JM15 20 Respondents

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5th Jamia National Moot Court Competition, 2015

IN THE HON’BLE S!"EME CO"T O# MO"$O"

Spe%ial Lea&e !etition Juri'(i%tion

SL!)C* NO+ 12015 an( SL!)C* NO+ 22015

IN THE M-TTE" BET.EEN

MOONSHINE MO"$O" !/T LT$+ -nother +-!!ELL-NTS

/er'u'

NE!TNE MO"$O" !/T+ LT$ +"ES!ON$ENT

CLBBE$ .ITH

NE!TNE MO"$O" !/T+ LT$ +-!!ELL-NTS

/er'u'

MOONSHINE MO"$O" !/T LT$+ -nother +"ES!ON$ENTS

Memorial on the Behalf of Respondents Page 1

TE-M CO$EJM15320




MEMO"-N$M ON BEH-L# O# THE " ES!ON$ENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS

• ABBREVATIONS……………………………………….…3

• INDEX OF AUTHORITIES..................................................4

• STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION......................................6

• STATEMENTS OF FACTS...................................................7

• STATEMENT OF ISSUES....................................................9

• SUMMARY OF ARGUMENTS…………………………...10

• ARGUMENTS ADVANCED...............................................11

• RAYER FOR RELIEF........................................................3!





-BB"E/I-TIONS

" # $%$&%$'(

AIR # A)) I*+,$ R-'%/-%

A%/. # A%/,)-

C%, LJ C% LJ # C%,2,*$) L$ J%*$)

D-) # D-)(, H,&( C%/

E+. # E+,/,*

F$/5(--/ # S/$/-2-*/ F$/5 8/( JNMCC !018 %)-2

F%--5'%/5 L/+. # F%--5'%/5 M%+% :/. L/+.

H*;)- # H*%$)-

IC # I*+,$* C$5-5

MMBL # I*+,$ M*$)) B$5<-/$)) L-$&-

M*5(,*- L/+. # M*5(,*- M%+% :/. L/+.

N-'/*- L/+. # N-'/*- M%+% :/. L/+.

'. # $&- N.

IL # ), I*/-%-5/ L,/,&$/,*

RTE A/ # R,&(/ / F%-- $*+ C2')5%= E+$/,* A/ !009

SC # S'%-2- C%/

SCC # S'%-2- C%/ C$5-5

SCJ # S'%-2- C%/ J%*$)

SCR # S'%-2- C%/ R-'%/-% S-. S-/,*

:. # V-%55





IN$E4 O# -THO"ITIES

BOOS

• AJAY SAHANI LAL>S COMMENTARY O N COYRIGHT ACT 1987 ?8TH ED. DELHI LA@

HOUSE !013

• R ANBIR SINGH IYENGAR>S COMMENTARY ON THE COYRIGHT ACT ?TH ED.

U NIVERSAL LA@ UBLISHING CO. VT. LTD. !013

• EVIN GARNETT COINGER AND SNE JAMES ON COYRIGHT ?7TH ED. THOMSON

R EUTERS !014

• AJAY SAHANI LAL>S COMMENTARY O N COYRIGHT ACT 1987 ?4TH ED. DELHI LA@

HOUSE !011

• AHIL RASAD ADITI AGAR@AL COYRIGHT LA@ DES BOO ?U NIVERSAL LA@

UBLISHING CO. VT. LTD. !009

• 3MELVILLE B. NIMMER DAVID NIMMER NIMMER ON COYRIGHT ?LEXIS NEXIS !010

• .NARAYAN I NTELLECTUAL ROERTY LA@ ?3RD ED. EASTERN LA@ SCHOOL !013

• HELLEN E NORMAN I NTELLECTUAL ROERTY LA@ ?OXFORD U NIVERSITY RESS !011

• HELLEN E NORMAN I NTELLECTUAL ROERTY LA@ ?! ND ED.OXFORD U NIVERSITY

RESS !014

C-SES

• T,2- @$%*-% E*/-%/$,*2-*/ C. L.. O%5. :. R..G. N-/2 -/ AIR !007 D-) !!6

•

S'-% C$55-//-5 I*+5/%,-5 L/+. :. M%. C(,*/$2$*, R$ O%5 !01! ?49 TC 1 ?D-)• N$/,*$) B$5<-/$)) A55,$/,* $*+ NBA %'-%/,-5 I*. :. M/%)$ I* 108 F. 3+. 41 ?1997

• B$%)$=5 C$',/$) I*. M-%%,)) L=*( ,-%- F-**-% S2,/( I*. M%&$* S/$*)-= C. I*

T(-)=*/(-$)).2 I* 680 F.3+ 76

• E%,- R$,)%$+ C. :. T2<,*5 304 U.S. 64

• V,/%,$ $%< R$,*& $*+ R-%-$/,* G%*+5 C. L/+ :5. T$=)% 8 CLR 479

• V,/%,$ $%< R$,*& $*+ R-%-$/,* G%*+5 C. L/+ :5. T$=)% 8 CLR 479





• ,%)5<$% D,-5-) R-* ? L/+ :. ,%)5<$% %'%,-/$%= L/+. AIR 1996 B2$= 149

• ITC L,2,/-+ :5 (,),' M%%,5 %+/5 SA $*+ O%5 !010 ?4! TC 87! ?D-).

• V S-%-/ C$/$)&- I* :. M5-)-=

• S*2$%< I*. :. O-$* S'%$= C%$*-%%,-5 I*. 64 F.3+ 1088 ?7/( C,%. 1998.

• L-,5 :. R<= M*/$,* I*/-%*-/ 96CV4693 ?D. C). S-'/. !6 1997

• CD S)/,*5 I*. :. T<-% 47 U.S...!+ 1788 ?D. O%. 199.

• R,($%+5 :. C$)- N-5 N-/%< I* 47 U.S...!+ 1788 ?D. O%. 199.

• N- ,+5 * /(- B)< :. N-5 A2-%,$ ),5(,*& I*. 971 F.!+ 30! ?9/( C,%. 199!

• $/2*/ M/% @-%<5 I*. :. G$/-$= M$%,*- 1997 @L 11770 1997 US D,5/. LEXIS

!077 ?N.D. C$). D-. 1 1997.

• L,5 V,//* M$))-/,-% S.A. :. H$/- D,&&,/= D& LLC 807 F.3+ !8!

• B-$* I*. :. D%$<- ),5(-%5 I*. 11 F.!+ !6 ! ?15/ C,%. 197

• H%2-) F+5 C%'. :. J,2 H-*5* %+5. 73 F.3+ 497 ?!+ C,%. 1996

• G, S('5 I*. :. R.H. M$= C. 446 F. S''. 3 ?S.D.N.Y. 1977

• C$C)$C$C)$ C. :. G-2,*, R,5,*& I*. 346 F. S''. 113 ?E.D.N.Y. 197!

ST-TTES " E#E""E$

• T(- C'=%,&(/ A/ 1987

• T(- I*+,$* T%$+-2$%<5 A/ 1999

.e6'ite' "e7erre(

.2$*'$/%$.2





• .-5/)$.2

• .55%*.2

• .,*/$.%&

• .5-):$2$*+5-):$2.,*

• .5/%.%&

• .,/5',)$*,.$.,*

• .2-+,$*$2$.2

• .)-)&=.2

• .5',=,'.2





ST-TEMENT O# J"IS$ICTION

THE ETITIONER HAS AROACHED THE HON>BLE SUREME COURT OF INDIA

UNDER ARTICLE 136

-"TICLE 189 IN THE CONSTITTION O# IN$I-

136. SECIAL LEAVE TO AEAL BY THE SUREME COURT

?1 N/,/(5/$*+,*& $*=/(,*& ,* /(,5 ($'/-% /(- S'%-2- C%/ 2$= ,* ,/5 +,5%-/,* &%$*/

5'-,$) )-$:- / $''-$) %2 $*= +&2-*/ +-%-- +-/-%2,*$/,* 5-*/-*- % %+-% ,* $*= $5-

% 2$//-% '$55-+ % 2$+- = $*= %/ % /%,*$) ,* /(- /-%%,/%= I*+,$

)2* N/(,*& ,* )$5- ?1 5($)) $'')= / $*= +&2-*/ +-/-%2,*$/,* 5-*/-*- % %+-% '$55-+ %

2$+- = $*= %/ % /%,*$) *5/,//-+ = % *+-% $*= )$ %-)$/,*& / /(- $%2-+ %-5.





ST-TEMENT O# #-CTS

!art I

M%+% ,5 $ R-'), ,* S/( A5,$ (,( ,5 *- /(- 25/ %$',+)= -2-%&,*& 2$%<-/5 ,* /(-

%)+. M*5(,*- M%+% :/. L/+. )Moon'hine* ,5 $* ,*+5/%,$) *&)2-%$/- -*&$&-+ ,* $

:$%,-/= 2$*$/%,*& 5,*-55-5 (,( $*/-+ / &% $*+ ,*:-5/ ,*/ /(-% 5,*-55-5 $5

-)). M*5(,*- )$*(-+ 5( $ /%*$2-*/ = /(- *$2- I*+,$ M*$)) B$5<-/$))

L-$&- ?MMBL $*+ $***-+ (&- '%,K- 2*-= *+-% /(- $**-% MMBL /(%&( (,(

=*& /$)-*/ )+ - ',<-+ ' -:-%= =-$% %2 +,-%-*/ '$%/5 /(- */%= $*+ 2$/(-5

)+ - (-)+ % $ '-%,+ *- 2*/( $%55 /(- */%= ,* !011. I* (,5 3 %+ -+,/,* ,.-. +%,*&

!013 2$*= /-)-:,5,* ($**-)5 /%,-+ / &-/ /(- %$+$5/,*& %,&(/5 %2 M*5(,*- (,( -%-

55--*/)= $&&-+ = F%-- S'%/5 M%+% :/. L/+. ?F%-- S'%/5 $ *$/,*$) /-)-:,5,* ($**-)

:,$ $* $&%--2-*/ 5,&*-+ * 8/( A&5/ !013 (,( '%:,+-+ ,/( -/ %,&(/5

-)5,:-)= / F%-- S'%/5 (,( ,*)+-+ %-%+,*& %$+$5/,*& 2,)- %,&(/5 -/.

!art II

F%/(-% ,* !014 /%*$2-*/ 5--,*& /(,5 '/-*/,$) 2$%<-/ N-'/*- M%+% :/. L/+. ?N-'/*- $

)-$+,*& /-)-22*,$/,* 2'$*= 5/$%/-+ $ 2,)- $''),$/,* *+-% /(- *$2- S'-%D*<

(,( )+ '%:,+- 2,*/-=2,*/- 2$/( '+$/-5 MMBL :,$ * -)-/%*, $*+ '%,*/

2-+,$. N-'/*- $5 $)- / %'- ,* ,& $+:-%/,5-%5 ),<- -'5, N,<- M+*$)+>5 -/. * /(-,%

S'-%D*< A'' $*+ 5/$%/-+ 2$<,*& )/ '%,/. O* &-//,*& / <* $/ S'-%D*<

M*5(,*- $*+ F%--S'%/5 ,)-+ $ 5,/ $&$,*5/ N-'/*- 5,*- M*5(,*- ($+ $55,&*-+ /(-

-/ %,&(/5 / F%--S'%/5 (,( -)/ $&&%,-:-+ /($/ N-'/*- $5 ,*+)&,*& ,* *$,%

2'-/,/,* 22-%,$) 2,5$''%'%,$/,* $*+ *5/ 22-%,$) -*%,(2-*/. M*5(,*-

*/-*+-+ /($/ /(-,% '%'-%/= %,&(/5 -%- -,*& :,)$/-+ $*+ /($/ /(- 2$/( ,*%2$/,* $5 $

'%+/ ,/5 %,&,*$),/= $*+ %-$/,:,/= $*+ /(-%-%- ,/ ($+ $ '=%,&(/ :-% ,/. A*/(-% ,55-

$5 ,/( %-&$%+5 / 5$&- /(- *$2- MMBL ,* /(- $+:-%/,5-2-*/5 N-'/*- / '%2/- ,/5

M,)- $''),$/,* S'-%D*<.

!art III

T(- S,*&)- J+&- (-$%+ /(- */-*/,*5 /( 5,+-5 $*+ %-/%*-+ ,/( /(- )),*& ,*+,*&5#

• T(-%- +-5 */ ),- $*= '=%,&(/ '%/-/,* ,* ,*%2$/,* -2$*$/,*& / $ 2$/(





• T(- 2$/( 5%-5 $%- ,* '), +2$,* $*+ $**/ - '%/-/-+

• T(- /%/ *$,% 2'-/,/,* )+ */ $,+ F%--S'%/5 ,* ,/5 -%/ / 5--< -,/$)- %-),-

• T(-%- ,5 * *5/ -*%,(2-*/ $5 /(- -*-,/ &$,*-+ = N-'/*- ,5 */ $/ /(- -'-*5-

F%--S'%/5.

• U5,*& /(- *$2- MMBL ,* /(- $+:-%/,5-2-*/5 S'-%D*< $5-5 T%$+-2$%<

+,)/,* $ -)) <** /%$+-2$%< I*+,$ M*$)) B$5<-/$)) L-$&-.

!art I/

A&&%,-:-+ = /(,5 %+-% M*5(,*- $*+ F%--S'%/5 ,)-+ $* $''-$) ,* %*/ /(- D,:,5,*

B-*(. T(- D,:,5,* B-*( (-$%+ /(- '$%/,-5 * /(-,% &%,-:$*-5 $*+ +-,+-+ /(- 2$//-% '$%/)= ,*

$:% M*5(,*- $*+ F%--S'%/5 $*+ '$%/)= ,* $:% N-'/*-. T(- D,:,5,* B-*( (-)+$5 ))5#

• @,/( %-&$%+5 /(- ,55- '=%,&(/ '%/-/,* /(- D,:,5,* B-*( '(-)+ /(- :,- /(-

S,*&)- J+&-.

• T(- 2$/( 5%-5 $%- */ ,* '), +2$,* */,) /(-= $%- %$+$5/ * /(- /-)-:,5,*.

T(-%-%- N-'/*- $* 5-*+ 2$/( '+$/-5 *)= $/-% $ 8 2,*/- &$' $/-% ,/ ($5 --*

%$+$5/ * /(- /-)-:,5,*.

• N-'/*- ($5 / '$= 78 %%-5 / M*5(,*- $*+ F%--S'%/5 $5 +$2$&-5 -$5- *5/

-*%,(2-*/ &$,*-+ = ,/.

• @,/( %-&$%+5 /(- ,55- T%$+-2$%< +,)/,* D,:,5,* B-*( '(-)+ /(- :,- /(-

S,*&)- J+&-.

!art /

M*5(,*- $*+ F%--S'%/5 ,)-+ $ S'-,$) L-$:- -/,/,* ?SL -%- /(- S'%-2- C%/

M%+% $&$,*5/ /(- %+-% /(- D,:,5,* B-*( H,&( C%/ ,/( %-5'-/ / ,55-5 +-,+-+

$&$,*5/ /(-2. T(- S'%-2- C%/ $+2,//-+ /(- SL $*+ +,%-/-+ /($/ /(- 2$//-% / - ),5/-+ %

,*$) (-$%,*&.





ST-TEMENT O# ISSES

I. @(-/(-% /(- ,*%2$/,* -2$*$/,*& / /(- 2$/( ,5 ),$)- / '=%,&(/ '%/-/,*

II. @(-/(-% F%--S'%/5 ,5 -*/,/)-+ / -,/$)- %-),- *+-% /%/ *$,% '%/-/,* $*+

(-/(-% N-'/*- ($5 ,*+)&-+ ,* *$,% 2'-/,/,* 22-%,$) 2,5$''%'%,$/,* $*+

*5/ 22-%,$) -*%,(2-*/

III. @(-/(-% 5,*& /(- *$2- MMBL ,* /(- $+:-%/,5-2-*/5 S'-%D*< $5-5 /%$+-2$%<

+,)/,*





SMM-": O# -";MENTS

ISSE 1 THE IN#O"M-TION EM-N-TIN; OT O# THE M-TCH IS NOT LI-BLE TO CO!:"I;HT

!"OTECTION+

I/ ,5 / (2)- */-*/,* /($/ /(- %,&(/ )$,2-+ = M*5(,*- $*+ F%--S'%/5 +-5 */ -,5/

$*+ /(-%- $* - * :,)$/,* **-,5/-*/ %,&(/5. S( ,)) - +-$)/ ,/( -)$%$/-)=

/(%&(/ /(- ,55-. I/ ,5 % */-*/,* /($/ /(- %-5'*+-*/5 ($:- '),5(-+ ,*%2$/,* (,(

,5 '$%/ /(- '), +2$,*. D,55-2,*$/,*& ,*%2$/,* /(%&( $ 2,)- $'' ,5 $* --%,5-

% %,&(/ / %-- 5'--( *+-% A%/,)- 19 /(- C*5/,//,* I*+,$. T(,5 %,&(/ $)5 -/-*+-+ /

%--+2 / $%%= * 5,*-55 ,* +,55-2,*$/,* ,*%2$/,* / /(- '), /( /(-5- %,&(/5

)+ - %-5/%,/-+ /(%&( %-$5*$)- %-5/%,/,*5 -*$/-+ /(%&( )$ (,( -)) *+-% A%/,)-

19?! $*+ */ = 22* )$.

ISSE 2 .HETHE" #"EES!O"TS IS ENTITLE$ TO E<IT-BLE "ELIE# N$E" TO"T O#

N#-I" !"OTECTION -N$ .HETHE" NE!TNE H-S IN$L;E$ IN N#-I" COM!ETITION,

COMME"CI-L MIS-!!"O!"I-TION -N$ NJST COMME"CI-L EN"ICHMENT=

T(- *5-)5 * /(- -($) /(- +--*+$*/5 (2)= 52,/ /($/ N-'/*- L/+. ($5 */ -*-,/-+

*5/)= $/ /(- -'-*5- $''-))$*/5 = ,*+)&,*& ,* *$,% 2'-/,/,* 22-%,$)

2,5$''%'%,$/,* $*+ *5/ 22-%,$) -*%,(2-*/ ?- $*+ /(5 F%--S'%/5 L/+. ,5 */ -*/,/)-+/ $*= -,/$)- %-),- *+-% /(- /%/ *$,% '%/-/,* ?B.

ISSE 8 SIN; THE N-ME O# MMBL IN THE S!E" $N ’S -$/E"TISEMENT $OES NOT

C-SE T"-$EM-" $ILTION.

I/ ,5 (2)= 52,//-+ -%- /(,5 H*>)- C%/ /($/ 5,*& /(- *$2- MMBL ,* /(-

$+:-%/,5-2-*/5 S'-%D*< +-5 */ $5- T%$+-2$%< +,)/,* $5 I*+,$ M*$)) B$5<-/$))

L-$&- ,5 $ -)) <** /%$+-2$%< $*+ ,/5 5-+ *+-% /(- $,% 5- '%,*,')- % *%2$/,:- 5-

'%,*,')- $*+ +-5 */ $5- /%$+-2$%< +,)/,* (,( %/(-% +-5 */ %-5)/ ,* /%$+-2$%<

,*%,*&-2-*/.





-";MENTS -$/-NCE$

ISSE 1 .HETHE" THE IN#O"M-TION EM-N-TIN; OT O# THE M-TCH IS LI-BLE TO

CO!:"I;HT !"OTECTION=

T(- *5-) * /(- -($) /(- %-5'*+-*/5 (2)= 52,/5 /($/ /(- %,&(/ )$,2-+ =

M*5(,*- L/+. $*+ F%--S'%/5 L/+. +-5 */ -,5/ $*+ /(-%- $* - * :,)$/,* **-,5/-*/

%,&(/5 ?- $*+ -:-* /(&( /(-%- -,5/5 $ %,&(/ *+-% /(- $/ /(- --'/,* $,% 5- ,5

$''),$)-?B.

(A)Moonshine Ltd. and FreeSports Ltd. does not have any copyright over the information

emanating out of the match

-+1 Cop>ri?ht -%t a77or(' prote%tion onl> to Ori?inalit> an( Creati&it>

I/ ,5 (2)= 52,//-+ /($/ 2$/( ,*%2$/,* $5 */ $ %-5)/ /(- %,&,*$),/= % %-$/,:,/=

/(- /(-% '$%/=. A*+ /($/ /(- /-5/ %,&,*$),/= % %-$/,:,/= ($5 --* ))-+ = I*+,$* C%/5

/ &%$*/ '=%,&(/.

I* /(- $5- Servewell Products Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. v. Dolphin1 ,* (,( /(- C%/ ($+ 5-%:-+

T(- S'%-2- C%/ ($5 %-&*,K-+ /(- 5(,/ ,* Eastern Book Company v. DB odak ! )),*&

/(- $''%$( )$,+ +* = /(- C$*$+,$* S'%-2- C%/ ,* CC" Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society o#

$pper Canada% %--/-+ /(- sweat o# the row doctrine ?(,( *-%%-+ '=%,&(/ * %<5

2-%-)= -$5- /,2- -*-%&= 5<,)) $*+ )$% $5 -'-*+-+ $*+ (-)+ /($/ /(- %< 25/ -

%,&,*$) ,* /(- 5-*5- /($/ = :,%/- 5-)-/,* %+,*$/,* % $%%$*&-2-*/ '%--,5/,*&

1 !010 ?43 TC 807 ?D-)

! ?!00 1 SCC 1

3 ?!004 SCC 13





+$/$ */$,*-+ ,* /(- %< /(- %< 52-($/ +,-%-*/ ,* ($%$/-% ,5 '%+-+ = /(- $/(%.

T(5 ,* I*+,$ /(- /-5/ % %-$/,:,/= -5/$),5(-5 $ (,&(-% /(%-5()+ /($* /(- sweat o# the row

+/%,*- / */ $5 (,&( $5 2+,2 %-$/,:,/=.

I* /(- ,*5/$*/ $5- /(-%- ,5 * %-$/,:,/= % %,&,*$),/= ,*:):-+ ,* /(- ,*%2$/,* -2$*$/,*& /

MMBL 2$/(-5 $*+ (-*- M*5(,*- L/+. $*+ F%--5'%/5 L/+. $**/ - '%/-/-+ *+-%

'=%,&(/.

-+2 Le?al entitlement to $i''eminate In7ormation emanatin? out o7 a mat%h+

M*5(,*- L/+. $*+ F%--5'%/5 L/+. $* *)= )$,2 %$+$5/,*& %,&(/5 $*+ '=%,&(/ :-% /(-

,*-2$/&%$'( ,)2 /(- %,<-/ 2$/( % $+, %-%+,*& /(- 22-*/$%= -/. / /(- -/-*/

,/ ,5 %-&*,K-+ *+-% /(- A/ $*+ */ $/ ,*%2$/,* -2$*$/,*& / $ 2$/(. S(

,*%2$/,* ,5 '%-)= $/$) ,* *$/%- $*+ ,5 ,* /(- *$/%- *-5. N-'/*- L/+. ($5 *-:-%

',-+ /(- */-*/5 M*5(,*- L/+5> %$+$5/5 *% ($5 ,/ '%:,+-+ $*= $-55 / /(- $+, %

:,5$) */-*/5 5( %$+$5/5. I/ ,5 */-*+-+ /($/ - $%- )-&$))= -*/,/)-+ / +,55-2,*$/- /(-

5%- '+$/-52$/( $)-%/5 / /(- '), $*+ *5--*/)= &-*-%$/- ,*2-. F,%5/)= -$5- /(-

,*%2$/,* -2$*$/,*& %2 /(- MMBL 2$/(-5 5( $5 5%- '+$/-52$/( $)-%/5 $2*/5 /

$/5 (,( $**/ - *-+ % $%+-+ '=%,&(/ '%/-/,*. S-*+)= -:-* , ,/ -%-

$%+-+ '=%,&(/ '%/-/,* /(- 5%- $)-%/2$/( '+$/- ($5 $)%-$+= -*/-%-+ /(- '), +2$,*

$*+ /(-%-%- $* - %--)= 5-+ = /(- +--*+$*/5.

T(,5 ($5 --* (-)+ ,* /(- $5- T(- 'ictoria Park (acin) and (ecreation *rounds Co. Ltd vs.

+aylor , ?V,/%,$ $%< C$5- $*+ -eist Pulications /nc. '. (ural +elephone Service Co. 8?F-,5/

),$/,*5 C$5-. I* /(- V,/%,$ $%< C$5- /(- ')$,*/, $%%,-+ * /(- 5,*-55 *+/,*&

%$- 2--/,*&5 $/ $ %$-%5- *-+ = ,/. T(- ')$,*/, +,+ */ '-%2,/ $*= +-5%,'/,* %

,*%2$/,* *-%*,*& /(- %$-5 / - %$+$5/. T(- +--*+$*/ $* *-% $*+ ',-% $

',-- )$*+ * /(- ''5,/- 5,+- /(- %$-%5- $))-+ /(- /(-% +--*+$*/ C22*-$)/(B%$+$5/,*& C%'%$/,* / 5-%:- $*+ %$+$5/ /(- %$-. T(- ')$,*/, 5&(/ $* ,**/,*

4 8 CLR 479

8 499 U.S. 340 ?1991





$&$,*5/ 5( %$+$5/,*& */-*+,*& /($/ 5,*- ,/5 -%/5 $*+ -'-*+,/%- $5 5'-*/ *

%&$*,5,*& /(- %$- ,/ ($5 $5,'%'-%/= %,&(/5 ,* /(- %$-. T(- C%/ (-)+ /($/ /(- )$

'=%,&(/ +,+ */ &,:- $*= '-%5* $* -)5,:- %,&(/ / +-5%,- $ '$%/,)$% 5-/ $/5. J5/

-$5- $ '-%5* $***-5 % /(- ,%5/ /,2- /($/ $ '$%/,)$% (%5- * /(- %$- % $*= $/ ,/

)+ */ '%-:-*/ /(-%5 %2 +-5%,,*& /(- 5$2- -:-*/. S,2,)$%)= ,* /(- F-,5/ ),$/,*5

C$5- /(- ')$,*/, 5&(/ / '=%,&(/ $ 2',)$/,* /-)-'(*- *2-%5 (,( $5 +-*,-+ =

/(- C%/ * /(- &%*+ /($/ ,/ $5 2-%-)= $ +,-%-*/ '%-5-*/$/,* $/5 $*+ +,+ */ '55-55

%,&,*$),/= % %-$/,:,/= (,( ,5 /(- 5,*- $ ** '=%,&(/.

I* A%&-*+ /(- $''-))$*/5 5/,)) ($:- /(- %,&(/ / &-/ $ '=%,&(/ :-% /(- ,*%2$/,* -2$*$/,*&

/ /(- 2$/( /(-* $)5 /(,5 5-/ 2$//-% 25/ - $ %-&,5/-%-+ '=%,&(/ $*+ /(5 ,/ $* -

5$,+ /($/ /(- %-5'*+-*/5 $/ /(- +$/- /(- ,*%,*&-2-*/ (- $5 */ $$%- $*+ ($+ * %-$5*$)-&%*+ % -),-:,*& /($/ '=%,&(/ 55,5/-+ ,* /(- %<. T(,5 '%:,+-5 / - $* --2'/,* $5

5'-,,-+ *+-% /(- '%:,5 S-/,* 88 $*+ 89 /(- A/.

-+8 Mat%h S%ore' are in !u6li% $omain an( hen%e %annot 6e prote%te(+3

I/ ,5 (2)= 52,//-+ /($/ - '),5( ,*%2$/,* (,( ,5 '$%/ /(- '), +2$,*.

D,55-2,*$/,*& ,*%2$/,* /(%&( $ 2,)- $'' ,5 $* --%,5- % %,&(/ / %-- 5'--( *+-%

A%/,)- 19 /(- C*5/,//,* I*+,$. T(,5 %,&(/ $)5 -/-*+-+ / %--+2 / $%%= * 5,*-55

,* +,55-2,*$/,* ,*%2$/,* / /(- '), /( /(-5- %,&(/5 )+ - %-5/%,/-+ /(%&(

%-$5*$)- %-5/%,/,*5 -*$/-+ /(%&( )$ (,( -)) *+-% A%/,)- 19?! $*+ */ = 22*

)$.

I* /(- +-,5,* /(- A'- C%/ ,* $5- Eastern Book Company & 0rs v. D.B. odak &

Anr /(- ')$,*/, )$,2-+ '=%,&(/ :-% /(- +&2-*/5 '),5(-+ ,* ,/5 %*$)5 $*+ 5&(/ $

/-2'%$%= ,**/,* $&$,*5/ /(- +--*+$*/5 ( -%- $))-&-+)= '=,*& /(- +&2-*/5

'),5(-+ = /(- ')$,*/, $*+ %-'),5(,*& *+-% /(-,% * *$2-. O5-%:,*& /($/ ')$,*/, 2'$*= )+ */ )$,2 '=%,&(/ ,* $ +&2-*/ *+-% /(- (-$+,*& ),/-%$%= %< -$5- ,/

($+ $)%-$+= -*/-%-+ /(- '), +2$,* /(- A'- C%/ *)= &%$*/-+ $* ,**/,* ),2,/-+ / /(-

6 ?!00 1 SCC 1





(-$+*/-5 /*/-5 $*+ -+,/%,$) */-5 $/(%-+ = /(- ')$,*/, $*+ $))-+ /(- +--*+$*/ /

5-)) /(-,% CD ROMS ,/( /(- /-/ +&2-*/5.

S/$)- *-5 ,5 * *-5. L$ '-%2,/5 %%-*/ -:-*/5 $*+ $$,%5 / - %-'%/-+ ,.-. %-&*,K-5 /($/

5/$)- *-5 ,5 * *-5 $*+ /(5 25/ - %-'%/-+ %%-*/)=. T($/ ,5 /(- %-$5* (= $* $%(,:$)

/$&- $,%-5 /(- 5/$/5 -,*& $%($, $/-% !4 (%5. N ,5 / - +-/-%2,*-+ (-* +-5

$* -:-*/ % $* $$,% -2- *-5 D-5 *-5 ($5 $ &-5/$/,* '-%,+ / 2/$/- ,*/ (,5/%= I

=-5 ($/ )+ - /(- &-5/$/,* '-%,+ F% /(,5 - (2)= %--5/ /(- H*>)- %/ /

+-/-%2,*-. I* /(- $5- /CC Development 2/nternational3 Ltd. & Anr. v. 4ew Delhi +elevision

Ltd .7 ,/ $5 (-)+ T(- 5%- /(- 2$/( ,5 ,* '), +2$,* $*+ $* - %$+$5/-+ = $*=

($**-) $5 $ '$%/ ,/5 %,&(/ / %-'%/ %%-*/ *-5 $*+ -:-*/5. I/ ,5 ,2'-%$/,:- % / $)$*- /(-

%,&(/ /(- %&$*,5-% $* -:-*/ / 2*-/,K- (,5 * -:-*/ $5 $&$,*5/ /(- %,&(/ /(- '), /%--,:- ,*%2$/,* %-&$%+,*& 5( -:-*/ $*+ /(- %,&(/ /(- 2-+,$ / '%:,+- $-55 / 5(

,*%2$/,* +-2$*+-+.

F%/(-% ,/ ,5 $)5 $ 2$//-% constitutional ri)ht to receive in#ormation y the pulic . T(-

5,&*,,$*- A%/,)- 19 ?1?$ $**/ - ,&*%-+. T(,5 ($5 %/(-% --* '(-)+ = /(- S'%-2-

C%/ ($5 2$+- ,/ $2')= )-$% ,* $5-5 5( $5 T$/$ %-55 /($/ /(- '),>5 %,&(/ / %--,:-

,*%2$/,* ,5 ,/(,* /(- $2,/ A%/,)- 19?1?$ /(- C*5/,//,*. U5,*& /(- /$&- $

2$/( (,)- $,%,*& 5'-,$) -'-%/$*$)=5,5 '%&%$25 = /(- *-5 ($**-) $5 *5,+-%-+

%-'%/,*& $*+ /(-%-%- 5/,,-+ *+-% /(- '%,*,')- $,% +-$),*& $*+ $)5 -*-%$/-+

*+-% A%/,)- 19?1?$ /(- C*5/,//,* I*+,$.

(B) The use of information emanating out of the match is a part of fair use by Neptune

Ltd.

F$,% 5- ,5 $ )-&$) '%,*,')- /($/ +-,*-5 /(- ),2,/$/,*5 * /(- -)5,:- %,&(/5 '=%,&(/

()+-%5. T(- '%'5- /(-5- &,+-),*-5 ,5 / '%:,+- &,+$*- * /(- $''),$/,* $,% 5-

7 C.S. ?O.S. N. !416!01!

N- D-)(, T-)-:,5,* L/+ :. ICC D-:-)'2-*/ ?I*/-%*$/,*$) L/+. A*%. FAO ?OS

460!01! ?NDTV C$5-





'%,*,')-5 = -+$/%5 5()$%5 $*+ 5/+-*/5 ( +-:-)' 2)/,2-+,$ '%-/5 5,*& '%/,*5

'=%,&(/-+ %<5 *+-% $,% 5- %$/(-% /($* = 5--<,*& $/(%,K$/,* % **22-%,$)

-+$/,*$) 5-5. T(-5- &,+-),*-5 $'')= *)= / $,% 5- ,* /(- */-/ '=%,&(/ $*+ / *

/(-% %,&(/5.

T(-%- ,5 * 5,2')- /-5/ / +-/-%2,*- ($/ ,5 $,% 5-. S-/,* 107 /(- C'=%,&(/ A/ 5-/5 %/(

/(- % $,% 5- $/%5 (,( 5()+ - *5,+-%-+ ,* -$( ,*5/$*- $5-+ * '$%/,)$% $/5

$ &,:-* $5- / +-/-%2,*- (-/(-% $ 5- ,5 $ $,% 5-# ?1 /(- '%'5- $*+ ($%$/-% 5-

,*)+,*& (-/(-% 5( 5- ,5 $ 22-%,$) *$/%- % ,5 % **'%,/ -+$/,*$) '%'5-5

?! /(- *$/%- /(- '=%,&(/-+ %< ?3 /(- $2*/ $*+ 55/$*/,$),/= /(- '%/,* 5-+ ,*

%-)$/,* / /(- '=%,&(/-+ %< $5 $ ()- $*+ ?4 /(- --/ /(- 5- '* /(- '/-*/,$)

2$%<-/ % % :$)- /(- '=%,&(/-+ %<.

@(,)- *)= /(- %/5 $* $/(%,/$/,:-)= +-/-%2,*- (-/(-% $ '$%/,)$% 5- ,5 $,% 5- /(-5-

&,+-),*-5 %-'%-5-*/ /(- '$%/,,'$*/5; *5-*55 *+,/,*5 *+-% (,( $,% 5- 5()+

&-*-%$))= $'')= $*+ -$2')-5 (-* '-%2,55,* ,5 %-,%-+. U5-5 /($/ ---+ /(-5- &,+-),*-5

2$= *% 2$= */ - $,% 5-. T(- '$%/,,'$*/5 $)5 $&%-- /($/ /(- 2%- *- ---+5 /(-5-

&,+-),*-5 /(- &%-$/-% /(- %,5< /($/ $,% 5- +-5 */ $'')=.





ISSE 2 .HETHE" #"EES!O"TS IS ENTITLE$ TO E<IT-BLE "ELIE# N$E" TO"T O#

N#-I" !"OTECTION -N$ .HETHE" NE!TNE H-S IN$L;E$ IN N#-I" COM!ETITION,

COMME"CI-L MIS-!!"O!"I-TION -N$ NJST COMME"CI-L EN"ICHMENT=

T(- *5-)5 * /(- -($) /(- +--*+$*/5 (2)= 52,/ /($/ N-'/*- L/+. ($5 */ -*-,/-+

*5/)= $/ /(- -'-*5- $''-))$*/5 = ,*+)&,*& ,* *$,% 2'-/,/,* 22-%,$)

2,5$''%'%,$/,* $*+ *5/ 22-%,$) -*%,(2-*/ ?- $*+ /(5 F%--S'%/5 L/+. ,5 */ -*/,/)-+

/ $*= -,/$)- %-),- *+-% /(- /%/ *$,% '%/-/,* ?B.

(A)The Neptune Ltd. has unust!y benefited at the e"pense of appe!!ants by indu!ging in

unfair competition# commercia! misappropriation and unust commercia! enrichment

-+1 $nfair %ompetition

U*$,% 2'-/,/,* ,5 $ 5--) / %-- 2'-/,/,* ,* /(- -*2=. I/ ,5 $* ,*/-))-/$) *-'/. I*

$ %-- 2$%<-/ -*2= 2'-/,/,* ,5 $ $5, '),= ,* %-)$/,* / /%$+- $*+ 5,*-55. H-:-%

2'-/,/,* 25/ */ *)= - %-- / $)5 $,%. T(- &-*-%$) %)- )$ ,5 /($/ /(- *)-5/ (2$*

'%+/,*5 <*)-+&- /%/( $5-%/$,*-+ *-'/,*5 $*+ ,+-$5 P -2- $/-% :)*/$%=

22*,$/,*5 / /(-%5 %-- $5 /(- $,% / 22* 5-.

I* /(- )),*& $5- /(- M*5(,*- M%+% :/. L/+ = $* $&%--2-*/ +$/-+ 8 /( A&5/ !013

($+ $55,&*-+ $ -/ %,&(/5 -)5,:-)= / F%--S'%/5 :/. L/+. T 5( %,&(/5 -%-

2,)- %,&(/5 $*+ %$+$5/,*& %,&(/5. N-'/*- :/. L/+ ($5 $))-&-+)= :,)$/-+ /(-5- %,&(/5 =

'%:,+,*& /(- 2,*/-=2,*/- '+$/-5 /(- 2$/( ?/,2- 5-*5,/,:- ,*%2$/,* $)*& ,/(

5,*& /(- '')$%,/= /(- /%*$2-*/ $*+ ,/5 ')$=-%5 /(%&( ,/5 $''),$/,* S'-%D*< $*+

/(5 2$+- (&- '%,/5 = %',*& ,* $+:-%/,5-%5 ),<- MD*$)+5 N,<- -'5, -/.

-+2 Appe!!ants have no c!aim under Section &' of the %opyright Act# &*

T(- %-5'*+-*/5 */-*+ /($/ /(- $''-))$*/ $**/ 5--< $*= %-2-+= *+-% 22* )$ -$5-





S-/,* 16 /(- C'=%,&(/ A/ 1967 '%-)+-5 /(- $''-))$*/ %2 )$,2,*& $ '=%,&(/ % $*=

/(-% 5,2,)$% %,&(/ /(-% /($* /(5- (,( $%- '%:,+-+ ,* $%+$*- % *+-% /(- A/.

A)/-%*$/,:-)= /(- %-5'*+-*/5 */-*+ /($/ /(-= *)= '),5( /(- 2$/( ,*%2$/,* $/-% ,/ ($5

2- ,*/ '), +2$,* $*+ /($/ /(- ,*%2$/,* $%,5,*& %2 /(- 2$/( ,5 '%-)= $/$) ,*

*$/%- $*+ $,%-5 /(- '5,/,* *-5. T(- %-5'*+-*/5 $)5 52,/ /($/ /(-,% $/,*5 + */

$2*/ / %--%,+,*& * /(- -%/5 /(- $''-))$*/ -$5- /(-= *-,/(-% '= /(- $/$) */-*/

/(- %$+$5/ *% '%:,+- $-55 / $+, % :,5$) /$&- /(- %$+$5/. T(- %-5'*+-*/5

$)5 */-*+ /($/ /(-= $%- -*-%$/-+ *+-% A%/,)- 19?1?$ /(- C*5/,//,* (-%-= /(-=

($:- /(- %--+2 / $%%= * /%$+- = +,55-2,*$/,* ,*%2$/,* / /(- '), $*+ 5( %,&(/5

$* *)= - 5-/ / /(- %-$5*$)- %-5/%,/,*5 *+-% A%/,)- 19?! $*+ */ = 22* )$.

T(- %-5'*+-*/5 '%,2$%= */-*/,* ,5 /($/ /(- '%'%,-/$%= %,&(/5 $5 )$,2-+ = /(- $''-))$*/ +

*/ -,5/ $5 /(-= $%- */ %-&*,K-+ *+-% $*= )$ % 5/$//- -*$/-+ = /(- $%),$2-*/ -$5-

S-/,* 16 /(- C'=%,&(/ A/ 1987 '%-)+-5 /(- $''-))$*/ %2 )$,2,*& $*= /(-% %,&(/

--'/ $5 '%:,+-+ *+-% /(- A/. I* %/(-%$*- /(,5 $%&2-*/ /(-= ($:- %-),-+ * +&2-*/5

/(- C%/ ,* /(- $5-5 +ime 5arner Entertainment Co. L.P. & 0rs. v. (.P.*. 4etcom & etc. 6

$*+ Super Cassettes /ndustries Ltd. v. r. Chintamani (ao & 0rs.17 ,* (,( ,/ $5 (-)+ /($/ /(-

$''-))$*/5')$,*/,5 $**/ )$,2 '=%,&(/ $*+ 5- % ,*%,*&-2-*/ '=%,&(/5 +- (%5 /(-

A/ -$5- '=%,&(/ -,5/5 $*+ $* - *)= ,* $%+$*- ,/( /(- '%:,5,*5 /(- A/ %

*+-% $*= )$ (,( $5 ,* %- $/ /(- /,2- (-* /(- A/ $5 -*$/-+. C22* )$ %,&(/5*+-% '=%,&(/ )$ 5/$*+ $%&$/-+ = S-/,* 31 /(- -%5/(,)- C'=%,&(/ A/ 1911.

T(- +--*+$*/5 */-*+-+ /($/ 5,*- /(-%- ,5 $ '%-)5,* ?% '%--2'/,* *+-% S-/,* 16 /(-

A/ $''-))$*/5 $%- ,5(,*& % $ %,&(/ *+-% 22* )$ = )$,2,*& $5, '%'-%/= %,&(/5. A*+

*)= /%/5 5( $5 +-$2$/,* $*+ %-$( *,+-*/,$),/= $%- %-&*,K-+ = /(- 22* )$

I*+,$ $*+ /($/ /(- /%/ *$,% 2'-/,/,* ,5 */ %-&*,K-+.

A.3 Commercial isappropriation and $n8ust Enrichment

R-),$*- 25/ */ - ')$-+ * /(- M$%<52$* C$5- -$5- /(- +-,5,* /(- N- Y%<

9 AIR !007 D-) !!6

10 !01! ?49 TC 1 ?D-)





D,5/%,/ C%/ ,* /(- NBA1 C$5- ($+ --* %-:-%5-+ = /(- U*,/-+ S/$/-5 C%/ A''-$)5 ,*

4ational Basketall Association and 4BA Properties /nc. v. otorola /nc.11 ?NBA! C$5-.

I* /(- $5- Barclays Capital /nc. errill Lynch Pierce -enner & Smith /nc. & or)an

Stanley & Co. /nc. v. +he#lyonthewall.com /nc.1! /(- +-,5,* /(- $''-))$/- %/ ,* /(- NBA!

C$5- ($+ --* ))-+ $*+ ,/ $5 (-)+ /($/INS ,/5-) ,5 * )*&-% &+ )$. %'%/,*& /

-5/$),5( $ '%,*,')- -+-%$) 22* )$ /(- )$ -5/$),5(-+ = INS $5 $),5(-+ = Erie

(ailroad Co. v. +omkins1% (,( )$%&-)= $$*+*-+ -+-%$) 22* )$.

T(- %-5'*+-*/5 */-*+ /($/ /(- $:- +-,5,* /(- D,:,5,* B-*( %-'%-5-*/5 $ +,&%-55,*

%2 /(- H/N-5 D/%,*- )$,+ +* ,* /(- INS C$5- = ,/,*& :$%,5 /(-% %-,&* +-,5,*5.

2 B 3 Freesports Ltd. are entit!ed to e+uitab!e re!ief under the tort of unfair competition

T(- %-5'*+-*/5 $)5 */-*+ /($/ /(- $''-))$*/5 $/ -5/ $* *)= )$,2 %$+$5/,*& %,&(/5 $*+

'=%,&(/ :-% /(- ,*-2$/&%$'( ,)2 /(- B$5<-/$)) 2$/( % $+, %-%+,*& /(-

22-*/$%= -/. / /(- -/-*/ ,/ ,5 %-&*,K-+ *+-% /(- A/. A*+ /($/ /(- %-5'*+-*/5 $/,*

+-5 */ $2*/ / %--%,+,*& -$5- /(-= *-,/(-% '= /(- $/$) */-*/ /(- %$+$5/ *%

'%:,+- $-55 / $+, % :,5$) /$&- /(- %$+$5/. I* $*= -:-*/ /(- %-5'*+-*/5 */-*+

/($/ /(-= $%- )-&$))= -*/,/)-+ / +,55-2,*$/- /(- 5%- '+$/-52$/( $)-%/5 / /(- '), $*+

*5--*/)= &-*-%$/- ,*2-. F,%5/)= -$5- /(- ,*%2$/,* -2$*$/,*& %2 /(- $5<-/$))

2$/( 5( $5 5%- '+$/-52$/( $)-%/5 $2*/5 / $/5 (,( $**/ - *-+ % $%+-+

'=%,&(/ '%/-/,*. S-*+)= -:-* , ,/ -%- $%+-+ '=%,&(/ '%/-/,* /(- 5%-

$)-%/2$/( '+$/- ($5 $)%-$+= -*/-%-+ /(- '), +2$,* $*+ /(-%-%- $* - %--)= 5-+ = /(-

+--*+$*/5. A*+ ,*$))= -$5- /(- C*5/,//,* *+-% A%/,)- 19?1?$ *-%5 /(-2 /(-

%--+2 / +,55-2,*$/- ,*%2$/,* / /(- '), /(-= $* '%:,+- 2$/( '+$/-5.

I* /(- $5- 'ictoria Park (acin) and (ecreation *rounds Co. Ltd vs. +aylor 1, $*+ -eist

11 108 F. 3+. 41 ?1997

1! 680 F.3+ 76

13 304 U.S. 64





Pulications /nc. '. (ural +elephone Service Co.18 /(- ')$,*/, $%%,-+ * /(- 5,*-55

*+/,*& %$- 2--/,*&5 $/ $ %$-%5- *-+ = ,/. T(- ')$,*/, +,+ */ '-%2,/ $*=

+-5%,'/,* % ,*%2$/,* *-%*,*& /(- %$-5 / - %$+$5/. T(- +--*+$*/ $* *-% $*+

',-% $ ',-- )$*+ * /(- ''5,/- 5,+- /(- %$-%5- $))-+ /(- /(-% +--*+$*/

C22*-$)/( B%$+$5/,*& C%'%$/,* / 5-%:- $*+ %$+$5/ /(- %$-. T(- ')$,*/,

5&(/ $* ,**/,* $&$,*5/ 5( %$+$5/,*& */-*+,*& /($/ 5,*- ,/5 -%/5 $*+ -'-*+,/%-

$5 5'-*/ * %&$*,5,*& /(- %$- ,/ ($5 $5,'%'-%/= %,&(/5 ,* /(- %$-. T(- C%/ (-)+ /($/ /(-

)$ '=%,&(/ +,+ */ &,:- $*= '-%5* $* -)5,:- %,&(/ / +-5%,- $ '$%/,)$% 5-/ $/5.

J5/ -$5- $ '-%5* $***-5 % /(- ,%5/ /,2- /($/ $ '$%/,)$% (%5- * /(- %$- % $*=

$/ ,/ )+ */ '%-:-*/ /(-%5 %2 +-5%,,*& /(- 5$2- -:-*/. S,2,)$%)= ,* /(- F-,5/

),$/,*5 C$5- /(- ')$,*/, 5&(/ / '=%,&(/ $ 2',)$/,* /-)-'(*- *2-%5 (,(

$5 +-*,-+ = /(- C%/ * /(- &%*+ /($/ ,/ $5 2-%-)= $ +,-%-*/ '%-5-*/$/,* $/5 $*+ +,+

*/ '55-55 %,&,*$),/= % %-$/,:,/= (,( ,5 /(- 5,*- $ ** '=%,&(/.

I* /(- ,*5/$*/ $5- $5 -)) /(- 5%-5 ($+ $)%-$+= --* %$+$5/-+ = F%--S'%/5 $*+ /(5

%-)=,*& '* /(- $:- +&2-*/ /(- %-5'*+-*/5 +,+ */ 22,/ *$= /%/ *$,% 2'-/,/,*

= '%:,+,*& /(- '+$/-5 /(- 5$2- /(- $''),$/,*. T(- %-5'*+-*/5 52,/ /($/ 2$/(

,*%2$/,* $5 */ $ %-5)/ /(- %,&,*$),/= % %-$/,:,/= /(- $''-))$*/. T(- /-5/ %,&,*$),/=

% %-$/,:,/= ($5 --* ))-+ = I*+,$* C%/5 / &%$*/ '=%,&(/.

I* /(- $5- Servewell Products Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. v. Dolphin1

/(- C%/ ($+ 5-%:-+ T(-S'%-2- C%/ ($5 %-&*,K-+ /(- 5(,/ ,* Eastern Book Company v. DB odak )),*& /(-

$''%$( )$,+ +* = /(- C$*$+,$* S'%-2- C%/ ,* CC" Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society o#

$pper Canada19 %--/-+ /(- Q5-$/ /(- % +/%,*-> ?(,( *-%%-+ '=%,&(/ * %<5

2-%-)= -$5- /,2- -*-%&= 5<,)) $*+ )$% $5 -'-*+-+ $*+ (-)+ /($/ /(- %< 25/ -

14 8 CLR 479

18 499 U.S. 340 (1991)

16 !010 ?43 TC 807 ?D-)

17 ?!004 SCC 13





%,&,*$) ,* /(- 5-*5- /($/ = :,%/- 5-)-/,* %+,*$/,* % $%%$*&-2-*/ '%--,5/,*&

+$/$ */$,*-+ ,* /(- %< /(- %< 52-($/ +,-%-*/ ,* ($%$/-% ,5 '%+-+ = /(-

$/(%. T(5 ,* I*+,$ /(- /-5/ % %-$/,:,/= -5/$),5(-5 $ (,&(-% /(%-5()+ /($* /(- 5-$/ /(-

% +/%,*- / */ $5 (,&( $5 2+,2 %-$/,:,/=.

I* /(- ,*5/$*/ $5- %-)=,*& '* /(- $:- +&2-*/ /(- %-5'*+-*/5 52,/ /($/ /(-= ($:- 5-+

/(- '%--,5/,*& +$/$ $*+ ($:- '%-5-*/-+ ,/ ,* $ +,-%-*/ ($%$/-% ,/( /(- (-)' /(- $''),$/,*

$))-+ S'-%D*<. T(- $''),$/,* * +/ 5-5 /(- '%--,5/,*& +$/$ / /(- $= ,/ ,5

'%+-+ ,5 +,-%-*/ %2 /(- $= ,/ -,5/-+. I/ ,5 /(- %-$/,* /(- %-5'*+-*/5 ,/5-). H-*-

/(- +--*+$*/ ($5 */ :,)$/-+ $*= %,&(/ '=%,&(/.

B+1 The scores ,ere a!ready in -ub!ic omain

I* /(- $5- Eastern Book Company & 0rs v. D.B. odak & Anr 1: /(- ')$,*/, )$,2-+

'=%,&(/ :-% /(- +&2-*/5 '),5(-+ ,* ,/5 %*$)5 $*+ 5&(/ $ /-2'%$%= ,**/,* $&$,*5/

/(- +--*+$*/5 ( -%- $))-&-+)= '=,*& /(- +&2-*/5 '),5(-+ = /(- ')$,*/, $*+

%-'),5(,*& *+-% /(-,% * *$2-. O5-%:,*& /($/ ')$,*/, 2'$*= )+ */ )$,2 '=%,&(/

,* $ +&2-*/ *+-% /(- (-$+,*& Q),/-%$%= %<> -$5- ,/ ($+ $)%-$+= -*/-%-+ /(- '), +2$,*

/(- A'- C%/ *)= &%$*/-+ $* ,**/,* ),2,/-+ / /(- (-$+*/-5 /*/-5 $*+ -+,/%,$) */-5

$/(%-+ = /(- ')$,*/, $*+ $))-+ /(- +--*+$*/ / 5-)) /(-,% CD ROMS ,/( /(- /-/

+&2-*/5.

S,2,)$%)= ,* /(- +-,5,* /(- S,*&)- B-*( /(- C%/ ,* /(- $5- /CC Development 2/nternational3 Ltd. & Anr. v. 4ew Delhi +elevision Ltd.16 ,/ $5 (-)+ /($/ /(- 5%- /(- 2$/(

,5 ,* '), +2$,* $*+ $* - %$+$5/-+ = $*= ($**-) $5 $ '$%/ ,/5 %,&(/ / %-'%/ %%-*/

*-5 $*+ -:-*/5.

T(5 ,* /(- ,*5/$*/ $5- $)5 /(- +--*+$*/5 %-5-%:- /(- %,&(/ / +,55-2,*$/- /(- 2$/(

,*%2$/,* 5,*- ,/ ,5 $)%-$+= ,* '), +2$,*. T(- $''-))$*/ $**/ )$,2 ,*%,*&-2-*/ $*=

%$+$5/,*& $*+ 2,)- %,&(/5 *- F%--S'%/5 ($+ $)%-$+= %$+$5/-+ /(-2.

L$5/)= /(- %-5'*+-*/5 */-*+ /($/ /(- ,*%2$/,* $%,5,*& %2 $ $5<-/ $)) 2$/( ,5 '),

'%'-%/= $*+ /($/ /(- 5%- '+$/-52$/( $)-%/5 -%- -,*& +,55-2,*$/-+ ,* '), ,*/-%-5/.

1 (2008) 1 SCC 1

19 C.S. (O.S.) No. 2416/2012





S,*- /(- %-5'*+-*/5 -%- -2')=,*& /(-,% * ,*%$5/%/%- -%/5 $*+ 5<,)) / +,55-2,*$/-

/(- ,*%2$/,* ,* '), ,*/-%-5/ /(-= */-*+ /($/ /(-= $%- -*/,/)-+ / /(- '%,/5.

I* /(- $5- +ata Press Limited vs. ahana)ar +elephone;4i)am Limited & 0rs.!7 /(- A'-

C%/ (-)+ /($/ E$2,*-+ %2 $*/(-% $*&)- /(- '), $/ )$%&- ($5 $ %,&(/ / %--,:- /(-

22-%,$) 5'--(. A%/,)- 19?1?$ */ *)= &$%$*/--5 %--+2 5'--( $*+ -'%-55,* ,/

$)5 '%/-/5 /(- %,&(/5 $* ,*+,:,+$) / ),5/-* %-$+ $*+ %--,:- /(- 5$,+ 5'--(. T(- '%/-/,*

A%/,)- 19?1?$ ,5 $:$,)$)- / /(- 5'-$<-% $5 -)) $5 / /(- %-,',-*/ /(- 5'--(.

T(5 /(- %-5'*+-*/5 (,)- ($:,*& /(-,% *+$2-*/$) %,&(/ /%$+- $*+ %-- 5'--( ,*)+,*&

/(- +,55-2,*$/,* 2$/( ,*%2$/,* / /(- '), 25/ ($:- $ %,&(/ / %-$' ($/ /(-= ($:-

5* ,.-. /(- %-$/,* /(- $''),$/,* S'-%D*< (,( ($5 -*/,/)-+ /(-2 / /(- '%,/5. T(-

%-5'*+-*/5 ($:- */ $5-+ $*= 22-%,$) 2,5$''%'%,$/,* % -*-,//-+ *5/)= $/ /(--'-*5- /(- $''-))$*/5 $*+ /(5 F%--S'%/5 L/+. ,5 */ ),$)- / $*= -,/$)- %-),- *+-% /(-

/%/ *$,% 2'-/,/,*.

!0 AIR 1995 SC 2438





ISSE 8 .HETHE" SIN; THE N-ME O# IN$I- MOONB-LL B-SETB-LL LE-;E IN THE

S!E" $N ’S -$/E"TISEMENT C-SES T"-$EM-" $ILTION=

T(- *5-) * /(- -($) /(- %-5'*+-*/5 (2)= 52,/5 -%- /(,5 H*>)- C%/ /($/

5,*& /(- *$2- MMBL ,* /(- $+:-%/,5-2-*/5 S'-%D*< +-5 */ $5- T%$+-2$%<

+,)/,* $5 I*+,$ M*$)) B$5<-/$)) L-$&- ,5 $ -)) <** /%$+-2$%<?- $*+ ,/5 5-+

*+-% /(- $,% 5- '%,*,')- % *%2$/,:- 5- '%,*,')- $*+ +-5 */ $5- /%$+-2$%< +,)/,*

(,( %/(-% +-5 */ %-5)/ ,* /%$+-2$%< ,*%,*&-2-*/ ?B.

)-* MMBL i' a @ell Ano@n tra(emarA

T(- I*+,$* T%$+-2$%< L$ $%+5 -/%$%+,*$%= '%/-/,* / /%$+- 2$%<5 /($/ $%- -)) <**

$*+ 5$-&$%+ /(-2 %2 /(- :,-5 ,*%,*&-2-*/ % '$55,*& . T(- I*+,$* I*/-))-/$)

%'-%/= O,- %-&*,K-5 -))<** /%$+-2$%<5 ,* I*+,$ * /(- $5,5 /(-,% ,*/-%*$/,*$)

*$/,*$) $*+ %55 %+-% %-'/$/,*. A5 '-% /(- I*+,$* T%$+-2$%<5 A/ 1999 $ -)) <**

/%$+-2$%< ,5 *- (,( ,*)+-5 /(- )),*& -55-*/,$)5#

• ** / /(- 55/$*/,$) 5-&2-*/ /(- '), (,( 5-5 5( &+5 % %--,:-5 5( 5-%:,-5

• /($/ /(- 5- 5( 2$%< ,* %-)$/,* / /(-% &+5 % 5-%:,-5

• )+ - ),<-)= / - /$<-* $5 ,*+,$/,*& $ **-/,* ,* /(- %5- /%$+- % %-*+-%,*&

5-%:,-5

• -/--* /(5- &+5 % 5-%:,-5 $*+ $ '-%5* 5,*& /(- 2$%< ,* %-)$/,* / /(- ,%5/

2-*/,*-+ &+5 % 5-%:,-5.!1

!1 A5 '-% S-/,*!?1?K& /(- I*+,$* T%$+-2$%<5 A/ 1999





I* /(- ,*5/$*/ $5- M*5(,*- L/+. ($5 )$*(-+ $ /%*$2-*/!! *+-% /(- *$2- /(- /%$+-2$%<

I*+,$ M*$)) B$5<-/$)) L-$&- ?MMBL ,5 ,* ,/5 %/( -+,/,* $*+ &$,*-+ '')$%,/=!3.

T(5 MMBL 2'%,5-5 $)) /(- $%-5$,+ -55-*/,$)5.

I* +-/-%2,*,*& $5 / -))<** 5/$/5 $ /%$+-2$%< ,* $++,/,* / 5-/,* 11?6 $*+ ?7 /(-

',*,* /(- %/ (-/(-% /(- /%$+-2$%< ,5 -)) <** ,* $*= %-)-:$*/ 5-/,* /(- '), ,*

I*+,$ ,5 ,2'%/$*/.!4 F%/(-% (,)- +-/-%2,*,*& $5 / (-/(-% $ /%$+- 2$%< ,5 <** %

%-&*,K-+ ,* $ %-)-:$*/ 5-/,* /(- '), % /(- '%'5- S- 11?6 /$<- ,*/ $*/

• /(- *2-% $/$) % '/-*/,$) *52-%5 /(- &+5 % 5-%:,-5

• /(- *2-% '-%5*5 ,*:):-+ ,* /(- ($**-)5 +,5/%,/,* /(- &+5 % 5-%:,-5

•

/(- 5,*-55 ,%)-5 +-$),*& ,/( /(- &+5 % 5-%:,-5 / (,( /($/ /%$+- 2$%< $''),-5.!8

H-%-,* /(- /%$+-2$%< MMBL ($5 --* $55,$/-+ ,/( $ /%*$2-*/!6 (,( ,5 &$,*-+

'')$%,/= $*+ 2,)),*5 2,)- 5-%5 ($:- 5/$%/-+ +*)$+,*& $''),$/,* %-)$/-+ / /(,5

/%*$2-*/!7. T(,5 2$<-5 /(- /%$+-2$%< 5$/,5= /(- $%-5$,+ *+,/,*5.

M%-:-% ,/ )+ - $ ,*+,*& $/ = /(- %/ /($/ 2$%< ,5 -)) <** % +-/-%2,*$/,*

(,( ,/ 2$= <--' ,* 2,*+ /(- $/%5 -2$*$/,*& %2 /(- +-,*,/,* ,* S-/,*!?1?&. T($/ ,

5( $ /%$+-2$%< ,5 5-+ * +,-%-*/ % **2'-/,/,*& &+5 % 5-%:,-5 ,/ )+ ,*+,$/- /

/(- *52,*& '), $5 , ,/ ,5 2$%< /(- 5$2- '-%5* ( ($5 --* 5,*& ,/ * 52- /(-%

!! F$/5(--/ '$%$ 3 $/ 1.

!3 F$/5(--/ '$%$ 4 $/ 1.

!4 A5 '-% 5-/,* 11? /(- A/.

!8 S-. 11 ?7 /(- TMA 1999

!6 F$/5(--/ '$%$ 3 $/ 1

!7 F$/5(--/ '$%$ 8 $/ !.





&+5 % 5-%:,-5 (,( /(-= $%- $$%-. S,*- /(- /%$+-2$%< MMBL ,5 $ 2$%< % /%*$2-*/

$*+ &$,*,*& '')$%,/= $*+ -,*& ))-+ = 2,)),*5 5-%5 ! ,/ ,5 $ -))<** /%$+-2$%<.

F%/(-% S,*&)- J+&- -*(!9 ,* ,/5 +-,5,* ($:- ,+-*/,,-+ MMBL $5 $ -))<** /%$+-2$%<.

)B* No $ilution o7 Tra(emarA

D,)/,* % $55,$/,* $* -$%),-% /%$+- 2$%< = 5- $*/(-% 2$%< ,5 2'$%$/,:-)= $ *-

$%-$ ,* I*+,$. I/ ($5 --* '')$% ,* /(- USA % /(- %-+%-55 $&$,*5/ +,)/,* $*+ ($5 *+ ,/5

$= ,* /(- 1999A/ /( $5 $ &%*+ ''5,/,* %-&,5/%$/,* $ )$/-% /%$+-2$%< $*+ ($5 --*

%-&*,K-+ $5 $ &%*+ % ,*%,*&-2-*/ = 5( )$/-% /%$+- 2$%<. D,)/,* ,5 +,-%-*/

'%'5,/,* /($* +--'/,:- % *5,*& 5,2,)$%,/= $5 ,/ ,5 %-)$/-+ ,/( )-%,*& /(- :$)-

-$%),-% /%$+- 2$%<. I /(- -)5,:,/= -$%),-% /%$+-2$%< &-/5 )-%-+ /(- 2$%< ,5 5$,+ / -+,)/-+. I* I*+,$ /(-%- ($5 --* $ )/ ,2'-/5 / +/%,*- +,)/,*. G-*-%$))= ,*%,*&-2-*/

%5 (-* / &+5 $%- *- $*+ /(- 5$2-. T(,5 /-%2 $5 ,%5/ 5-+ = /(- G-%2$* %/

(-%-,* /(- 2$*$/%-% $ 2/($5( O+) $5 $)- / /$,* $*-))$/,* /(- 5$2-

2$%< -,*& 5-+ ,* %-)$/,* / $ %$,)%$+ $*+ 5/--) 2'$*=. T(5 * %-),- -%- &,:-* , /(-

'$%/,-5 -%- +-$),*& ,/( / +,-%-*/ &+5. B/ (-:-% /(- B2$= H,&( C%/ %-)$-+ /(,5

',*,* ,* /(- -)) <** $5- <irloskar Diesel (econ 2P3 Ltd v. <irloskar Proprietary Ltd .30

D,)/,* T%$+-2$%< $* /$<- ')$- = / 2-($*,525# B)%%,*& $*+ T$%*,5(2-*/. B)%%,*&2-$*5 -%5,* % $/-%,*& +*- +,5/,*/,:-*-55 *,-*-55 --/,:-*-55 $*+ '%-5/,&,5

**/$/,*5 /(- /%$+- 2$%<. I/ ,5 / - */-+ /($/ +,)/,* = )%%,*& ($''-*5 '*

*$/(%,K-+ 5- $25 2$%< % *%-)$/-+ % +,55,2,)$% &+5 5-%:,-5. T$%*,5(2-*/ 2-$*5

-$<-*,*& $ 2$%< /(%&( *5$:%= % *)$//-%,*& $55,$/,*5. @(-*-:-% /(- *$/%-

+,)/,* (-/(-% = )%%,*& % /$%*,5(2-*/ ,/ ,5 )-$% /($/ '% $/$) +,)/,* */ 5/

! I,+

!9 F$/5(--/ '$%$ $/ !.

30 AIR 1996 B2$= 149





),<-),(+ +,)/,* ,5 %-,%-+. T(- D-)(, H,&( C%/ $*$)=K-+ /(- +/%,*- +,)/,* / 52-

-/-*/ ,* /+C Limited vs Philip orris Products SA and 0rs%1. @(-%-,* /(- C%/ (-)+ $5 *+-%#

=/t may e seen that dilution o# trademark is a species o# in#rin)ement. +hou)h

trademarks are concerned with protection o# marks which have ac>uired a de)ree o#

distinctiveness in relation to particular )oods and services courts have over the years

reco)ni?ed that in relation to marks which have achieved notoriety as to have a reputation aout

the >uality o# products which the manu#acturer or services the ori)inator 2o# the mark3 is

associated with then even in relation to dissimilar )oods @ or unrelated products protection o#

such rand name mark or ac>uired distinctiveness is essential. +his measure o# protection to

marks in relation to similar 8unior marks ut #or dissimilar )oods is in sustance the protection

a)ainst dilution 2or Blurrin) or tarnishment3 o# the mark.

D--*+$*/5 ,* $ /%$+-2$%< ,*%,*&-2-*/ % +,)/,* )$,2 $* $55-%/ $5,$))= / /='-5

$,%2$/,:- +--*5-# #air use or parody.

B.1 -air use

F$,% 5- %5 (-* $ +-5%,'/,:- 2$%< ,5 5-+ ,* &+ $,/( % ,/5 '%,2$%= %$/(-% /($*

5-*+$%= 2-$*,*& $*+ * *52-% *5,* ,5 ),<-)= / %-5)/. T(- )$55, $5- ,5 (-%- $

+--*+$*/ 5-5 $ ')$,*/,;5 2$%< ,* $ +-5%,'/,:- % **/%$+-2$%< $= / +-5%,- /(-+--*+$*/;5 '%+/5 % 5-%:,-5. F% -$2')- $ +--*+$*/;5 5- /(- /-%2 5--//$%/ /

+-5%,- ,/5 %$*-%%= ,- /($/ /$5/-+ /( 5--/ $*+ /$%/ *5/,//-+ $ $,% 5- /($/ /-%2 $*+

/(5 +,+ */ ,*%,*&- /(- ')$,*/,;5 /%$+-2$%< S@EETARTS % $*+=.3!

M%-:-% S-/,* !?3 /(- TDRA )$=5 +* --'/,*5 / /%$+-2$%< +,)/,* (,( ,+-*/,,-5

/(-5- $5 #

31 !010 ?4! TC 87! ?D-).

3! Sunmark, Inc. v. Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., 64 F.3d 1055 (7th Cir. 1995).





?AA*= $,% 5- ,*)+,*& $ *2,*$/,:- % +-5%,'/,:- $,% 5- % $,),/$/,* 5( $,% 5-

$ $25 2$%< = $*/(-% '-%5* /(-% /($* $5 $ +-5,&*$/,* 5%- % /(- '-%5*>5 *

&+5 % 5-%:,-5 ,*)+,*& 5- ,* **-/,* ,/(P

?, $+:-%/,5,*& % '%2/,* /($/ '-%2,/5 *52-%5 / 2'$%- &+5 %

5-%:,-5 %

?,, ,+-*/,=,*& $*+ '$%+=,*& %,/,,K,*& % 22-*/,*& '* /(- $25 2$%<

*-% % /(- &+5 % 5-%:,-5 /(- $25 2$%< *-%.

?B A)) %25 *-5 %-'%/,*& $*+ *-5 22-*/$%=.

?C A*= **22-%,$) 5- $ 2$%<.33

I* /(- ,*5/$*/ $5- /(- S'-%D*< $''),$/,* $5 )$*(-+ = N-'/*- L/+ 34. ($5 5-+ /(- 2$%<

MMBL ,* ,/5 $+:-%/,5-2-*/5 = -2')%,*& /(- $%-5$,+ $,% 5- '%,*,')- $5 ,+-*/,,-+ *+-%

S-/,*!?3?A?, TDRA.

This TDRA also states that it is not necessary that one must prove actual dilution in

order to make a claim of dilution. The Act came after the U.S. Supreme Court and a

district court refused to grant an injunction in the ‘ictoria!s Secret Case! "V Secret

Catalogue Inc v. Moseley # on the grounds of lack of evidence of $lurring ortarnishment. %ere likelihood of dilution is ade&uate to prevent another from using

the impugned mark.

In Lewis v. Rocky Mountain Internet 35' the court implicitly recogni(ed a descriptive fair)

use defense. *lainti+s operated a ,e$site entitled -The Daily Rockies e$'- located

33 S-/,* !?3 /(- TDRA

34 F$/5(--/ '$%$ 8 $/ !.

38 96CV4693 ?D. C). S-'/. !6 1997





at the domain name -rockies.com.- That site featured information a$out the

Colorado Rockies major league $ase$all team "-The Rockies-#' including

reproductions of The Rockies/ trademarks and logos' and several references and

representations indicating an association ,ith the team. *lainti+s sought adeclaratory judgment that they ,ere not infringing The Rockies/ federally registered

trademarks. The Rockies counterclaimed to enjoin plainti+s from posting

information a$out The Rockies on their ,e$site. The court found The Rockies likely

to succeed on the merits of its infringement and dilution claims' and granted a

preliminary injunction prohi$iting plainti+s from using The Rockies/ trademarks and

logos in any manner "including use as metatags0# to identify themselves' to identify

any ,e$site' or to identify any other pu$lication o,ned or controlled $y plainti+s

that ,as in any ,ay related to $ase$all' unless a di+erent source ,as clearlyidenti1ed in conjunction ,ith use of The Rockies/ marks. Unlike most other domain)

name cases 1nding infringement or dilution' ho,ever' the court did not completely

enjoin plainti+s/ use of the -rockies.com- domain name. 2nstead' the court ordered

the plainti+s to refrain from using the name in connection ,ith any ,e$site

dedicated in ,hole or in part to professional $ase$all' thus implicitly recogni(ing

that there might $e other descriptive or non)trademark purposes for ,hich

plainti+s could use the -rockies.com- domain name.

A similar result ensued in CD Solutions, Inc. v. Tooker 36.Also' in Ricar!s v. Ca"le #ews

#etwork, Inc .34 also involved the use of a generic term functioning as a trademark.

*lainti+ o,ned the registered mark 5R6D 78AT for a record la$el that sold

prerecorded reggae)style tapes' records' and CDs. Defendant C99 operated a ca$le

television sho, entitled -orld 7eat'- ,hich covered music ne,s from around the

,orld. C99 also maintained a -orld 7eat- section on its -cnn.com- ,e$site' ,hich

provided music information similar to the television sho,. *lainti+ sought to enjoin

C99/s use of the 5R6D 78AT name' alleging trademark infringement and unfaircompetition. The court found that the term -,orld $eat- had $ecome generic for a

36 47 U.S...!+ 1788 ?D. O%. 199.

37 47 U.S...!+ 1788 ?D. O%. 199..





certain genre of music. 2t also noted C99/s -triple entendre- use of the term' to

refer to the genre of -,orld music'- to suggest the journalistic -$eat- covering

international music ne,s' and to act as -a metaphor for the musical heart$eat of

the glo$e.- Recogni(ing the possi$ility of many non)trademark meanings for theterm -,orld $eat'- the court held that although plainti+ continued to hold

trademark rights in the term 5R6D 78AT for prerecorded reggae music' he could

not preclude C99/s use of the term in its generic sense in connection ,ith its

television sho, or ,e$site.

$.% #or&ative 'air use

:urther' second classic case involves -nominative fair use'- ,hich arises ,hen a

defendant uses a plainti+/s mark to identify the plainti+/s products or services in

conjunction ,ith its o,n product or services. To invoke this defense 3;' the

defendant must sho, three things<

=that its product or service cannot $e readily identi1a$le ,ithout using the

plainti+/s mark'

= that it uses only as much of plainti+/s mark as necessary to identify

defendant/s product or service' and

= that the defendant does nothing ,ith plainti+/s mark that suggests

endorsement or sponsorship $y the plainti+.

2n the instant case' the service provided $y 9eptune 6td. of information in relation

to %%76 is recogni(ed $y a mo$ile application SuperDunk3> ,hich is a mark readily

identi1a$le ,ithout using the appellant!s mark and further has used ?%%76@ only in

3 J*$/($* M. G-)(,*5<= $*+ D$:,+ M. -))= T%$+-2$%<5 * /(- I*/-%*-/# H D-5 F$,% U5-

F$%- $:$,)$)- $/ (//'#.,**-&$*.2%-5%-5$%/,)-5$%/,)-5+-/$,).$5'

*-5614+707394480$-041+4+38!+

39 F$/5(--/ '$%$8 $/ !





its advertisements ,hich is necessary to identify ,ith the service i.e.' of providing

minute)$y minute match updates of %%76B as provided $y SuperDunk. :urther'

the use of the mark ?%%76@ in the advertisements $y SuperDunk does not suggest

any kind of endorsement or sponsorship $y appellants.

N2,*$/,:- 5- %5 (-* 5- $ /-%2 ,5 *--55$%= % '%'5-5 ,+-*/,=,*& $*/(-%

'%+-%;5 '%+/ */ /(- 5-%;5 * '%+/. F% -$2')- ,* $ %--*/ $5- /(- *-5'$'-%

USA T+$= %$* $ /-)-'(*- ')) $5<,*& ,/5 %-$+-%5 / :/- % /(-,% $:%,/- 2-2-% /(- 25,

&%' N- ,+5 * /(- B)<. T(- N- ,+5 * /(- B)< 5-+ USA T+$= % /%$+-2$%<

,*%,*&-2-*/. T(- %/ (-)+ /($/ /(- 5- /(- /%$+-2$%< N- ,+5 * /(- B)< $5 $

'%,:,)-&-+ *2,*$/,:- 5- -$5-# ?1 /(- &%' $5 */ %-$+,)= ,+-*/,,$)- ,/(/ 5,*& /(-

2$%< ?! USA T+$= 5-+ *)= 5 2( /(- 2$%< $5 %-$5*$)= *--55$%= / ,+-*/,= ,/ $*+

?3 /(-%- $5 * 5&&-5/,* -*+%5-2-*/ % 5'*5%5(,' = /(- &%'. T(- $5, ,+-$ ,5 /($/

5- $ /%$+-2$%< ,5 52-/,2-5 *--55$%= / ,+-*/,= $*+ /$)< $/ $*/(-% '$%/=;5 '%+/5 $*+

5-%:,-5. @(-* /(- $:- *+,/,*5 $%- 2-/ 5( $ 5- ,)) - '%,:,)-&-+. 4ew <ids on the

Block v. 4ews America Pulishin) /nc.,1 2n (at&ont Motor )erks, Inc. v. *ateway Marine ,

Inc.+%'the court applied the nominative fair)use defense in the 2nternet contet.

Defendant used plainti+/s 5)*8D mark as a part of the postdomain path in its

UR6' ,,,.idiosync.comEgoped. Defendant also used the 5)*8D mark on its

,e$site in connection ,ith the resale of plainti+/s 5)*8D $randed motor scooters.

Addressing plainti+/s claims of infringement' dilution' and unfair competition' the

court recogni(ed the -nominative fair)use- defense and found that defendant/s use

of the 5)*8D mark to descri$e the items it o+ered for sale did not constitute

trademark use. :irst' there ,as no via$le ,ay for defendant to identify the goods it

o+ered ,ithout using plainti+/s mark. Second' defendant used the mark only to the

etent necessary to convey information regarding the $rand of the product. 2t did

not use the 5)*8D logo or any distinctive lettering. Third' defendant/s use of the

40 I,+

41 971 F.!+ 30! ?9/( C,%. 199!

4! 1997 @L 11770 1997 US D,5/. LEXIS !077 ?N.D. C$). D-. 1 1997.





mark could not $e construed to indicate sponsorship or endorsement $y plainti+.

The court held as a matter of la, that use of another/s mark as a postdomain path

in a UR6 $y itself does not suggest endorsement' ,hile use as a domain name itself

might. The court thus granted defendant/s motion for summary judgment onplainti+/s trademark claims and vacated an earlier preliminary injunction.

$.3 (aro!y

The Delhi Figh Court ,hile stating essentials of a claim of dilution simply stated

that the mark must $e detrimental to the distinctive character or reputation of the

registered trade mark. The factor of $urden of proof ,as not d,elled

upon. :urthermore' Section G of the Act states that the mark must take unfair

advantage or $e detrimental to the registered mark. The scope of this provision is

very ,ide. S( $* --'/,* $**/ - +%$* %2 S-/,* !4 /(- A/ $*+ /(- %+

Q+-/%,2-*/$)> $* 2-$* / ,*)+- -:-* '$%+,-5 %,/,,52 % 22-*/5. $%+= ,*:):-5 /(- 5-

$ -))<** %< 5$))= ,* $ (2%5 $= / 22-*/ * % %,/,,K- /(- /%$+-2$%<

*-% % ,/5 $/,*5. H-:-% ,/ ,5 */ $ $,% 5- , /(- '%'5- /(- '$%+= ,5 */ 5,$)

22-*/$%= % %,/,,52 / %$/(-% % /(- '%'5- 2$%<-/,*& $ '%+/.

T(- -)-2-*/5 '$%+=43 $%-#

• $* %,&,*$) (5/ %<

• /(- %,&,*$) (5/ %< 25/ - $25 $*+% <** / /(- '$%/,)$% /$%&-/ $+,-*-

• /(- %-$/% /(- +-%,:$/,:- %< /(- '$%+= 25/ /$<- *)= 5 2( /(- %,&,*$)

%< $5 *--55$%= / %,*& / 2,*+ /(- %,&,*$) (5/ %< $*+

• /(- +-%,:$/,:- %< (,( *%-5 ' /(- $25 (5/ 25/ %-5)/ ,* $ *- %,&,*$)

%<.

43 L-5),- J. L// T%$+-2$%< $%+= $:$,)$)- $/ (//'#)//,5(-%.2&-*-%$).'('

$/-&%=R-5%-55(-$+A%/,)-5(-$+),*-T%$+-2$%<$%+=





I* /(- ,*5/$*/ $5- /(- N-'/*- L/+. *+-% /(- *$2- S'-%D*< ($+ '%:,+-+ 2,*/-=

2,*/- +-/$,)5 /(- /%*$2-*/ $*+ ($5 $)5 5-+ /(- *$2- MMBL. 44 T(,5 $''),$/,* ,5 $*

%,&,*$) (5/ %< )$*(-+ = N-'/*- L/+. (,( ,5 -,*& $''%-,$/-+ = 2,)),*5 5-%5 48

( $%- +*)$+,*& /(,5 $''),$/,*. H-%-,* *)= /(- *$2- MMBL ,5 -,*& 5-+ ,* ,/5$+:-%/,5-2-*/5 (,( ,5 *--55$%= / %,*& / 2,*+ /(- %,&,*$) %< (-:-% %-5)/5 ,* $ *-

%,&,*$) %< ,* /(- %2 $* 2,)- $''),$/,*.

T(- --'/,* '$%+,-5 $5 5-+ ,* Louis 'uitton alletier S.A. v. "aute Di))ity Do)

LLC , (-%- /(- +--*+$*/>5 2$*$/%-5 $''$%-)5 % +&5 *+-% /(- 2$%< QC(-= V,//*>

(,( $5 '$%+=,*& /(- $25 %$*+ QL,5 V,//*> $''$%-)5. I/ $5 (-)+ ,* /($/ $5- /($/

QC(-= V,//*> +,+ */ +,)/- /(- /%$+-2$%< QL,5 V,//*> -$5- ,/ $5 2-%-)= $ '$%+=

QL,5 V,//*>. I* &-*-%$) (-:-% /(- %/5 $''-$% / - 2%- 5=2'$/(-/, / /(- -/-*/ /($/

'$%+,-5 $%- )-55 22-%,$) $*+ )-55 5=2'$/(-/, / /(- -/-*/ /($/ '$%+,-5 ,*:):-

22-%,$) 5- /(- 2$%<. S % -$2')- $ %,5 '$%+= $* L.L. B-$* 2$&$K,*-

$+:-%/,5-2-*/ $5 *+ */ / *5/,//- ,*%,*&-2-*/. L.L. Bean /nc. v. Drake Pulishers

/nc.,9 S,2,)$%)= /(- 5- $ ',&),<- ($%$/-% *$2-+ S'$;$2 ,* $ M''-/ 2:,- $5 *+

*/ / :,)$/- H%2-);5 %,&(/5 ,* /(- /%$+-2$%< S'$2. "ormel -oods Corp. v. im "enson

Prods.,:O* /(- /(-% ($*+ G(,- G +,$'-% $&5 -%- *+ */ / - '%/-/-+ *+-% /(-

'$%+= +--*5- *ucci Shops /nc. v. (.". acy & Co+. S,2,)$%)= '5/-%5 -$%,*& /(- )&

E*= C$,*- -%- *+ / :,)$/- /(- %,&(/5 C$C)$ ,* /(- 5)&$* E*= Coca;

44 F$/5(--/ '$%$ 8 $/ !.

48 I,+

46 807 F.3+ !8!

47 11 F.!+ !6 ! ?15/ C,%. 197

4 73 F.3+ 497 ?!+ C,%. 1996

49 446 F. S''. 3 ?S.D.N.Y. 1977





ColaCoca;Cola Co. v. *emini (isin) /nc+50. T(5 $)/(&( /(- %/5 %-&*,K- $ '$%+=

+--*5- /(- '%-,5- */%5 5( $ +--*5- $%- +,,)/ / /),*- ,/( $*= '%-,5,*. I* /(-

,*5/$*/ $5- N-'/*- L/+. *+-% /(- *$2- S'-%D*< ($+ '%:,+-+ 2,*/-=2,*/- +-/$,)5

/(- /%*$2-*/ $*+ ($5 $)5 5-+ /(- *$2- MMBL (-%-,* /(- +--*- '$%+= $* -,*:<-+. T(5 /(,5 2$%<5 / / - $* --'/,* / /%$+-2$%< +,)/,* $*+ /(5 +-5 */ %-5)/ ,*

,*%,*&-2-*/ $ /%$+-2$%<.

+hus in li)ht o# the a#orementioned reasons it is humly sumitted that usin) the name o# BL

in the advertisements o# SuperDunk does not cause +rademark dilution.

80 346 F. S''. 113 ?E.D.N.Y. 197!





!"-:E"

@HEREFORE ,* ),&(/ /(- ,55-5 %$,5-+ $%&2-*/5 $+:$*-+ $*+ $/(%,/,-5 ,/-+ ,/ ,5 25/

(2)= $*+ %-5'-/))= %--5/-+ /($/ /(,5 H*>)- S'%-2- C%/ I*+,$ / $++&- $*+

+-)$%- * -($) R-5'*+-*/5 /($/#

1. T(-%- +-5 */ ),- $*= '=%,&(/ '%/-/,* ,* ,*%2$/,* -2$*$/,*& / $ 2$/( $*+

/(- 2$/( 5%-5 $%- ,* '), +2$,* $*+ $**/ - '%/-/-+.

!. F%--5'%/5 L/+. 5()+ */ - $))-+ / 5--< -,/$)- %-),- /(%&( /%/ *$,%

2'-/,/,* $*+ N-'/*- L/+. ,5 */ ),$)- % *5/ -*%,(2-*/3. U5,*& /(- *$2- MMBL ,* /(- $+:-%/,5-2-*/5 S'-%D*< +-5 */ $5- T%$+-2$%<

+,)/,* $ -)) <** /%$+-2$%< MMBL $*+ /(5 /(-%- ,5 * /%$+-2$%<

,*%,*&-2-*/.

T(- %/ 2$= $)5 - ')-$5-+ / '$55 $*= /(-% %+-% (,( /(,5 H*>)- C%/ 2$= +--2

,/ ,* ),&(/ 5/,- -,/= $*+ &+ *5,-*-. A)) (,( ,5 %-5'-/))= 52,//-+ *

-($)

T(- R-5'*+-*/5

S+

..............................

?C*5-) % /(- R-5'*+-*/5>

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