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TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 1John Dyer <[email protected]>
Optical NetworkingPrimer
John DyerTERENA
http://www.terena.nl
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 6John Dyer <[email protected]>
Troy to Agamemnon’s palace in Mycenae, 600km
Troy – 1200 BC
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 7John Dyer <[email protected]>
le télégraphe optique
• First real purpose built optical communication device
• L'invention de : Claude Chappe -1791
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 9John Dyer <[email protected]>
Performance
• 1794 - 230 km between Paris and Lille
• By 1850 network grew to 556 stations covering 5000 km
• 20 to 30 seconds per symbol per station in good weather conditions:More than 1 hour the characters on this slide
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 10John Dyer <[email protected]>
Electric Replaces Optical
• 1816 Francis Ronalds
• 8 miles of Iron wires
• 1855 Giovanni Caselli
• telegraph line between Paris and Lyon
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 11John Dyer <[email protected]>
1876 - Telecommunications goes analogue
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 12John Dyer <[email protected]>
Analogue Signals
Source
Attenuation
Noise
Output
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 13John Dyer <[email protected]>
Analogue over copper
• Copper wire has narrow bandwidth
• Insufficient for backbones/long haul at high speed
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 14John Dyer <[email protected]>
Sending Digital Signals
0
1 1
00
5
time
Volts
Coaxial cable
0
1 1
00mW
10mW
time
Power
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 15John Dyer <[email protected]>
Digital over Analogue
• 1950’s US Defence• 1958 - DARPAnet• 1962 – Bell 103 modem• 300 bits per second
(about 40 characters per second)
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 16John Dyer <[email protected]>
The move to optical transmission
• 1975 – Bell – 14 Km of waveguide in New Jersey, US
• 1977 – Bell – live telephony in Chicago• 1977 – BT, UK live telephony• 1986 – Fibre link across English channel• 1988 – TAT-8 First Transatlantic Fibre
• 280 Mbps and retired in 2002 (14 years)
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 19John Dyer <[email protected]>
Transmission
• Chromatic Dispersion• Phase Dispersion• Attenuation
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 20John Dyer <[email protected]>
Digital can be cleanly regenerated
Source
Attenuation
Noise
Output Regeneration
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 23John Dyer <[email protected]>
Electrical & Optical Devices
Classical Electrical
Switch
O-E-OSwitch
All OpticalSwitch
Electrical Domain
Optical Domain
emerging
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 25John Dyer <[email protected]>
Electromagnetic Spectrum
10−9m = nanometre
lambda
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 26John Dyer <[email protected]>
Multiple lambdas
Don’t forget – λ’s in non-visible
850nm 1600nm1300nm
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 27John Dyer <[email protected]>
Single Wave Length in a single fibre pair
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 28John Dyer <[email protected]>
Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) in a single pair
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 31John Dyer <[email protected]>
User Classes
DSL GigE LAN
C
A
B
A Need full Internet routing
B Need VPN services on/and full Internet routing
C Need very fat pipes, limited multiple Virtual Organizations
Source: Cees de Laat, UvA
Number of users
Bandwidth consumed
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 33John Dyer <[email protected]>
Getting Access to Fibres
• Buy or Lease a service• IP level or optical path
• IRU • (Indefeasible Right of Use )
• Dig it yourself
Flexibility& control complexity
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 35John Dyer <[email protected]>
GLIF Open Lightpath Exchanges
• GLIF lambdas are interconnected through established exchange points known as GOLEs.
• GOLEs are comprised of equipment capable of terminating lambdas and performing lightpath switching, allowing end-to-end connections
• Open connection policy
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 36John Dyer <[email protected]>
Established GOLEs
• CANARIE-StarLight, Chicago (CANARIE)
• CANARIE-PNWGP, Seattle (CANARIE)
• CERN, Switzerland (CERN)
• KRLight, Seoul (KISTI)
• MAN LAN, New York (Internet2, NYSERNET, Indiana Uni & IEEAF)
• NetherLight, Amsterdam (SURFnet)
• NorthernLight, Stockholm (NORDUnet)
• Pacific Northwest GigaPoP, Seattle (Consortium of research and education orgs )
• StarLight, Chicago (UIC/EVL, NWU/iCAIR & Argonne)
• T-LEX, Tokyo (WIDE)
• UKLight, London (UKERNA)
• UltraLight, Los Angeles (Caltech/NSF)
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 37John Dyer <[email protected]>
GLIF Working Groups
• TERENA provides GLIF secretariat function
• Governance & Growth• Chair: Kees Neggers (SURFnet)
• Technical Issues• Co-Chairs: Erik-Jan Bos (SURFnet) & René Hatem
(CANARIE)• Control Plane & Grid Integration Middleware
• Chair: Gigi Karmous-Edwards (MCNC)• Research & Applications
• Co-Chairs: Maxine Brown (UIC) & Larry Smarr (UCSD)
TF-PR, Paris, September 2006 38John Dyer <[email protected]>
References
• The Telegraph Of Claude Chappe -An Optical Telecommunication Network For The XVIIIth Century
http://services3.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/cht_papers/dilhac.pdf
• Data Communications: The First 2500 Years
http://spinroot.com/gerard/pdf/hamburg94b.pdf
• A Survey of MEMS-Enabled Optical Devices – (January 2006)
http://www.iec.org/newsletter/jan06_2/broadband_1.html
• Wavelength switches and the automated optical network – Status & outlook (2005)
http://www.telenor.com/telektronikk/volumes/pdf/2.2005/Page_081-086.pdf
• GLIF website
http://www.glif.is
