................................................................................7

3. OCEANS (now IMBER) Transition Team ...................................................7

B. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR).............................................7

1. International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP)..........................7

2. SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean Carbon Dioxide ................................7

3. Other Activities............................................................................................8

C. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) ...................................8

2

D. Global Ocean Observing System..........................................................................9

1. Ocean Observations Panel on Climate (OOPC) ............................................9

VII. International Project Office ...........................................................................................9

A. Executive Officer Report......................................................................................9

1. Office Closing............................................................................................10

B. Assistant Executive Officer Report.....................................................................10

VIII. Other Business ............................................................................................................11

IX. Appendices..................................................................................................................12

Appendix I. List of Participants, Contact Information ...............................................12

Appendix II. Draft Agenda and Timeline..................................................................14

Appendix III. IGBP Book Series Publication ............................................................16

Appendix IV. Conference Funds and Expenditures Report .......................................17

Appendix V. Data Management Task Team Report ..................................................20

Appendix VI. Global Synthesis Working Group and JGTT Reports..........................22

Appendix VII. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Report .............................................24

Appendix VIII. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group Report.......................................26

Appendix IX. North Pacific Synthesis Group Report ................................................28

Appendix X. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Report .............................................32

Appendix XI. Coastal Margins Task Team Report...................................................34

Appendix XII. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Report......................................................35

Appendix XIII. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group Report..................36

Appendix XIV. JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2002..................................................37

Appendix XV. JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2003 (in progress) ..............................38

Appendix XVI. JGOFS Calendars for 2002 and 2003 ...............................................39

Appendix XVII. Tasks remaining to closing the International Project Offices...........42

Appendix XVIII. JGOFS Core Parameter List .............................................................43

Appendix XIX. Data Rescue Report ........................................................................47

Appendix XX. JGOFS-Pangaea Meeting Report......................................................48

Appendix XXI. Letters to the Agencies ...................................................................49

Appendix XXII. Agencies’ Addresses .....................................................................51

Appendix XXIII. Oceanographic Data and Information Management .......................58

1

I. Opening and Welcome Ducklow opened the meeting at 09:40 and welcomed all participants (see Appendix I: List of Participants and Contact Information). The Committee received regrets from Huasheng Hong, Karin Lochte (Chair, Paleo-JGOFS Task Team), Douglas Wallace (Chair, SCOR/IOC Ocean CO2 Advisory Panel), and Sturle Litland (IPO Financial Administrator). To set the tenor of the final meeting of Scientific Steering Committee, he reminisced to the time when a small group of willing writers of the JGOFS Science Plan met in this very room, Room #280 at the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and prepared the Science Plan for JGOFS. (Historical note: the willing writers, led by Michael Fasham-UK, were Bodo von Bodungen-Germany, Peter Brewer-USA, Kenneth Denman-Canada, Hugh Ducklow-USA, Geoff Evans-Canada, Henry Elderfield-UK, Marlon Lewis-Canada, Trevor Platt-Canada, David Turner-Sweden, Gerold Wefer-Germany and Bernt Zeitzschel-Germany). Ducklow also alluded to the atmosphere of the present meeting by noting the present political environment and conscientious opposition regarding the war against Iraq, the health concerns over “SARS” and warnings to international travellers, which have prevented a couple SSC members and a few participants from attending the final conference in the USA. He regretted their absence and wished them all well.

II. Adoption of Agenda and Timeline The Committee approved the meeting agenda and timeline without changes (Appendix II). The agenda included brief reports from the synthesis groups and task teams, and overall progress since the 17th SSC Meeting in Concepción, Chile, in September 2002. The agenda also included a review of the JGOFS legacy and our bequests to the next ocean program, the closing of the International JGOFS Project Office in December 2003 and the production of the International JGOFS Datasets DVD.

III. Meeting Arrangements Stokke suggested travel assistance with reimbursements and presented some details on lunch and dinner for SSC members/guests.

IV. Old Business Hanson presented a rapid review of the minutes of the 17th SSC meeting, focusing on the latest status on the actions, and received very few comments. The minutes were approved without changes. As with past meeting minutes, the Minutes of the 17th Meeting will be available online and printed in an issue of the JGOFS Report Series.

A. IGBP Book Series Publication Ducklow announced that “Fasham’s” book on Ocean Biogeochemistry: The Role of the Ocean Carbon Cycle in Global Change (Appendix III), recently published by Springer Verlag, arrived in time for the Conference and that copies would be distributed to the SSC after the meeting. Hanson mentioned that the University of Bergen purchased the 40 books at the Conference. The books will be distributed to the Chairs of JGOFS, Conference Speakers and best daily posters at the Conference Banquet. Broadgate reminded everyone that Springer Verlag offers a 10% discount on all IGBP book series (see IGBP and JGOFS websites for details; www.igbp.kva.se/cgi-bin/php/publications_books.show.php?section_id=48 and www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Books/synthesis_book_2.pdf)

B. Third JGOFS Open Science Conference

2

Hanson reviewed fund raising and financial status of the Final Open Science Conference regarding travel support for the participants from least developed countries (LDC) and speakers (Appendix IV). The Conference is in good financial order.

V. Synthesis Groups and Task Team Reports

A. Data Management Task Team Conkright reported on the latest DMTT activities with an emphasis on the accomplishments (e.g., the DVD entitled “International JGOFS Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets”), which was distributed to all SSC members during the meeting and to all Conference participants along with the conference package. Another accomplishment or lesson learned from JGOFS is the need of a data management plan in an international project from the start, i.e., included in the science plan. Schlitzer commented that one general weakness of the current data management is that it is nationally funded. This distributive data management causes a painful integration at the international level. Schlitzer recommends that future data management frameworks be split by disciplines and not by countries, using the example of WOCE, where several specific parts of the datasets were unified according to the discipline and parameters, and not to the country of the data originator or of the cruise ship. Smith commented that in such case, there is also a need for an agreement on methodology and on a list of parameters related to the core science of the project. Urban indicated that the OCEANS1 Transition Team does work with those ideas in mind and will also work accordingly during the forthcoming IGBP congress in Banff. The SCOR will also have some U.S. NSF funding to contribute to the follow up for discussions after the IGBP congress. Broadgate reminded that the help of the JGOFS DMTT will be greatly appreciated in the process of the preparation of the DM plans. Conkright stated that the DMTT has worked incredibly hard and efficiently during the past few weeks in order to create the DVD and that these efforts should be fully acknowledged. Ducklow reminded that JGOFS DM efforts started in 1987 with the Data Management Working Group as it was then called. Ducklow thanked Conkright for her DM leadership and the DMTT for fulfilling its goals and successfully contributing the final international DVD to the JGOFS legacy. A full report of recent DMTT activities is given in Appendix V.

B. Global Synthesis Working Group Schlitzer reported on a meeting that was planned earlier to compare model approaches and performances but later cancelled because several carbon model intercomparisons are currently proceeding in the USA and Europe, in particular an initiative led by Ken Caldeira and Jim Orr regarding a quantitative evaluation of physical/biogeochemical models for different parameters, e.g., CFC. There is a discussion that some objective evaluations of the model be made mandatory before publication of an article related to the model. Garçon indicated that it is not always possible or simple and that the main issue here is honesty in all scientific works. Avril agreed that ethics are essential at all stages of the model elaboration as well as for the dataset evaluation. For example, full accessibility and documentation of datasets are now often required before publications. Schlitzer concluded with a note on the GSWG/JGTT modelling workshop in Ispra, Italy, last June. The Chairs of the Workshop are nearly finished with the report, and we expect that it will be printed in the JGOFS Report later this summer

1 At the IGBP Congress in Banff, June 2003, the name OCEANS was changed to IMBER (Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research).

3

(IPO note: report arrived 15 July 2003, see Appendix VI; and the report was published in late July after some editorial work at the IPO as the JGOFS Report 38, see www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Report_Series/JGOFS_38.pdf). Ducklow acknowledged Schlitzer’s strong and dedicated leadership with the Global Synthesis Working Group and thanked him for GSWG contributions to the JGOFS legacy. The Workshop report will be major international synthesis product.

C. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Garçon presented the latest activities for the NASG. A summary report is given in Appendix VII. Briefly, • The Group submitted several synthesis posters to the Final Open Science Conference; • A specialized meeting took place in Toulouse, France, in mid-January 2003, under the

coordination of the POMME framework; • At the OCEANS Meeting in Paris, NASG offered its perspective on how the North

Atlantic region would fit into the next ocean program. Sites were discussed (continental margins, upwelling areas, and long-term time-series stations);

• The most recent NASG datasets are almost ready and most of the earlier datasets are included in the international DVD;

• During the EGU-AGU conference in Nice in early April 2003, a specific session was dedicated to NASG science.

Garçon expressed her thanks to the long-term support of Fasham and Ducklow for the NASG activities. The AMT programme continues and members of the NASG are currently involved in the preparation of the EUROCEANS programme. Ducklow thanked Garçon for her intellectual fortitude and resilience with Synthesis Group and bringing its activities to a successful synthesis and conclusion

D. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group Smith reported on the latest activities of the IOSG. Since 1991, a strong international presence continues in the region, and some activities are still ongoing or currently planned in UK, GE, IN and US. A synthesis book for the IGBP Book Series has been proposed with 10 chapters and a first complete draft is expected in June, and finalized in Dec. 2003. Highlights of the book may be seen in the IOSG synthesis poster by Smith at the Open Science Conference. On the science side, the synthesis revealed that dust inputs of Fe are seasonal and linked with the summer monsoon (upwelling and primary production). This dust creates some background bias in remote sensing of ocean colour (overestimating plant biomass content by as much as 80%) and some strong anoxia in the North East, linked to physical (vigorous eddy) processes. Because of the current political and economical situation in the region, there are new interests and some new research possibilities, e.g., in fisheries and marine science in the North West of the Arabian Sea. Conkright acknowledged Smith’s accomplishments as guest editor of several Deep-Sea Research II volumes on the Arabian Sea Process Study. Ducklow also expressed his gratitude and credited the final successes of the IOSG synthesis to her insatiable enthusiasm and strong leadership in the region

E. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group Le Borgne reported on the latest activities of the EPSG. A full report is given in Appendix VIII. Most of the activities are now in the frameworks of JAMSTEC or of TAO as well as in

4

some programmes in the USA and France, in particular the US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and Modelling Project) and PROOF Modélisation. In 2002 and 2003, a Deep-Sea Research II special issue and a Journal of Geophysical Research special section on the Equatorial Pacific synthesis were published. Duck thanked Le Borgne for taking over the leadership of the EPSG from James Murray and credited much of the final successes of the EPSG synthesis to his effort and dedication.

F. North Pacific Synthesis Group Bychkov reported on the latest activities of the NPSG. A full report is given in Appendix IX. Several publications of relevance were mentioned: Deep-Sea Research II 49(24-25); Progress in Oceanography, August 2003, PICES report May 2003; CD-ROM expected in March 2004 (published by JODC, www.jodc.go.jp/); J. Oceanography (Japan) expected for spring 2004. A meeting is proposed in mid-Nov. 2003, in Nagoya, Japan, and funds were requested. There is also a new Japanese project called SEEDS (Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study, www.maff.go.jp/mud/476.html), dealing with the iron in the NP, and some intercalibration measurements of CO2, which are currently exhibiting fundamental problems. SEEDS was funded by the Japanese Ministry of Environment for three years (2001-2003). The study was originally proposed in the Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment (IFEP) at the 8th North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) meeting. Anderson indicated that those problems are related to errors or uncertainties in the dissociation constants, which might vary regionally. Tilbrook also mentioned that the temperature dependence of those constants is not well known, and that there are several problems in the CO2 measurement techniques. In this regard, Garçon urged the improvement of the core parameters, in particular the CO2 system, before OCEANS (now called IMBER). Ducklow thanked Bychkov and Saino for leading the NPSG and following through on the North Pacific Process Study, which by the way is still ongoing. The group remains active and maintains a healthy dialogue about the science in the region.

G. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Tréguer reported on SOSG accomplishments under six scientific questions (below). A full national report is given in Appendix X. Question 1: What role does the Southern Ocean (SO) play in the contemporary global cycle of carbon and related elements? • For oceanographers, the SO is a net sink of CO2 (>50°S): -0.1 to -0.6 GtC yr-1, but it is not

a sink in atmosphere inversion models. • The modelled penetration of anthropogenic CO2 is very active >50°S but anthropogenic

CO2 is rapidly transported northward isopycnally. • The modelled interannual variability of the net CO2 sink is ±0.2 GtC yr-1

Question 2: What controls the magnitude and variability of the primary production and export production? • The export of particulate organic carbon is very efficient in the SO with regards to the

limited Primary Production, but the export of carbon deeper than the ventilation depth is not different compared to the rest of the world ocean, indicating that this carbon flux is actively degraded within the “twilight” zone.

5

• Co-limitation (light, Fe, Si …) is involved in the limitation of primary productivity in this huge HNLC zone.

• Today’s Fe fertilisation experiments at mesoscale have not been successful in showing that Fe addition in surface waters can enhance a more active biological pump of carbon.

Question 3: What are the major features of spatial and temporal variability in the physical and chemical environments? • The classical view of latitudinal bands of contrasted marine environments around

Antarctica is still alive, but evidence of the importance of west-east gradients is provided, especially from satellite views of eolian transported material (cf. trace-metals).

• Numerous sophisticated models now account for the complexity of the merry-go-round Antarctic ecosystems.

• Importance both of diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica for carbon export to depth. • Large scale distributions of krill and salps, the two major large grazers, show they usually

inhabit different environments. Question 4: What is the effect of sea ice zone (SIZ) in and to the SO? • The seasonal waxing of sea ice around Antarctica is one of the largest seasonal signals on

planet Earth. • The sea ice has to be regarded as a unique system which supports a complex trophic

network. • Estimate of epontic-algae primary production is 0.04 GtC yr-1, i.e. 10% of the Seasonal Ice

Zone primary production. • Importance of P. antarctica blooms in the SIZ that cause intense dimethylsulfide (DMS)

emission. • Large deviations from the classical Redfield ratio have been reported.

Question 5: How has the role of the SO changed in the past? • The biogeochemistry of the SO is very sensitive to climate change. • Different scenarios are proposed to explain the why and the how of the changing intensity

of the biological pump of carbon during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the modern ocean.

• One of these scenarios considers that during the LGM the primary production increased north of the Polar Front due to inputs of nutrients (especially Si) and enhanced eolian inputs of Fe.

Question 6: How might the role of the SO change in the future? • We have indications that the biogeochemistry of the SO is already changing. • Different coupled physical-biogeochemical models show that the SO is very sensitive to

climate change in case of doubling the atmosphere CO2. They predict rather big changes in the SO, in regards to the sink of CO2 and to the flux of carbon exported to depth.

• We need improved understanding and parameterizations for accurate predictions. Ducklow thanked Tréguer (and Bathmann, Past Chair) for the leadership in guiding the SOSG synthesis over the years.

H. Continental Margins Task Team Quiñones reported on the CMTT synthesis activities. A full report is given in Appendix XI. The progress on the Springer Verlag book is proceeding strong. In December, Atkinson hosted the Global Synthesis Workshop in the USA. During the workshop, the CMTT agreed on the lead editorship, which is now K.-K. Liu with contributing co-editors of Atkinson,

6

Quiñones, and Talaue-McManus. Another decision of requesting an assistant for Liu gained support from the IPOs of LOICZ and JGOFS. The editors have received about 15 of the 50 contributions to the book and hope to have about 90% by June. The final draft manuscript is expected by the end of the year. IGBP approved the pre-proposal in March and Springer expects to publish it in 2004. Ducklow thanked Quiñones and extended his thanks to Liu and the CMTT. Continental margins did not receive the attention deserved in the past. However through the strong efforts the CMTT in recent years, we have greatly advanced our knowledge of the processes at the ocean boundary.

I. JGOFS-GAIM Task Team Monfray reported briefly on JGTT activities. The JGTT/GSWG Workshop in Ispra proved very successful as summarised by Schlitzer earlier. The Workshop report is nearly completed and is a good synthesis of the JGOFS ocean modelling and issues. The JGTT assisted the OCEANS (IMBER) Open Science Meeting in Paris and contributed to drafting the science plan. Efforts are continuing with regard to the OCMIP model intercomparison (with the “Taylor table”, e.g., CFC, CO2…) but at different speeds and emphasis in the EU and USA. The EU recently approved funds for the “Northern Ocean Carbon Exchange Study” (NOCES, www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP/phase3/#NOCES), a collaborative effort involving five different European countries: France, UK, Belgium, Germany, and Norway. NOCES will be the first ocean model Intercomparison to focus on interannual-decadal variability, to use multiple ocean carbon cycle models to simulate decadal variability, to focus on associated mechanisms, and to include an inverse atmospheric modelling component. Last month, Jim Orr organized the first annual meeting of NOCES in Nice, France.

J. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Lochte sent the PJTT report and it is given in Appendix XII. Hanson read the report into the minutes.

VI. International Programmes

A. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Broadgate mentioned that IGBP is pleased that JGOFS is still very active in its last year, and also helpful in the planning of OCEANS (IPO note: the acronym was changed and approved as IMBER, Integrated Marine Biochemistry and Ecosystem Research, by IGBP and SCOR in Banff, Canada, June 2003).

1. Core Projects Broadgate mentioned that SOLAS (Chair: Peter Liss; website: www.solas-int.org), is a joint initiative of IGBP, SCOR, WCRP (World Climate Research Programme, www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp-home.html) and CACGP (Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution), and it is requesting nomination for Members of their Working Groups in their 3 Focus areas and for modelling and data management. Regarding LOICZ II, it will possess a strong socio-economical compartment linked to IHDP and SCOR will co-sponsor Theme 3: Fate and transformation of materials in coastal and shelf waters. The new joint Global Carbon Project (GCP, www.globalcarbonproject.org/) of the Earth System Science Partners (ESSP, www.ess-p.org/) will create some new connections and coordination effort between the different international programmes.

7

2. IGBP Congress Broadgate mentioned that the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada, will be held in June and will focus on building Connectivities in the Earth System Science. Several SSC meetings, Transition Teams, National IGBP Representatives and IGBP SC will meet along with the Directors and Representatives of WCRP, IHDP and DIVERSITAS and contribute to Plenary Sessions and Working Groups on relevant issues of Earth System Science. The outputs from the morning Plenary Sessions and WGs, including the Session on Ocean Data Management are now available online (cf. IGBP Congress website at www.igbp.kva.se/congress/). Several JGOFS scientists were in attendance and supported the Plenary Sessions and Working Groups.

3. OCEANS (now IMBER) Transition Team Monfray, Co-Chair of the OCEANS (now called IMBER) Transition Team, presented a detailed overview of the project. The general setup for the future programme is organised under several overarching questions on natural and anthropogenic forcings, and mechanistic relationship between the elemental cycling and the ecosystem dynamics, and several foci or themes on interactions, sensitivity and feedbacks, along with several sub-themes. The domains of the programme with special emphasis will cover continental margins, mesopelagic layer and high latitude regions. The Science Plan and Implementation Strategy (SPIS) draft will be released in late May and then discussed at the IGBP Congress. A new draft of the SPIS is expected in September. There remains a need for more interactions with other projects, e.g., GLOBEC, LOICZ II, SOLAS, PAGES and GAIM, and international programmes, e.g., WCRP-CLIVAR, IGOS-GOOS, DIVERSITAS-CoML, and IHDP, as well as new support for development of new projects.

B. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)

1. International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) Urban emphasised the activities and future plans of the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP, ioc.unesco.org/ioccp/), which is a joint project of SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 and the Global Carbon Project of the IGBP, IHDP and WCRP. The project office is located at UNESCO/IOC with Maria Hood at the helm. The objectives of IOCCP include (i) develop a compilation and synthesis of information on ocean carbon, (ii) promote an integration of international research program, (iii) coordinate regional science groups, and (iv) organise groups to promote standardised measurement techniques and improve accessibility of carbon datasets. The IOCCP held its first workshop in Paris following the OCEANS Open Science Meeting. A background paper on the IOCCP and the workshop by Sabine, C.L. and M. Hood, New Levels of International Cooperation among Ocean Carbon Scientists, will be released soon in Eos, Trans. AGU (in press), which was circulated at the meeting. The workshop report is online at www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/co2panel/OCCPws.html and now available on a CD ROM (for copies, contact Hood at IOC, Paris, France). Sabine also presented an IOCCP poster at the JGOFS Open Science Conference. Other issues that the panel will handled include ocean measurements in the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) and carbon measurements in low sampled regions of the ocean with CLIVAR.

2. SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean Carbon Dioxide In Wallace’s absence, Urban reported briefly on the Advisory Panel and activities. The Advisory Panel is making plans to support the SCOR-IOC Symposium on “Oceans in a High CO2 World”. The symposium will bring together ocean scientists for an interdisciplinary examination of the issues related to the ocean in a high-CO2 world, including potential

8

effectiveness, risks, and unknowns in the sequestration of carbon dioxide in the ocean. The panel has maintained a strong link with GOOS over the years and has now linked with GCP of the ESSP. Future mandate of the Panel is uncertain.

3. Other Activities Urban also remarked that SCOR is strongly involved in the planning of a symposium next year on the “Ocean in a High CO2 World”, co-sponsored with IOC with help from the SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2, next year in Europe. U.S. National Science Foundation and the Research Council of Norway is providing partial financial support and additional support is being sought. The symposium will address present knowledge and uncertainties related to purposeful sequestration of CO2 in the ocean, ocean CO2 sequestration policy, and research needs, protocols and standards. A number of products are planned: a rapid release of their recommendations on the future research priorities, and a special, peer-reviewed issue in a scientific journal in 2005. More information is found on the SCOR web site: www.jhu.edu/scor . SCOR Working Group 109 on Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, co sponsored by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), produced it first product: The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater by David R. Turner and Keith A. Hunter, now available from Wiley books. A subgroup of the working group also conducted a low level iron intercalibration exercise and an article is being prepared for Eos. Another relevant Working Group, WG 120 on Marine Phytoplankton and Global Climate Regulation is now underway and plans to produce a book on climate-relevant information about Phaeocystis and other DMS-producing phytoplankton.

C. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) Platt reported on the IOCCG (see also Appendix XIII) and mentioned that it originated from the former JGOFS Remote Sensing Task Team. Its most important role internationally is the preparation of monographs and the organization of training courses for scientists from the least developed countries. Early in JGOFS history, ocean observation was characterized by the development of new methods and the acceptance of a new “climate quality” parameters, for example ocean colour or chlorophyll as measured from CZCS and SeaWiFS. Data streams from SeaWiFS continue and there is a strong need to maintain the continuity of the data stream from SeaWiFS because the newest sensors are not available to all or easily accessible. Likewise, the data flow of “climate quality” parameters need more integration and international collaborations. The newest sensors, such as MODIS-TERRA and AQUA or MERIS, do not provide data yet to all scientific communities, and no specific, new efforts have been made in the data distribution or integration between all satellites and sensors. There is a need to coordinate the different sensors, according to their proprieties and performances. There is also a need for the full support of the scientific community, which is one of the main end users as well as its financial commitment to the maintenance of the systems, for a total of ~2-4 million USD per year. In addition, some “pressure” regarding proper data management and data policy towards the space agencies is needed. Currently, an unofficial “Future of SeaWiFS” website (www.ccpo.odu.edu/~orca/SeaWiFS/Future_of_SeaWiFS.html) has been set up to survey the degree of community support, both nationally and internationally, for continuing SeaWiFS observations. Many seem unaware of the scheduled demise of the SeaWiFS mission in December 2003. An open forum should provide an accurate consensus and allow the SeaWiFS-user community to present a united front. A Community Letter with the survey information will be forwarded to US Congress and various US and foreign agencies.

9

It is noted that the current activities of IGOS and GOOS are more related to “aggregation” rather than “integration” Ducklow thanked Platt for the report on satellites and sensors and then recognized his long contributions to JGOFS and Ocean Futures Meetings. He reminded that it was Platt who initially suggested that JGOFS be a time-defined project, which provided some additional freedom to JGOFS and allowed a more dynamic strategy.

D. Global Ocean Observing System

1. Ocean Observations Panel on Climate (OOPC) Haugan noted that an overview of the restructured GOOS and relevant ongoing activities was given at the last SSC meeting in Concepción, and that he would briefly update us on some recent activities within GOOS. Under co-sponsorship of OOPC (www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/oopc.htm), CLIVAR and POGO, a global ocean time series observatory system is under development, linking some carbon and biogeochemistry observations, as another “Pilot Project”. This project would be of finite duration with specific objectives aimed at testing and evaluating candidate systems, testing and evaluating routine operation and data delivery mechanisms, developing standards and formats for data exchange, and much more. Within GOOS there are two Advisory Panels: the OOPC and the COOP (Coastal Ocean Observations Panel). The COOP is a merger of HOTO, LMR and C-GOOS. The Scope of COOP is to plan and facilitate the implementation of an end-to-end observing system to provide systematic data sets and products to users. Goals are to monitor, assess, and predict effects of natural variations and human activities on the marine environment and ecosystems of the coastal ocean. Although the emphasis will be on coastal ecosystems (e.g., estuaries, bays, sounds, fjords, open waters of the continental shelf), boundaries will be determined by the problems being addressed and the products to be produced. The focus will be on design and implementation of a sustained and integrated system, and as an end-to-end system from measurements to the timely distribution of products. Ducklow thanked Haugan for maintaining JGOFS linkage in these groups.

VII. International Project Office

A. Executive Officer Report Hanson reported on the International Project Office (IPO) and activities since the meeting in Concepción. Over the past 8 months, the IPO raised approximately 53,000 USD of external funds for scientists from Least Developed Country to attend the 3rd JGOFS Open Science Conference, general support of the Open Science Conference, and regional and global workshops of the Continental Margins Task Team. The Assistant Executive Officer, Bernard Avril, contributed significant time and effort over the past months and years in the collection of information on participating national JGOFS projects and cruises since 1988, and with the DMTT, he helped produce the "International JGOFS Data Collection. Volume 1: discrete datasets". The Financial Assistant, Sturle Litland, completed the official 2002 budget and it is provided in Appendix XIV. The 2003 budget remains strong and open but far from complete (see Appendix XV) as we moved from the 2002 Calendar into 2003 Calendar (Appendix XVI). The staff is presently making plans to close the Office on 31 December 2003 (see Office Closing below), after what all IPO activities will cease. However, minimal support will continue with essential documentation and web site information on a voluntary basis and as time permits.

10

1. Office Closing Hanson informed the SSC that the International Project Office plans to close its offices at the University of Bergen on 31 December 2003. In September after the final JGOFS Executive Meeting in Bergen, the Executives and the Office will hold a banquet, in part in closing the Office, to honour of our Norwegian hosts and friends at the Research Council of Norway and the University of Bergen. The JGOFS community has much to be grateful for and appreciative of over the past 8 years. Without the continuous financial and facility supports in Norway, JGOFS and the SSC would not have functioned as well as they have. Efforts are now underway to transfer and archive JGOFS and IPO holdings and documents from 1996 to the present to the University of Bergen, libraries in the USA and Norway, National and World Data Centre system, and to future programmes via IGBP and SCOR. However, many tasks remain (Appendix XVII). The official financial records covering JGOFS activities/accounts over the past eight years will be held at the University in Norway. Office copies of all transactions will be archived for as long as it is deemed necessary at the Centre for Studies of the Environment and Resources. For future reference and access to the financial records, the IPO will provide contact information of the responsible person(s) at the University to SCOR and IGBP. Other complete holdings, such as the JGOFS Report Series, Annual Reports to SCOR, IGBP and Norwegian Research Council over the years will be transferred to the National Library in Norway (Mo i Rana) and all collected series from 1988 to 2003 will be transferred to the Library at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and held with the US JGOFS Planning Office and Data Management records, reports, and historical documents. The JGOFS website, which will be maintained regularly, will remain online at least for one year and will also be copied on CD ROMs, and transferred to the SCOR, IGBP, selected libraries and interested individuals, and possibly to future ocean programmes if requested before Office closure. During the discussion on closing and archiving office documents, Quiñones recommended that the SSC strongly consider hiring a historian of marine sciences, such as Eric Mills, to record JGOFS history and accomplishments. The SSC expressed interest in the idea, and Ducklow supported Quiñones recommendation. No action was taken at the time. However, Ducklow would follow up on the recommendation.

B. Assistant Executive Officer Report For the period from September 2002 to May 2003, the Assistant Executive Officer reported that he provided general assistance to the IPO Executive Officer and to the DMTT, as required: improvement and update of the International JGOFS website; update the list of JGOFS publication references; support in the preparation of the artwork and main documentation of the International JGOFS DVD, for the transfer of datasets from the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan and Spain for the International JGOFS DVD; and facilitating the IPO funding for the International JGOFS DVD production. The main achievements are the final version of the JGOFS core parameters list (see Appendix XVIII), the co-organization of and participation in the "JGOFS-PANGAEA" meeting in Bremen, Germany, the participation in the final DMTT meeting in Bidston, UK, the publication of reports regarding the "Data Rescue" meeting, Ispra, Italy (see Appendix XIX) and the "JGOFS-PANGAEA" meeting, Bremen, Germany (Appendix XX), the preparation of and sending of letters to about 150 funding agencies and programme managers (Appendix XXI), the promotion of JGOFS activities regarding data and information management through poster, oral or slide show presentations [see, bottom of www.uib.no/jgofs/about.html] in "Colour of Ocean Data" symposium, Brussels, Belgium, Nov. 2002 (see, www.vliz.be/En/Activ/Events/Cod/cod.htm); OCEANS conference, Paris, France, Jan. 2003 (www.igbp.kva.se/obe/); IOC/IODE 17th Session, Paris, France, Mar. 2003 (www.ioc.unesco.org/iode/categories.php?category_

11

no=82); EGU-AGU Conference, Nice, France, Apr. 2003 (www.copernicus.org/egsagueug); Final JGOFS OSC, Washington DC, USA, May 2003 (www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/osc2003.html). In addition, the Assistant Executive Officer is currently involved in the OCEANS [now IMBER] Transition Team activities regarding its data and information management, taking advantage of the lessons learned from JGOFS (Appendix XXII).

VIII. Other Business Ducklow asked for other business. Since none was offered, Ducklow asked that the SSC to remain in the room after the Meeting adjourns. He adjourned the meeting at 16:15. A SSC Appreciation Reception immediately followed with delicious dark chocolate cake and French Champagne, gifts and fun. Everyone most enjoyed Ducklow’s “musical books game” to distribute his four favourite literary books among the members and guests. The most contested book was "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas S. Kuhn. His other favourites were "Master and Commander" by Patrick O'Brian, "The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica" by David G. Campbell, and "The Dream of Scipio" by Iain Pears.

12

IX.

Appendices

Appendix I.

List of P

articipants, Contact Inform

ation

Chair

DU

CK

LO

W, H

UG

H - JG

OFS N

ASG

, IGB

P-SC. V

irginia Institute of Marine Science, C

ollege of W

illiam and M

ary, Route 1208-G

reate Road, B

ox 1346, Gloucester Point, V

A 23062-1346, U

SA Tel.

+1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, duck@vim

s.edu

Vice C

hair G

AR

ÇO

N, V

ÉR

ON

IQU

E - JG

OFS N

ASG

(Chair). Laboratoire d'Etudes en G

éophysique et O

céanographie Spatiales, CNR

S, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, FR

AN

CE Tel.

+33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, Veronique.G

[email protected]

Executive Science O

fficer H

AN

SON

, RO

GE

R B

. - JGO

FS IPO. JG


ffice, Centre for Studies of

Environment and R


ergen, Post Box 7800, N

-5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y Tel.

+47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687, [email protected]

At-large M

embers

AN

DE

RSO

N, R

OB

ER

T (B

OB

) - Lamont-D

oherty Earth Observatory, C

olumbia U

niversity, 61 R

oute 9W, P.O

. Box 1000, Palisades, N

ew Y

ork 10964-1000, USA

Tel. +1 845 365 8508, Fax. +1 845 365 8155, boba@

ldeo.columbia.edu

HA

NSE

LL

, DE

NN

IS - Division of M

arine and Atm

ospheric Chem

istry, Rosenstiel School of M

arine and A

tmospheric Science, U

niversity of Miam

i, 4600 Rickenbacker C

auseway, M

iami, FL 33149,

USA

Tel. +1 305 361 4078, Fax. +1 305 361 4689, dhansell@rsm

as.miam

i.edu

HA

UG

AN

, PE

TE

R - JG

OFS ISC

AP, G

eophysical Institute, University of B

ergen, Allégaten 70, N

-5007 B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

Tel. +47 5558 26 78, Fax. +47 5559 9883, Peter.Haugan@

gfi.uib.no

HO

NG

, HU

ASH

EN

G (regrets received) - C

ollege of Oceanography and Environm

ental Science, X

iamen U

niversity, Xiam

en, Fujian, 361005, CH

INA

, P.R.C

. Tel. +86 592 218 2216, Fax. +86 592 209 5242, hshong@

xmu.edu.cn

TIL

BR

OO

K, B

RO

NT

E - JG

OFS N

CP (A

U), D

ivision of Marine R

esearch, Com

monw

ealth Scientific and Industrial R

esearch (CSIR

O), G

PO B

ox 1538, Hobart, Tasm

ania 7001, AU

STRA

LIA.

Tel: +61 3 6232 5273, Fax: +61 3 6232 5000, [email protected]

SAIN

O, T

OSH

IRO

- JGO

FS NPTT (V

ice-Chair), Institute for H

ydrospheric-Atm

ospheric Science (IH

AS), N


higusa-Ku, N


N. Tel. +81 52 789

3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436, [email protected]

SSC M

embers

BY

CH

KO

V, A

LE

KSA

ND

R (A

LE

X) - JG

OFS N

PTT (Chair), N

orth Pacific Marine Science

Organization (PIC

ES), c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 W

est Saanich Road, P.O

. Box 6000,

Sidney V8L 4B

2, B.C

., CA

NA

DA

Tel. +1-250 363 6364, Fax. +1-250 363 6827, [email protected]

CO

NK

RIG

HT

-GR

EG

G, M

AR

GA

RIT

A - JG

OFS D

MTT (C

hair), NO

AA

, Program Planning and

Implem

entation Office, 1315 East-W

est Highw

ay, Room

15752, Silver Spring, MD

20910-3282, USA

Tel. +1 301 713 1622, ext. 185, Fax. +1 301 713 0585, M

argarita.Gregg@

noaa.gov

LE

BO

RG

NE

, RO

BE

RT

- JGO

FS EPSG (C

hair), Centre de N

ouméa, Institut de R

echerche pour le D

éveloppement (IR

D), 101 Prom

enade Roger Laroque, B

.P. A5, F-98848 N

ouméa C

edex, Nouvelle

Calédonie, FR

AN

CE Tel. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, leborgne@

noumea.ird.nc

13

LO

CH

TE

, KA

RIN

(regrets received) - JGO

FS PJTT (Chair), JG

OFS N

CP (G

E). FB M

arine B

iogeochemie, Institut für M

eereskunde an der Universität K

iel, Düsternbrooker W

eg 20, D-24105

Kiel, G

ERM

AN

Y Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876, klochte@

ifm.uni-kiel.de

MO

NF

RA

Y, P

AT

RIC

K - JG

OFS G

SWG

, JGTT (C

o-Chair), SO

SG, Laboratoire d'Etudes en

Géophysique et O

céanographie Spatiales, CN

ES-CN

RS-IR

D-U

PS, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse C

edex 4, FRA

NC

E Tel. +33 5 6133 2902, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, monfray@

cnes.fr

PL

AT

T, T

RE

VO

R - IO

CC

G (C

hair), Biological Oceanography D

ivision, Bedford Institute of

Oceanography, P.O

. Box 1006, D

artmouth, N

ova Scotia B2Y

4A2, C

AN

AD

A. Tel: +1 902 426 3793,

Fax: +1 902 426 9388, [email protected]

QU

IÑO

NE

S, RE

NA

TO

- JGO

FS/LOIC

Z CM

TT (Co-C

hair), JGO

FS NC

P (CL). D

epartamento de

Oceanografia, U

niversidad de Concepción, C

asilla 160-C, C

oncepción, CH

ILE. Tel. +56 41 203 861, Fax. +56 41 256 571, rquinone@

udec.cl

SCH

LIT

ZE

R, R

EIN

ER

- JGO

FS GSW

G (C

hair), Departm

ent of GeoSystem

, Alfred-W

egener Institut für Polar- und M

eeresforschung (AW

I), Colum

busstraße, P.O. B

ox 120161, D-27515

Brem

erhaven, GER

MA

NY

. Tel: +49 471 4831 1559, Fax: +49 471 4831 1149, rschlitzer@aw

i-brem

erhaven.de

SMIT

H, SH

AR

ON

- JGO

FS IOSG

(Chair), R

osenstiel School of Marine and A

tmospheric Science

(RSM

AS), U

niversity of Miam

i, 4600 Rickenbacker Causew

ay, Miam

i, FL- 33149-1098, USA

. Tel: +1 305 361 4819, Fax: +1 305 361 4600, ssm

ith@rsm

as.miam

i.edu

TR

ÉG

UE

R, P

AU

L - JG

OFS/PA

GES PJTT, JG

OFS SO

SG (C

hair), Institut Universitaire Européen

de la Mer, U

niversité de Bretagne O

ccidentale (IUEM

/ UB

O), Technopôle B

rest-Iroise, Place Nicolas

Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, FR

AN

CE. Tel.:+33 2 9849 8664, Fax: +33 2 9849 8645,

[email protected]

WA

LL

AC

E, D

OU

GL

AS (D

OU

G) - (regrets received) - ISC

AP (C

hair), JGO

FS NA

SG, FB

Marine

Biogeochem


niversität Kiel (IfM

-Kiel), D

üsternbrooker Weg 20,

D-24105 K

iel, GERM

AN

Y. Tel: +49 431 600 4200, Fax: +49 431 600 174201, dw

allace@ifm

.uni-kiel.de

IGB

P Secretariat

BR

OA

DG

AT

E, W

EN

DY

- IGB

P Deputy D

irector, Natural Sciences. IG

BP Secretariat, R

oyal Sw

edish Academ

y of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm

, SWED

EN Tel. +46 8 6739 559,

Fax: +46 8 166 405, wendy@

igbp.kva.se

SCO

R Secretariat

UR

BA

N, E

DW

AR

D (E

D) - SC

OR

Executive Director, SC

OR

Secretariat, Departm

ent of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns H

opkins University (JH

U), O

lin Hall, San M

artin Drive, B

altimore, M

D

21218, USA

Tel. +1 410 516 4070, Fax. +1 410 516 4019, [email protected]

JGO

FS International P

roject Office

AV

RIL

, BE

RN

AR

D - JG

OFS IPO

(Assistant Executive Science O

fficer), JGO

FS International Project O

ffice, Centre for Studies of Environment and R

esources, University of Bergen, Post B

ox 7800, N

-5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y. Tel: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687,

[email protected]

STO

KK

E, JU

DIT

H - JG

OFS IPO

(Adm

inistrative Assistant), JG


ffice, C




-5020 B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

. Tel. +47 5558 4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687, [email protected]

14

Appendix II.

Draft A

genda and Tim

eline

Opening (0930, Sunday, 4 M

ay 2003)

W

elcome and O

pening Address

H

ugh Ducklow

A

doption of Agenda

Hugh D

ucklow

Travel and Local Arrangem

ents

Judy Stokke

Old B

usiness

M

inutes of the 17th M

eeting (Actions)

Roger H

anson

IG

BP/Springer-V

erlag Book

H

ugh Ducklow

Third O

pen Science Conference

Brief R

eport and Update

Hugh D

ucklow

Financial Support (People, funds, etc)

Roger H

anson

Synthesis Groups &

Task T

eam R

eports

B

rief Update on A

ctivities

A

ll Chairs

International Program

me R

eports

International G

eosphere-Biosphere Programm

e

Joint Projects

W

endy Broadgate

OC

EAN

S Transition Team

Patrick M

onfray

Scientific Com

mittee on O

ceanic Research

Carbon O

bserving Workshop

Ed Urban

International O

cean Colour C

oordinating Group

Trevor Platt

Advisory Panel on O

cean CO

2

Peter Haugan

Global O

cean Observing System

(OO

PC)

Peter Haugan


ffice

Executive Officer R

eport

R

oger Hanson

IPO C

losure, Finances, Calendar, etc

A

ssistant Executive Officer R

eport

B

ernard Avril

D

ata and Information M

anagement, etc

Other B

usiness

H

ugh Ducklow

Adjourn

Reception follow

s

15

Meeting T

imeline

Times are approxim

ate and topics may change or shift.

Tim

e Sunday, 4 M

ay 2003

09:30 W

elcome and O

pening Address

C

hair's Report

A

doption of Agenda

Local A

rrangements

09:45 O

ld Business

M

inutes of the 17th SSC M

eeting (Concepción)

IG

BP/Springer-V

erlag Book

10:00 JG

OF

S Open Science C

onference

B

rief report, fund raising and expense report

10:30B

reak

11:00 Synthesis G

roups & T

ask Team

s Reports (B

riefs)

G

SWG

, NA

SG, SO

SG, IO

SG, N

PSG, EQ

SG, D

MTT, PJTT, JG

TT,

12:30L

unch

13:30 International R

eports (Briefs)

IG

BP, SC

OR

, IOC

CG

, CO

2 Panel, GO

OS/O

OPC

14:30 International P

roject Office

Executive Officer R

eport: Legacy, Budget, C

alendar, etc; Assistant Executive O

fficer

Report: D

ata and Information M

anagement, etc

15:15 Other B

usiness

15:30 A

djourn the Final SSC

15:30 R

eception follows the SSC

Meeting

17:30 JG

OF

S OSC

Registration and R

eception

16

Appendix III.

IGB

P Book Series Publication

Fasham, M

.J.R., Southam

pton Oceanography C

entre, Southampton, U

K (E

d.), Ocean

Biogeochem

istry: The R

ole of the Ocean C

arbon Cycle in G

lobal Change

2003 XV

III, 297 p. 130 illus. Hardcover

3-540-42398-2 R

ecomm

ended Retail Price: EU

R 99.95

Oceans account for 50%

of the anthropogenic C

O2 released into

the atmosphere. D

uring the past 15

years an


me,

the Joint

Global

Ocean Flux Study (JG

OFS), has

been studying the ocean carbon cycle to quantify and m

odel the biological and physical processes w

hereby CO

2 is pumped from

the ocean's surface to the depths of the ocean, w

here it can remain

for hundreds

of years.

This project

is one

of the

largest m

ulti-disciplinary studies of the oceans ever carried out and this book synthesises the results. It covers all aspects of the topic ranging

from

air-sea exchange

with C

O2 , the role of physical

mixing, the uptake of C

O2 by

marine

algae, the

fluxes of

carbon and nitrogen through the m

arine food

chain to

the subsequent export of carbon to the depths of the ocean. Special em

phasis is

laid on predicting future clim

atic change. K

eywords: G

lobal change, IGB

P, O

cean biogeochemistry, Joint G

lobal Ocean Flux Study (JG

OFS), O

cean carbon cycle, C

arbon dioxide, Clim

ate change, Ocean Food W

ebs, Biogeochem

ical Cycles

Contents: Introduction.- B

iogeochemical Provinces: Tow

ards a JGO

FS Synthesis.- Physical Transport of N

utrients and the Maintenance of B

iological Production.- Continental M

argin Exchanges.- Phytoplankton and their R

ole in Primary, N

ew and Export Production.- C

arbon D

ioxide Fluxes in the Global O

cean.- Water C

olumn B

iogeochemistry below

the Euphotic Zone.- The Im

pact of Clim

ate Change and Feedback Processes on the O

cean Carbon C

ycle.- B

enthic Processes and the Burial of C

arbon.- Global O

cean Carbon C

ycle Modeling.-

Temporal

Studies of

Biogeochem

ical Processes

Determ

ined from

O

cean Tim

e-Series O

bservations during the JGO

FS Era.- JGO

FS: A R

etrospective View

.

17

Appendix IV

. C

onference Funds and Expenditures R

eport

Hanson reported.

International JGO

FS, Project Office and U

niversity of Bergen

A

mount

(USD

) Fund Sources

Lists

JGO

FS SSC M

embers and Speakers

40 000 SCO

R/IG

BP

see List of Conference

Speakers and Funding Sources

Open Science C

onference Speakers 20 000 SC

OR

/JGO

FS see List of C

onference Speakers and Funding Sources

Funds Raised for LD

C Scientists

33 000 APN

, STAR

T, SC

OR

, IAI

see List of LDC

scientists

Norw

egian Guests

7 500 International Project O

ffice Johannessen, Sakshaug, possibly another

Conference R

eceptions and C

onference Breaks

13 500 University of

Bergen

Smithsonian and N

ational A

cademy of Science

Middle Eastern Scientists

5 000 SCO

R/JG

OFS

Oguz (Turkey), A

hmed

(Om

an), and Kutub (Israel)

Total (estim

ated) 119 000

18

List of C

onference Speakers and Funding Sources (as of M

arch) International

SSC

Funding

Source U

S JGO

FS

SSC

Funding

Source O

SCSpeakers

Funding Source

Anderson

SCO

R/IG

BP

Abbott

NSF

Gruber

NSF

Ducklow

SC

OR

/IGB

P B

rewer

NSF

Atkinson

US.O

ceans G

arcon SC

OR

/IGB

P C

arr N

SF B

arber SC

OR

/JGO

FS

SCO

R/IG

BP

Doney

NSF

Boyd

NSF

LeBorgne

SCO

R/IG

BP

Karl

NSF

Brow

ner N

SF M

onfray SC

OR

/IGB

P K

nap N

SF B

urkill N

SF Platt

SCO

R/IG

BP

McC

arthy N

SF de B

aar N

SF Q

uiñones SC

OR

/IGB

P M

cGillicuddy

NSF

Dickey

NSF

Schlitzer SC

OR

/IGB

P M

ichaels N

SF Feely

SCO

R/JG

OFS

Smith

SCO

R/IG

BP

Sarmiento

NSF

Field SC

OR

/JGO

FS Tilbrook

SCO

R/IG

BP

Siegel N

SF H

all O

CEA

NS/IG

BP

Tréguer SC

OR

/IGB

P W

anninkhof SC

OR

/JGO

FS H

arris G

LOB

EC/IG

BP

SSC m

embers: non-speakers

Jahnke

NSF

Bychkov

SCO

R/IG

BP

KK

Liu N

SF C

onkright SC

OR

/IGB

P

Lam

pitt N

SF H

ansell SC

OR

/IGB

P

Law

s N

SF H

augan SC

OR

/IGB

P

Le Q

uéré N

SF Saino

SCO

R/IG

BP

Bates

NSF

JGO

FS G

uests: non-speakers

Leinen N

SF C

hai SC

OR

/IGB

P

Liss

NSG

M

urray SC

OR

/IGB

P

M

cManus N

SF M

ackey SC

OR

/IGB

P

M

oore IG

BP Secretariat

Wiggert

SCO

R/IG

BP

Nojiri

NSF

Johannessen IPO

O

schlies N

SF Sakshaug

IPO

Pedersen N

SF

Steele

NSF

Steffen IG

BP Secretariat

Wunsch

NSF

Zeitzschel SCO

R/IG

BP

Buesseler

NSF

Ingalls N

SF

N

euer N

SF

List of F

unds for LD

C and International Scientists

A

mount

A

sian Pacific Netw

ork (APN

) 12,000

China (2), India (2), Pakistan (1), K

orea (1) G

lobal Change System

for Analysis

Research and Training (STA

RT)

10,000N

igeria (1), India (2), Cam

eroon (1)

Scientific Com

mittee on O

ceanic R

esearch (SCO

R)

8,000India (3)

Inter Am

erica Initiative (IAI)

3,000C

hile (1), Brazil (1), C

olumbia (1)

Joint Global O


FS) 6,000

Turkey (1), Om

an (1), Israel (1) International Project O

ffice (IPO)

7,500N

orway (2-3)

US N

ational Science Foundation (NSF)

25,000N

orth Am

erican (5) and European Scientists (5) Total (estim

ate) 71,500

19

List of Scientists receiving financial support for the JG

OF

S Open Science C

onference N

ame

Country

Project/T

opic JG

OF

SC

olleague H

andled byB

. Knoppers

Brazil

continental marg

yes senior

IPO

Charles G

abche C

ameroon coastal/hum

ans LO

ICZ

unknown

IPO

Daniela Turk

Canada

Rem

ote sensing yes

senior U

SPO

Rodrigo G

onzalez C

hile eastern Pacific

yes R

enato Quiñones

IPO

Seung-Hyun Son

China

East China Sea

related Janet C

ampbell

USPO

Shang C

hen C

hina East C

hina Sea yes

Mingyuan Zhu

USPO

G

ladys Bernal

Colom

bia Paleooceangr.

related junior

IPO

Aurelien Paulm

ier France

Oxygen M

in. Znyes

Ruiz-Pino

USPO

M

athieu Mongin

France Si cycling

yes D

. Nelson/P. Tréguer

USPO

Pieter van B

eek France

Water col transp

yes Francois/C

onte/Bacon/Char U

SPO

VV

VS. Sarm

a India

Arabian Sea

yes Saino

USPO

M

angesh Gauns

India A

rabian Sea yes

Madhupratap

USPO

Shyam

M. G

upta India

Bay of B

engal related

senior U

SPO

MV

S. Guptha

India B

ay of Bengal

related senior

USPO

A

nil L. Paropkari India

coastal/humans

LOIC

Z senior

USPO

S.Shanm

uganandan India D

ep of fixed N

SOLA

Ssenior

USPO

SS. Sundarvel

India B

ay of Bengal

related senior

USPO

M

. Madhupratap

India A

rabian Sea yes

senior IPO

SW

A N

aqvi India

Arabian Sea

yes senior

SCO

R

MM

. Sarin India

Arabian Sea

yes senior

SCO

R

K.S. Y

ajnik India

Arabian Sea

yes senior

IPO

Hem

a Naik

India benthic N

cycl. yes

Dileep/N

aqvi U

SPO

S. Prasan. Kum

ar India

Arabian Sea

yes senior

Regrets

M. D

ileep Kum

ar India

Arabian Sea

yes senior

Regrets

M.A

.Kutub Q

utob Israel

Red Sea

related Zvy D

ubinsky IPO

Jae-yeon K

im

Korea

East China Sea

yes Tongsup Lee

USPO

Sam

uel Oni

Nigeria

coastal/humans

LOIC

Z O

yebande/Ojo

IPO

Saiyad Ahm

ed O

man

NA

SEER Proj.

yes S. Sm

ith/B. Zahuranec

IPO

Samina K

idwai

Pakistan N

ASEER

Proj. yes

SSmith/ Zahuranec/ A

mjad

USPO

Tem

el Oguz

Turkey B

lack Sea yes

senior IPO

Paula M

cLeod U

K

modelling

yes R

ichards/Martin/Fasham

U

SPO

Matt C

hurch U

SA

North Pacific

yes D

ucklow/K

arl U

SPO

Anitra Ingalls

USA

A

ESOPS

yes C

indy Lee/Bob A

nderson U

SPO

Phoebe Lam

USA

Fate of PO

C

yes Jim

Bishop

USPO

G

alen McK

inley U

SA

North A

tlantic yes

Mick Fellow

s U

SPO

20

Appendix V

. D

ata Managem

ent Task T

eam R

eport

Conkright reported.

Current M

embership

Conkright, M

argarita Chair, N

OA

A/N


ata Center, U

SA

Chandler, C

yndy U

.S. JGO

FS Data M

anagement O

ffice, USA

G

riffiths, Brian

CSIR

O M

arine Research, A

USTR

ALIA

H

errmann, Joachim

G

erman JG

OFS D

ata Managem

ent, GER

MA

NY

Low

ry, Roy

B

ritish Oceanographic D

ata Centre, U

NITED

KIN

GD

OM

M

iyake, Takeharu Japan O

ceanographic Data C

entre, JAPA

N

Sarupria, Jaswant

Indian NO

DC

, IND

IA

Spears, Donald

Marine Environm

ental Data Service, C

AN

AD

A

Torre, Marie-Paule

Observatoire O

céanologique de Villefranche, FR

AN

CE

Report on Final D

MT

T M

eeting The final D

MTT m

eeting was held on 13-14 M

arch 2003, in Bidston, U

nited Kingdom

. Dr.

Reiner Schlitzer (G

SWG

Chair) w

as a guest at the meeting and gave a talk on “U

se of B

iogeochemical D

ata in Global M

odels”. In attendance were representatives from

France, U

nited Kingdom

, India, United States, G

ermany, and the JG

OFS IPO

. The first day of the m

eeting focused on a review of the accom

plishments from

the DM

TT, lessons learned, and national reports. The second day focused on the production of the "International JG

OFS D

ata C

ollection. Volum

e 1: Discrete D

atasets" DV

D.

Report on the D

MT

T/PA

NG

AE

A M

eeting – January 2003 The D

MTT m

et with the PA

NG

AEA

/WD

C M

AR

E team in B

remen, G

ermany to discuss

progress on the production of an integrated JGO

FS data set. During this m

eeting, it became

clear that PAN

GA

EA w

ould be unable to meet the M

ay deadline for a DV

D product. It w

as then decided that PA

NG

AEA

would continue w

orking on the Germ

an JGO

FS data, and w

ould provide an interface for that data. There would be tw

o DM

TT products: • JG

OFS International D

ata Collection. V

olume 1: D

iscrete Datasets” D

VD

as a DM

TT product

• JGO

FS International Data C

ollection. Volum

e 2: Integrated Datasets as a Pangaea/D

MTT

product to be published 2004-2005. D

MT

T A

ccomplishm

ents The first m

eeting of a JGO

FS Working G

roup on Data M

anagement occurred in H

alifax, N

ova Scotia, Canada, in1988. This m

eeting laid the foundation for a solid and workable data

policy for JGO

FS. Since that meeting, the JG

OFS D

ata Managem

ent Task Team has

• Changed the attitude of data m

anagers and scientists regarding the managem

ent of non-physical data,

• Given data m

anagement a high profile throughout JG

OFS,

• Contributed to the establishm

ent and maintenance of a data sharing culture in JG

OFS,

• Generated an extensive portfolio of data sets published on C

D-R

OM

, • R

equired all data be submitted to the W

DC

system for long term

archive, • D

ocumented the published data sets in N

ASA

’s Global C

hange Master D

irectory, • C

ontributed data to the production of the World O

cean Database products,

• Provided recom

mendations

to funding

agencies and

science m

anagers on

data m

anagement for future international projects,

• Worked tow

ard integrated data products in collaboration with W

DC

MA

RE,

21

• Encouraged and promoted exchange betw

een data managers and scientists,

• Assisted the O

CEA

NS Transition Team

in the preparation of their data managem

ent com

ponent, • Incorporated JG

OFS data from

countries not represented by the DM

TT into this final product,

• Integrated Data Products (delivered)

• Arabian Sea C

D-R

OM

• JG

OFS C

ruise Inventory (delivered) • Integrated D

ata Products (attempted)

• NA

BE data sets

• JGO

FS Data Index

• JGO

FS Data M

anagement (D

M) – issues and recom

mendations

• Data split in national countries rather than centralized

• Need to focus on including D

M in the planning process in the next 12 m

onths • Integrate users early on the design of the system

– combination of technical and scientific

sides • Focus on original data, then on a hierarchy of products • D

ata format needs to be agreed upon – devise form

at with input from

users and develop tools for the form

at Future D

MT

T A

ctivities • The G

erman JG

OFS D

ata Manager w

ill continue until June 2003 and complete the ingest

of Germ

an JGO

FS data into PAN

GA

EA (D

VD

contains 80% of the G

erman cruises)

• The French JGO

FS Data M

anager will continue, now

as the PRO

OF program

me

• The U.S. JG

OFS D

ata Manager w

ill continue until 2005, as the SMP activities continue.

• DM

TT mem

bers expressed interest in continuing to participate in future ocean programs

JGO


ollection. Volum

e 1: Discrete D

atasets contains the data as subm

itted by the national data managers, scientists,

and as published on CD

-RO

Ms. 1000 copies of a single-sided D

VD

were

produced, and 50 copies distributed each mem

ber of the DM

TT, 400 copies distributed at the O

SC, and 20 copies held at the IPO

for local distribution. W

DC

A for O

ceanography, USA

, will hold any D

VD

s not distributed. The JG

OFS IPO

(University of B

ergen) covered the costs for the D

VD

. O

utline of the DV

D D

ocumentation

JGO


ollection. Volum

e 1: Discrete D

atasets I. Introduction

A. Joint G

lobal Ocean Flux Study

B. Data M

anagement Task Team

C

. International Project Office

II. About this product A

. Introduction B. C

itation Policy C

. Acknow

ledgements

a. DM

TT-Represented C

ountries b. C

ountries not Represented by

the DM

TT

c. International Institutions III. A

ccomplishm

ents of the DM

TT A

. Introduction B. Lessons Learned C

. DM

TT Mem

bership as of May 2003

D. Publications

a. DM

TT Meeting R

eports and R

elated Publications b. List of JG

OFS C

ore Variables

c. JGO

FS Cruise Inventory

22

Appendix V

I. G


roup and JGT

T R

eports

Reiner Schlitzer and Patrick M

onfray reported. G

lobal Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of C

arbon and Nutrients: C

ombining

Observations and M

odels R

eport (partial) of a Workshop held at the Institute for Environm

ent & Sustainability, EC

Joint R

esearch Centre, 24 – 27 June 2002, Ispra, Italy

Reiner Schlitzer, Patrick M

onfray and Nicolas H

oepffner W

ith contributions from

Gerhard Fischer, N

icolas Gruber, R

ichard Lampitt, M

arina Levy, Edward Law

s, Trevor Platt, Steve Spall, and John Steele Introduction To address one of its m

ain objectives, JGO

FS has employed a large variety of different

approaches to quantify marine productivity and the fluxes of carbon and nutrients in the

ocean. The methods that w

ere used differed with respect to the technology that w

as applied, but they also differed w

ith respect to the viewpoint, from

which the overall system

was

observed (Figure 1). One such approach m

akes use of remote-sensing observations from

instrum

ents on satellites or aircraft that can observe the system from

above and detect productivity signals from

the upper tens of meters of the ocean. A

nother includes the in-situ m

easurements

and process

studies that

provide m

ore or

less direct

observations of

productivity. A third em

ploys moored or drifting sedim

ent traps that collect sinking material

in the water colum

n for flux estimation and com

position analysis. A fourth uses radionuclide

measurem

ents for better calibration of sediment trap data. A

nd a fifth relies on benthic studies for estim

ating the material flux to the sea floor.

Figure 1: Schem

atic diagram of key research activities addressing m

ain JGO

FS objectives In addition, there exists a w

ide variety of global and regional models of differing resolution

and complexity. These m

odels simulate biogeochem

ical processes in the ocean and yield

23

independent estimates for property fluxes and rate constants. The range includes high-

resolution regional models w

ith complex m

ixed-layer dynamics and elaborated ecosystem

feedback

loops that

can explicitly

simulate

physical transport

phenomena

and the

development of bloom

s on small space and tim

e scales. It also includes a number of global

models w

ith medium

resolution that are used to calculate global ocean budgets and fluxes of carbon, nutrients and oxygen. A

lthough inverse models that derive property fluxes and rate

constants from available data have been less frequently used in the past, this m

ight change in the future as m

ore and more JG

OFS data sets becom

e publicly available. N

ow w

ith JGO

FS at its final phase, there is a pressing need to compile and com

pare the results from

the various methods and to investigate w

hether a consistent picture emerges. The

first meeting of the JG

OFS G


roup (GSW

G) in A

msterdam

(July, 2001) indicated that significant discrepancies betw

een different techniques and models still

exist, addressing the need to conduct multi-disciplinary exercises / projects to bridge the gaps

between physics and biogeochem

istry, between process analyses, observations and m

odelling. To foster the interaction and cooperation betw

een scientists from different research fields, the

GSW

G together w

ith the JGO

FS/GA

IM Task Team

on 3D O

cean Carbon M

odelling and A

nalysis (JGTT) organized a w

orkshop on: Global O

cean Productivity and the Fluxes of C

arbon and Nutrients: com

bining Observations and M

odels, hosted in late June 2002 by the Joint

Research

Centre

of the

European C

omm

ission, Institute

for Environm

ent and

Sustainability (Ispra, Italy). JG

OFS R

eport No. 38 (IPO

note: report arrived 15 July 2003, see Appendix V

I; and the report w

as published in late July after some editorial w

ork at the IPO as the JG

OFS R

eport 38, see w

ww

.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Report_Series/JG

OFS_38.pdf)

24

Appendix V

II. N


roup Report

Garçon reported.

From Septem

ber 2002 to May 2003, the N

ASG

prepared the Poster Session of the JGO

FS final O

SC, W

ashington DC

, USA

, 5-8 May 2003. A

total of 12 posters will be presented

including three general synthesis posters by the NA

SG group.

A C

all for Abstracts for the N

orth Atlantic session at the O

SC W

ashington was em

ailed to a w

ide comm

unity on Decem

ber, 6, 2002: CA

LL FOR

AB

STRA

CT : PO

STER SESSIO

N

NO

RTH

A

TLAN

TIC

Monday

May

5, 2003.

JGO

FS O

pen Science

Conference

Washington D

C, U

SA, (M

ay 5-8, 2003). The deadline for abstract submission is

JAN

UA

RY

15th, 2003 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ D

ear Colleagues,

We encourage contributions from

observational (in situ, satellite data), and theoretical and m

odeling studies on the North A

tlantic Ocean. They should throw

new light on large scale

biogeochemical diagnostics of the N

orth Atlantic O

cean, on synthesis of results of time series

stations and process studies (PRIM

E, NA

BE, PO

MM

E, AM

T, CA

NIG

O, ESTO

C, EU

MELI,

BA

TS, etc.) and on modelling and data assim

ilation efforts. This includes studies concerning the production and transform

ation of organic matter in the upper ocean and tw

ilight zone, the transport of biogeochem

ical tracers in the oceans, their fluxes across the air sea interface and w

ith continental margins and sedim

ents. Efforts towards biogeochem

ical ocean observing system

s (new instrum

entation and observing networks) in the N

orth Atlantic O

cean are w

elcome.

Poster space is fairly limited at the N

atural Academ

y of Sciences, so we encourage people,

whenever possible, to cluster together to produce several synthesis posters (sm

aller numbers

of synthesis-style posters are better than large numbers of individual investigator posters).

Posters can be put on the conference CD

if they are available one month earlier (by A

pril 5th, 2003).---------------------------- Please subm

it your abstracts as soon as possible. Please see usjgofs.w

hoi.edu/osc2003/abstracts.html for m

ore details on abstract submissions,

registration and logistics.

Veronique G

arcon, LEGO

S/CN

RS, Toulouse, France

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To achieve the synthesis posters, a final NA

SG m

eeting took place in Toulouse, January 7, 2003 (R

eport available soon on the IPO w

eb site) followed by the PO

MM

E Synthesis M

eeting (January 8-10, 2003) of the French PRO

OF program

. M. Fasham

, R. Low

ry, H.

Ducklow

sent regrets. E. Fernandez and L. Mém

ery had to cancel at the last minute.

Agenda:

10:00-10:10 W

elcome and m

eetings objectives, Véronique G

arçon 10:10-10:30

Stoichiometry of new

production and export in the North A

tlantic Ocean,

Wolfgang K

oeve 10:30-10:50

View

from space (ocean color) in the N

orth Atlantic, D

ave Siegel

25

10:50-11:10 C

arbon balance of the subtropical NE A

tlantic, Emilio Fernandez

11:10-11:40 C

offee break 11:40-12:00

POM

ME synthesis, Laurent M

émery

12:00-12:20 Physical validation of a N

orth Atlantic O

cean model assim

ilating altimetry

data prior to biogeochemical studies (1993-2001), V

éronique Garçon

12:30-13:45 Lunch

13:45-18:00 N

ASG

posters for the OSC

Washington. Point on data m

anagement and

availability for North A

tlantic.

W. K

oeve, D. Siegel and V

. Garçon w

orked in the afternoon on the 3 draft posters proposed by V

. Garçon: Large scale biogeochem

ical diagnostics: the North A

tlantic carbon machinery,

Time series and process study sites in the N

orth Atlantic during the JG

OFS decade, and

Modelling and data assim

ilation in the North A

tlantic: Towards G

OD

AE.

Koeve, D

. Siegel and V. G

arçon attended the POM

ME m

eeting on Tuesday at the Met

Office in Toulouse; W

. Koeve gave a presentation on C

arbon over consumption during the

spring bloom in the tem

perate North A

tlantic. A special PO

MM

E issue will be published

in 2004 on the data synthesis. POM

ME data becom

e to be accessible through the French JG

OFS w

eb site.

D. Siegel and V

. Garçon attended the O

CEA

NS M

eeting, Paris, France, January 7-10, 2003

Joint EGS/A

GU

2003 Meeting in N

ice, France, April 7-11 A

pril, 2003: o

Open Session on the B

iogeochemistry of the O

ceanic Carbon C

ycle Convenors: W

. K

oeve and M. Follow

s, o

Eddy and frontal scale processes in Ocean B

iogeochemistry: observations and m

odels, C

onvenors: L. Mém

ery, R. W

illiams and D

. McG

illicuddy, o

Iron resources and oceanic nutrients : Convenors: H

. de Baar, E. M

aier-Reim

er and C.

Lancelot, o

Modern and Paleo-A

pplications of trace elements and isotope geochem

istry in the oceans, C

onvenors: C. Jeandel, R

. François, R. A

nderson, G. H

enderson and M. Frank,

oO

pen session on Ocean C

hemistry and Tracers, C

onvenors: M. England, W

. Jenkins and M

. Rhein.

Budget report status Y

ear 2003: Toulouse NA

SG and Paris O

CEA

NS M

eeting Expenses cost 3200 U

SD.

26

Appendix V

III. E

quatorial Pacific Synthesis G

roup Report

Le Borgne reported.

Fieldw

ork.M

ost of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except the JA

MSTEC

ones which are organized every year in January-February in the w

estern and central Pacific (145°E-160°W

). Carbon dioxide observations are routinely m

ade by PMEL

along the TAO

mooring lines, w

ith eight cruises per year on board R/V

Ron B

rown and

Ka’im

imoana. Tw

o time series w

orks, involving CO

2 and bio-optical measurem

ents on TAO

m

oorings (155°W and 170°W

) started in 1997 and are being carried out by PMEL, A

OM

L and M

BA

RI. In addition, tw

o other TAO

mooring lines w

ill be fitted with C

O2 and bio-

optical sensors on 140° and 125°W.

For the future, i.e. after the JG

OFS era, oceanographic cruises are being prepared or

demanded by U

S and French scientists on the following topics: dissolved iron spatial

distribution, Si limitation and Tropical Instability W

aves.

Data. JG

OFS labelled cruises have their data stored in national data banks and can be

accessed through the following w

ebsites: A

ustralia: ww

w.m

arine.csiro.au/datacentre/JGO

FSweb/cm

r_jgofs.htm (all data)

France: ww

w.obs-vlfr.fr/jgofs/htm

l/bdjgofs_eng.html (all data)

Japan: ww

w.jodc.go.jp/JG

OFS_D

MO

/index.html (H

ydrology and CO

2 )U

nited States: ww

w1.w

hoi.edu/jgdms_info.htm

l (all data)

pCO

2 data can be loaded from:

ww

w.pm

el.noaa.gov/uwpco2/

aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/index.htm

l cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ocd/oaces/index.htm

l

Finally, m

etadata are

being centralized

at the

JGO

FS International

Project O

ffice: w

ww

.uib.no/jgofs/. Many cruises had not the JG

OFS “flag” or w

ere sponsored by different international program

mes, w

hile most or all of their data w

ere of interest for JGO

FS. Such data are being handled by D

MTT and IPO

with EPSM

G help.

Modelling activities. M

ost of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to m

odelling within tw

o groups: US JG

OFS SM

P (Synthesis and Modeling Program

) and PR

OO

F Modélisation. In addition, the region is part of global m

odels developed by various organizations. The m

odels consider the following points : new

and export productivity regulation by Si and Fe, ecosystem

and carbon cycle responses to physical variability on various tim

e-scales, evaluation of marine prim

ary productivity using satellite ocean colour, food-w

eb regulation of particulate export flux in HN

LC regions, and plankton com

munity

structure and export flux.

Synthesis publications. A Special Section devoted to phytoplankton control by grazers in the

equatorial Pacific HN

LC zone is being published in Journal of G

eophysical Research-O

ceans(Special Section devoted to the EB

ENE cruise and the estim

ation of grazing in phytoplankton m

ortality. It should now be "in press", since all m

anuscripts have been accepted and most of

the proofs have been corrected before printing. The guest editors are R. Le B

orgne and M.R

. Landry).

27

Conclusions. The m

ain goals assigned to EPSG in 1998 have been fulfilled: the synthesis has

been published, most of the JG

OFS labelled data have been stored in databases, m

odelling is advancing and inform

ation on ongoing field activities, although not complete, is satisfactory.

There are new projects for the region being planned and, to our know

ledge, imply an

international cooperation from the beginning. This is one of JG

OFS legacy. H

owever, in the

future, we need to im

prove the data managem

ent in the region on an international scale. How

w

ill this point be handled?

28

Appendix IX

. N

orth Pacific Synthesis G

roup Report

Bychkov reported.

Publications: A collection of contributed papers from

JGO

FS-related field programs in the

North Pacific w

as published as a special issue of Deep-Sea R

esearch II on North Pacific

Biogeochem

ical Processes (Guest editors: Toshiro Saino, A

lexander Bychkov, C

hen-Tung A.

Chen and Paul H

arrison) in Decem

ber 2002 (Vol. 49, N

os. 24-25, pp. 5297-5808). The issue includes an overview

and 27 papers by authors from 4 countries (C

anada, Japan, China-Taipei

and Russia), but m

ajority of papers (21) are from Japan.

NPSG

participated in the planning and co-sponsored a topic session on Plankton size classes, functional groups and ecosystem

dynamics: C

auses and consequences at the PICES Tenth

Annual M

eeting (October 2001, V

ictoria, Canada). Selected papers from

this session com

prise a special issue of Progress in O

ceanography (Guest editors: A

lexander Bychkov

and Angelica Peña) dedicated to the m

emory of the late Prof. M

ichael M. M

ullin. The issue includes 11 papers by authors from

5 countries (Canada, C

hile, Japan, Korea and U

.S.A.).

Peer-review is com

plete and all papers sent to Progress in O

ceanography in the beginning of A

pril. Publication is expected in late summ

er-early fall of 2003.

PICES W

G 13 on C

O2

in the North Pacific w

ill publish a report in the PICES Scientific

Report Series (N

o. 24) in the May 2003. This report sum

marizes the research and technical

activities that have been conducted by mem

ber nations of PICES to (i) synthesize C

O2 data in

the North Pacific; (ii) determ

ine the sources and sink for CO

2 and their regional fluxes; and (iii) provide a com

prehensive picture of the distribution of anthropogenic CO

2 in this region. The im

plications of the results with respect to clim

ate change processes are also discussed, and recom

mendations are m

ade for future directions by PICES for international cooperation

on carbon cycle research in the North Pacific.

A C

D-R

OM

with data sets obtained during the N

orth Pacific Process Studies will be prepared

by the Japan Oceanographic D

ata Center (JO

DC

) and circulated in late 2003.

A special issue of Journal of O

ceanography on JGO

FS North Pacific Synthesis (G

uest editors: Toshiro Saino, A

lexander Bychkov, C

hen-Tung A. C

hen, Paul Harrison and Ishiro

Yasuda) is in progress. The issue is based on invited papers. M

anuscripts are due May 31,

2003, and publication is expected in early 2004.

A G

uide of best practices for oceanic CO

2m

easurements and data reporting is under

preparation. This would be based on existing docum

ents: the DO

E (1994) Handbook of

methods for the analysis of the various param

eters of the carbon dioxide system in sea w

ater (D

ickson A.G

. & C

. Goyet, Eds.) and draft protocols for data reporting that w

ere generated by PIC

ES WG

13, and discussed further at a NO

AA

Data M

anagement W

orkshop held in Seattle, in O

ctober 2001. A com

plete draft is expected by October 2003, and publication in

the PICES Scientific R

eport Series is planned in mid 2004.

The results of an in situ iron enrichment experim

ent in the western subarctic Pacific in June

2001 (Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem

Dynam

ics Study – SEEDS) w

ill be published as a special issue of P

rogress in Oceanography in late 2004.

Some high im

pact results of an in situ iron enrichment experim

ent in the eastern subarctic Pacific in July-A

ugust 2002 (Subarctic Ecosystem R

esponse to Iron Enrichment Study -

29

SERIES) are expected to be published as separate papers in N

ature in late 2003-early 2004. A

rrangements

are in

progress to

publish other

results as

a special

issue of

Global

Biogeochem

ical Cycles or Journal of G

eophysical Research.

Meetings/Sessions: A

2-day Workshop on Synthesis of JG

OFS N

orth Pacific Process Study w

as convened October 1-2, 2002, in Sapporo, Japan. The w

orkshop was a part of the

SCO

R/JO

S International Symposium

held in conjunction with the 26th SC

OR

General

Meeting,

and w

as co-sponsored

by the

Japan O

ceanographic Society,

Hydrospheric

Atm

ospheric Research C

entre of Nagoya U

niversity and PICES. A

NPSG

meeting w

as organized im

mediately after the w

orkshop to discuss: (i) a special issue of Journal of O

ceanography on JGO

FS North Pacific Synthesis; (ii) a C

D-R

OM

with data from

North

Pacific Process Studies; (iii) presentations at the 3rd JGO

FS Open Science C

onference; and (iv) JG

OFS follow

-up programs in the N

orth Pacific.

A 3-day W

orkshop on Ocean surface pC

O2 database and data integration w

ill be held October

6-8, 2003, at the National Institute of Environm

ental Studies, in Tsukuba, Japan. The participants w

ill include both CO

2 research scientists and data managers from

various Data

Centers. The w

orkshop is supported by the Ocean C

arbon Coordination Project, SC

OR

-IOC

C

O2 A

dvisory Panel, PICES, and several Japanese agencies/institutes.

A Topic Session on The im

pacts of climate change on the carbon cycle in the N

orth Pacific w

ill be convened in conjunction with the PIC

ES Thirteenth Annual M

eeting in October 2004

(Honolulu, U

.S.A.). The O

cean Carbon C

oordination Project and SCO

R-IO

C C

O2 A

dvisory Panel are invited to participate in the planning and co-sponsor the session.

A 3-day w

orkshop on In situ iron enrichment experim

ents in the eastern and western subarctic

Pacific will be organized jointly w

ith the PICES Iron Fertilization Experim

ent Advisory Panel

and held February 10-12, 2004, at the Institute of Ocean Sciences, in Sidney, B

ritish C

olumbia, C

anada. Specific objectives of the workshop are (i) to synthesize results from

two

recent in situ iron enrichment experim

ents in the subarctic Pacific (SEEDS-2001 and

SERIES-2002); (ii) determ

ine similarity and differences in biogeochem

ical and ecosystem

responses to iron addition between eastern and w

estern subarctic Pacific; and (iii) to identify specific scientific questions for the longer-term

experiment in the w

estern subarctic Pacific (SEED

S-2004).

Arrangem

ents are in progress for a special session, tentatively entitled Effects of iron enrichm

ent of HN

LC w

aters on atmospheric and oceanic processes, at the A

SLO-TO

S m

eeting to be held February 15-20, 2004 (Honolulu, U

.S.A.).

Method

inter-comparison

studies for

carbonate param

eters: To

improve

the existing

methodology of C

O2

measurem

ents, NPSG

jointly with PIC

ES WG

13 supported several international C

O2

measurem

ent inter-comparison studies: for dissolved inorganic carbon

(DIC

), total alkalinity (TAlk) and the 13C

/12C ratio of the inorganic carbon in seaw

ater. The first tw

o, each followed up w

ith a Technical Workshop in Tsukuba, Japan, w

ere completed in

April 1999 and O

ctober 2000. In all, 14 laboratories (7 from Japan, 4 from

the United States,

and 1 from each of C

anada, China-Taipei and R

epublic of Korea) w

ere involved in the DIC

inter-com

parison; and 12 laboratories (6 from Japan, 3 from

the United States, and 1 from

each of C

anada, Republic of K

orea and Russia) participated in the TA

lk inter-comparison.

The results are included in the PICES Scientific R

eport No. 24 (M

ay 2003) and will be

presented as a poster at the 3rd JGO

FS Open Science C

onference. The results could be sum

marized as follow

s: The present state-of-the-art for the analysis of DIC

in seawater is

mature. M

ost institutions use some variant of the extraction and coulom

etric analysis

30

technique, and provided the instrument is w

ell calibrated then results of good quality can be obtained. O

nce the reported values had been adjusted to a comm

on calibration scale (using the m

easurements m

ade on the Certified R

eference Material), the agreem

ent between the

various laboratories was excellent (± 2 µm

ol kg-1). A

fter adjustment of the reported TA

lk data to a com

mon calibration scale set by the C

ertified Reference M

aterial, the majority of the

results (10 laboratories out of 12) were w

ithin a range of 5 µmol kg–1. The difficulties w

ith this m

easurement cannot be attributed solely to calibration problem

s. Other factors play a

clear role in the uncertainty of these measurem

ents. A robust m

ethod for this parameter is still

needed.

The third inter-comparison on the 13C

/12C ratio of the inorganic carbon in seaw

ater was

initiated in late 2001 and is still ongoing. Participants have been identified (8 laboratories from

Australia, C

anada, China-Taipei, France, G

ermany, Japan and the U

nited States), and sam

ples were distributed in the beginning of D

ecember 2001, and analyzed during 2002. This

activity will be com

pleted this year, and a workshop, if needed, w

ill be convened to discuss the results.

An on-land inter-com

parison of underway and drifting/m

ooring p(CO

2 ) measurem

ent systems

was held M

arch 10-14, 2003, at the National R

esearch Institute of Fishery Engineering, in H

azaki, Japan, with financial support from

the Global Environm

ental Research Prom

otion Fund (M

inistry of Environment, Japan), the N

ational Institute for Environmental Studies

(NIES) and the C

enter for Global Environm

ental Research of N

IES. Altogether, 9 laboratories

from 6 countries (3 from

Japan, 1 from G

ermany, 1 from

New

Zealand, 1 from R

epublic of K

orea, 1 from U

nited Kingdom

and 2 from the U

nited States) participated in the inter-com

parison of underway p(C

O2) system

s, and 3 laboratories from France (1) and the U

nited States (2) in the inter-com

parison of drifting/mooring p(C

O2 ) system

s. The results will be

discussed during the workshop on O

cean surface pCO

2 database and data integration to be held O

ctober 6-8, 2003, at NIES, in Tsukuba, Japan.

CO

2 data integration: In October 2000, N

PSG and PIC

ES WG

13 convened an international N

orth Pacific CO

2 Data Synthesis Sym

posium, co-sponsored by the JST/C

REST Program

and hosted by N

IES in Tsukuba, Japan. At the sym

posium a clear need w

as recognized to identify available and suitable data sets on the oceanic C

O2

system and to develop strategies

(including formats and technologies) for the exchange of C

O2

and related data at the international level.

The implem

entation phase started in 2001 from tw

o workshops that brought C

O2

research scientists and data m

anagers together to discuss the procedures for developing a North Pacific

CO

2database. The first C

O2 D

ata Planning Workshop w

as held at the Institute of Ocean

Sciences (Sidney, Canada) in January 2001, to discuss the likely technical issues involved in

such a project and to plan a second more detailed w

orkshop that was held at the Japan

Oceanographic D

ata Center (Tokyo, Japan) in A

ugust 2001. The objective for the CO

2 Data

Integration Workshop w

as to develop strategies for the exchange of CO

2 and related data at the international level and to exam

ine the technical issues in integrating presently available data into a uniform

data structure or database.

Both w

orkshops met their goals and now

we have a unified plan for data subm

ission and exchange. A

North Pacific data inventory for C

O2 and C

O2 -related data developed by M

IRC

(M

arine Information R

esearch Center, Japan) is now

available on line at picnic.pices.jp. This w

eb site incorporates the extensive information about Japanese cruises and inform

ation about C

anadian (IOS) and U

. S. cruises (linked to CD

IAC

holdings). At present, the inventory is

linked to original data (at other locations on the Internet) wherever practical, and serves

31

various historical data sets as they are digitized. How

ever work is in progress to host som

e datasets at M

IRC

, and to use of the Live Access Server approach so as to provide for

improved data visualization over the Internet.

It was agreed that PIC

ES should continue to provide a venue for data exchange and program

coordination at the international level to ensure optimal use of resources to obtain appropriate

temporal and spatial coverage as w

ell as maxim

um com

parability with historical data. PIC

ES W

G 17 on B

iogeochemical data integration and synthesis (established in 2002 to retain a

scientific focus on the carbon cycle within PIC

ES) in association with existing data centres,

will continue this w

ork to complete the N

orth Pacific database for ocean CO

2and related

parameters and to ensure its continuous update. This effort could be done as part of a joint

effort with the C

limate V

ariability and Predictability Program (C

LIVA

R) and the G

lobal C

arbon Project (GC

P). The next step will be the above m

entioned workshop on O

cean surface pC

O2 database and data integration to be held O

ctober 6-8, 2003.

Some scientific highlights: A

nthropogenic CO

2 . The relatively shallow penetration of

anthropogenic CO

2in the N

orth Pacific (~ 1000 m) is in strong contrast to the A

tlantic distribution, w

here anthropogenic CO

2 has penetrated all the way to the bottom

in the northern high latitudes. These differences result from

the lack of any significant deep- water form

ation in the N

orth Pacific and the long time-scales for replacem

ent of North Pacific deep w

aters from

the south.

In the North Pacific, deep ventilation w

ithin the Kuroshio Extension and the subsequent

circulation in the subtropical gyre generates a strong zonal gradient in the anthropogenic CO

2penetration depth. The zonal gradient is also enhanced by the significant role that the Sea of O

khotsk plays in the formation of N

orth Pacific Intermediate W

ater. The combined effect of

the tilted

density surfaces

and the

younger w

aters w

ith higher

anthropogenic C

O2

concentrations leads to higher total column inventories in the w

estern North Pacific. The gyre

circulation and mixing w

orks to smear out the signal generating the broad feature observed.

The integrated amount of anthropogenic C

O2 in the N

orth Pacific is estimated to be 16.5 Pg C

through 1994 north of the equator but not including the m

arginal seas. This estimate is

approximately 16%

of the amount of anthropogenic C

O2 taken by the global oceans

Iron enrichment experim

ents in the subarctic Pacific. Fe does stimulate photosynthesis,

especially pinnate diatoms, in the Eastern Subarctic Pacific. Fe additions deplete surface

waters in silicate rather than nitrate (silicate depletion occurs naturally also, w

hen Fe inputs are elevated by dust events or eddies), and thus any estim

ates of oceanic sequestration of CO

2by Fe enrichm

ent should take into account Si-limitation (som

ething that is not considered at present). C

hanges in ratios of some elem

ents (e.g., Si/C or Si/N

) show that H

NLC

waters are

efficient at retaining C and N

in the mixed layer, but that there w

as still an enhancement of C

and N

export from the upper into the interm

ediate ocean. The atmospheric com

ponent of SER

IES was both novel and successful: D

MS production (perhaps only slightly enhanced by

Fe addition) did result in DM

S escape to the atmosphere and subsequent oxidation of sulphur.

32

Appendix X

. Southern O

cean Synthesis Group R

eport

Tréguer reported.

From Septem

ber 2002 to May 2003 the SO

SG prepared the Poster Session of the JG

OFS

Final OSC

, Washington D

C, U

SA, 5-8 M

ay 2003. A total of 22 posters w

ill be presented including tw

o general synthesis poster by Paul Tréguer and Uli B

athmann.

New

s from national groups: A

ustralia. Decem

ber 2002 brought good news to the A

ustralian A

ntarctic and Southern O

cean science comm

unity. Science Minister Peter M

cGauran

announced that the bid to replace the Antarctic C


entre with a new

centre w

as successful. The new A

ntarctic Clim

ate & Ecosystem

Cooperative R

esearch Centre

will com

mence July 1, 2003 and has been established for 7 years, through June 30, 2010. The

AC

E Business Plan, including tentative field program

s through 2008 is currently available via the A

ntarctic CR

C w

ebsite ww

w.antcrc.utas.edu.au, under the Special Projects m

enu. AC

E plans include biogeochem

ical process and flux studies which build on the JG

OFS legacy.

Tom Trull (Tom

[email protected]) continues as the A

ustralian mem

ber of the International JG

OFS

Southern O

cean Synthesis

Group.

Brian

Griffiths

(Brian.G

[email protected])

continues as the Australian m

ember of the JG

OFS data m

anagement task team

, and Bronte

Tilbrook (Bronte.Tilbrook@

csiro.au) continues as the Australian m

ember of the JG

OFS SSC

.

Germ

any. New

papers to be noted in addition to contributions already published in 2002 in different issues of volum

e N° 49 of D

eep-Sea Research II (cruise A

NT-X

III/2 of RV

Polarstern &

SO-JG

OFS Sym

posium volum

es):

Hense I., Tim

merm

ann R., B

eckmann A

., Bathm

ann U. (2003). R

egional and Interannual V

ariability of Ecosystem D

ynamics in the Southern O

cean, Ocean D

ynamics, 53, 1-10.

Rutgers van der Loeff M

.M., Friedrich J., G

eibert W., H

anfland C., H

öltzen H., V

öge I., W

alter H.J. (2003). R

adionuclides as tracers for particle flux and transport of water m

asses in the A

tlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, SFB

261 Synthesis Volum

e: The South Atlantic in

the Late Quaternary - R

econstruction of Material B

udget and Current system

s. Wefer G

., R

atmeyer V

. and Meinecke G

. Eds.

Frank M., R

utgers van der Loeff M.M

., Kubik P.W

., Mangini A

. (2002). Quasi-conservative

behaviour of 10Be in deep w

aters of the Weddell Sea and the A

tlantic sector of the Antarctic

Circum

polar Current, E

arth and Planetary Science Letters, 201, 171-186.

Friedrich J., Rutgers van der Loeff M

.M. (2002). A

two-tracer (210Po-234Th) approach to

distinguish organic carbon and biogenic silica export flux in the Antarctic C

ircumpolar

Current,D

eep-Sea Research I, 49, 101-120.

Usbeck

R.,

Rutgers

van der

Loeff M

., H

oppema

M.,

Schlitzer R

. (2002).

Shallow

remineralization in the W

eddell Gyre, G

eochemistry geophysics geosystem

s, Vol. 3, N

o. 1, 10.1029/2001G

C000182.

Strass V.H

., Bathm

ann U.V

., Rutgers van der Loeff M

.M., Sm

etacek V. (2002). M

esoscale physics, biogeochem

istry and ecology of the Antarctic Polar Front, A

tlantic Sector: An

Introduction to and summ

ary of, Deep-Sea R

esearch II, 49, 3707-3711.

33

Contribution to a public book. Sm

etacek V., B

athmann U

.V., R

iebesell U., Strass V

.H.

(2002). Experimentelle M

eeresforschung: Eisendüngung im Südpolarm

eer, in: Der O

zean - Lebensraum

und Klim

asteuerung / Weltw

eite Meeresforschung in B

remen und B

remerhaven,

Hrsg. G

. Hem

pel, Jahrbuch 2001/2002 Wittheit zu B

remen, V

erlag H.M

. Hauschild, B

remen,

105-114.

USA

. Publication of the 3rd A

ESOPS volum

e:

Smith W

.O.Jr and R

.F. Anderson (2003). U

.S. Southern Ocean JG

OFS Program

(AESO

PS) - Part II. D

eep-Sea Research II, 50(3-4), pp. 529-852.

34

Appendix X

I. C

oastal Margins T

ask Team

Report

Quiñones reported.

Current C

MT

T M

embership

Larry Atkinson (C

o-Chair), LO

ICZ, C

enter for Coastal Physical O

ceanography, Old

Dom

inion University, U

SA

Renato Q

uiñones (Co-C

hair), JGO

FS, Departam

ento de Oceanografia, U

niversidad de C

oncepción, Chile

Shu Gao, LO

ICZ, Institute of O

ceanology, Chinese A

cademy of Sciences, C

hina K

on-Kee. Liu, JG

OFS, Institute of O

ceanography, National Taiw

an University, Taiw

an R

obie W. M

acdonald, JGO

FS, Research Scientist, Institute of O

cean Sciences, Canada

Liana Talaue-McM

anus, LOIC

Z, Rosenstiel School of M

arine and Atm

ospheric Science, U

niversity of Miam

i, USA

Overall goal of the C

MT

T

Assess the contribution of continental m

argins and seas to CO

2 sequestration and horizontal flux of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus across the ocean-continental m

argin boundary.

Main activities of the C

MT

T for the 2002/2003 period

During this period, the C

MTT has allocated m

ost of its efforts in producing an overall synthesis and assessm

ent of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes on and across continental m

argins to feed into the IGB

P program. This synthesis w

ill be given to the international com

munity as a com

prehensive book, which w

ill be published in 2004.

Following the JG

OFS SSC

meeting held in C

hile (23-24 September 2002), the C

MTT got

together in Washington (4-6 D

ecember 2003) to analyze the status of the book and generate

policies to accelerate its completion. Larry A

tkinson hosted the meeting. In addition to current

CM

TT mem

bers, the following scientists w

ere invited to the meeting: G

. Brunskill, A

. Chen,

R. Jahnke, and J. Sharples. Shu G

ao could not attend the meeting.

One of the decisions taken at the W

ashington meeting w

as that K.K

. Liu would be the m

ain editor of the book and he w

ould centralize –with the help of the co-editors (A

tkinson, Q

uiñones, and Talaue-McM

anus) - the comm

unications with the authors and review

ers of the chapters. In addition, the C

MTT requested to JG

OFS and LO

ICZ support for an assistant for

K.K

Liu.

After the W

ashington meeting, the contact w

ith the chapter’s authors has intensified. The review

ing process of the chapters received also started. I attach a document w

ith the present status of each of the chapters of the book prepared by K

.K Liu. The level of advance am

ong the chapters is heterogeneous and about 14 have been already turned in. The vast m

ajority of the rem

aining chapters will be finished before June 2003. The book should be ready for

sending it to Springer Verlag by the end of this year and published during 2004.

Roger H

anson submitted officially on 20 M

arch the book proposal to IGB

P for final approval. The final approval by IG

BP is expected in late O

ctober 2003.

35

Appendix X

II. P

aleo-JGO

FS T

ask Team

Report

Lochte reported (in a written report presented by H

anson).

Mem

bers of the PJTT met alongside the O

CEA

NS conference in Paris in January 2003 to

discuss the future of this task team. Its present aim

, namely to introduce the paleo-aspect into

the new science plan of O

CEA

NS, w

as completed. In 2002 an Expression of Interest w

as subm

itted to the EU and has in the m

eantime resulted in a call open in O

ctober 2003 for a targeted program

me (STR

EP) aimed at im

proving understanding and use of paleo-proxies. Presently, a proposal for a SC

OR

Working group w

as submitted under the title “A

nalysing the links betw

een present oceanic processes and paleo-records”. The objective of this working

group is to foster the development of proxies indicative of changes in past ecosystem

s and paleo-productivity. It is planned that this group provides a link and inform

ation exchange betw

een the different IGB

P and WC

RP m

arine projects with interest in paleo-records. If

successful this group would continue and expand the w

ork of the PJTT beyond the life-time

of JGO

FS.

36

Appendix X

III. International O

cean Colour C

oordinating Group R

eport

Platt reported.

The IOC

CG

Com

mittee m

et for the 8th time in Florence, Italy (24-26 February 2003).

Participants were w

elcomed in the m

agnificent Tribuna di Galileo, a historic gallery w

ith a statue of G

alileo and decorated with a series of frescoes depicting som

e of the fundamental

mom

ents in the history of physics.

Com

mittee m

embers review

ed the progress of the various IOC

CG

working groups. To date

there are six active working groups, tw

o of which are nearing com

pletion and are expected to publish their findings in the form

of an IOC

CG

report. These include the Working G

roup on D

ata-Binning Issues (C

hair: David A

ntoine) and the Working G

roup on Com

parison of A

tmospheric C

orrection Algorithm

s (Chair: M

enghua Wang). In addition, tw

o proposals were

received to establish new IO

CC

G w

orking groups: the Ocean-C

olour Algorithm

Working

Group (C

hair: Zhong Ping Lee) and the Working G

roup on Biogeographical M

ethods (Chair:

Mark D

owell). D

etails of these working groups w

ill be available on the IOC

CG

website

shortly. Participants were also briefed on the status of the current and future ocean-colour

sensors.

The Com

mittee also addressed capacity building initiatives and agreed to sponsor or

coordinate a number of new

activities, including a South Pacific Training course (to be held in B

risbane, see

ww

w.ioccg.org/training/brisbane/announcem

ent.doc), and

the Southern

Hem

isphere C

ruise (see

announcement

on IO

CC

G

website:

ww

w.ioccg.org/training/pogo_ioccg/beagle/beagle.htm

l). Preliminary plans for a N

ASD

A-

sponsored training course to be held in Indonesia were also presented to the C

omm

ittee.

A full report on the 8th IO

CC

G C

omm

ittee meeting w

ill be available in due course on the IO

CC

G w

ebsite (see ww

w.ioccg.org/reports/ioccg_m

eeting8.html).

37

Appendix X

IV.

JGO

FS F

unds and Budget for 2002

Year 2002 (F

inal) JG

OF

S SSC, SG

and TT

Activities

Sources E

xpected (U

SD)

Confirm

ed (U

SD)

Purpose

SCO

R Funds

85 00085 000

JGO

FS SSC m

eeting and group activities IG

BP Secretariat Funds

20 14520 145

SSC m

eeting IG

BP Secretariat 2001 carryover

2 0002 000

Springer-Verlag Publication/Technical

IOC

funds 9 100

7 761C

MTT regional w

orkshop (returned the balance) IO

C funds

13 00013 000

CM

TT Global Synthesis W

orkshop IO

C final instalm

ent (Ocean Transport)

895

JGO

FS WO

CE W

orkshop (2001) LO

ICZ funds

15 00015 000

CM

TT workshop &

Global Synthesis

SCO

R residual form

2001 8 332

8 332held at the SC

OR

Secretariat SC

OR

residual form 2000

20 17320 173

held at the UiB

Subtotal

172 750172 306

Activities

Budgeted

Expenses

Com

ments

SSC M

eeting (11) 40 000

20 392C

oncepción, Chile

Executive Meeting (5)

10 000cancelled

C

MTT (10-12)--Subpolar w

orkshop 5 000

7 923Joint c/ LO

CIZ and IO

C

CM

TT (10-12)--Global Synthesis w

orkshop 20 000

13 927Joint c/ LO

CIZ and IO

C

JGTT

10 00010 000

Workshop_Ispra_Joint w

ith GSW

G

NA

SG

deferred 0

3 meetings

DM

TT 10 000

3 654B

usiness Mtg

DM

TT 5 000

4 142Ispra_D

ataset Rescue

DM

TT deferred

0B

remerhaven_Pangaea

PJTT cancelled

724Joint c/ PA

GES (expenses pd in 2002)

IOSG

364A

d hoc Mtg in H

awaii

SOSG

10 000

13 438Synthesis W

orkshop, Honolulu, H

awaii

EPSG

10 0009 140

Modeller w

orkshop & business m

tg, misc (full budget

34K)

NPSG

3 208M

eeting and Session @ PIC

ES IX

GSW

G (+ JG

TT)) 20 000

18 695W

orkshop_Ispra_Joint c/ JGTT

Other m

eetings and expenses

IGB

P Book m

anaging editor

849Fasham

's request for Angela B

ayfield O

SC Planning C

omm

ittee (Haugan)

1 270

Feb Meeting in H

onolulu/ASLO

OSM

SC

OR

Secretariat 6 000

6 000travel expenses for gov’t em

ployees JG

OFS Synthesis B

ook/IOSG

Book

2 0000

IGB

P-$2K, Technical layout @

Springer-Verlag

JGO

FS Reports Series

U

iB Funds

Corrections to the SC

OR

account 2001

4 415D

ouble accounting on 2001 budgets IGB

P & SC

OR

Subtotal 148 000

118 141

Balance

24 75054 165

38

Appendix X

V.

JGO

FS F

unds and Budget for 2003 (in progress)

Year 2003 (as of M

ay 2003)

SOU

RC

ES

Budget

(USD

) E

xpected F

unds (USD

) P

urpose SC

OR

Funds 85 000

85 000JG

OFS SSC

meeting and

Com

mittee activities

IGB

P Secretariat Funds 20 145

20 145SSC

meeting

SCO

R carryover from

2000 20 173

20 173held at U

iB

SCO

R carryover from

2001 8 332

8 332held at the SC

OR

Secretariat SC

OR

carryover from 2002

~2 000~2 000

held at the SCO

R Secretariat

LOIC

Z and IGB

P carryover from 2001 and

200218 650

18 650held at U

iB

Fund raising for LDC

scientists_OSC

33 000

33 000IO

C, SC

OR

, IAI, A

PN, and

STAR

T Subtotal

187 300187 300

A

CT

IVIT

IES

Budgeted

Expenses

Com

ments

SSC M

eeting (16) plus OSC

Participation 40 000

W

ashington DC

Executive M

eeting (5) 15 000

B

ergen (Solstrand Hotel)

Executives and Sponsors Banquet

Bergen (Solstrand H

otel) C

MTT (5-8)

10 000

Book M

eeting, Technical Layout JG

TT 0

0

NA

SG

11 0003 200

Mtg in Toulouse and Paris

DM

TT 10 000

7 000B

OD

C M

eeting D

MTT

3 0002 980

Pangaea Meeting (technical)

PJTT 0

0

IOSG

5 000

B

ook Editors Mtg

SOSG

0

0

EPSG

10 000

Chai, M

urray, Mackey

NPSG

10 000

m

eeting and CD

RO

M production

GSW

G

cancelled0

Meeting cancelled (14 Feb)

Other m

eetings and expenses

GLO

BEC

Workshop

2 000

Trophic foodweb m

odelling/Chai

IGB

P Congress (B

anff) 10 000

B

ychkov, Lowry, A

vril, Hanson,

and Lochte IG

BP/SC

OR

OC

EAN

S OSC

N

ASG

Paris, France_D

avid Siegel C

MTT B

ook (manager/supplies)

3 0003 000

Book M

anager, part-time, Taipei

JGO

FS Synthesis Book/IO

SG B

ook 2 000

IG

BP-$2K

, Technical layout @

Springer-Verlag

3rd JGO

FS OSC

_speakers 20 000

3rd OSC

Receptions

NA

S and Smithsonian

3rd OSC

Invitees from IPO

Johannessen, Sakshaug

3rd OSC

Eastern European Scientists 7 500

Oguz (Turkey), A

hmed (O

man)

and Kutub (Israel)

LDC

Scientists for the 3rd OSC

33 000

IA

I, APN

, SCO

R, and STA

RT

DM

DV

D Production/copying

OSC

hand out JG

OFS R

eports Series

SpringerVerlag_Fasham

book_bulk order 2 000

2 000O

SC and SSC

gifts, best poster gifts, etc

Subtotal198 500

18 180

Balance

-11 200169 120

39

Appendix X

VI.

JGO

FS C

alendars for 2002 and 2003

Year 2002

29-30 January, Washington D

C, U

SA. D

ata Managem

ent Task Team M

eeting. Contact:

Margarita C

onkright, Ocean C

limate Laboratory, E/O

C5, 1315 East-W

est Highw

ay, Silver Spring, M

D 20910, U

SA. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303. The report

for this meeting is now

available within the International JG

OFS R

eport No. 37, entitled

"Data M

anagement Task Team

Meeting M

inutes, January 2002 & June 2000" edited in

August 2002.

11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, H

awaii, U

SA. D

uring the 2002 Ocean Sciences M

eeting organised by A

GU

and ASLO

, special sessions or meetings w

ere sponsored by JGO

FS for the SO

SG (O

S04. The Cycle of C

arbon in the Southern Ocean", chaired by Paul Tréguer, U

lrich B

athmann, Tom

Trull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane B

lain), the EPSG (R

obert Le Borgne) and

the NA

SG (V

éronique Garçon).

16-17 February 2002, Honolulu, H

I, USA

. SOSG

Synthesis Workshop: "The C

ycle of Carbon

in the Southern Ocean". C

ontact: Paul Tréguer and Ulrich B

athmann. A

short Report prepared

after this SOSG

Meeting is now

available.

16-18 April, Southam

pton, UK

. Continental M

argin Task Team W

orkshop on Subpolar R

egions. Contact: Jonathan Sharples, School of O

cean and Earth Science, Southampton

Oceanography C

entre, European Way, Southam

pton SO14 3ZH

, United K

ingdom. Tel. +44

23 8059 649; Fax +44 23 8059 3059

22-26 April, N

ice, France. During the forthcom

ing European Geophysical Society 27th

General A

ssembly, a special session "O

A8. B

iogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the

Atlantic O

cean", chaired by W. K

oeve, J. Aiken and V

. Garçon w

as sponsored by JGO

FS for the N

ASG

.

24-27 June, EU-JR

C, Ispra, Italy. Joint W

orkshop entitled "Global O

cean Productivity and the Fluxes of C

arbon and Nutrients: C

ombining O

bservations and Models" organized by the

Global Synthesis W

orking Group and JG

OFS/G

AIM

Task Team, in Ispra, June 2002.

Contact: R

einer Schlitzer and Patrick Monfray. A

short Report after this joint M

odelling w

orkshop is now available.

28 June, EU-JR

C, Ispra, Italy. D

ata-Rescue / C

apacity-Building M

eeting C

ontact: Bernard A

vril or Margarita C

onkright. An unofficial R

eport prepared after this "D

ata-Rescue" M

eeting is now available online.

17-19 September, O

rono, ME, U

SA. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis M

eeting and Workshop

Contact: R

obert Le Borgne, C

entre IRD

, B.P. A

5, F-98848 Noum

éa Cedex, Tel. +33 4 9104

1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, FRA

NC

E; Fei Chai, School of M

arine Sciences, University of

Maine, O

rono, ME 04469-5741, U

SA, Tel. +1 207 581 4317, Fax. +1 207 581 4388. A

short R

eport after this workshop is now

available.

23-25 September, C

oncepción, Chile. 17th JG

OFS Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee Meeting

Contact: R

oger Hanson, JG


ffice, SMR

, University of B

ergen, PO

Box 7800, 5020 B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687. The minutes

from the 16th JG

OFS SSC

meeting (A

msterdam

, July 2001) have been approved and are now

on-line.

40

1-2 October, Sapporo, Japan. N

orth Pacific Synthesis Group M

eeting and Symposium

for the N

orth Pacific synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for H

ydrospheric-Atm

ospheric Science, N


higusa-Ku, N


N, Tel. +81 52

789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436.

late Fall, Sidney, B.C

., Canada. N

orth Pacific Synthesis Group editorial m

eeting for an issue of the Journal of O

ceanography on JGO

FS NP synthesis. C

ontact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for H

ydrospheric-Atm

ospheric Science, Nagoya U


u, Nagoya 464-

8601, JAPA

N, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436

18-22 Novem

ber 2002, San Antonio, Texas, U

SA. W

orld Ocean C

irculation Experiment

(WO

CE) and B

eyond Conference. C

ontact: WO

CE International Project O

ffice, Southampton

Oceanography C

entre, University of Southam

pton, European Way, Southam

pton, SO14 3ZH

, U

K,

Tel: +44

2380 596789,

Fax: +44

2380 596204,

woceipo@

soc.soton.ac.uk or

woce2002@

tamu.edu.

25-27 N

ovember

2002, B

russels, B

elgium.

Colour

of O

cean D

ata: a

symposium

on

oceanographic data and information m

anagement w

ith special attention to biological data C

ontact: c/o Edward V

anden Berghe, The C

olour of Ocean D

ata, Vism

ijn, Pakhuizen 45-52, 8400 O

ostende, Belgium

, Fax: +32-59-34 21 31.

4-6 Decem

ber, Washington D

C, U

SA. C

ontinental Margin Task Team

Workshop for the

Global Synthesis of the 5 R

egional Syntheses. Contact: Larry A

tkinson, Center for C

oastal Physical O

ceanography, Old D

ominion U


A 23529-0276, U

SA, Tel. +1

757 683 4926, Fax. +1 757 683 5550; Renato Q

uiñones, Departam

ento de Oceanografia,

Universidad de C


, Concepción, C

HILE, Tel. +56 41 203861, Fax.

+56 41 256571.

Year 2003

7-10 January, Paris, FRA

NC

E. International Open Science M

eeting "OC

EAN

S: Ocean

Biogeochem

istry and Ecosystems A

nalysis", co-sponsored by IGB

P and SCO

R. C

ontact: SC

OR

Secretariat, scor@dm

v.com or IG

BP Secretariat, W

endy Broadgate.

7 January,

Toulouse, France.

4th N

orth A

tlantic Synthesis

Group

Meeting.

Contact:

Véronique G

arçon, LEGO

S/GR

GS/C

NR

S, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse C

edex - FR

AN

CE - Tel. (33) 56 133 2957

20-24 January, Punta Arenas, C

HILE. 18th SC

-IGB

P Meeting. C

ontact: Clem

encia Widlund,

IGB

P Secretariat or Roger H

anson, JGO


R, U

niversity of B

ergen, PO B

ox 7800, 5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687

27-29 January, MA

RU

M, B

remen, G

ERM

AN

Y. PA

NG

AEA

-JGO

FS Data M

anagement

Workshop. C

ontact: Bernard A

vril, JGO

FS International Project Office, U

niversity of Bergen,

Post Box 7800, N

-5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687

24-25 February 2003, Goa, IN

DIA

. International Workshop on B

iogeochemical Processes in

the Northern Indian O

cean. Contact: V

enugopalan Ittekkot, Centre for Tropical M

arine Ecology

(ZMT),

University

of B

remen,

Fahrenheitsstrasse -

1, D

-28359 -

Brem

en, G

ERM

AN

Y, Tel. +49 421 23800 21, Fax. +49 421 23800 30

41

3-7 March 2003, U

NESC

O H

Qs, Paris, FR

AN

CE. 17th Session of the IO

C C

omm

ittee on International

Oceanographic

Data

and Inform

ation Exchange

(IOD

E). C

ontact: Peter

Pissierssens, Intergovernmental O

ceanographic Com

mission of U

NESC

O, 1 rue M

iollis, 75732 Paris C

edex 15, FRA

NC

E or Bernard A

vril, JGO

FS International Project Office,

University of B


-5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax:

+47 5558 9687

13-15 March 2003, B

OD

C, M

erseyside, UK

. Data M

anagement Task Team

Meeting.

Contact: M

argarita Conkright, O

cean Clim

ate Laboratory, E/OC

5, 1315 East-West H

ighway,

Silver Spring, MD

20910, USA

. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303 or B

ernard Avril, JG




-5020 B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687

7-11 April 2003, N

ice, FRA

NC

E. European Geophysical U

nion (EGS/EU

G) / A

merican

Geophysical U

nion Joint Assem

bly. Contact: EG

S Office, EG

U O

ffice or AG

U M

ember

Service Center. D

uring the forthcoming 2003 EG

U / A

GU

Joint Assem

bly, several special sessions are dedicated to them

es related to JGO

FS: BG

1.04 Biogeochem

istry of dissolved organic m

atter in marine and freshw

ater environments -- R

ochelle-New

all E., McK

night D.,

Carlson C

. / BG

1.05 Metabolic balance of biogeochem

ical fluxes in the global ocean. Perspectives and problem

s -- Rivkin R

., Legendre L., Robinson C

. / B

G1.06 C

oastal biogeochem

istry and its response to anthropogenic perturbations: inputs, gas exchange, carbon and nutrient cycling -- G

attuso J., Frankignoulle M., Thom

as H., Sm

ith S. / BG

3.03R

esponse of marine organism

s and ecosystems to global environm

ental change -- Riebesell

U., K

arl D., G

attuso J. / CL

11.18 The Southern Ocean's role in present and past clim

ate -- G

ersonde R., Tréguer P., Schofield O

. / OS10 O

pen Session on the Biogeochem

istry of the O

ceanic Carbon C

ycle -- Follows M

., Koeve W

. / OS11 Eddy and frontal scale processes in

ocean biogeochemistry: observations and m

odels -- Mém

ery L., McG

uillicuddy D., W

illiams

R. /

OS12 Iron resources and oceanic nutrients: advancem

ent of global environment

simulations -- D

e Baar H

., Lancelot C., M

aier-Reim

er E.

4 May, W

ashington DC

, USA

. 18th JGO


mittee M

eeting. Contact:

Roger H

anson, JGO


R, U

niversity of Bergen, PO

Box

7800, 5020 Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687

5-8 May, W

ashington DC

, USA

. Final JGO

FS Open Science C

onference. Contact: R

oger H

anson, JGO


R, U

niversity of Bergen, PO

Box 7800, 5020

Bergen, N

OR

WA

Y. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687 or K

en Buesseler, D

epartment

of Marine C

hemistry and G

eochemistry, W

HO

I, MS 25, W

oods Hole, M

A 02543, U

SA, Tel:

+1 508 289 2309 Fax: +1 508 457 2193

26 September 2003, B

ergen, NO

RW

AY

. JGO

FS Executive Meeting. C

ontact: Roger H

anson, JG


ffice, SMR

, University of B

ergen, PO B

ox 7800, 5020 Bergen,

NO

RW

AY

. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687

16-19 Novem

ber 2003, Trieste, ITALY

. Young G

lobal Change Scientists C

onference. See updated STA

RT Y

oung Scientists' Global C

hange Conference -- 1st A

nnouncement

NPSG

meeting (To be determ

ined), IOSG

meeting (To be determ

ined), CM

TT meeting (To

be determined)

42

Appendix X

VII.

Tasks rem

aining to closing the International Project O

ffices

Mailing and Em

ail Lists (organizations, scientists)

Office docum

ents (historical papers, letters, etc.)

O

riginals documents (and copies)

How

much physical space is required for storage?

How

should office documents be m

aintained or archived? W

hat is the weight of hard copies?

Shipment Expense

Financial Files

O

fficial Docum

ents (originals) C

ore Project Folder (copies) A

dministrative C

ontact Point (details) C

ore Project Reports and N

ewsletters (transferred to)

Host Institution

National Libraries

Institute Libraries R

esearch Database (transferred to the W

orld Data C

entre system)

National D

atasets (Metadata and observations)

International Datasets (M

etadata and observations)

C

ruise Report from

Chief Scientists

JGO

FS Website

Past and acting W

eb Adm

inistrators (contact details)

What is the size (M

b)?

Hard copy availability

Electronic files (C

D R

OM

or DV

D)

Copying Expense

Executive Officer and A

ssistant Executive Officer transfer

International Moving Expense (hom

e)

43

Appendix XVIII. JGOFS Core Parameter List (This list has been further updated after the SSC meeting)Group Parameter Method (see also JGOFS Report 19) Unit

CTD Pressure dbar Temperature CDissolved Oxygen µmol l-1

Downwelling Irradiance (PAR) Scalar (2- ), Vector (cosine collector) W m-2, µEinstein m-2 s-1

Depth in water m (positive) Salinity . (practical salinity units) Fluorescence µgChl. a l-1

Beam Attenuation Coefficient m-1

Discrete Dissolved Oxygen µmol kg-1

measurements Nitrite Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1

Nitrate + Nitrite Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1

Ortho-Phosphate Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1

Silicate Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1

Nitrate Autoanalyzer, Spectrophotometer (manual) µmol l-1

Total alkalinity (TAlk) µmol kg-1

Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) µmol kg-1

seawater pCO2/fCO2 µatm

pCO2/fCO2 measurement temperature C

pH seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale . (no unit)

when appropriate, the conversion factor for unit

per “kg-1” or per “l-1” should be included for each

depth, along with the calculated potential density

excess (kg m-3) and the measurement temperature

pH measurement temperature C

44

Pigments Chlorophyllide b HPLC ng l-1

Chlorophyllide a HPLC ng l-1

Chlorophyll c3 HPLC ng l-1

Chlorophyll c1+c2 & Chl. Mg 3,8DVP a5

HPLC ng l-1

Peridinin HPLC ng l-1

19' - Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1

Fucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1

19' - Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin HPLC ng l-1

Prasinoxanthin HPLC ng l-1

Pyrophaeophorbide a HPLC ng l-1

Diadinoxanthin HPLC ng l-1

Alloxanthin HPLC ng l-1

Diatoxanthin HPLC ng l-1

Lutein HPLC ng l-1

Zeaxanthin HPLC ng l-1

Chlorophyll b HPLC ng l-1

Chlorophyll a HPLC ng l-1

Phaeophytin b HPLC ng l-1

Phaeophytin a HPLC ng l-1

- Carotene HPLC ng l-1

- Carotene HPLC ng l-1

45

Chlorophyll a Fluorometric µg l-1

Phaeopigments Fluorometric µg l-1

Mass Particulate Organic Carbon CHN µmol-C l-1

Particulate Nitrogen CHN µmol-N l-1

Dissolved Organic Carbon HTCO µmol-C l-1

Total Dissolved Nitrogen UV, Persulfate, HTC µmol-N l-1

Dissolved Organic Phosphorus method to be specified nmol-P l-1

Particulate Biogenic Silica NaOH digestion nmol-Si l-1

Phytoplankton New Production 15N nmol-N l-1 d-1

Primary Production 14C µmol-C l-1 d-1Production

Integrated Primary Production 14C mmol-C m-2 d-1

Bacteria Bacteria Plankton Abundance cells l-1

Bacteria Production Methyl-tritiated Thymidine pmol l-1 h-1

Bacteria Production Tritiated Leucine pmol l-1 h-1

Microzooplankton biomass microscopy µmol-C l-1

herbivory µmol-C l-1 d-1

phytoplankton grazing rate dilution technique µmol-C l-1 d-1

methodology should include specifications on size range

and sampling depth

sampling depth layer range m Mesozooplankton biomass dry weight, ash-free dry weight, carbon mg m-3

displacement volume ml m-3methodology should include specifications on size range

and sampling depth wet mass mg m-3

46

sampling depth layer range m Respiration rate oxygen concentration variation µmol-O mg-C d-1

Nitrogen excretion rate ammonium or total nitrogen concentration variation

µmol-N mg-C d-1

Phosphorus excretion rate phosphate or total phosphorus concentration variation

µmol-P mg-C d-1

Ingestion rate particle concentration variation µmol-C mg-C d-1

Rate of phytoplankton ingestion gut fluorescence ng-Chl mg-C d-1

Sediment Traps Mass Flux Sediment trap (dry weight) mg m-2 d-1

Particulate Organic Carbon Flux Sediment trap µmol-C m-2 d-1

Particulate Nitrogen Flux Sediment trap µmol-N m-2 d-1

CO2 system seawater pCO2/fCO2 µatm

intake or in situ temperature °C intake or in situ salinity . (practical salinity units) pressure in equilibrator kPa temperature in equilibrator °C air pCO2/fCO2 µatm

pH seawater scale, NBS scale, TRIS scale . (no unit) pH measurement temperature °C Total alkalinity (TAlk) µmol kg-1

continuous measurements

Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) µmol kg-1

Iron dissolved Fe concentration nmol l-1

specific Fe uptake pmol (µg-Chl a)-1 h-1

47

Appendix X

IX.

Data R

escue Report

48

Appendix X

X.

JGO

FS-Pangaea Meeting R

eport

49

Appendix X

XI.

Letters to the A

gencies

[date] [address, see A

ppendix XX

I] R

ef. JGO

FS/…

Subject: Data M

anagement for future ocean biogeochem

istry/climate program

mes: Lessons

learned from JG

OFS

Dear D

r. …,

This letter concerns the issue of data managem

ent for ocean biogeochemistry in new

research program

mes being planned under the auspices of IG

BP and SC

OR

. We believe that this m

atter is highly relevant for you, but if you know

of a colleague who is m

ore directly responsible with

support and funding as well as m

anagement of ocean data in your institution, w

e would be

grateful if you could also pass our letter to that person. The

JGO

FS Project

has been

highly successful

in providing

new

insights into

global biogeochem

ical cycling in the oceans through a multi-national effort. A

considerable effort was

invested in new m

easurements of ocean properties during JG

OFS. Y

et a much sm

aller stress was

directed toward ensuring the accessibility and ultim

ate stewardship of these expensive and

irreplaceable data

through a

coordinated international

data m

anagement

effort. A

s new

program

mes are being designed and im

plemented, w

e must learn from

the JGO

FS data m

anagement experience. The follow

ing list is a set of recomm

endations for new program

mes to

consider: •

Establishment and support of a centralized International Project D

ata Centre responsible

for: acquisition of data, data access, and distribution of data to the World D

ata Centres system

to ensure its long-term

archival; •

Establishment and support of experienced/full-tim

e national data coordinators who w

ill: identify cruises and Principal Investigators (PIs) associated w

ith the national programm

es, work

with PIs to ensure data and m

etadata are complete and in com


ats and subm

it data to the International Project Data C

entre; •

Setting of a time lim

it before which all countries participating in the program

me m

ust subm

it their data to the Data C

entre; •

Establishment of a coherent set of standards for reporting data and m

etadata; •

Working w

ith funding agencies to ensure compliance w

ith programm

e data policies. These recom

mendations are designed to ensure the rapid dissem

ination of data and its long-term

preservation and accessibility. D

uring the JGO

FS Project, key biological and chemical variables w

ere sampled by over 20

countries at the regional scale (process studies in the North A

tlantic, Arabian Sea, Equatorial

Pacific, Southern Ocean and N

orth Pacific), global scale (carbon survey) and from long-term

m

easurements at key ocean sites. A

s we proceed w

ith the final synthesis and modelling phases of

JGO

FS, it is likely that JGO

FS may fall short in providing a satisfactory data legacy for future

generations.

50

The JGO

FS data managem

ent plan was set up so each nation had a data coordinator responsible

for that nation’s data. Data are either m

anaged by a national JGO

FS data manager (e.g.,

Australia, C

anada, France, Germ

any, India, Japan, U.K

. and U.S.), or reside w

ith individual PIs. A

Data M

anagement Task Team

(DM

TT) was form

ed to coordinate the data managem

ent efforts, but in effect, the D

MTT does not represent all nations involved in JG

OFS activities, and

does not have the manpow

er or financial resources to go far beyond coordination and cataloguing of data collections carried out nationally. The lack of a centralized International Project D

ata Centre severely ham

pers the use of JGO

FS data for synthesis and model validation,

now and in the future.

Additional problem

s identified with the current JG

OFS D

ata Managem

ent are: •

Am

biguity in many countries as to w

hat constitutes a JGO

FS cruise; •

No tim

e limit, and in m

ost countries, no requirement for delivery of data to a D

ata Centre

from w

here it can be properly archived and disseminated;

• R

eluctance by PIs to share data; •

Data in diverse form

ats with incom

plete documentation or m

issing key core JGO

FS param

eters.

Efforts to acquire funds to compile all JG

OFS international data into a com

mon file and data

format, to be distributed internationally, have thus far failed in the U

.S. Other national funding

agencies have also been approached, in vain. These efforts failed mainly because such

supporting activities, although extremely im

portant to make optim

al use of the scientific data, have fared poorly in com

petition with proposals to initiate new

science projects. This is very unfortunate, since the acquisition of data is very costly com

pared to the small cost of effective

data managem

ent.

JGO

FS was proactive in setting a data policy and establishing an international data m

anagement

comm

ittee very early in the Project, and the JGO

FS system becam

e a model for other

programm

es (e.g., GLO

BEC

). Yet, in spite of this effort and because of the com

plexity of interdisciplinary data and of JG

OFS itself, m

uch remains to be done to secure the accessibility of

all data collected in the Project. We offer these recom

mendations to the planners of the next

generation of ocean programm

es, to help all move tow

ard a new and better, integrated data

managem

ent system in the next few

years.

We are very interested in your view

s on the data managem

ent issue facing future programm

es and invite you to share your thoughts w

ith us. We w

ill be passing on a more com

prehensive view

of the JGO

FS experience to planners of the next generation of ocean research programm

es and look forw

ard to your input.

Sincerely,

[signature]

[signature]

[signature] H

ugh Ducklow

Margarita C

onkright B

ernard Avril

(Chair, JG

OFS SSC

) (C

hair, JGO

FS DM

TT) (A

sst. Exec. Officer, JG

OFS IPO

)

51

Appendix X

XII. A

gencies’ Addresses

Charles A

llen, CSIR

O, PO

Box 225, D

ickson A

CT 2602, A

ustralia R

obin Batterham

, Chief Scientist, D

ept. of Education, Science and Training, Location C

ode 742, G

PO B

ox 9880, Canberra AC

T 2601, A

ustralia

Geoff G

arrett, CSIR

O C

hief Executive, C

SIRO

, PO B

ox 225, Dickson, A

CT 2602,

Australia

Nan B

ray, Chief, C

SIRO

Marine Research

Division, G

PO B

ox 1538, Hobart, Tasm

ania 7001, A

ustralia

Veronica Sakell, D

irector, National O

ceans O

ffice, GPO

Box 2139, H

obart, Tasmania

7000, Australia

The Director, A

ustralian Antarctic D

ivision, C

hannel Highw

ay, Kingston, Tasm

ania 7050, A

ustralia

Neil W

illiams, C

hief Executive Officer,

Geoscience A

ustralia, GPO

Box 378 C

anberra, A

CT 2601, A

ustralia

Norbury R

ogers, Chairm

an, Australian Institute of

Marine Science (A

IMS), PM

B N

o. 3, Townsville

MC

, Queensland, 4810, A

ustralia

Tom B

rzustowski, President, N

atural Sciences and Engineering R

esearch Council of C

anada (N

SERC

), 350 Albert Street, O

ttawa, O

ntario, K

1A 1H

5, Canada

Peter Doherty, R

esearch Director, A

ustralian Institute of M

arine Science, PMB

No. 3,

Townsville M

C, Q

ueensland 4810, Australia

Dave G

raham, President, A

ustralian Marine

Conservation Society, P.O

. Box 3139,

Yeronga, Q

ueensland 4104, Australia

Wendy W

atson-Wright, D

ept. of Fisheries and O

ceans Canada, H

ouse of Com

mons, Parliam

ent B

uildings, Wellington Street, O

ttawa, O

ntario K1A

0A

6, Canada

Denis D

'Am

ours, Acting D

irector, O

ceanography and Climate B

ranch, Fisheries &

Oceans C

anada, 200 Kent Street, O

ttawa,

Ontario K

1A 0E6, Canada

Arthur J. C

arty, President, National Research

Council of C

anada, 1200 Montreal R

oad, Ottaw

a, O

ntario, K1A

0R6, C

anada

Cheryl Lam

bert, Director, R

esearch Program

Support Office, N

ational Research Council of

Canada, 1200 M

ontreal Road, O

ttawa, O

ntario, K

1A 0R

6, Canada

André Isabelle, Environm

. Natural R

esources Res.

Partners., NSER

C, 350 A

lbert Street, Ottaw

a, O

ntario, K1A

1H5, C

anada

Jean-Louis Fellous, Director, D

irection des R

echerches Océaniques, IFR

EMER

, 155, rue Jean-Jacques R

ousseau, 92138 Issy-les-M

oulineaux cedex, France

Janet Walden, V

ice-President Research

Partnerships Programs D

irectorate, NSER

C, 350

Albert Street, O

ttawa, O

ntario, K1A

1H5, Canada

Philippe Busquin, Research C

omm

ission., European C

omm

ission, Rue de la Loi 200, B

-1049 B

russels, Belgium

Achilleas M

itsos, Director-G

eneral, Directorate

General R

esearch, European Com

mission, R

ue de la Loi 200, B

-1049 Brussels, B

elgium

Christian Paterm

ann, Director, D

irectorate I, D

irectorate General R

esearch, EC, R

ue de la Loi 200, B

-1049 Brussels, B

elgium

Jean-François Minster, P.D

.G., IFR

EMER

, 155, rue Jean-Jacques R

ousseau, 92138 Issy-les-M

oulineaux cedex, France

52

Gérard M

égie, Président, CN

RS, 3, rue

Michel-A

nge, 75794 Paris cedex 16, France Serge C

alabre, Directeur général, Institut de

Recherche pour le D

éveloppement, 213, rue La

Fayette, 75 480 Paris Cedex 10, France

Geneviève B

erger, directrice générale, Centre

national de la recherche scientifique, 3, rue M

ichel-Ange, 75794 Paris cedex 16, France

Philippe Gillet, D

irecteur, Institut National des

Sciences de l'Univers, 3, Rue M

ichel-Ange, B

.P. 287, 75766 Paris cedex 16, France

Jean-Luc Clém

ent, Directeur, D

irection des relations internationales (D

IR), IN

SU, 3, R

ue M

ichel-Ange, B

.P. 287, 75766 Paris cedex 16, France

Gérard B

rachet, Directeur G

énéral, Centre

National d'Etudes Spatiales, 2 place M

aurice Q

uentin, 75 039 Paris cedex 01, France

Gerhard H

ahn, Bundesm

inisterium für Bildung

+ Forschung, Dept. of Environm

. Res. and

Social Sciences, Heinem

annstrasse 2, D-53175

Bonn, G

ermany

Ehrlich Desa, D

irector, National Institute of

Oceanography (N

IO), D

ona Paula, 403 004 Goa,

India

Krishnasw

amy K

asturirangan, Chairm

an, D

epartment of Space (D

OS), ISR

O, B

ala N

agar, Hyderabad, 500 037 A

ndhra Pradesh, India

Am

élie Mum

mendey, W

issenschaftsrat, Brohler Straße 11, D

-50968 Köln, G

ermany

R.A

. Mashelkar, D

irector General, C

ouncil of Scientific and Industrial R

esearch, Anusandhan

Bhavan, 2, R

afi Marg, N

ew D

elhi - 110 001, India

Harsh K

. Gupta, Secretary, D

epartment of O

cean D

evelopment, M

ahasagar Bhavan, C

GO

Com

plex, Lodhi R

oad, New

Delhi 110003, India

Meinhard Schulz-B

aldes, Wissenschaftliche

Beirat B

undesregierung Globale

Um

weltveränderungen, R

eichpietschufer 60-62, D

-10785 Berlin, G

ermany

Ernst-Ludwig W

innacker, Präsident, Deutsche

Forschungsgemeinschaft (D

FG), K

ennedyallee 40, D

-53175 Bonn, G

ermany

Karl M

ax Einhäupl, Wissenschaftsrat, B

rohler Straße 11, D

-50968 Köln, G

ermany

Jaak Sinnaeve, Executive Secretary, INTA

S, A

venue des Arts 58/8, B

-1000 Brussels, B

elgium

Johannes Karte, D

eutsche Forschungsgem

einschaft (DFG

), Kennedyallee

40, D-53175 B

onn, Germ

any

Tei-ichi Sato, Director G

eneral, Japan Society for the Prom

otion of Science, 6 Ichibancho, Chiyoda-

ku, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan

Mr. H

ayashida, International Affairs, M

inistry of Science &

Technology, 3-2-2 K

asumigaseki, C

hiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8959, Japan

Shuichiro Yam

anouchi, President, National Space

Developm

ent Agency Japan, W

orld Trade Center

Bldg., 2-4-1, H

amam

atsu-cho, Tokyo 105-8060, Japan

Daisuke Y

oshida, Dir. O

cean & Earth D

iv., M

inistry of Edu., Culture, Sports, Sci. Techn.,

3-2-2 Kasum

igaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-

8959, Japan

Hiroyuki Y

oshikawa, C

hairman, Science C

ouncil of Japan, M

inato-ku Roppongi 7-22-34, Tokyo,

Japan

Kiyoshi Suyehiro, D

irector, Japan Marine

Science & Technology C

entre, 2-15 N

atsushima-cho, Y

okosuka 237-0061, Japan

Michio K

uriyagawa, D

irector-General, N

ational Institute R

esources & Environm

ent, 16-3 O

nogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569 , Japan

53

Kazuhiro K

itazawa, D

iv. Ocean &

Earth, Japan M

arine Science & Technology C

entre , 2-15 N

atsushima-cho, Y

okosuka 237-0061, Japan

Nobuyuki Shibayam

a, Director, Japan

Oceanographic D

ata Center, H

ydrographic and O

ceanographic Dept., 5-3-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku,

Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan

Yohichi G

ohshi, President, National Institute

for Environmental Studies, 16-2, O

nogawa,

Tsukuba-Shi, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

David Pugh, Inter-A

gency Com

mittee M

arine Sci. Techn., Southam

pton Oceanography C

entre, European W

ay, Empress D

ock, Southampton,

SO14 3ZH

, United K

ingdom

Yutaka N

agata, Director, M

arine Information

Research C

enter, Mishim

a Bldg. 5F, 7-15-4,

Ginza, C

huo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan

John Lawton, C

hief Executive, Natural

Environment R

esearch Council, Polaris H

ouse, N

orth Star Avenue, Sw

indon SN2 1EU

, United

Kingdom

Peter Collins, D

irector Science Policy, The R

oyal Society, 6-9 Carlton H

ouse Terrace, London SW

1Y 5A

G, U

nited Kingdom

Phil New

ton, Head of M

arine Sci. Team, N

atural Environm

ent Research C

ouncil, Polaris House,

North Star A

venue, Swindon SN

2 1EU, U

nited K

ingdom

Peter Boyle, N

atural Environment R

esearch C

ouncil, Polaris House, N

orth Star Avenue,

Swindon SN

2 1EU, U

nited Kingdom

David K

ing, Chief Scientific A

dviser, Office of

Science and Technology, 1 Victoria Street, London

SW1H

0ET, United K

ingdom

Fiona Carse, M

arine Sci. Progr. Officer,

Natural Environm

ent Research C

ouncil, Polaris H

ouse, North Star A

venue, Swindon

SN2 1EU

, United K

ingdom

Margaret D

avidson, Director, N

ational Ocean

Service (NO

S), SSMC

4, 13th floor, 1305 E.W.

Highw

ay, Silver Spring, MD

20910, United States

Stephen Cox, Executive Secretary, The R

oyal Society, 6-9 C

arlton House Terrace, London

SW1Y

5AG

, United K

ingdom

Bud Ehler, D

ir. Int. Program O

ffice, National

Ocean Service (N

OS), SSM

C4, 13th floor, 1305

E.W. H

ighway, Silver Spring, M

D 20910, U

nited States

Louis Brown, International Sci. A

ffairs, D

irectorate of Geosciences (G

EO), N

SF, 4201 W

ilson Blvd., room 705 N

, Arlington, V

irginia 22230, U

nited States

Ken M

ooney, Acting D

irector, Office of G

lobal Program

s, NO

AA

, 1100 Wayne A

venue, Suite 1210, Silver Spring, M

D 20910, U

nited States

David Evans, D

ep. Assistant A

dm., O

ffice of O

ceanic & A

tmosph. R

es., NO

AA

, Silver Spring M

etro Center, Bldg 3, 11627, 1315

E.W. H

ighw., Silver Spring, M

D20910, U

nited States

Aristides Patrinos, A

ssociate Director, O

ffice of B

iol. and Environm. R

es., DoE, 19901

Germ

antown R

oad, Germ

antown, M

D 20874-

1290, United States

René Eppi, D

irector, NO

AA

Research

International Activities, 1315 E.W

. Highw

ay, SSM

C 3, R

m 11424, Silver Spring, M

D 20910,

United States

Margaret Leinen, A

ssist. Dir. G

eosciences, D

irectorate of Geosciences (G

EO), N

SF, 4201 W

ilson Blvd., room 705 N

, Arlington, V

irginia 22230, U

nited States

Raym

ond Orbach, D

irector, Office of Science,

Departm

ent of Energy, 19901 Germ

antown

Road, G

ermantow

n, MD

20874-1290, United

States

Jane Alexander, D

ir. Sci. & Techn., U

.S. Office of

Naval R

esearch, Ballston Centre Tower O

ne, 800 N

orth Quincy Street, A

rlington, VA

22217-5660, U

nited States

54

Warren W

ashington, Chair, N

ational Science B

oard, 4201 Wilson Blvd., room

1225 N,

Arlington, V

irginia 22230, United States

Charles Trees, H

ead, Biol. Oceanogr. Program

, N

ASA

HQ

, Office of Earth Science, 300 E Street.

SW, W

ashington DC


Shannon Lucid, Chief Scientist, N

ASA

, Lyndon B

. Johnson Space Center, H

ouston, Texas 77058, U

nited States

Brad A

rthur, Secretary for Int. Programs, G

lobal C

hange Research Program

Office, 400 V

irginia A

venue, SW, Suite 750, W

ashington, DC

20024, U

nited States

Ghassem

Asrar, A

ssociate Adm

inistrator, N

ASA

Headquarters, O

ffice of Earth Science, 300 E Street. SW

, Washington D

C 20546,

United States

Frank Herr, D

epartment H

ead, Ocean, A

tmosphere

and Space (OA

S), ON

R, B

allston Centre Tow

er O

ne, 800 North Q

uincy Street, Arlington, V

A

22217-5660, United States

Richard M

oss, Executive Director, G

lobal C

hange Research Program

Office, 400 V

irginia A

venue, SW, Suite 750, W

ashington, DC

20024, U

nited States

Donald Johnston, Secretary-G

eneral, OC

DE, 2, rue

André Pascal, F-75775 Paris C

edex 16, France

Su Jilan, Chaim

an IOC

of UN

ESCO

, State O

ceanic Adm

inistration, Second Institute of O

ceanography, P.O. B

ox 1207, 9 Xixihexia,

Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, C

hina

Wendy B

roadgate, Dep. D

ir. Natural Sci., IG

BP,

Royal Sw

edish Academ

y of Sciences, Box 50005,

S-104 05 Stockholm, Sw

eden

Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary, IO

C

Secretariat, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris C

edex 15, France

Franciscus Colijn, C

hair OC

C, IC

ES, 2-4 Palæ

gade, DK

-1261 Copenhagen K

, Denm

ark

David G

riffith, General Secretary, IC

ES, 2-4 Palæ

gade, DK

-1261 Copenhagen K

, Denm

ark Thom

as Rossw

all, Executive Director,

International Council for Science (IC

SU), 51 B

d de M

ontmorency, 75016 Paris, France

Josef Aschbacher, C

hair Representative,

CEO

S, European Space Agency, 8-10, rue

Mario N

ikis, 75738 Paris Cedex 15, France

Directorate STI, O

CD

E, 2, rue André Pascal, F-

75775 Paris Cedex 16, France

José Achache, D

irectorate of Earth Obs.

Programm

es, ESA, 8-10, rue M

ario Nikis,

75738 Paris Cedex 15, France

Edward U

rban , Executive Director, SC

OR

, Dept.

of Earth + Planetary Sci., Johns Hopkins

University, O

lin Hall, San M

artin Drive,

Baltim

ore, MD


Will Steffen, Exec. D

ir., IGB

P Secretariat, IG

BP, R

oyal Swedish A

cademy of Sciences,

Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm

, Sweden

Julio Alberto Luna, President, C

OFEC

YT, A

vda. C

órdoba 831 - 2º piso, of. 206/207, (C1054A

AH

) B

uenos Aires, A

rgentina

ESF Director, European Science Foundation

(ESF), 1, quai Lezay-Marnésia, F-67080

Strasbourg Cedex, France

L.R. Fontana, Scientific C

oordinator, Instituto A

ntártico Argentino, D

.N. A

ntártico, Cerrito 1248,

C1010A

AZ C

apital Federal, Argentina

Eduardo Hernán C

harreau, Presidente, C

ON

ICET, A

vda. Rivadavia 1917 - C

P C

1033AA

J, Cdad. de B

uenos Aires, A

rgentina

Martine V

anderstraeten, OSTC

, Rue de la Science

8, B-1000 B

russels, Belgium

55

Eric Beka, Secretary General, O

STC, R

ue de la Science 8, B

-1000 Brussels, B

elgium

Antônio M

.A. M

acDow

ell, IAI, A

gencia Espacial B

rasileira, SPO - A

rea 5 - Quadra 3 - B

loco B -

Terreo, 70610-200 Brasília D

.F., Brazil

M.J. Sim

oen, Secrétaire générale, FNR

S, rue d’Egm

ont 5, B-1000 B

russels, Belgium

X

imena G

ómez de la Torre, Jefe, D

epartamento de

Relaciones Internacionales, C

ON

ICY

T, Bernarda

Morín 551, Piso 2 - Providencia, Santiago, C

hile

Eric Goles C

hacc, Presidente, CO

NIC

YT,

Canadá 308 - Providencia, Santiago, C

hile Peter H

effernan, CEO

, Marine Institute, G

alway

Technology Park, Parkmore, G

alway, Ireland

Oscar Pinochet de la B

arra, Director, Instituto

Antartico C

hileno (INA

CH

), Casilla 16521

Correo 9, Providencia, Santiago, C

hile

Lucio Bianco, Presidente, Consiglio N

azionale delle R

icerche (CN

R), Piazzale A

ldo Moro, 7,

00185 Rom

a, Italy

Director, N

ational Developm

ent Plan (ND

P), 15 Low

er Hatch Street, D

ublin 2, Ireland G

iovanni d'Addona, D

irettore Generale,

Dipartim

ento per la programm

azione; Ministero

della Ricerca, Piazza K

ennedy, 20, 00144 Rom

a, Italy

Piero Marini, D

irettore Generale, C

onsiglio N

azionale delle Ricerche (CN

R), Piazzale

Aldo M

oro, 7, 00185 Rom

a, Italy

Jaime Parada Á

vila, Director G

eneral, CO

NA

CY

T, A

v. Constituyentes 1046, Col. Lom

as Altas, C

.P. 11950, M

éxico, D.F., M

exico

Carlo R

ubbia, Com

missario Straordinario,

ENEA

, Via A

nguillarese 301, I-00060 S. M

aria di Galeria, R

oma, Italy

Matthew

Everett, Manager O

ceans Policy, M

inistry for the Environment, PO

Box 10362,

Wellington, N

ew Zealand

Neil Richardson, C

hairperson, FRST, P O

Box

12-240, Wellington, N

ew Zealand

Paul Hargreaves, C

hief Executive, National

Institute of Water and A

tmospheric R

esearch (N

IWA

), Private Bag 99940, N

ewm

arket, A

uckland, New

Zealand

James B

uwalda, C

hief Executive, Ministry of

Research, Science &

Technology, PO B

ox 5336, W

ellington, New

Zealand

Grete Ek U

lland, Director G

eneral, Departm

ent of R

esearch, Ministry of Education and Research, PB

8119 D

ep, 0032 Oslo, N

orway

Rachel W

ilson, Responsible, N

ew Zealand

Clim

ate Change Program

me, PO

Box 55,

Wellington, N

ew Zealand

Karin Refsnes, D

irektør, Om

rådet for miljø og

utvikling, Norges forskningsråd (N

FR), PO

Box

2700 St. Hanshaugen, 0131 O

slo, Norw

ay

Christian H

ambro, D

irector General, N

orges forskningsråd (N

FR), PO B

ox 2700 St. H

anshaugen, 0131 Oslo, N

orway

YuC

heng Chai, D

epartment of Earth Sciences, 35

(E Gate), H

uayuanbei Rd, H

aidian Distric, B

eijing 100083, P.R

. China

Sun Shu, Director D

iv. of Earth Sciences, C

hinese Academ

y of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Rd.,

Beijing, 100864, P.R

. China

Xu Y

ukun, Director, D

epartment of International

Cooperation, State O

ceanic Adm

inistration, No.1

Fuxingmenw

ai Avenue, 100860 B

eijing, P.R.

China

Wang Shaoqi, D

irector, Departm

ent of International C

ooperation, Chinese A

cademy

of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Rd., B

eijing, 100864, P.R

. China

Chen Jia'er, President, N

SFC, 83 Shuangqing

Road, H

aidian District, B

eijing 100085, P.R. C

hina

56

Xiang Jianhai, D

irector, Institute of O

ceanology (IOC

AS), C

hinese Academ

y of Sciences, N

o.7 Nanhai R

oad, Qingdao 266071

ShangDong, P.R

. China

Shahid Am

jad, Director G

eneral, National Institute

of Oceanography, St. 47, B

lock-1, Clifton, K

arachi 75600, Pakistan

Zhang Dengyi, A

dministrator, State O

ceanic A

dministration, N

o.1 Fuxingmenw

ai Avenue,

100860 Beijing, P.R

. China

Czes

aw D

ruet, Kom

itet Bada

Morza, Institute of

Oceanology, ul. Pow

staców

Warszaw

y 55, P.O.

Box 68, 81-712 Sopot, Poland

S. T. K. N

aim, Scientific Secretary, Pakistan

Council for Science and Technology (PC

ST), Shahrah-i-Jam

huriat, G-5/2, Islam

abad, Pakistan

Sergei S. Lappo, Director, P.P. Shirshov Institute

of Oceanology (SIO

), Russian A

cademy of

Sciences (RA

S), Nakhim

ovsky prospect 36, M

oscow, 117851, R

ussia

President, Fundação para a Ciência e a

Tecnologia , Av. D

. Carlos I, 126 -1º e 2º,

1249-074 Lisboa, Portugal

Monde M

ayekiso, Chief D

irector, Chief

Directorate M

arine + Coastal M

gmt, N

ational Science and Technology Forum

, PO B

ox 9823, Pretoria, G

auteng 0001, South Africa

Boris V

. Levin, Dir. D

ept of Geosciences,

Russian Foundation for Basic R

esearch, Leninsky Prospekt 32a, 117334 M

oscow,

Russia

C.J. Scheffer, D

irector S&T C

ooperation, D

epartment of A

rts, Culture, Science and

Technology (DA

CST), Private B

ag X894, Pretoria,

0001, South Africa

Nok C

. Frick, Director, C

ouncil for G

eoscience, Private Bag X

112, Pretoria, 0001, South A

frica

Daya R

eddy, Chair of the Board, N

ational R

esearch Foundation (NR

F), PO B

ox 2600, Pretoria, 0001, South A

frica

Rob A

dam, D

irector-General, D

epartment of

Arts, C

ulture, Science and Technology (D

AC

ST), Private Bag X

894, Pretoria, 0001, South A

frica

Lee Kw

ang-Ro, D

irector General, N

ational O

ceanographic Research Institute, 1-17 7a H

ang-dong, Jung-go, Incheon, South K

orea

Sang-Kyung B

yun, President, Korea O

cean R

es. & D

evelopment Institute, A

nsan P.O. B

ox 29, Seoul 425-600, South K

orea

General D

irector, Sci. Techn. Policy Off., M

inistry of Science and Technology, G

overnment

Com

plex-Gw

acheon, Gw

acheon City, K

yunggi-Do

427-760, South Korea

Director, Planning and M

anagement O

ff., M

inistry of Science and Technology, G

overnment C

omplex-G

wacheon, G

wacheon

City, K

yunggi-Do 427-760, South K

orea

Álvaro Fernández G

arcía, General D

ir., Instituto Español de O

ceanografía (IEO), A

venida de Brasil,

31, 28020 Madrid, Spain

Rolf Tarrach Siegel, Presidente, C

onsejo Sup. de Investigaciones Científicas , c/ Serrano, 117, 28071 M

adrid, Spain

Dick H

edberg, Exec. Sec., Environm. R

es. + Polar R

es. Com

mittee, K

ungliga Vetenskapsakadem

ien, P.O

. Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm

, Sweden

Ram

on Marim

on Suñol, Secretario, Secretaría de Estado de Política C

ientífica Ministerio de

Ciencia y Tecnología, Paseo de la C

astellana, 160, 28071 M

adrid, Spain

Björn Sjöberg, C

hairman, Sw

edish Com

mittee for

Oceanic R

esearch, Göteborgs U

niversitet, G

eovetarcentrum, O

ceanografi, SE-405 30 G

öteborg, Sweden

Janne Carlsson, President, Kungliga

Vetenskapsakadem

ien, P.O. B

ox 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm

, Sweden

Heidi D

iggelmann, President, Fonds national

suisse de la recherche sci., Wildhainw

eg 20, CH

-3012 B

ern, Switzerland

57

Pär Om

ling, Generaldirektör, V

etenskapsrådet (V

R), Regeringsgatan 56, 103 87 Stockholm

, Sw

eden

Daniel R

. Ariztegui, President, C

omm

ission suisse océanogr. &

limnologie, Sw

iss National Science

Foundation, Université de G

enève, Rue des

Maraîchers 13, 1211 G

enève 4, Switzerland

Christian K

örner, Swiss N

ational Science Foundation for the prom

otion of scientific research, ProClim

, Bärenplatz 2, 3011 B

ern, Sw

itzerland

Pei-Fen Chen, R

esp. for Oceanography, N

ational Science C

ouncil (NSC

), 106 Hoping E. R

oad Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiw

an RoC

Hung-D

uen Yang, D

irector, National Science

Council (N

SC), 106 H

oping E. Road Sec. 2,

Taipei, Taiwan R

oC

John Marks, general director, G

ebied Aard- en

Levenswetenschappen , N

WO

, Postbus 93510, 2509 A

M D

en Haag, The N

etherlands

B. P. Th. V

eltman, C

hairman, A

dviesraad voor het W

etenschaps- en Technologiebeleid (A

WT), Javastraat 42, 2585 A

P The Hague,

The Netherlands

Peter Nijkam

p, voorzitter, Nederlandse O

rganisatie voor W

etenschappelijk Onderzoek (N

WO

), Postbus 93138, 2509 A

C D

en Haag, The

Netherlands

Chris H

. Moen, G

eneral Director, K

NA

W, H

et Trippenhuis, K

loveniersburgwal 29, Postbus

19121, 1000 GC

Am

sterdam, The N

etherlands

Ivan Danilo López, Presidente, FO

NA

CIT, Final

Av. Los C

ortijos de Lourdes, Edificio Maploca,

Caracas, V

enezuela

W.J.M

. Levelt, Pres. Executive Board,

Nederlandse O

rganisatie voor W

etenschappelijk Onderzoek (N

WO

), Postbus 93138, 2509 A

C D

en Haag, The N

etherlands

Jürg Pfister, Head International R

elations, Fonds national suisse de la recherche sci., W

ildhainweg

20, CH

-3012 Bern, Sw

itzerland

Egidio Rom

ano Roselli, D

irector, Instituto V

enezolano de Investigaciones Científicas

(IVIC

), Apartado Postal 21827, C

aracas 1020-A

, Venezuela

58

Appendix X

XIII. O

ceanographic Data and Inform

ation Managem

ent

Bernard A

vril and Nicolas D

ittert prepared the following draft data policy (21 February 2003) at

the request of the IMB

ER (form

erly OC

EAN

S) Transition Team, based on their experience w

ith JG

OFS and other project data and inform

ation managem

ent and in an informal m

eeting in conjunction w

ith the OC

EAN

S Open Science M

eeting in Paris in January 2003. This document

provided useful information for discussions of oceanographic data m

anagement at the IG

BP

Congress

in B

anff, C

anada in

June 2003

(see session

B2,

ww

w.igbp.kva.se/congress/w

gabstracts.html#B

2).

(This text has been further modified for the IG

BP

Congress in B

anff, Canada, in June 2003)

Suggested Statements by the T

ransition Team

:

a.- Understanding that at the international level, the project Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee (SSC)

makes data m

anagement recom

mendations, that assist the im

plementation and enforcem

ent at the national level of a data m

anagement policy together w

ith the relevant (national and international) funding agencies,

b.- Considering that the International C

ouncil for Science (ICSU

) recomm

ends as a general policy, the fundam

ental principle of full and open exchange of data and information for

scientific and educational purposes. Scientific data is defined as the recorded factual material

comm

only accepted in the scientific comm

unity as necessary to validate research findings, but not any of the follow

ing: preliminary analyses, drafts of scientific papers, plans for future

research, peer reviews, or com

munications w

ith colleagues. Datasets are regarded as a valuable

resource in their own right,

c.- Considering that the m

inimum

requirements are that scientific data are com

plete (for global integration), accurate (through quality control and analysis) and authentic (trustw

orthy);tim

ely released;

identifiable,docum

ented thanks

to associated

metadata

records (i.e.,

“description of data and including method and references”); ethically retrievable w

hen needed and

properly secured, and preserved on the long-term,

d.- Noting that raw

data, which are undocum

ented and uncertain in their quality have the least value, w

hereas complete, accurate, w

ell documented and organised data, as

used in publications, have the highest value,

Recom

mends full and open access to w

ell documented and organised data and

required information for all parties involved in the project.

e.- Noting that the

ultimate

success in data retrieval and exchange, and accompanying

advancements in know

ledge rely on the scientists’ participation, which does not consistently

occur unless there are appropriate incentives to do so.

f.- Understanding that a data m

anagement plan im

prove the efforts dedicated to scientific analysis and new

discoveries, by easing those devoted to exploration and manipulation of

datasets.

g.- Considering that the project also depends on historical records and know

ledge.

59

h.- Considering that during the project, it is expected the develop

ment of new

concepts and visions, together w

ith a great expansion in marine, biogeochem

ical and ecological data flow

of very large, distributed, heterogeneous datasets, associated with advances in technologies

and scientific concepts.

Recom

mends a

major effort for the project data and m

etadata managem

ent, to be internationally coordinated, based on a full, coherent data m

anagement plan, along w

ith first, a attractive and rew

arding system sustaining the voluntary participation of scientists, and

second, some fair enforcem

ent procedures, including a data managem

ent policy, to be prepared and im

plemented in coordination w

ith the funding agencies

Recom

mends a m

ultiplicity of approaches within a sem

i-distributed, scalable and flexible

data m

anagement

system in order to address the increasingly im

portant and com

plex issue of data and knowledge m

anagement, taking into consideration the m

ultiplicity of the cultures, international w

ork experiences, national particularities, and constrained relationships that scientists are w

illing or required to work w

ith.

R

ecomm

ends the

establishment

and continuous

support of

an International

Information M

anagement O

ffice (IIMO

) and of a Data M

anagement C

omm

ittee (DM

C)

designed to assist the SSC and to coordinate in close liaison w

ith the International Project O

ffice (IPO) all inform

ation and data managem

ent aspects for the entire project duration (evaluation, guidance, support of the various partners in data m

anagement; evaluation of the

data flows and usages), and to facilitate the integration of the project data m

anagement system

w

ithin the framew

orks already existing nationally (ND

C, N

CP, etc.) and internationally (e.g.,

WD

Cs,

GC

MD

/CEO

S-IDN

, other

projects and

programm

es). The

IIMO

and

DM

C

investigate or adapt new tools and strategies and appropriate standards (Internet protocols,

data and metadata standards, approved protocols for data quality assurance or control) in

order to facilitate and promote the data flow

s, especially for future observations from new

sensors, new

satellites, new platform

s (autonomous underw

ater or remotely operated vehicles,

inexpensive, low-m

aintenance monitoring system

s and sophisticated buoys), for continuous m

easurements, global survey, ships of opportunity operations, video recordings, and for

systems of data delivery in near real-tim

e and delayed modes or for on-tim

e, push data and inform

ation delivery; for model output dissem

ination, etc. The IIMO

and DM

C investigate or

adapt new tools and strategies for data rescue, data archeology, data m

ining and data integration in relation to the needs of the project. The IIM

O and D

MC

follow

developments

and review existing governm

ental, comm

ercial, and legal constraints on data access and intellectual

property issues

(including published

articles, C

D-R

OM

s) for

purposes of

scientific research.

i.- Recognizing that the project core science is specific and different in its goals and strategies

from the already existing initiatives and other core projects sponsored by IG

BP and SC

OR

.

Recom

mends the establishm

ent and the regular revision of a list of project core param

eters (with related m

ethodological standards and appropriate metadata, as required),

which related closely to the project core science, in coordination w

ith all relevant project partners and other external initiatives.

j.- Recognizing that to insure the highest possible quality in the project datasets, a system

similar

to the peer reviewing for the publications should be adopted for the datasets and associated

metadata

60

Recom

mends the establishm

ent and basic, continuous support of several Data

Evaluation U

nits (DE

Us), reporting (activity w

ith performance evaluation) to the SSC

and the IIM

O. Their prim

ary missions are first, to quality control independently and fairly, to

check against historical records and to validate the contributed datasets and associated m

etadata relevant to a specific group of the OC

EAN

core parameters; second, to deliver

appropriately official project-labelled certificates for the datasets and to publicly acknowledge

the scientists’

contributions to

the project,

and third,

to create

project-labelled data

collections. Each DEU

is flexible in its working structure and is com

munity-oriented (m

ore than the national agencies already existing, such as N

OD

Cs), and is led by a voluntary

scientist with strong inter-personal skills and high scientific expertise and recognition, chosen

by the SSC, after a call for proposals and som

e possible direct solicitations. The most

experienced scientists are expected to participate both as data producers and as data evaluators or as builders of specific data collections. The D

EU use the delivered datasets and associated

metadata only for the tasks defined by the SSC

and IIMO

.

Recom

mends that the IIM

O, D

MC

and DE

Us provide all project scientists w

ith support, recom

mendations, guidelines and priorities regarding inform

ation and data m

anagement plans. They coordinate the establishm

ent of a specific metadata portal for the

project or programm

e with the help of G

CM

D – C

EOS / ID

N. They prom

ote the project data policy and assist in the developm

ent of national project data managem

ent efforts (possible national D

ata Managem

ent Offices, D

MO

) and the cooperation with national data centres

(ND

Cs).

R

ecomm

ends that the IIMO

, assisted by an ad-hoc Publications Com

mittee (PC

), attribute an O

CE

AN

-label and consecutive number for the relevant peer-review

ed publications w

hen they are submitted to a science journal, and provided that the related

datasets and associated metadata are delivered w

ithin the project data managem

ent system,

and project-certified by a DEU

, identifiable through a unique Digital O

bject Identifier (DO

I), and the publication acknow

legded the project in an appropriate manner.

R

ecomm

ends that the shortest data flow from

the scientists to the most adequate

ICSU

’s World D

ata Centre (W

DC

), through the DE

Us, be prom

oted (especially for the countries w

ith a less advanced, developed infrastructure). The WD

Cs represent the best

international framew

ork for the long-term preservation and the w

orldwide, continuous

dissemination of all data.

Figure 1

Recom

mends that data and inform

ation flow be initiated as soon as possible and

maintained until the project’s end, in order to insure a tim

ely, continuous delivery of the datasets to the com

munity, and also to increase the quality of those datasets and subsequently

of the fieldwork strategy and the synthesis them

selves.

Recom

mends that a prelim

inary report be established as soon as possible after the fieldw

ork or the experiment, that includes prelim

inary, basic information related to the

datasets acquired or the experiences conducted, such as location and timing of stations;

sampling strategy; inventory of all param

eters acquired; time fram

e and specifications for data delivery and for restricted and open data accessibilities, etc.

R

ecomm

ends that the data and metadata be delivered to the relevant D

EU

s as soon as possible and w

ithin a maxim

um of tw

o years after the completion of the fieldw

ork or of the experim

ent, and before open public dissemination. Som

e datasets and information

are available as soon as the fieldwork or experience ends (hydrology, m

eteorology, etc.), or

61

soon after some basic data quality control (dissolved nutrients, etc.). The datasets to be

delivered later (from 3-m

onth to 2-year delays) and those not acquired in accordance to the initial cruise or experience plans, are also identified.

R

ecomm

ends that the project-labelled datasets and related metadata be both placed

on-line (provisionally, with a passw

ord-controlled access until the end of the 2-year period) and published as project data products as soon as possible, either by the D

EU or another

entity (IIMO

, WD

C…

), after full delivery and quality check, and as appropriate or required (w

ith a clear edition date or version number, to avoid confusion), even if they are later revised

or reworked in a m

ore convenient, integrated way (e.g., in a “data collection”), in order to

increase the work flexibility and the visibility of each achievem

ent.

k.- acknowledging that a new

or specific science field relevant to the project is, exceptionally, not properly covered by any D

EU

.

Recom

mends that the datasets relevant to the project science but not covered by the

expertise of any DE

U be transm

itted with their associated m

etadata preferably directly to the IIM

O and possibly to a national institution (preferably, national D

MO

), in agreement

with the SSC

or IIMO

.

l.- recognizing that “education” is one of the most useful strategies to ensure data delivery and

metadata generation

R

ecomm

ends that the DE

Us and N

DC

s be fully involved in the project, including participations to fieldw

ork, experiments and science w

orkshops when appropriate, in

order to increase the interactions with the scientists and to prom

ote the excellence in data m

anagement practises and the utilization of

data managem

ent / data analysis / data visualization tools as needed.

m

.- noting that “full recognition and acknowledgement” of the contributing scientists is another of the

most useful strategies to ensure data delivery and m

etadata generation

Recom

mends that all ”data publishing” and “data citation index” initiatives and

mechanism

s be promoted

n.- Recognising that the project is a part of a larger science system

,

Recom

mends that each national and international project efforts fully support and

promote the project data m

anagement system

above-described and that those above-m

entioned project recomm

endations be fully endorsed and implem

ented nationally and internationally by all relevant funding agencies, research institutions and international bodies.

Final Rem

arks The scientists should clearly benefit of the project data m

anagement system

, because:

- They receive privileged and rapid access facilities to new

datasets, through the project data m

anagement system

- They can increase the added values of their datasets, either through new

scientific collaborations / co-authorship in publications.

62

-They access faster and m

ore efficiently the datasets and hidden patterns thanks to data m

anagement / data analysis / data visualization tools, as developed by the project data

managers / data users.

-Their recognition and professional status are prom

oted by their participations to the project,

as data producers, when their datasets and related peer-review

ed publications are officially project-labelled and designated w

ith an unique Digital O


I), or asdata evaluators (w

ithin the DEU

s) or as data collections builders.

Technical A

nnex – Conventions and term

s

The data managem

ent design refers to the guidelines of “Good scientific practice in research” 1,2,

the WIPO

copyright treaty3, and the D

OE-N

IH G

uidelines for Sharing Data and R

esources 4.A

ccordingly, data generated by the project are a substantial resource, which enable later

verification of scientific interpretation and conclusions. They may also be the starting point for

further studies 5,6.

Data

The term “data” em

braces the analytical value (number, param

eter/variable, unit) and its entire m

eta-information (i.e. any inform

ation that describes the analytical value: reference, method,

gear, site, campaign, project, etc.). D

ata comprise real tim

e data (e.g., AR

GO

profiling floats) and delayed m

ode data (e.g., biology, chemistry, geology). In contrast to previous program

s (e.g., W

OC

E, JGO

FS), the project comprises a highly com

plex data heterogeneity. D

ata producer (in a broader sense) is the scientist (Principal Investigator, PI). The PI signs responsible for a data set (i.e. the sm

allest data entity). Usually, a PI is an individual. In

exceptional cases a PI can be an institution.

Data flux

Anytim

e data are produced under the project umbrella, the PI shall follow

the Information Flux

Model (Fig. 1). This routine shall insure that any scientist benefits to a m

aximum

from each

other with a m

inimum

of effort - besides other positive effects (e.g., data availability). A

project Data M

anagement C

omm

ittee (DM

C) shall track and update any data activity. D

ata producers are indentured to subm

it any meta-inform

ation and analytical data produced under the project um

brella and to announce the current data status during the entire processing period to the D

MC

. D

ata evaluation shall be carried out by Data Evaluation U

nits (DEU

s). DEU

describes a functionality rather than an institution and adopts the responsibility of quality assessm

ent (com

pleteness and trustworthiness of data). D

EUs can be individuals, research centers, academ

ic departm

ents, or industrial laboratories standing out by their excellence in a particular research topic. They are recruited by expertise through regular calls for proposals. D

ata storage and public access shall be performed by W

orld Data C

enters (WD

Cs). W

DC

s are institutions that are bound to the rules and are supervised by the Panel on W

orld Data C

enters and the International C

ouncil for Science 7.Scientists m

ay be comm

itted to national data managem

ent regulations, too. How

ever, funding received through the project structure indentures the PI to follow

the project data policy. H

owever, subordinate data activities (e.g. through national data centers) are w

elcome. In any

case, for the reason of data consistency WD

C are preferred to other data centers.

Data sharing

The project promotes and encourages the rapid sharing of data that are generated. Such sharing is

essential for progress toward the goals of the project – and to expedite research in other areas -

63

and to avoid unnecessary duplication. Although it shall be the policy of the project to m

aximize

outreach to the scientific comm

unity, it is also necessary to give investigators time to verify the

accuracy of their data and to gain some scientific advantage from

the effort they have invested. Furtherm

ore, intellectual property protection may be needed for som

e of the data. Timely data

provision by Principal Investigators (PI) involved in the field program is crucial to the

achievement of the project goals: C

onsensus shall be the concept that a 6-month period from

the tim

e the data or materials are generated to the tim

e they are made available publicly is a

reasonable mean value in alm

ost all cases. How

ever, more rapid sharing is encouraged.

Data publication

The IIMO

assisted by a project Publications Com

mittee (PC

) shall award a label “Project

Publication” and attribute a Digital O


I) to publications whose data (1) have

been evaluated by a DEU

; (2) are available through a WD

C; and (3) w

ho acknowledge the

project in an appropriate manner.

Data standards

Any unit shall be com

mitted to im

plement standards and protocols that have been evaluated by a

Project International Information M

anagement O

ffice (IIMO

). An entire fam

ily of international standards and protocols has been (and is still being) developed to (a) increase availability, access, integration, and sharing of digital geographic inform

ation; (b) permit inter-operability of

geospatially enabled computer system

s; (c) contribute to a unified approach to addressing global ecological and hum

anitarian problems; (d) ease the establishm

ent of geospatial infrastructures on local, regional and global levels. These standards com

prise the ISO 19100/TC

211 family

(standardization of

digital geographic

information

8), the

FGD

C-STD

-001-1998 (digital

geospatial meta-data 9), the A

NSI/N

ISO Z39.50 protocol (a unifying interface that allow

s diverse inform

ation systems for coexistence w

hile maintaining a consistent user interface 10), the A

AP-

CN

RI D

OI (digital object identifier for com

munication betw

een comm

unities 11), among m

any others. W

idespread use of the Internet has revolutionized data distribution and availability in the past few

years. For the maxim

um benefit of the scientific com

munity data providers (W

DC

and other archives) shall keep abreast of changes in com

puting and data distribution and storage and stay at the forefront of new

approaches. Software provided publicly for data handling and

productsshould be platform

-independent 12.

Data m

anagement funding

SSC shall decide to require all applicants expecting to generate significant am

ounts of data or m

aterials to describe in their application how and w

hen they plan to make such data and

materials available to the com

munity. G

rant solicitations shall specify this requirement. These

plans in each application will be review

ed in the course of peer review and by staff to assure they

are reasonable and in conformity w

ith program philosophy. If a grant is m

ade, the applicant's sharing plans shall becom

e a condition of the award and com

pliance will be review

ed before continuation funding is provided. Progress reports shall be asked to address the issue. The project recom

mends that scientists and funding agencies ensure that sufficient funds are included

in project proposals to support data managem

ent.

64

References 1. IC

SU/C

OD

ATA

. Access to databases: A

set of principles for science in the Internet era, w

ww

.icsu.org/Library/Central/Statem

/access.html, 2000.

2. European Science Foundation. Good scientific practice in research and scholarship,

ww

w.esf.org/m

edias/ESPB10.pdf, 2000. 3. W

orld Intellectual Property Organization. W

IPO copyright treaty,

ww

w.w

ipo.org/eng/diplconf/distrib/94dc.htm, 1996.

4. HG

MIS Staff. N

IH, D

OE G

uidelines Encourage Sharing of Data, R

esources. Hum

an Genom

e New

s 4(5):4, w

ww

.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/hgn/v4n5/04share.htm

l, 1993. 5. JO

I/U.S. Science Support Program

. Acknow

ledgement and K

eyword Policy, w

ww

.joi-odp.org/U

SSSP/acknowledge.htm

, 2002. 6. PA

GES. PA

GES D

ata Policy, ww

w.pages.unibe.ch/data/policies.htm

l, 2003. 7. IC

SU Panel on W

orld Data C

enters. Principles and Responsibilities of IC

SU W

orld Data C

enters, w

ww

.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/guide/gdsystem

a.html, 2002.

8. International Organization for Standardization. ISO

/TC211 G

eographic Information/G

eomatics. (2003).

9. Federal Geographic D

ata Com

mittee. C

ontent Standard for Digital G

eospatial Metadata (version 2.0) FG

DC-

STD-001-1998, w

ww

.fgdc.gov/metadata/contstan.htm

l, 1998. 10. A

merican N

ational Standard Information/N

ational Information Standards O

rganization, A. N

. S. I. N. I. S.

Am

erican National Standard Inform

ation Retrieval A

pplication Service Definition and Protocol

Specification for Open System

s Interconnection, ww

w.cni.org/pub/N

ISO/docs/Z39.50-

brochure/50.brochure.part01.html, 1988.

11. International DO

I Foundation. The Digital O

bject Identifier system, w

ww

.doi.org, 2002. 12. W

OC

E Synthesis and Modeling W

orking Group. W

OC

E observations, data analysis and data products, w

ww

.cms.udel.edu/w

oce/wocedocs/aim

s/aims3.htm

, 1997.

Examples of Further Readings

AN

ZLIC Policy Statem

ent on Spatial Data M

anagement – A

pril 1999 – aw

ww

.anzlic.org.au/policy/data_mgt.htm

International A

rgo Data M

anagement, U

ser’s Manual – July 2002 – w

ww

.coriolis.eu.org/coriolis/cdc/argo/argo-dm

-user-manual.pdf

BENEFIT D

ata Policy – March 2002 – w

ww

.benefit.org.na/datamgm

t/policy.html

Canada-JG

OFS D

ata Submission Policy – February 1997 – w

ww

.meds-sdm

m.dfo-

mpo.gc.ca/jgofs/D

ocs/managem

ent/policy.html

CoO

P Data Policy – January 2002 – w

ww

.skio.peachnet.edu/coop/datapol2.html

Digital O

bject Identifier Handbook, M

etadata – Decem

ber 2002 – ww

w.doi.org/handbook_2000/m

etadata.html

Dublin C

ore Metadata Initiative, G

uidelines for implem

enting Dublin C

ore in XM

L – September 2002 --

dublincore.org/documents/2002/09/09/dc-xm

l-guidelines/ G

LOBEC

Data Policy – February 2001 – w

ww

.pml.ac.uk/globec/D

ata/DataPolicy_June21st.PD

F C

omm

ittee on Data for Science and Technology (C

OD

ATA

), scientific access to data and information –

February 2002 – ww

w.codata.org/data_access/index.htm

l Joint C

omm

ittee on Antarctic D

ata Managem

ent (JCA

DM

) documents and reports – A

ugust 2002 – w

ww

.jcadm.scar.org/docs1.htm

l M

AST: A

Guideline for Project D

ata Managem

ent – March 1997 – w

ww

.sea-search.net/guidelines-practices/w

elcome.htm

l N

SF-Margins D

ata Policy – January 2002 – ww

w.ldeo.colum

bia.edu/margins/M

AR

GIN

Snet4/DataPolicy.htm

l O

SDM

Com

monw

ealth spatial dataset access policy – February 2003 – w

ww

.osdm.gov.au/osdm

/data_acc_policy.html

US-G

CR

IO Policy Statem

ents on Data M

anagement for G

lobal Change R

esearch (US-G

CR

IO) – July 1991 –

ww

w.gcrio.org/U

SGC

RP/D

ataPolicy.html

US-JG

OFS D

ata Policy – ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/resourcekit/Module1/D

ataPolicy/u_s_jgofs.htm

WO

CE D

ata Policy and Practices 1995 – Decem

ber 2002 – ww

w.cm

s.udel.edu/woce/W

OC

EDO

CS/datapol.htm

65

Figure 1: Schematic diagram representing the interaction between the project partners and external parties,

and the main fluxes of data and information.

66

Acronym

s Used

CEO

S – Com

mittee on Earth O

bservation Satellite – ww

w.ceos.org/

DEU

– project Data Evaluation U

nit

DM

C – project D

ata Managem

ent Com

mittee

DM

O – project D

ata Managem

ent Office (national or regional level)

DO

E-NIH

– Departm

ent of Energy - National Institutes of H

ealth

DO

I – Digital O

bject Identifier – ww

w.doi.org/

GC

MD

– NA

SA’s G

lobal Change M

aster Directory – gcm

d.nasa.gov/

GSD

I – Spatial Data Infrastructure

ICES – International C

ouncil for the Exploration of the Sea – ww

w.ices.dk/

ICSU

– International Council for Science – w

ww

.icsu.org/

IDN

– CEO

S’ International Directory N

etwork – idn.ceos.org/

IDM

U – International D

ata Managem

ent Unit

IGB

P – International Geosphere B

iosphere Programm

e – ww

w.igbp.kva.se/

IIMO

– project International Information M

anagement O

ffice

IOC

– UN

ESCO

’s Intergovernmental O

ceanographic Com

mission – ioc.unesco.org

IPO – project International Project O

ffice

NC

P – project National C

ontact Points

NO

DC

– National O

ceanographic Data C

entre – ioc.unesco.org/iode/contents.php?id=97

OC

EAN

S – Ocean B

iogeochemistry and Ecosystem

s Analysis – w

ww

.igbp.kva.se/obe/

PC – Publications C

omm

ittee

PI – Principal Investigator

PS – project Publications Com

mittee

SCO

R – Scientific C

ouncil of Oceanic R

esearch – ww

w.jhu.edu/~scor/

SSC – project Scientific Steering C

omm

ittee

WD

C – IC

SU’s W

orld Data C

enter System – w

ww

.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/w

dcmain.htm

l

WIPO

– World Intellectual Property O

rganization – ww

w.w

ipo.org/

The JGOFS Report Series includes the following:

1 Report of the Second Session of the SCOR Committee for JGOFS. The Hague, September 1988 2 Report of the Third Session of the SCOR Committee for JGOFS. Honolulu, September 1989 3 Report of the JGOFS Pacific Planning Workshop. Honolulu, September 1989 4 JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment: Report of the First Data Workshop. Kiel, March 1990 5 Science Plan. August 1990 6 JGOFS Core Measurement Protocols: Reports of the Core Measurement Working Groups 7 JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, International Scientific Symposium Abstracts. Washington, November 1990 8 Report of the International Workshop on Equatorial Pacific Process Studies. Tokyo, April 1990 9 JGOFS Implementation Plan. (also published as IGBP Report No. 23) September 1992

10 The JGOFS Southern Ocean Study 11 The Reports of JGOFS meetings held in Taipei, October 1992: Seventh Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering

Committee; Global Synthesis in JGOFS - A Round Table Discussion; JGOFS Scientific and Organizational Issues in the Asian Region - Report of a Workshop; JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team - Report of the First Meeting. March 1993

12 Report of the Second Meeting of the JGOFS North Atlantic Planning Group 13 The Reports of JGOFS meetings held in Carqueiranne, France, September 1993: Eighth Meeting of the JGOFS

Scientific Steering Committee; JGOFS Southern Ocean Planning Group - Report for 1992/93; Measurement of the Parameters of Photosynthesis - A Report from the JGOFS Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team. March 1994

14 Biogeochemical Ocean-Atmosphere Transfers. A paper for JGOFS and IGAC by Ronald Prinn, Peter Liss and Patrick Buat-Ménard. March 1994

15 Report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Task Team on Continental Margin Studies. April 1994 16 Report of the Ninth Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee, Victoria, B.C. Canada, October 1994 and The

Report of the JGOFS Southern Ocean Planning Group for 1993/94 17 JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study. March 1995 18 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Publications, 1988-1995. April 1995 19 Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux studies (JGOFS) core measurements (reprint). June, 1996 20 Remote Sensing in the JGOFS programme. September 1996 21 First report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team. October 1996 22 Report on the International Workshop on Continental Shelf Fluxes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus. 1996 23 One-Dimensional models of water column biogeochemistry. Report of a workshop held in Toulouse, France, November-

December 1995. February 1997 24 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Publications, 1988-1996. October 1997 25 JGOFS/LOICZ Workshop on Non-Conservative Fluxes in the Continental Margins. October 1997. 26 Report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team Meeting, No 2. October 1997 27 Parameters of photosynthesis: definitions, theory and interpretation of results. August 1998 28 Eleventh meeting of the JGOFS SSC; Twelfth meeting of the JGOFS SSC; and the Second meeting of the North Pacific

Task Team. November 1998 29 JGOFS Data Management and Synthesis Workshop, 25-27 Sept. 1998, Bergen, Norway. Meeting Minutes. January 1999 30 Publications 1988-1999. January 2000 31 Thirteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. Fourteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering

Committee. Fifteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. October 2001 32 Meeting of the Southern Ocean Synthesis Group, Year 1998. October 2001. 33 Joint IGBP EU-US Meeting on the Ocean Component of an integrated Carbon Cycle Science Framework. October 2001 34 First Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group, 1998; Second Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group,

1999; Third Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group, 2001. October 2001 35 Report of the Indian Ocean Synthesis Group on the Arabian Sea Process Study. January 2002 36 Photosynthesis and Primary Productivity in Marine Ecosystems: Practical Aspects and Application of Techniques. July

2002 37 Data Management Task Team Meeting Minutes; 29-30 January 2002 and 5-6 June 2000. August 2002 38 Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models. July 2003 The following reports were published by SCOR in 1987 - 1989 prior to the establishment of the JGOFS Report Series:

• The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Background, Goals, Organizations, and Next Steps. Report of the International Scientific Planning and Coordination Meeting for Global Ocean Flux Studies. Sponsored by SCOR. Held at ICSU Headquarters, Paris, 17-19 February 1987

• North Atlantic Planning Workshop. Paris, 7-11 September 1987 • SCOR Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Report of the First Session. Miami, January 1988 • Report of the First Meeting of the JGOFS Pilot Study Cruise Coordinating Committee. Plymouth, UK, April 1988 • Report of the JGOFS Working Group on Data Management. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, September 1988

Documents

JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY - Woods Hole …ijgofs.whoi.edu/Publications/Report_Series/JGOFS39.pdf · The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research