Job-hunting in Italy: Building a Job-hunting in Italy: Building a glossary of “English-inspired” job glossary of “English-inspired” job

titlestitles

Structure of research paperStructure of research paper

1. Introduction and research aims 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Analysis 5. Discussion and Conclusion

A. Andreani , V. Pulcini, ‘Anglicisms in specialized discourse’2

1. Introduction1. Introduction

Pervasive presence of Anglicisms in the language of the job market

English used for branding and product advertising

e.g. FCA Fiat Crysler Automobiles – a merger – adoption of an English name

Job advertisements potential area of enquiry

a growing habit of using English for designating job titles

previous studies in Finland, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland

Observe the rise of «multiple terminology», thinking of the widespread use of such terms as manager and engineer, in competition with native equivalents

Previous findings Previous findings

English is more frequently used in adverts posted by multinational companies

English is more frequently used in advertisements for higher level jobs (manager, CEO)

English is used in transport, storage, communications and commerce (rather than in the financial sector)

English and domestic terms have different associations in the users’ minds

Sometimes English job titles are opaque (runner) and have a mystifying function in the business world (engineer)

Research aimsResearch aims

Analysing a sample of English job titles in the context of Italian job advertisements

Build a glossary of English job titles and Italian equivalents

Hypothesis: some terms are opaque and are used to confuse or deceive prospective applicants

2. Methodology2. Methodology

Data mining job finding agencies human resources consulting companies (Adecco, Manpower)

Corpus building a domain-specific corpus of Italian job

advertisements using the WebBootCat tool of the SketchEngine

Corpus querying Analysis of context, collocations and PoS

Data mining: job finding agenciesData mining: job finding agencies

Carriera e Futuro http://www.carrieraefuturo.com/

data entry

development eng.

hostess

order entry

promoter

receptionist

telemarketer

visual merchandiser

web designer

Orienta http://www.orienta.net/

Ti chiedo scusa di averti disturbato per niente.

Preliminary list of job titlesPreliminary list of job titles

data entry development engineer hostess order entry promoter receptionist telemarketer visual merchandiser web designer

Corpus building: WebBootCatCorpus building: WebBootCat

domain-specific corpus of Italian job advertisements

WebBootCat procedure tool implemented in the Sketchengine iteration of procedure at weeks’ distance to

avoid retrieval of same advertisements

Tokens: 241,021

Corpus querying: job titles in contextCorpus querying: job titles in context Analysis of context and PoS

Dictionaries and newspapersDictionaries and newspapers

General and specialized dictionaries for English:Collins English Dictionary online (CED)Cambridge Business English Dictionary online (CBED)

General and specialized dictionaries for Italian:Zingarelli 2014 (ZING)Economics & Business (Picchi 2014) (E&B)

Online historical archives for verifying the currency of Anglicisms in Italian:La Stampa (1867-2000)La Repubblica (1984-present)

Additional resourcesAdditional resources

Official documentationInternational Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 08)

www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/istat/isco08/index.html

Classificazione delle Professioni (Classification of Occupations) produced by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT CP2011) www.istat.it/it/archivio/18132

Classification of job types: English job finding resources www.prospects.ac.uk

3. Results 3. Results   CED CBED ZING E&Baccountant accountant accountant   accountantarea manager area manager   area manager area managerbaby sitter baby-sitter babysitter baby-sitter  barman barman barman barman  beauty sales agent agent agent agent sales agentdata entry   (other meaning) (other meaning)  deejay deejay deejay deejay  development engineer

engineer   mod+engineer mod+engineer

electrical practical instructor

instructor instructor    

export area manager

export manager     export manager

(financial) controller (financial) controller

(financial) controller

controller controller

first article inspector inspector inspector    hostess hostess hostess hostess  instrument practical instructor

instructor instructor    

mistery shopper mystery shopper mystery shopper    order entry        (junior) programmer programmer programmer    

project manager project manager project managerproject manager project manager

promoter promoter promoter promoter promoter receptionist (junior) receptionist receptionist receptionist  retail sales manager   retail manager    runner runner   (other meaning)  sales account   (other meaning)   (other meaning)sales manager sales manager sales manager sales manager sales managershop assistant shop assistant shop assistant   shop assistantstore manager       store managerstore specialist        telemarketer telemarketer telemarketer   telemarketervisual merchandiser merchandiser merchandiser merchandiser merchandiserweb designer web designer web designer    

4. Analysis4. AnalysisFormal featuresFormal features

• Polymorphemic one-word items: -er, -ist, -or, -ant, -man endings that typically denote the agent of the action– accountant; controller; programmer; promoter;

receptionist; runner; telemarketer

• Complex words: solid compounds or 2- or 3-word compounds, characterized by the modifier+head structure– barman– sales manager = a person in charge of a company’s sales

activities and its sales force (CBED)

Further word-formation mechanismsFurther word-formation mechanisms

Premodification can trigger even more complex items to classify duties or skillsbeauty sales agent; electrical practical instructor

In Italian the order of the elements may be changedproject manager junior (instead of junior project

manager)“Stiamo ricercando un project manager junior per gestione progetti C++/C#.”

Anglicisms with Italian equiAnglicisms with Italian equivalentsvalentsaccountant contabilearea manager capoarea, direttore di zonababy sitter tata, bambinaiabarman barista(financial) controller controllore della gestione

(=responsabile amministrativo)programmer programmatoreproject manager direttore di progetto, responsabile di progettosales manager direttore vendite, direttore commercialeshop assistant commesso/atelemarketer televenditore, operatore/addetto telemarketing

16

Anglicisms with no Italian equivalentsAnglicisms with no Italian equivalents

• dejay• hostess

a) flight attendant (F)b) conference assistant c) nightclub hostess

• mystery shopper• promoter• receptionist• runner• web designer

17

‘‘English-inspired’ job titlesEnglish-inspired’ job titles• Complex job titles:

beauty sales agentelectrical practical instructor export area managerfirst article inspector instrument practical instructor store specialist visual merchandiser

• False Anglicisms data entry, order entry, sales account

(The heads of the compounds are omitted: data entry clerk, order entry clerk, sales account manager)

18

Manager (borrowed in 1895)Manager (borrowed in 1895)= director of a company (or one of its departments)

Recorded Ita equivalents: direttore; dirigente; imprenditore; amministratore

Corpus collocates (selection) modifier+head: account, area, credit, general, energy mod+mod+head: business development, export sales,

supply chain

Pre-modifications used to indicate area or sector (credit, sales), and sometimes levels of managerial statuses (general vs. area)Widespread across European languages (Dutch, Swedish)

EngineerEngineerUsage label

= someone technical specialist competence

Italian equivalents:

- tecnico, specialista (without a degree)

- ingegnere (with a degree)

Corpus context: Si ricerca per nostra azienda cliente, leader nel settore

dell'automotive, nello specifico nella progettazione e produzione di motori, un giovane TESTING ENGINEER. Requisiti: - laurea in ingegneria meccanica o altro titolo di studio di formazione tecnica

Potential mystifying effect of multiple terminology

RunnerRunnerNot recorded as a job title in Ita dictionaries

= a person employed to perform various (generally menial or unskilled) tasks

Possible Italian equivalents:

fattorino, magazziniere, addetto spostamento merci

Corpus context: Per azienda moda lusso ricerchiamo 1 runner. Si richiede

esperienza all’interno di negozi di moda e abbigliamento in qualità di venditore e di magazziniere.

Expressive use of English loanword

5. Discussion5. Discussion

- Anglicization of the job market - An opportunity to observe lexical innovation - Job titles as a peripheral area of specialized

lexis in the domain of job advertisements English terms in competition with native

equivalents Monoreferentiality and semantic transparency

often violated -Reasons for the use of English in Italian Job

advertisements stylistic reasonspractical reasons

ConclusionsConclusions advantages and disadvantages for job hunters

conciseness and monoreferentiality (beauty sales agent)

multiple terminology

deceptive function of English terms common etymology (engineer / ingegnere)extended meaning (hostess)obscure meaning (runner)

development of local non-English creations, i.e. sales account for (sales) account manager