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jkpo;
Mrpupau;; tsE}y;
juk; 12 (2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ.)
jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
jkpo;
Mrpupau;; tsE}y;
juk; 12 (2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ.)
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
i
jkpo;
Mrpupau; tsE}y;
f.ngh.j. cau;juk;
juk; - 12
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.
ISBN
Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2017
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
mr;Rg; gjpg;G:
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ii
gzpg;ghsh; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fy;tpapd; jutpUj;jpf;fhf Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g gy;NtW
nraw;ghLfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;LtUk; mNjNtis> mt;tg; ghlq;fSf;Fupa
Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}y;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;L toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jd;gb f.ngh.j. cau;ju ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tFg;giwapDs; ntw;wpfukhfr;
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthf> gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}y;fisj; jahupj;J toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
,k;Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}ypd; %yk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpid> MrpupaUk; khztUk;
,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L gad;ngWthu;fs; vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
,e;j Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}ypid Ma;e;jwpe;J fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis
ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fsplj;jpYk; khztu;fsplj;jpYk; Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
,k;Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}ypid> jq;fsJ fuq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fr; nra;tjw;fhf>
fy;tprhu; gq;fspg;gpid ey;fpa epWtfg; gzpazpapdu;fSf;Fk; ntspthup
mwpQu;fSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;jp FzNrfu>
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>
kfufk.
iii
iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fw;wyhdJ> njhlu;r;rpahd fzpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. cau;e;j milTkl;lj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F> gue;jsT mDgtq;fs; fpilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gue;jsT
mDgtq;fSld; cau;e;j fzpg;gPl;ilg; ngWNthu; mjpfsT kfpo;r;rpailtu;.
,jd;nghUl;L cupa egu;fs;> ,lq;fs;> nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyfs; fpl;Ljy;
mtrpak;.
f.ngh.j. cau;ju fiyj;jpl;lj;ijg; gapYk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis
tpuptilar; nra;tjw;fhf Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iyj; jahupf;f Kbe;jijapl;L> Njrpa
fy;tp epWtfk; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf fy;tprhu; gq;fspg;gpid ey;fpa Jiwg;
gzpg;ghsu; cl;gl gzpazpapdu;fSf;Fk; ntspthup mwpQu;fSf;Fk; vkJ ed;wpfs;
cupj;jhfpd;wJ.
khztu; r%fk; Nkw;gb thrpg;G E}iyg; gad;gLj;jp> mjpy; fhzg;gLk;
mwpT %yfq;fisAk; jkjhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;L> cau;e;j milTkl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr;
nry;yKbAk;. ,jw;fpzq;f khztu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; cl;gl;l
midtUk; ,J Fwpj;J> ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;gb Nkyjpf thrpg;G
E}iy nkd;NkYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd MNyhridfis
midtuplKk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. nghUj;jkhd VNjDk; fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLkhapd;
vkf;F mwpaj;jUtJld; jkJ gps;isfspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fj;
Njitahd #oy; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk; vdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp. tz. khGy;nfhl Rkzuj;d Njuu;>
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
gzpg;ghsu; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; jkpo;nkhopj; Jiwapdu; jkf;nfdf; Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l
nraw;ghLfSld;> ,t;tUlj;jpypUe;J (2016) ‘tsE}y;’ ntspapLjiyAk; xU
nraw;ghlhfr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,t;tsE}y; rpwg;ghf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy;
Nguhrpupau; rp.jpy;iyehjd; mtu;fspd; jiyikapyhd tsthsu;fs; kpFe;j rpuj;ij
vLj;Js;sdu;.
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lTld; Gw;wPry;fs; Nghyr; rpy E}y;fs;
ntsptUtJz;L. mit fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Jizahf ,Uf;Fkhapd;
vt;tpj gpur;rpidAk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> mtw;wpy; KOikngwhj epiyAk; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;gjpy; njha;T epiyAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjdhy;> khztu;fSk;
Mrpupau;fSk; ,lu;g;gl Neuyhk;. mit ghlNgjk; nfhz;ldthf ,Uj;jy;>
nra;As;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; ntt;NtW tpjkhff; fhzg;gLjy;> cau;ju tFg;G
khztu;fspd; nfhs;epiyiaj; jhz;badthff; fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLjy; Kjypa
fhuzq;fshy; Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; jpir jtw Neuplyhk;.
,tw;iwnay;yhk; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;ltplj;Jj;jhd; tsE}ypd; Njitg;ghL
czug;gl;lJ. Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; tpupthf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;w ,e;j tsE}y;>
Mrpupau;fspd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;bid ,yFgLj;Jk; vd;w ek;gpf;if
vkf;Fz;L. khztu;fisAk; ,t;tsE}y; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sj; jtwtpy;iy.
Mrpupau;fs; jkJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;Fk;NghJ>
,e;j tsE}iy mbg;gilahff;nfhs;sy; ed;W. tpjpf;fg;gl;l ghlg;gFjpfs;> ,yf;fpa
tuyhW> ,yf;fzk;> Mfpatw;wpd; vy;iyfisAk; khztu;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
nkhopj;jpwd;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;Nl ,t;tsE}y; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;tsE}y;> rpwe;j topfhl;bahf mikaj; jkJ mauhj ciog;gpidj;
je;Jjtpa ntspthup mwpQu;fSf;Fk; ts mzpapdu;fSf;Fk; epWtfg;
gzpazpapdUf;Fk; kdk; epiwe;j ghuhl;Lf;fisAk; ed;wpiaAk; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
t.tp[anyl;Rkp
gzpg;ghsu;>
jkpo;nkhop Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
v
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; :fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghl tpla MNyhrid:jifepiyg; Nguhrpupau;. rp. jpy;iyehjd;Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;. nr. Nahfuh[hNguhrpupau;. t.kNf];tud;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.Nguhrpupau;. ukP]; mg;Jy;yhnjd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.fyhepjp. f. ,uFgud;njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.jpU. J.,uhN[e;jpuk;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>jpUkjp. &gp tyd;updh gpuhd;rp];rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.jpU. <. Fkud;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.nry;tp. t. tp[anyl;Rkpgzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
,izg;ghf;fk;:jpU. K.jahepjprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.jpUkjp.eh.r Pjud;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
tsg; gq;fspg;G:jpU. j.Atuh[d;cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> kl;lf;fsg;G.jpUkjp. j. khzpf;fuh[hXa;T ngw;w MrpupiajpU. Nf. FzNrfuk;cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> kl;lf;fsg;GNkw;F.
jpU. v];. fzgjpg;gps;istyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> `w;wd;.jpU. e.Nahfypq;fk;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> ,uj;jpdGup.jpUkjp. ujp NjtRe;juk;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b.jpU. v];. Nfrtd;Mrpupau;> nfh / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> ,uj;kyhid.jpU. gh. kfhypq;frptk;>Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> typfhkk;.jpU. rp.uNk];ah / njy;ypg;gis kfh[df; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;.jpU. e.Ffgud;fpsp / fpspnehr;rp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fpspnehr;rp.[dhg;.vk;.mg;Jy; wrhf;mf; / mf;fiug;gw;W> Mrpuh[; k.tp.jpU. vk;. ,e;jpuFkhu;gJ / NfhNgh jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;> gJis
nkhopg; gjpg;G: nry;tp. t. tp[anyl;Rkpgzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
fzpdpg; gjpg;G: jpUkjp. mUzh jpahfuh[hehdhtpj cjtp: nry;tp. vd;. vd;. up. ypadN` jpU. I.gp. etuj;d
vi
tpla cs;slf;fk;
gf;fk;
gFjp - 1
01. rq;fg; ghly;fs; 01 - 12
02. jpUf;Fws; 13 - 29
03. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 30 - 32
04. Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk; 33 - 37
05. mkydhjpgpuhd; 38 - 41
06. fk;guhkhazk; 42 - 58
07. Njk;ghtzp 59 - 68
08. ghujpahu; ftpijfs; 69 - 73
09. <oehl;Lf; Fwk; 74 - 75
10. ghujpahu; 76 - 77
11. fl;Liufs; 78 - 89
12. rpWfijfs; 90 - 112
13. ehty; 113 - 114
14. ehlfk; 115 - 126
gFjp - 2
01. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW 127 - 138
02. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW 139 - 142
03. ,yf;fzk; 143 - 211
vii
1
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
m. FWe;njhifr; nra;As;fs; (04)
rq;ffhyj;jpy; vOe;j jdpr;nra;As;fspd; njhFjpfsha; mike;j vl;L E}y;fs; “vl;Lj;njhif” vdg;gLk;. mfj;jpiz rhu;e;j nra;As;fs;> mtw;wpd; mbfspd; vz;zpf;if
mbg;gilapYk; ahg;gpd; mbg;gilapYk; NtWNtW E}y;fshfj; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws;
ehybiar; rpw;nwy;iyahfTk; vl;lbiag; Ngnuy;iyahfTk; nfhz;l ehD}W nra;As;fspd;
njhFjpaha; mike;j E}Ny “FWe;njhif” MFk;.
FWe;njhif - 126
Mrpupau; : xf;$u; khrhj;jpahu;
,tu; rq;ffhyg; ngz;ghw; Gytu;fSs; xUtu;. FWe;njhifapy; 5 ghly;fSk; GwehD}w;wpy;
xU ghlYk; mfehD}w;wpy; 3 ghly;fSkhf nkhj;jk; 9 ghly;fs; ,tuhw; ghlg;gl;ld.
,sik ghuhu; tseir,r; nrd;Nwhu;
,tZk; thuh nutz Nuhntdg;
ngay;Gwe; je;j g+q;nfhb Ky;iyj;
njhFKif apyq;nfap whf
eFNk Njhop eWe;jz; fhNu.
,sik ghuhu; tsk; eir,r; nrd;Nwhu; ,tZk; thuhu; vtzNuh vdg; ngay; Gwk; je;j g+q;nfhb Ky;iyj; njhFKif ,yq;F vapW Mf eFNk Njhop eWk; jz; fhNu.
NgRnghUs;:
nghUsPl;lr; nrd;w jiykfd;> Fwpj;j gUtj;jpy; thuhik fz;L tUe;jpa jiykfs;>
Njhopf;Fr; nrhy;ypaJ.
nghUs; :
jd;DilaJk; vd;DilaJkhd ,sikg; gUtj;jpd; mUikiaf; fUjhJ> jiytd;
gpupe;J nrd;wJ nghUs; %yk; tUk; tskhd tho;f;ifia tpUk;gpNa. jiytd; Fwpj;Jr;
nrhd;d fhu;fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ. Mdhy;> mtd; ,d;Dk; ,q;F tutpy;iy. mtd;
vq;Fs;shNdh? vd;W Nfl;L> (fhu;fhy kioahy;) nropj;J tsu;e;j Ky;iyapd; nfhj;Jf;
nfhj;jhd mUk;Gfis xspUk; gw;fshff; nfhz;L fhu;fhykhdJ (Vsdkhfr;) rpupf;fpwJ.
,sik epiyapy;yhjJ; Nghdhy; kPsg; ngwKbahjJ. Mdhy;> nghUs; vf;fhyj;jpYk;
Njlf;$baJ. ,sik cs;s fhyj;jpy; mDgtpf;f Ntz;ba tho;f;ifia tpl;Ltpl;L>
nghUisj;Njb ,sik fope;jgpd; te;J vij mDgtpf;fg; Nghfpwhd;? vd;W jiytdpd;
mwpahik Fwpj;Jf; fhu;fhyk; rpupg;gjhfj; jd; fUj;ij Vw;wpr; nrhy;fpwhs; jiytp.
jpiz : Ky;iy
Jiw : gUtq;fz;buq;fpaJ
01. rq;fr; nra;As;fs;
2
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
eir, - tpUk;gp ,tz; - ,t;tplk;
vtzNuh - vt;tplj;jpy; cs;shNuh? ngay; - kio
Kif - mUk;G ,yq;Fjy; - tpsq;Fjy;
vapW - gy; eFNk - rpupf;FNk
*********************************************
FWe;njhif - 225 Mk; nra;As;
Mrpupau; : fgpyu;
,tu; rq;ffhyg; Gytu;fSs; xUtu;. FwpQ;rpg; ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; Gfo;ngw;wtu;.
xsitahh;> guzh;> ,ilf;fhlu; KjyhNdhupd; rkfhyj;jtu;. ghhp> Ngfd; Nghd;w FWepy
kd;du;fSld; el;NghL tpsq;fpatu;. ‘ntWj;j Nfs;tp tpsq;F Gfo;f; fgpyd;’ vd;Wk;
‘ngha;ah ehtpw; fgpyd;’ vd;Wk; Gytu;fshy; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wtu;. Iq;FWE}wpy; %d;whk;
E}Wk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; Vohk; gj;Jk; ,tuhy; ghlg;gl;lit. ,it jtpu> ew;wpizapy; 20
nra;As;;fSk; FWe;njhifapy; 34 nra;As;;fSk;; mfehD}w;wpy; 17 nra;As;;fSk;;
fypj;njhifapy; 27 nra;As;fSk; GwehD}w;wpy; 28 nra;As;fSk; ,tuhy; ghlg;gl;lit.
FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L ,tuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
fd;Wjd; gaKiy khe;j Kd;wpw;
wpidgpb Az;Zk; ngUq;fd; dhl
nfl;blj; Jte;j cjtp fl;by;
tPWngw;W kwe;j kd;dd; Nghy
ed;wpkwe; jikah ahapd; nkd;rPu;f;
fypkapw; fyhtj; jd;dtpts;
xypnkd; $e;j Yupath epdf;Nf.
fd;W jd; gaKiy khe;j Kd;wpy;
jpidg;gpb cz;Zk; ngUq;fy; ehl
nfl;l ,lj;J cte;j cjtp fl;by;
tPW ngw;W kwe;j kd;dd; Nghy>
ed;wp kwe;J mikaha; Mapd;> nkd;rPu;f;
fypkapw; fyhtj;J md;d ,ts;
xypnkd; $e;jy; cupathy; epdf;Nf.
NgRnghUs;;:
jiytpNahL nfhz;l cwit kwthJ> mtis tpiue;J kzQ;nra;J nfhs;SkhW
Njhop> jiytid tw;GWj;jy;.
nghUs;:
ahidf;fd;W> jd; jha;kbapy; ghy; mUe;jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj> tPl;bd; Kw;wj;jpy;;
tpise;j jpidapid cz;Zjw;F ,lkhfpa ngupa kiyehl;bd; jiytNd> NfL
te;Jw;wNghJ tpUg;Gld; xUtu; nra;j cjtpia> muR fl;bypy; mkUk; rpwg;G ngw;wgpd;
kwe;j muridg; Nghy> (fsTf; fhyj;jpy;) cdf;F ehk; nra;j ed;ikia / cjtpia
kwthJ xOFtha; Mapd;> jiytpapDila> nky;ypa kapypwF Nghd;w $e;jy; cdf;Nf
cupikAilajhFk;.
mUk;gjq;fs; :
3
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpiz : FwpQ;rp
Jiw : jpUkzj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jy; (tiutpil itj;Jg; gpupthw;Fj;
Njhop $wpaJ.)
,J tiuT flhTjy;. jiytpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;Ak;gb> jiytid tw;GWj;Jtjhf
mikfpd;wJ.
jiytpapd; kjpEl;gk;:
1. jiytdpd; Mw;wiy cs;Siw / ,iwr;rpa+lhf tpsf;Fjy;
2. ctika+lhfj; jiytd; ed;wp kwf;fhJ> jdf;Fupa flikiar; nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W
tw;GWj;jy;
jdJ fUj;ij typAWj;Jtjw;fhf Njhop ctik> ,iwr;rp vd;gtw;iwf; ifahz;L
jiytdJ nray;fis tpsf;Ffpwhs;.
1) ngz;ahid Kw;wj;Jj; jpidiaj; jpd;wgbNa jd; fd;Wf;Fg; ghY}l;Lfpd;wJ.
mq;qdNk ePAk; nghUs; NjLk; cd; flikia epiwNtw;WtNjhL> ,tsJ
eyidAk; Ngz Ntz;Lk;.
(,t;thW Fwpg;Gj; Njhd;wypdhy; ,J ,iwr;rp mzpahFk;)
2) jiytNd> eP ,Jtiu jiytpaplk; mDgtpj;j eyq;fis kwe;jtdhf> mtis
tpl;Lr; nrd;Wtplhky;> mtis kzKbj;J ,y;ywk; elj;Jtha; vdpd;> mts;
kfpo;ths;; moNfhL Jyq;Fths;. mtsJ moF cdf;F cupajha; mikAk;.
(eP gpupapd; mts; Jd;GWths;; mofpog;ghs;; mtsJ moF cdf;F cupajy;yhj
- jhf MfptpLk; vd;gJ cl;fUj;J)
3) jhd; gykpoe;J ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; gpwupd; cjtpiag;ngw;W muRfl;by; Vwpagpd;>
jdf;F Kd;G cjtpnra;jtu;fis kwe;JtpLk; kd;dd; Nghy ed;wp kwe;jtdhf
eP mikatpy;iynadpy;> jiytpapd; eynky;yhk; cdf;F cupajhFk; vd;Dk;
Njhopapd; mwpTiuapy; jiytd; jiytpia tpl;Lg; gpuptJ mwk; md;W vd;w
fUj;Jj; njhdpf;fpwJ.
,jd; %yKk; “tpiuthf kzQ;nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;” ; vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Njhopapd; kjpEl;gk;:
jiytdJ nraiy ahidapd; nraYf;F ctkpj;J> Fwpg;gpd; %yk; mtd;
vt;thW nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jjy;.
ed;wp kwe;jtuJ nraw;ghl;il vLj;Jf;$wp> jiytdJ jw;Nghija
epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;.
,tw;wpd; %yk; jiytdJ flikiaAk; nghWg;igAk; vLj;J tpsf;Fjy;.
mUk;gjq;fs; :
fd;W - ahidf;fd;W Kd;wpy; - Kw;wk;
gpb - ngz; ahid ngUq;fy;ehL - ngupa kiy ehL
nfl;bj;J - NfL Neu;e;j ,lj;J fypkapy; - Muthuk; kpf;f kapy;
fyhgk; - Njhif / gPyp fl;by; - muR fl;by; / mupaiz
* * * * *
4
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
FWe;njhif - 226
Mrpupau;: kJiu vOj;jhsd; Nre;jk; g+jdhu;
kJiu rhu;e;jtuhfTk; VnlOJk; gzpapy; ,Ue;jikahYk;; kJiu vOj;jhsd; Nre;jk;
g+jdhu; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu;. Nre;jd; vd;ghupd; kfdhfpa ,tu; FwpQ;rp> nea;jy;>
Ky;iyj; jpizr; nra;As;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. ew;wpiz (,uz;L ghly;fs;)> FWe;njhif
(3 ghly;fs;)> mfj;jpiz (2 ghly;fs;) Kjyhd E}y;fspy; ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
g+nthL GiuAq; fz;Zk; Ntnad
tpwy; tdg;nga;jpa NjhSk; gpiwnad
kjpkaf; FW}c EjY ed;Wk;
ey;ykd; thop Njhop ay;fYk;
jaq;Fjpiu nghUj jhio ntz;g+f;
FUnfd kyUk; ngUe;Jiw
tpupePu;r; Nru;g;gndhL efhm t+q;Nf.
g+nthL GiuAk; fz;Zk; Nta; vd
tpwy; tdg;G va;jpa NjhSk; gpiw vd
kjpkaf; FW}ck; EjYk; ed;Wk;
ey;ykd; thop Njhop my;fYk;
jaq;F jpiu nghUj jhio ntz;g+f;
FUF vd kyUk; ngUk;;Jiw
tpupePu;r; Nru;g;gndhL efhm Cq;Nf.
NgRnghUs;;:
gpupe;j jiytd; jpUk;gpte;J kzKbf;Fk; tiuapyhd gpupTj;Jaupidj; jiytp
jhq;fkhl;lhnsdf; fUjp tUe;jpa Njhopia Nehf;fpj; jiytp $wpaJ.
jiytidg; gpupa Kd;du; ,Ue;j jiytpapd; mofpid> ctikazp %yk; Mrpupau;
tpgupf;fpwhu;.
,tsJ G+it xj;jdtha; tpsq;Fk; fz;fs;
%q;fpiyg; Nghy moFk; ntw;wpAk; ngw;w Njhs;fs;
gpiw vd;W nrhy;Yk;gbahf> fz;lhu; mwpit kaq;fr; nra;Ak; new;wp
nghUs; :
,uhf;fhyq;fspy; nky;ypa miyfshy; jhf;fg;gLk; jhio kuq;fspNy> ntz;zpwkhd
g+f;fs; flw;gwitfs;Nghy kyu;e;J fhl;rp mspf;fpd;w ngupa Jiwia cila tpupe;j
fly;epyj; jiytNdhL ,ts; rpupj;Jg; goFtjw;F Kd;G> g+itnahj;j fz;Zk; %q;fpiy
xj;j NjhSk; gpiwia xj;jjhd new;wpAk; ngupJk; ed;wha; mike;jpUe;jd.
jhioapd; ntz;zpwkhd g+f;fs; ntz;zpwkhd flw;gwitfs; Nghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
vd;gjd; %yk; jhok;g+f;fisf; FUF vdf; fUjpg; gpwu; mtw;iwf; nfha;J gad;
nfhs;shjJ Nghy> jiytDk; jiytpapd; cz;ik epiyapid czuhJ jpUkzk;
nra;ahJ mtsJ moifAk; tho;f;ifiaAk; tPzhf;Ffpwhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;Gg; nghUs;.
5
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
‘my;fYk; jaq;Fjpiu nghUj jhio ntz;g+’ vd;gjd; %yk; jiytp ,uTNjhWk;
tpuf Ntjidahy; miyf;fg;gLjy; Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
nea;jy; epyr;rpwg;G
mfd;w nea;jy; epy ePu;g;gug;G> “ngUe;Jiw tpupePu;” vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gly;.
jhioapd; ntz;zpwg; g+ ehiuf;F ctkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jhioapdJ ntz;zpwg;
g+it> ehiu vdf; fUjp Ja;f;fg;glhJ tpLgLjy; Nghy> Ja;f;fg;glhJ thOk;
jiytpapd; epiy Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;jg;gly;.
jpiz : nea;jy;
Jiw : Mw;whs; vdf; ftd;w Njhopf;Fj; jiytp ciuj;jJ.
mUk;gjq;fs; :
Giujy; - xj;jy; Nta; - %q;fpy;
tpwy; - ntw;wp Ejy; - new;wp
my;fYk;; - ,unty;yhk; jpiu - miy
FUF - ehiu / flw;gwit ngUj - Nkhjpa
Nru;g;gd; - nea;jy; epyj;jiytd; Jiw - milfiu
efhm t+q;Nf - kfpo;tjd; Kd; Kd; eFjy; - rpupj;jy; / kfpo;jy;
- rpupj;J kfpo;tjd; Kd;
- el;Gf; nfhs;tjd;
* * * * *
FWe;njhif - 258
Mrpupau; : guzu;
filr;rq;fg; Gytuhd ,tu; vz;gj;jpuz;L ghly;fisg; ghbatu;. Nrhod; cUtg;g/Nju;
,sQ;Nrl; nrd;dp> Nrukhd; Flf;Nfh neLQ; Nruyhjd;> itahtpf; Nfhg;ngUk; Ngfd;
Kjyhd kd;du;fs; gyiug; ghbAs;shu;. fgpyupd; ez;guhf tpsq;fpatu;.
thunyQ;; Nrup jhudpd; whNu
myuh fpd;whw; ngUk fhtpupg;
gyuhL ngUe;Jiw kUnjhL gpzpj;j
Ve;JNfhl; bahidr; Nre;jd; we;ij
mupayk; Gftpdq; Nfhl;L Ntl;il
epiua nths;th spisau; ngUkfd;
moprp ahu;f;fh ld;dtpts;
gopjPu; khzyk; njhiytd fz;Nl.
6
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
thuy; vk;;; Nrup jhuy; epd;; jhNumyuh fpd;why; ngUk fhtpupg;
gyu; ML ngUk; Jiw kUnjhL gpzpj;jVe;J Nfhl;L ahidr; Nre;jd; je;ij
mupay; mk; Gftpd; mk; Nfhl;L Ntl;ilepiua xs; ths; ,isau; ngUkfd;moprp Mu;f;fhL md;d ,ts;gop jPu; khz; eyk; njhiytd fz;Nl.
NgRnghUs;:
guj;ijauplk; nrd;Wte;j jiytd;Nky; jiytp nfhz;l Cly;> Njhopahy; jiytDf;F
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gly;.
nghUs; :
ngUkhNd> gyUk; te;J ePuhLk; fhtpupapd; ngupa ePu;j;Jiwapd; fiuapNy> kUj
kuj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l epkpu;e;j nfhk;GfNshL / je;jq;fNshL $ba ahidfisAilatd;
Nre;jd;. Nre;jdJ je;ij> fs;shfpa czitAk; mofpa tpyq;Ff; $l;lq;fis
Ntl;ilahLk; njhopiy cila moprp vd;gtdhthd;. me;j moprp giftUf;F eufj;ijg;
Nghyj; Jd;gk; jUk; xspnghUe;jpa thisAilatd;; ,isa tPuu;fSf;Fj;
jiytDkhdtd;. moprpapd; Cuhd Mu;f;fhL vd;Dk; Ciug; Nghd;w ,tSila
(jiytpapDila) Fw;wkw;w khl;rpikAila eyq;fs; mopjy; fz;l gpd;ghtJ vk;
Nrupf;F tUtjid epWj;jpf; nfhs;thahf. cdJ khiyiaj; jUjiyAk; iftpLf.
cdJ tUifahy; jiytpf;Fg; gopr;nrhy; cz;lhfpd;wJ.
jpiz : kUjk;
Jiw : thapy; Neu;e;jJ
guj;ijaplk; nrd;w jiytd;> jiytpaplk; te;J fghlk; / fjT / fil jpwf;ff; Nfl;ly;
thapy; kWj;jJ jiytd; / Njhop Cly; nfhz;L fil jpwf;f kWj;jy;
ctikazp ifahsg;gly; :
moprp vd;gtdpd; Mu;f;fhL efuk;> jiytpapd; Fw;wkw;w khl;rpikAila
eyq;fSf;F xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lg;gly;.
Nre;jd; - ahid Ntl;Ltdhd moprpapd; kfd;. Nrhou;fSf;fhf fhtpupg;
ngUe;Jiw mUNf> ahidfis trg;gLj;Jgtd;. Nfhil nghUedhfpa fba
neLNtl;Ltd; Nghy xU gilj;jiytd;. ,td; NrhoUf;Fupatd;.
mUk;gjq;fs; :
Nrup - thoplk; jhu; - khiy
myu; - gopr;nrhy; ngUk - jiytNd
ngUe;Jiw - ngupa ePu;j;Jiw kUJ - kUjkuk;
gpzpj;j - fl;ba NfhL - nfhk;G / je;jk;
mupay; - fs; epuak; - eufk;
njhiyjy; - mopjy; / Fiwjy;
epupa xs; ths; - giftUf;F euf Ntjidr; nra;Ak; xsp gilj;j ths;
* * * * *
7
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
M. ew;wpizr; nra;As;; (1)
rq;ffhyj;Jr; nra;As;fspd; njhFjpfshd vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fspy; xd;whf ew;wpiz
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ehD}W nra;As;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ew;wpiz ehD}W vdTq;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mfj;jpiz rhu;e;j xd;gjbiar; rpw;nwy;iyahfTk; gd;dpuz;lbiag;
Ngnuy;iyahfTk; nfhz;l mfty; ahg;gpyhd nra;As;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; ,JthFk;.
ew;wpiz - 172
Mrpupau;: Mrpupau; ngau; njupatpy;iy.
tpisahL MankhL ntz;kzy; mOj;jp
kwe;jdk; Jwe;j fho;Kis mifa
nea;nga; jPk;ghy; nga;jpdpJ tsu;g;g
Ek;kpDQ; rpwe;jJ Et;it MFnkd;W
md;id $wpds; Gd;idaJ rpwg;Ng
mk;k ehZJk; Ek;nkhL eifNa
tpUe;jpw; ghzu; tpsupir fLg;g
tyk;Gup thd;NfhL euYk; ,yq;FePu;j;
JiwnfO nfhz;feP ey;fpd;
epiwgL ePoy; gpwTkh UsNt.
tpisahL MankhL ntz; kzy; mOj;jp kwe;jdk; Jwe;j fho; Kis mifa nea;nga; jPk;ghy; nga;jpdpJ tsu;g;g
Ek;kpDk; rpwe;jJ Et;it MFk; vd;W md;id $wpds; Gd;idaJ rpwg;Ng mk;k ehZJk; Ek;nkhL eifNa tpUe;jpw; ghzu; tpsu; ,ir fLg;g
tyk;Gup thd; NfhL euYk; ,yq;F ePu;; JiwnfO nfhz;f eP ey;fpd; epiwgL ePoy; gpwTkh csNt.
NgRnghUs;:
gfypy; jiytpiar; re;jpf;f te;j jiykfid Nehf;fp> mt;thW re;jpg;gjpYs;s ,lQ;riy
tpsf;fpa Njhop> kzKbj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW mtid typAWj;jpaJ.
nra;As;; tpsf;fk; :jiytpNahL gfw;Fwpapy; re;jpj;jiyj; jtpu;j;J> tpiuthf jiytpia kzQ;nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij> jiytDf;Fj; Njhop czu;j;Jjy;.
nghUs; :
Gjpauha; te;j ghzu;fsJ nky;ypir Kof;ifg; Nghy> tyk;Gupr;rq;fpdJ nts;spa
NfhlhdJ xypj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w> ePu; tpsq;Fk; flw;Wiw nghUe;jpa ehl;bd; jiytNd>
tpisahl;iltpUk;Gk; MakfsPNuhL ntz;kzyplj;Nj Gd;idf; fha;fis mOj;jpa
gbahf tpisahbapUe;Njhk;. mtw;Ws; xd;iw vLf;f kwe;J NghNdhk;. mq;qdk;
ahk; mOj;jpa Gd;idf;fha; Kistpl;Lj; Njhd;wpaJ. mjid Nehf;fp kfpo;Tw;Nwhk;;
8
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nea; nga;J> fye;j ghypidg; nga;J mjid ,dpjhf tsu;f;fTk; nra;Njhk;. mjidf;
fz;lds; vk; md;id. nea; nga;j ghypidg; nga;J tsu;j;jJ ,Jthjypd; Ek;ikf;
fhl;bDk; rpwg;ghdJ> Ekf;Fj; jq;if Nghy;tJ vd;W $wpdhs;. MjypdhNy ,g;Gd;idapd;
epow;fPohf Ek;NkhL eifj;J tpisahb ,d;GWjw;F ehKk; ehzkilfpd;Nwhk;. mt;thwhd
gpw Gd;id ePoy;fs; ,ythfypd;> gfypy; thuhJ> mtis tiue;J nfhs;thahf.
Gd;id vq;fs; jq;if; jq;ifapd; mUfpNy epd;W fhjyNdhL ry;yhgpg;gJ Kiwahdjd;W.
ePq;fs; ry;yhgpg;gjw;F ,e;jg; Gd;idia tpl> epiwthd epoYk; NtW ,y;iy. MfNt>
mtNshL Ngrp kfpo tpUk;gpdhy;> mtis kzk; nra;tijj;jtpu NtW top ,y;iy
vd;gJ Fwpg;Gg;nghUs;.
jpiz : nea;jy;
Jiw : gfw;Fwpapy; re;jpf;fhJ> tpiue;J kzk;nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;baijj;
Njhop tw;GWj;jy;
ghlw; rpwg;G :
cwtpduhfpa Gd;id epow; fPo; tpisahb kfpo;tjw;F ehzkilfpd;Nwhk;> vd;W
$Wtjdhy; jiytd;> jiytp fsT xOf;fj;ij (fhjy;) Cuhu; mwpe;J nfhs;tjhfpa
myu; J}w;WjiyAk; mjdhw; gfw; Fwpaplj;J jiytidr; re;jpf;f mQ;RtijAk; $wp>
tpiuthfj; jiytpia kzQ;nra;J nfhs;SkhW jiytDf;Fj; Njhop $Wfpwhs;.
jdJ fUj;ij typAWj;Jtjw;F> Njhop ifahSk; cghaq;fs; :
Gd;id kuj;ij fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L> mjd; fhuzkhf jiytp gfw;Fwpf;F
mQ;Rtijf; Fwpg;gply;.
jiytd; Cuwpaj; jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jy;.
mUk;gjq;fs; :
tpisahL Mak; - tpisahLfpd;w Njhopkhu;
fho; - Gd;id
mifa - Nt&d;wp Kis Njhd;w
nea; nga; jPk;ghy; - nea; fye;j ,dpa ghy;
ehZjk; - ntl;fg;gLfpNwhk;
Et;it - Ek;Kld; gpwe;j jq;if (EkJ jq;if)
tyk;Gup - tyk;Gupr;rq;F
tyk;Gup thd;NfhL - nts;spa tyk;Gupr; rq;F
euYk; - xypf;Fk;
,yq;F - tpsq;fpa
tpUe;jpw; ghzu; - Gjpauha; te;j ghzu;
tpsu; ,ir fLg;g - nky;ypa ,irg;ghl;L xyp
tpsu; - nkd;ik / ,sik
***************************************
9
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,. GwehD}w;Wr;; nra;As;fs; (02)
rq;ffhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j Gytu;fs; ghba Gwj;jpiz rhu;e;j ehD}W nra;As;fspd; njhFg;Ng
GwehD}W vd;Dk; E}y; MFk;. tPuk;> nfhil Kjypa gz;GfisAk; xOfyhWfisAk;>
epiyahikf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; $Wtdthf ,r;nra;As;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,r;nra;As;fs;
rpytw;wpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu;fshf rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;J Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba tk;rj;J
Kb kd;du;fSk; ghup> Xup Kjypa FWepyj; jiytu;fSk; gpwUk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;. rq;ffhy
kf;fspd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; ,r;nra;As;fspD}L ed;F Gydhfpd;wd.
GwehD}W - 72
Mrpupau; : jiyahyq;fhdj;J nrUntd;w neLQ;nropad;
jiyahyq;fhdj;J nrUntd;w neLQ;nropad; vDk; ghz;ba kd;ddhy; ghlg;ngw;wJ.
,tDf;Fk; gif muru;fs; vOtUf;Fkpilapy; jiyahyq;fhdk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; fLk;Nghu;
%z;lJ. gif muru; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; vjpu;g;glf; $wpa Gy;ypa thu;j;ijfis (rpW
thu;j;ijfs;) nghwhJ> fLq;NfhgKw;W (tQ;rpdq; nfhz;L) ntFspAk; vs;sYk;
ntspg;gLtjhfpa tQ;rpd thu;j;ijfshy; ghlg;ngw;wJ ,g;ghly;.
eFjf; fdNu ehLkPf; $Weu;
,isa dptndd Tisaf; $wpg;
gLkzp apul;Lk; ghtbg; gizj;jhs;
neLey; ahidAe; NjU khTk;
gilaik kwtU Kilak; ahnkd;
WWJg; gQ;rh Jly;rpdQ; nrUf;fpr;
rpWnrhw; nrhy;ypa rpdq;nfO Nte;jiu
mUQ;rkQ; rpijaj;jhf;fp Kurnkh
nlhUq;ffg; gNlv dhapw; nghUe;jpa
vd;dpoy; tho;eu; nrd;dpow; fhzhJ
nfhbandk; kpiwnadf; fz;zPu; gug;gpf;
Fbgop J}w;Wq; NfhNy dhFf
Xq;fpa rpwg;gp Dau;e;j Nfs;tp
khq;Fb kUjd; wiyt dhf
cyfnkhL epiy,a gyu;Gfo; rpwg;gpw;
Gytu; ghlhJ tiufntd; dpytiu
Gug;Nghu; Gd;fz; $u
,ug;Nghu;f; fPah tpd;ikah DwNt.
eFjf; fdNu ehLkP $Weu;,isad; ,td; vd cisaf; $wpgLkzp ,ul;Lk; gh mbg; giz jhs;neL ey; ahidAk; NjUk; khTk;gil mik kwtUk; cilak; ahk; vd;WcWJg;G mQ;rhJ cly; rpdk; nrUf;fprpW nrhy; nrhy;ypa rpdk; nfO Nte;jiumUk;; rkk; rpija jhf;fp KurnkhLxUq;F mfg;gNld; Mapd; nghUe;jpa
vd; epoy; tho;eu; nry; epoy; fhzhJ
nfhbad; vk; ,iw vd fz;zPu; gug;gp Fb goJ}w;wq; NfhNyd; MFf
Xq;fpa rpwg;gpd; cau;e;j Nfs;tp
10
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
khq;Fb kUjd; jiytdhfcyfnkhL epiy,a gyu; Gfo; rpwg;gpy;Gytu; ghlhJ tiuf vd; epytiuGug;Nghk; Gd;fz; $u,ug;Nghu;f;F <ah ,d;ikahd; cwNt.
jpiz : fhQ;rp
Jiw : tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rp
nghUs; :
“,tDila ehl;il cau;j;jpg; NgRgtu;fs; eifg;Gf;F ,lkhdtu;fs;”> “,td; kpfTk;
,isatd;” vd;nwy;yhk; vd; kdk; NehFk;gb $wp> vdJ ngUtypiag; nghUl;gLj;jhJ>
xypnaOg;Gk; kzpfs; ,UGwKk; fl;lg;gl;lJk; gue;j mbNahL $ba gUj;j fhiy
cilaJkhd cau;e;j ahid> Nju;> Fjpiu vd;gtw;iwAk; MAjq;fs; nghUe;jg;ngw;w
Nghu;tPuu;fisAk; nfhz;ltu;fs; ehk;> vd;W nrUf;NfhL Vsd thu;j;ijfisg; Ngrpa
rpdk; kpFe;j muru;fis mupa NghupNy rpjWk;gbahfj; jhf;fp> mtu;fsJ Kurj;NjhL
mtu;fisAk; xd;whff; ifg;gw;WNtd;. mt;thW nra;atpy;iynadpy;> nghUe;jpaike;j
vd; epoypNy (ghJfhg;gpNy) tho;gtu;fs; nrd;W jq;Fjw;Fupa NtW epoiyf;
fhzhjtu;fshf. vk; murd;> “nfhbatd;” vd;W $wpf; fz;zPu; tpl;L> Fbfs; gopJ}w;Wfpd;w
(nfhLq;) Nfhiy cilatdhFNtd;; rpwe;j GfioAk; cau;e;j mwpitAk; cila
khq;Fb kUjidj; jiytdhff; nfhz;l cyfj;NjhL (Gfohy;) epiyngw;w gyuhYk;
Gfog;gLfpd;w rpwg;gpid cila Gytu;fshy; vd; ehl;L vy;iy ghlg;glhjjhfl;Lk;.
vd;dhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLNthu; JaUWkhW vd;dplk; ,ug;NghUf;F xd;Wk; <ahjthW tWik
vd;id te;J milal;Lk;.
ghlypy; ntspg;gLk; mk;rq;fs;
ghz;bad; neLQ;nropadpd; jd;khd czu;Tk; tPuKk;
Fbfisg; ghJfhj;jypy; Xu; murDf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba flik czu;T
,ue;J te;jtu;fSf;F <jypd; cau;Tk; <aKbahikapd; ,opTk;
ngupatu;fspd; GfOf;F cupatuhjypd; rpwg;G> Fbfspd; gopf;F Mshtjd; ,opT
mf;fhyg; Gytu;fs; xU jiyikapd; fPo; Xu; mikg;ghf ,aq;fpaik
muru;fsplk; ehy;tifg; gil fhzg;gl;lik.
mUk;gjq;fs;:
eFjf;fdu; - rpupf;fj; jf;fhu; kPf;$Weu; - kpFj;Jr; nrhy;Ythu;
cisaf; $Wjy; - ntWg;gr; nrhy;Yjy; gLkzp - xypf;Fk; kzp
gizj;jhs; - ngupa fhy; ghtb - gue;j mb
kwtu; - tPuu; (cW) Jg;G - (kpf;f) typik
rpWnrhy; - Gy;ypa ,ope;j thu;j;ij rkk; - Nghu;
,iw - murd; epiy,a - epiyngw;w
Gug;Nghu; - Mjupj;Jf; fhg;gtu; Gd;fz; - Jauk;
<ah ,d;ik - nfhlh tWik
**********************************************
11
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
GwehD}W - 101
Mrpupau;: xsitahu;
rq;ffhyj;Jg; ngUk;Gytu;fSs; xUtu; xsitahu;. ghup> mjpakhd; Kjyhd FWepy
kd;du;fSlDk; Nru> Nrho> ghz;bau;fNshLk; gofpatu;. MAs; ePl;bg;Gf;fhfj; jdf;Ff;
fpilj;j ney;ypf;fdpia mjpakhd; jhd; cz;zhJ> taJKjpu;e;J tpsq;fpa
xsitahUf;Ff; nfhLj;jik xsitahu; ngw;wpUe;j ngUkjpg;gpidf; fhl;LtjhFk;.
GwehD}w;wpYk; Vida njhif E}y;fspYk; mtupaw;wpa 59 nra;As;fs; cs;sd. mit
mtuJ Gyikj; jpwid kl;Lkd;wpg; gue;j cyfpay; mwptpidAk; Mo;e;j tho;f;if
mDgtj;ijAk; fhl;LtdthFk;.
xUehl; nry;yy kpUehl; nry;yyk;
gyehs; gapd;W gynuhL nry;ypDk;
jiyehl; Nghd;w tpUg;gpdd; khNjh
mzpg+ zzpe;j ahid apaNwu;
mjpakhd; guprpy; ngW}cq; fhyk;
ePl;bD ePl;lh jhapDk; ahidjd;
Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; Nghyf;
ifafj; jJtJ ngha;ah fhNj
mUe;Nj khe;j neQ;rk;
tUe;j Ntz;lh tho;ftd; whNs.
xUehs; nry;yyk; ,Uehs; nry;yyk;
gyehs; gapd;W gynuhL nry;ypDk;
jiy ehs; Nghd;w tpUg;gpdd; khNjh
mzp g+z; mzpe;j ahid ,ay; Nju;
mjpakhd; guprpy; ngW}cq; fhyk;
ePl;bDk; ePl;lhJ MapDk; ahid jd;
Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; Nghy
if mfj;jJ mJ ngha; MfhNj
mUe;j Vkhe;j neQ;rk;
tUe;j Ntz;lh tho;f mtd; jhNs.
jpiz : ghlhz;jpiz
ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ Gfo;e;J ghlj;jf;f Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhW. xUtDila tPuk;>
nfhil> jz;zsp Kjyhdit Gfo;e;J ghlg;gLjy;.
Jiw : guprpy; flhepiy
guprpy; flhepiy vd;gJ ahtUk; guprpy; ngw;whu;. ahd; ngw;wpyd; vdj; jdJ guprpy;
ngWk; tpUg;gj;ijg; guprpy; nfhLg;Nghdplj;Nj Gyg;gLj;jpf; $Wjy;. guprpyiu tpl;L
ePq;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; jiytDf;Fg; guprpy; tpUk;gpNahd; jd; Rw;wj;jpduJ Jd;gk;
Kjypatw;iwf; $wpg; guprpy; Nfl;L epd;w epiy> guprpy; jho;g;gpDk; jUjy; jg;ghJ vd;W
ciuj;J mjidj; jUkhW Fwpg;ghy; Ntz;Ljy; Kjyhdit MFk;.
12
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghly; ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gk; :
xsitahu; mjpakhdplk; guprpy; Ntz;bg; ghbr;nrd;w rkak; murd; mjid cld;
toq;ftpy;iy. mjpakhd; xsitahuplk; ngUk; kjpg;Gk; tpUg;Gk; cilatd;. guprpy;
toq;fj; jhkjpj;j NghJk; xsitahu; mjpakhdpd; cz;ik cs;sj;ijf; fUj;jpw;
nfhz;L> nfhilapd; epr;raj;jd;ikia jd; neQ;rpw;F ciug;gjha; mikfpwJ.
ghlg;gl;Nlhd; rpwg;G :
mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rp filnaO ts;sy;fspy; xUtd;> jdf;Ff; fpilj;j mupa
ney;ypf;fdpia jd; ed;ik fUjhJ xsitahupd; ed;ik fUjp mtUf;Ff; nfhLj;jtd;.
,td; Nrukhdpd; cwtpdd;. NfhtY}iu ntw;wp nfhz;ltd;. ehk; xU ehs; my;y
,uz;L ehs; my;y gyehSk; kPskPsg; gyNuhL $lr; nrd;whYk; Kjy; ehspidg;
NghyNt tpUg;gKld; cjTk; gz;Gilatd;. mzpfyd; mzpe;j ahidiaAk; NjiuAk;
cilatd; mjpakhd;. mtd; guprpy; juf; fhyk; rpwpJ jho;g;gpDk; jho;j;jhtpbDk;
mg;guprpy; ahidapdJ nfhk;gpdpilNa itf;fg;gl;l ftsk;Nghy ek; ifafj;jJ mJ
jg;ghky; fpilf;Fk;. cz;z Mirg;gl;l neQ;Nr> eP guprpYf;F tUe;j Ntz;lhk;. mtd;
jhs; tho;f.
mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rpapd; nfhil khz;G rpwg;gpf;fg;gly;
xUehs;> ,Uehs;> gyehs; nrd;whYk; gyNuhL nrd;whYk; Kjypy; nrd;w ehs; Nghd;w
tpUg;gpdd; vd;wjdhy; mjpakhdpd; rypahj nfhilj;jpwk; Gydhfpd;wJ.
ctik mzpapD}lhff; nfhilr;rpwg;G $wg;gly;
“Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; Nghy.....”
ahidapdJ Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; vg;gbAk; mjd; thafj;Nj Ngha;r; NrUk;.
mJNghy fhyk; jho;e;jhYk; jhohtpl;lhYk; vg;gbAk; ifte;J NrUk;.
mUk;gjq;fs; :
jiyehs; - Kjypw; nrd;w ehs;
g+z; - mzpfyd;
NfhL - nfhk;G (je;jk;)
ftsk; - czTj;jpus;
Vkhe;j - Mirg;gl;l
***************************************************
13
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
02. jpUf;Fws;
1. mwpTilik
m/jhtJ> fy;tp Nfs;tpfspd; Ma mwpNthL cz;ik mwpT cilad; Mjy; mjpfhuKiwikAk; ,jdhNd tpsq;Fk;.
1. mwptw;wq; fhf;Fq; fUtp nrWthu;f;Fk; cs;sopf;f yhfh muz;.
mwptw;wk;;; fhf;Fk;;; fUtp nrWthu;f;Fk; cs;sopf;fy; Mfh muz;.
mwpT mw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp - muru;f;F mwpT vd;gJ ,Wjp thuhky; fhf;Fk; fUtpahk;:nrWthu;f;F mopf;fyhfh cs; muZk; - mJNtAkd;wpg; giftu;f;Fk; mopf;fyhfhjcs;suZk; Mk;.
fhj;jy;: kd; mwpe;J gupfupj;jy;. cs;suz;: cs;sha muz;: cs;Gf;F mopf;fhyhfhmuz; vd;Wk; Mk;. ,jdhy; mwptpdJ rpwg;Gf; $wg;gl;lJ.
2. nrd;w ,lj;jhw; nrytplh jPnjhuP,
ed;wpd;gh Ya;g;g jwpT.
nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxuP, ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT.
nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh - kdj;ij mJ nrd;w Gyj;jpd; fz; nry;ytplhJ> jPJ xuP,ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT - mg; gyj;jpd; ed;ik jPikfis Muha;e;J jPajdpd; ePf;fpey;yjd;fz; nrYj;JtJ mwpT.
tpidf;F Vw;w nrag;gLnghUs; tUtpf;fg;gl;lJ. Xir> CW> xsp> Rit> ehw;wk; vdg;Gyk; Ie;jhapDk;> xU fhyj;J xd;wpd;fz; my;yJ nry;yhikapd; ‘,lj;jhy;’ vd;whu;.‘tplhJ’ vd;gJ filf;Fiwe;J epd;wJ. Fjpiuia eykwpe;J nrYj;Jk; thJtd;NghyNtwhf;fp> kdj;ijg; Gykwpe;J nrYj;JtJ mwpT vd;whu;> m/J capu;f;Fzk; Mfypd;.
3. vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.
vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT.
vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu; tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; - ahnjhU nghUis ahtu; ahtu; nrhy;yf;Nfl;bgpDk;: mg; nghUs; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT - mg;nghUspd; nka;aha gaidf;fhzty;yJ mwpT.
Fzq;fs; %d;Wk; khwp khwp tUjy; ahtu;f;Fk; cz;ikapd; cau;e;j nghUs; mope;jhu;thapDk;. ,ope;j nghUs; cau;e;jhu; thapDk;> cWjpg; nghUs; giftu; thapDk;>nfLnghUs; el;lhu; thapDk;> xNuhtopf; Nfl;fg;gLjyhd; ‘vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f;Nfl;gpDk;” vd;whu;. mLf;Fg; gd;ik gw;wp te;jJ. ‘tha;’ vd;gJ mtu; mg; nghUspd;fz;gapyhik czuepd;wJ. nka;ahjy;: epiyngWjy;. nrhy;thuJ ,ay;G Nehf;fhJ
mg;nghUspd; gad; Nehf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;. xopjy; nra;tJ mwpT vd;gjhk;.
4. vz;nghUs thfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd;gpwu;tha;
Ez;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.
vz;nghUs thfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd;gpwu;tha;Ez;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT.
jhd; vd;nghUs Mfr; nryr; nrhy;yp - jhd; nrhy;Yk; nrhw;fis mupa nghUs;MapDk; Nfl;ghu;f;F vspa nghUs MkhW kdk; nfhsr;nrhy;yp@ gpwu; tha; Ez;nghUs;fhz;gJ mwpT - gpwtha;f; Nfl;Fk; nrhw;fspd; Ez;zpa nghUs; fhz mupjhapDk;
mjidf; fhzty;yJ mwpT.
14
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
cilatd; njhopy; mwptpd;Nky; Vw;wg;gl;lJ. nrhy;Ytd tOtpd;wp ,dpJ tpsq;fr;
nrhy;Yf vd;ghu; nrhy; Nky; itj;Jk;> Nfl;gd tOtpDk; ,dpJ tpsq;fh MapDk;gaidf; nfhz;nlhopf vd;ghu; nghUs; Nky; itj;Jk; $wpdhu;.
5. cyfe; joP,a njhl;gk; kyu;jyq; $k;gY kpy;y jwpT.
cyfk; joP,aJ xl;gk;@ kyu;jYk; $k;gYk; ,y;yJ mwpT.
cyfk; joP,a xl;gk; - cyfj;ij el;ghf;FtJ xUtDf;F xl;gkhy;@ kyu;jYk; $k;gYk;,y;yJ mwpT - me; el;gpd; fz; Kd; kyu;jYk; gpd; $k;GjYk; ,d;wp xU epiyadhtJmwpthk;.
‘joP,aJ’‘,y;yJ’ vd;gd mt;tj; njhopy;Nky; epd;w. ‘cyfk;’ vd;gJ <z;L cau;e;Njhiu.mtNuhL fag;G+g;’Nghy NtWglhJ Nfhl;Lg; G+g;Nghy xU epiyNa el;ghapdhd; vy;yh,d;gKk; va;Jk; Mjypd;> mjid mwpT vd;whu;. fhupaq;fs; fhuzq;fshf cgrupf;fg;gl;ld.,jidr; nry;tj;jpy; kyu;jYk; ey;Futpy; $k;gYk; ,y;yJ vd;W ciug;ghUk; csu;.
6. vt;t Jiwt Jyf Kyfj;Njh lt;t Jiwt jwpT.
vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT.
cyfk; vt;tJ ciwtJ - cyfk; ahnjhUthw;whd; xOFtjhapw;W@ cyfj;NjhLmt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT - mt; cyfj;NjhL Nktpj; jhDk; mt;thw;whd; xOFtJmurDf;F mwpT.
‘cyfj;ijnay;yhk; ahd; epakpj;jyhd; vd;id epakpg;ghupy;iy’ vdf; fUjpj; jhd;epidj;jthNw xOfpd; ghtKk; gopAk; Mk; Mfyhd;. mt;thW xOFjy; mwpT md;Wvd tpyf;fpathW Mapw;W. ,it Ie;J ghl;lhDk; mjdJ ,yf;fzk; $wg;gl;lJ.
7. mwpTilahu; Mt jwpthu; mwptpyhu; m/jwp fy;yh jtu;.
mwpTilahu; MtJ mwpthu; mwptyhu; m/Jmwp fy;yh jtu;.
mwpTilahu; MtJ mwpthu; - mwpTilauhtu; tuf;fltjid Kd; mwpaty;yhu;@ mwptpyhu;m/J mwpfy;yhjtu; - mwptpyuhtu; mjid Kd; mwpakhl;lhjhu;.
Kd; mwpjy;: Kd;Nd vz;zp mwpjy;. m/J mwpfy;yhik MtJ: te;jhy; mwpjy;. ,dp‘MtJ mwpthu;’ vd;gjw;Fj; jkf;F ed;ikawpthu; vd;W ciug;ghUk; csu;.
8. mQ;Rt jQ;rhik Ngijik mQ;Rt jQ;ry; mwpthu; njhopy;.
mQ;RtJ mQ;rhik Ngjik@ mQ;RtJ mQ;ry; mwpthu; njhopy;.
mQ;RtJ mQ;rhik Ngijik - mQ;rg;gLtjid mQ;rhik Ngijikahk;: mQ;RtJmQ;ry; mwpthu; njhopy; - mt; mQ;rg;gLtjid mQ;Rjy; mwpthu; njhopyhk;.
ghtKk; gopAk; NfLk; Kjyhf mQ;rg;gLtd gythapDk;> rhjpgw;wp ‘mQ;RtJ’ vd;whu;.mQ;rhik@ vz;zhJ nra;J epw;wy;. mQ;Rjy;: vz;zpj; jtpu;jy;. mJ ,iwkhl;rpahfr;nrhy;yg;gl;likapd;> <z;L mQ;r Ntz;Lk; ,lk; $wpathW. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk;
mjid cilahuJ ,yf;fzk; $wg;gl;lJ.
15
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
9. vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f; fpy;iy
mjpu tUtNjhu; Neha;.
vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iymjpu tUtNjhu; Neha;.
vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F - tuf;fltjhfpa mjid Kd; mwpe;J fhf;fty;y
mwptpid cilahu;f;F@ mjputUtJ Xu; Neha; ,y;iy - mtu; eLq;f tUtnjhUJd;gKk; ,y;iy.~Neha;’ vd tUfpd;wikapd;> thsh ~vjpujh’ vd;whu;. ,jdhd; fhf;fyhk; fhyk;czu;j;jg;gl;lJ. fhj;jy;> mjd; fhuzj;ij tpyf;Fjy;. mtu;f;Fj; Jd;gk; ,d;ik
,jdhd; $wg;gl;lJ.
10. mwpTilahu; vy;yh Kilahu; mwptpyhu;
vd;Dila NuD kpyu;.
mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu;@ mwptpyhu;vd;Dila NuDk; ,yu;.
mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu; - mwpTilahu; gpwpnjhd;Wk; ,yuhapDk; vy;yhk;
cilauhtu;@ mwptpyhu; vd; cilaNuDk; ,yu; - mwptpyhu; vy;yhk; cilauhapDk;
xd;Wk; ,yuhtu;.
nry;tq;fs; vy;yhk; mwpthw; gilf;fTk; fhf;fTk; gLjypd; m/J cilahiu ‘vy;yhk;cilahu;’ vd;Wk;> mit vy;yhk; Kd;Nd mike;J fplg;gpDk; mopahky; fhj;jw;Fk;>
nja;tj;jhd; mope;Jopg; gilj;jw;Fk; fUtpAilahu; md;ikapd; m/J ,y;yhjhiu
vd;Dila NuDk; ,yu;’ vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ‘vd;Dk;’ vd;Gop ck;ik tpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fJ.
,jdhd; mtuJ cilikAk; VidahuJ ,d;ikAk; $wg;gl;ld.
02. Fw;wk; fbjy;m/jhtJ> fhkk;> ntFsp> fLk; gw;Ws;sk;> khdk;> ctif> kjk; vdg;gl;l Fw;wq;fs;
MwpidAk; murd; jd;fz; epfohky; fbjy;. ,tw;iw tlE}yhu; giftu;f;fk; vd;g.
,it Fw;wk; vd;W mwpjYk; fbjYk; mwpTilahu;f;F my;yJ $lhikapd; mjd; gpd;
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
1 . nrUf;FQ; rpdKQ; rpWikAk; ,y;yhu;
ngUf;fk; ngUkpj ePu;j;J.
nrUf;Fk; rpdKk; rpWikAk; ,y;yhu;
ngUf;fk; ngUkpj ePu;j;J.
nrUf;Fk; rpdKk; rpWikAk; ,y;yhu; ngUf;fk; - kjKk; ntFspAk; fhkKk; MfpaFw;wq;fs; ,y;yhj muruJ nry;tk;@ ngUkpj ePu;j;J - Nkk;ghl;L ePu;ikapid cilj;J.kjk;: nry;tf;fspg;G. rpwpNahu; nrayhfypd;> mstpwe;j fhkk; ‘rpWik’ vdg;gl;lJ.,it ePjpay;yd nra;tpj;jyhd;> ,tw;iwf; fbe;jhu;. nry;tk; ey;topg;ghLk; epiyNgWk;
cilikapd;> kjpg;Gilj;J vd;gjhk;. kpFjp gw;wp ,it Kw;$wg;gl;ld.
2. ,twYk; khz;gpwe;j khdKk; khzh
ctifAk; Vjk; ,iwf;F.
,twYk; khz;G,we;j khdKk; khzh ctifAk; Vjk; ,iwf;F.
,twYk; - Ntz;Lk; topg;nghUs; nfhlhikAk;@ khz;G ,we;jkhdKk; - ed;ikapd; ePq;fpa
khdKk;@ khzh ctifAk; - mstpwe;j ctifAk;@ ,iwf;F Vjk; - murDf;Ff; Fw;wk;.
16
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
khl;rpahd khdj;jpd; ePf;Fjw;F ‘khz;G ,we;j khdk;’ vd;whu;. m/jhtJ “me;jzu;rhd;Nwhu; mUe;jtj;Njhu; jk; Kd;Ndhu;> je;ij jha; vd;wpt”iu (Gwg;.nt.ghlhz;.33)tzq;fhikAk;> Kbf;fg;glhjhapDk; fUjpaJ Kbj;Nj tpLjYk; Kjyhapd. mstpwe;jctifahtJ fopfz;Nzhl;lk;. gpwUk; “rpdNd fhkk; fopfz;Nzhl;lk;” vd;wptw;iw“mwe;njup jpfpupf;F topailahFk; jPJ” (gjpw;.22) vd;whu;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk;
Fw;wq;fshtd ,it vd;gJ $wg;gl;lJ.
3. jpidj;Jizahq; Fw;wk; tupDk; gidj;Jizahf;
nfhs;tu; gopehZ thu;.
jpidj;Jizahk; Fw;wk; tupDk; gidj;Jizahf; nfhs;tu; gopehZ thu;.
gopehZthu; - gopia mQ;Rthu;@ jpidj;Jizahk; Fw;wk; tupDk; gidj;Jizahf;nfhs;tu; - jk;fz; jpidapd; msthk; Fw;wk; te;jjhapDk; mjid mt;tsthf md;wpg;gidapd; msthff; nfhs;tu;.
Fw;wk:; rhjpg;ngau; jkf;F Vyhikapd; rpwpJ vd;W nghwhu; ngupjhff; nfhz;L tUe;jpg;
gpd;Dk; mJ thuhky; fhg;gu; vd;gjhk;.
4. Fw;wNk fhf;f nghUshff; Fw;wNk
mw;we; j&ck; gif.
Fw;wNk fhf;f nghUshf@ Fw;wNk
mw;wk; j&ck; gif.
mw;wk; j&ck; gif Fw;wNk - jdf;F ,Wjp gaf;Fk; gif Fw;wNk@ Fw;wNk nghUshsf;fhf;f - Mfyhd; mf; Fw;wk; jd;fz; thuhikNa gadhff; nfhz;L fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.,it gw;wp my;yJ giftu; mw;wk; jhuhikapd; ‘,itNa gifahtd’ vd;Dk; tlE}yhu;kjk; gw;wpf; ‘Fw;wNk mw;wk; j&ck; gif’ vd;Wk;> ,tw;wJ ,d;ikNa Fzq;fsJcz;ikahff; nfhz;L vd;ghu; ‘nghUshf’ vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ~Fw;wNk fhf;f| vd;gJ
~~mUk;gz;gpdhw; jPik fhf;f|| vd;gJ Nghy epd;wJ.
5. tUKd;du;f; fhthjhd; tho;f;if vupKd;du;
itj;J}W Nghyf; nfLk;.
tUKd;du;f; fhthjhd; tho;f;if vupKd;du;
itj;J}W Nghyf; nfLk;.
tUKd;du;f; fhthjhd; tho;f;if - Fw;wk; tuf;fltjhfpd;w Kw;fhyj;jpNy mjidf;fhthj murd; tho;f;if@ vup Kd;du; itj;J}W Nghyf; nfLk; - mJ te;jhy; vupKfj;Jepd;w itf;Nfhy; Fit Nghy mope;JtpLk;.
~Fw;wk;| vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jhd; te;jJ. ~Kd;du;| vd;wjd; <w;wJ gFjpg; nghUs; tpFjp.~tUk;| vd;Dk; nganur;rk; ~Kd;du;| vd;Dk; fhyg; ngau; nfhz;lJ. mjdhy; fhf;fyhk;fhyk; ngwg;gl;lJ. Fw;wk; rpwpjhapDk; mjdhy; ngupa nry;tk; mope;NjtpLk; vd;gJ
ctikahy; ngw;whk;.
6. jd;Fw;w ePf;fpg; gpwu;Fw;wq; fhz;fpw;gpd;
vd;Fw;w khFk; ,iwf;F.
jd;Fw;wk; ePf;fpg; gpwu;Fw;wk; fhz;gpw;gpd;
vd;Fw;w khFk; ,iwf;F?
jd; Fw;wk; ePf;fpg; gpwu; Fw;wk; fhz;fpw;gpd; - Kd;du;j; jd; Fw;wj;ijf; fz;L fbe;Jgpd;du; gpwu; Fw;wq; fhz ty;ydhapd;@ ,iwf;F MFk; Fw;wk; vd; - murDf;F Mff;flt Fw;wk; ahJ?
17
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
murDf;Fj; jd; Fw;wk; fbahjtopNa gpwu; Fw;wk; fbjy; Fw;wk; MtJ> fbe;jtop
Kiwnra;jyhk; vd;ghu; ~vd; Fw;wk; MFk;| vd;whu;. vdNt> jd; Fw;wk; fbe;jtNd
Kiw nra;jw;F cupatd; vd;gjhapw;W. ,it ehd;F ghl;lhDk; mtw;wJ fbjw;ghL
nghJ tifahy; $wg;gl;lJ. ,dpr; rpwg;G tifahy; $Wg.
7. nraw;ghy nra;ah jptwpahd; nry;tk;
caw;ghy jd;wpf; nfLk;.
nraw;ghy nra;ahJ ,twpahd; nry;tk;
caw;ghyJ md;wpf; nfLk;.
nraw;ghy nra;ahJ ,twpahd; nry;tk; - nghUshy; jdf;Fr; nra;J nfhs;sg;gLk;
mtw;iwr; nra;J nfhs;shJ mjd;fz; gw;Ws;sk; nra;jhdJ nry;tk;@ caw;ghyJ
md;wpf; nfLk; - gpd; csjhk; ghd;ikj;J md;wp twpNj nfLk;.
nraw;ghy Mtd: mwk; nghUs; ,d;gq;fs;. nghUshw; nghUs; nra;jyhtJ ngUf;Fjy;@
mJ ~~nghd;dpd; MFk; nghUgil> mg;gil> jd;dpd; MFk; juzp> juzpapy;> gpd;id
MFk; ngUk;nghUs;> mg;nghUs;> Jd;Dk; fhiyj; Jd;dhjd ,y;iyNa|| (rPtf.tpkiy.35)
vd;gjdhd; mwpf. mwk; nra;ahikahDk; nghUs; ngUf;fhikahDk; ~caw;ghyjd;wp|
vd;Wk; ,d;gk; gad; nfhs;shikapd; ~nfLk;| vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ~caw;ghyjpd;wp| vd;W
ghlk; XJthUk; csu;.
8. gw;Ws;s nkd;Dk; ,twd;ik vw;Ws;Sk;
vz;zg; gLtnjhd; wd;W.
gw;Ws;sk; vd;Dk; ,twd;ik vw;Ws;Sk;
vz;zg; gLtnjhd;W md;W.
gw;Ws;sk; vd;Dk; ,twd;ik - nghUis tplj;jFk; ,lj;J tplhJ gw;Wjiyr; nra;Ak;
cs;sk; Mfpa cNyhgj;jpdJ jd;ik@ vw;Ws;Sk; vz;zg;gLtJ xd;W md;W - Fw;wj;
jd;ikfs; vy;yhtw;Ws;Sk; itj;J vz;zg;gLtJ xd;W md;W@ kpf;fJ.
,twyJ jd;ikahtJ: Fzq;fs; vy;yhk; xUq;F csthapDk; mtw;iwf; fPo;gLj;Jj;jhd; Nkw;gl;l ty;y ,ay;G> xope;jd mJkhl;lhikapd; ~vw;Ws;Sk; vz;zg;gLtnjhd;Wmd;W| vd;whu;. ~vw;Ws;Sk;| vd;gJ ,ilf;Fiwe;J epd;wJ. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk;
cNyhgj;jpd; jPik $wg;gl;lJ.
9. tpatw;f vQ;Qhd;We; jd;id eatw;f
ed;wp gath tpid.
tpatw;w vQ;Qhd;Wk; jd;id; eatw;f
ed;wp gath tpid.
vQ;Qhd;Wk; jd;id tpatw;f - jhd; ,wg;g cau;e;j Qhd;Wk; kjj;jhy; jd;ided;FkjpahJ xopf@ ed;wp gath tpid eatw;f - jdf;F ed;ik gath tpidfis
khdj;jhy; tpUk;ghJ xopf.
jd;id tpae;Jop ,lKk; fhyKk; typAk; mwpag; glhikahDk;> mwDk; nghUSk;,fog;gLjyhDk;> ~vQ; Qhd;Wk; tpatw;f| vd;Wk;> ~fUjpaJ Kbj;Nj tpLty| vd;Wmwk; nghUs; ,d;gq;fs; gath tpidfis eag;gpd; mtw;why; ghtKk; gopAk; NfLk;tUkhfypd;> mtw;iw ~eatw;f| vd;Wk; $wpdh;. ,jdhd;> kj khdq;fspd; jPik
$wg;gl;lJ.
18
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
10. fhjy fhjy; mwpahik ca;f;fpw;gpd;
Vjpy Vjpyhu; E}y;.
fhjy fhjy; mwpahik ca;f;fpw;gpd;
Vjpy Vjpyhu; E}y;.
fhjy fhjy; mwpahik ca;f;fpw;gpd; - jhd; fhjypj;j nghUs;fis mtu; mf; fhjy;mwpahky; mDgtpf;f ty;ydhapd;@ Vjpyhu; E}y; Vjpy - giftu; jd;id tQ;rpj;jw;F
vz;Zk; vz;zk; gOjhk;.
mwpe;jtop mit thapyhfg; GFe;J tQ;rpg;ghu;. Mfypd;> mwpahky; ca;j;jhy;> thapy;,d;ikapd; tQ;rpf;fg;glhd; vd;gjhk;. fhkk;> ntFsp> ctif vd;gd Kw;wf;fbAk;Fw;wk; md;ikapd;> ,jdhd; ngUk;ghd;ikj;jhfpa fhkk; EfUkhW $wp> Vidr;
rpWghd;ikatw;wpw;Fg; nghJtif tpyf;fpidNa nfhz;nlhope;jhu;.
03. ngupahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly;
m/jhtJ> %tpU Fw;wKk; Kiwikapd; fbjypd; fhtw;rhfhL cifj;jw;F cupadha
murd;> jPnewp tpyf;fp ed;ndwpr; nrYj;Jk; NguwpTilahiuj; jdf;Fj; Jizahff;Nfhly;. mjpfhu KiwikAk; ,jdhNd tpsq;Fk;. NguwpT cilauhthu; muru;f;Fk;
mq;fq;fl;Fk; khDlj; nja;tf; Fw;wq;fs; thuhky; fhj;jw;F cupa mikr;ru;> GNuhfpju;.
1. mwdwpe;J %j;j mwpTilahu; Nfz;ik
jpwdwpe;J Nju;e;J nfhsy;.
mwd;mwpe;J %j;j mwpTilahu; Nfz;ik
jpwd; mwpe;J Nju;e;J nfhsy;.
mwd; mwpe;J %j;j mwpTilahu; Nfz;ik - mwj;jpdJ Ez;ikia mwpe;J jd;dpd;
%j;j mwpTilahuJ Nfz;ikia@ Nju;e;J jpwd; mwpe;J nfhsy; - murd; mjdJmUikia Xu;e;J> nfhs;Sk; jpwk; mwpe;J nfhs;f.
mwEz;ik E}yhNdad;wp ca;j;Jzu;thDk; mwpa Ntz;Ljypd; ~mwd; mwpe;J| vd;whu;.%j;jy; mwpthDk;> rPyj;jhDk; fhyj;jhDk; Kjpu;jy;. mwpT cilahu;: ePjpiaAk; cyf,aiyAk; mwpjiy cilahu;. jpwd; mwpjyhtJ ed;F kjpj;jy;> caur; nra;jy;> mtu;tiuepw;wy; vd;gd Kjyhf mtu; gpzpg;Gz;Zk; jpwd; mwpe;J nra;jy;.
2. cw;wNeha; ePf;fp cwhmik Kw;fhf;Fk;
ngw;wpahu;g; Ngzpf; nfhsy;.
cw;wNeha; ePf;fp cwhmik Kd;fhf;Fk; ngw;wpahu;g; Ngzpf; nfhsy;.
cw;wNeha; ePf;fp - nja;tj;jhdhf kf;fshdhfj; jdf;F te;j Jd;gq;fis ePf;FkhWmwpe;J ePf;fp@ cwhik Kw;fhf;Fk; ngw;wpahu; - gpd; mg;ngw;wpad thuhtz;zk; Kd;mwpe;J fhf;fty;y jd;ikapidAilahiu@ Ngzpf; nfhsy; - murd; mtu; ctg;gdnra;J Jizahff; nfhs;f.
nja;tj;jhd; tUk; Jd;gq;fshtd: kioapdJ ,d;ik kpFjpfshDk;> fhw;Wj; jPg;gpzpvd;W ,tw;whDk; tUtd. mit flTsiuAk; jf;NfhiuAk; Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; rhe;jpfshd;ePf;fg;gLk;. kf;fshd; tUk; Jd;gq;fshtd: giftu;> fs;tu;> Rw;wj;jhu;> tpidnra;thu;vd;wptu;fshd; tUtd@ mit rhk Ngj jhd jz;lq;fs; Mfpa ehy;tif cghaj;Js;Vw;wjdhy; ePf;fg;gLk;. Kw;fhj;jyhtJ nja;tj;jhd; tUtdtw;iw cw;ghjq;fshy; mwpe;J>mr; rhe;jpfshy; fhj;jYk;> kf;fshd; tUtdtw;iw mtu; Fzk;> ,q;fpjk;> Mfhuk;>
19
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nray; vd;gtw;whd; mwpe;J mt; cghaq;fSs; xd;why; fhj;jYk; Mk;. MfNt>GNuhfpjiuAk; mikr;riuAk; $wpathwhapw;W. ,q;fpjk;: Fwpg;ghy; epfOk; cWg;gpd;njhopy;.
Mfhuk;: Fwpg;gpd;wp epfOk; NtWghL. ctg;gd: ed;F kjpj;jy; Kjypad. ,it ,uz;L
ghl;lhDk; ngupahuJ ,yf;fzKk;> mtiuj; Jizahff; Nfhly; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ}ck;> nfhs;SkhWk; $wg;gl;ld.
3. mupatw;W nsy;yhk; mupNj ngupahiug;
Ngzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy;.
mupatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mupNj ngupahiug; Ngzpj; jkuhff; nfhsy;.
ngupahiug; Ngzpj; jkuhf;nfhsy; - mg; ngupatu;fis mtu; ctg;gd mwpe;J nra;J>jkf;Fr; rpwe;jhuhff; nfhs;Sjy;@ mupatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mupJ - muru;f;F mupa NgWfs;vy;yhtw;Ws;Sk; mupJ.
cyfj;J mupadnty;yhk; ngWjw;F cupa muru;f;F ,g;NgW rpwe;jJ vd;wJ. ,jdhy;
mitnay;yhk; csthjy; Nehf;fp.
4. jk;kpw; ngupahu; jkuh xOFjy;
td;ikA nsy;yhe; jiy.
jk;kpw; ngupahu; jkuh xOFjy; td;ikAs; vy;yhk; jiy.
jk;kpd; ngupahu; jkuh xOFjy; - mwpT Kjypatw;why; jk;kpd; kpf;fhu; jkf;Fr; rpwe;jhuhfj;jhk; mtu; top epd;W xOFjy;@ td;ikAs; vy;yhk; jiy - muru;f;F vy;yh typcilikapDk; jiy.
nghUs;> gil> muz;fshd; Ma typapDk; ,j;Jiz typ rpwe;jJ vd;wJ> ,tu;
mtw;whd;; ePf;fg;glhj nja;tj;Jd;gk; KjypadTk; ePf;Fjw;F cupau; Mfypd;.
5. #o;thu;fz; zhf xOfyhd; kd;dtd;
#o;thiur; #o;e;J nfhsy;.
#o;thu;fz; zhf xOfyhd; kd;dtd; #o;thiur; #o;e;J nfhsy;.
#o;thu; fz;Mf xOfyhd; - jd; ghuk; mikr;riuf; fz;zhff; nfhz;L elj;jyhd;@kd;dtd; #o;thiur; #o;e;J nfhsy; - murd; mj;jd;ikauha mikr;riu Muha;e;Jjdf;Fj; Jizahff; nfhs;f.
,uz;lhtJ tpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fJ. jhNd #o ty;ytdhapDk; mstpwe;j njhopy;fshd;MFyk; va;Jk; murd; ghuk; mJNt njhopyha mikr;ruhd; my;yJ ,dpJ elthikgw;wp> mtiuf; fz;zhff; $wpdhu;. Muha;jy;: mikr;rpaYs; nrhy;yg;gLk; ,yf;fzj;jpdu;vd;gjid Muha;jy;. ,it %d;W ghl;lhDk; ngupahiuj; Jizf; Nfhlypd;
rpwg;Gf; $wg;gl;lJ.
6. jf;fh updj;jdha;j; jhndhOf ty;yhidr;
nrw;whu; nraf;fple;j jpy;.
jf;fhu; ,dj;jdha;j; jhd;xOf ty;yhidr; nrw;whu; nraf;fple;jJ ,y;.
20
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jf;fhu; ,dj;jdha;j; jhd; xOf ty;yhid - jf;fuhfpa ,dj;ij ciladha;j; jhDk;mwpe;J xOfty;y murid@ nrw;whu; nraf; fple;jJ ,y; - giftu; nra;af; fple;jnjhUJd;gKk; ,y;iy.
jf;fhu;: mwpT xOf;fq;fshy; jFjp cilahu;. xOFjy;: mwePjpfspd; newp tOthky;elj;jy;. tQ;rpj;jy;> $bdiug; gpupj;jy;> NtW gif tpisj;jy; vd;W ,tw;whDk;>typahDk;> giftu; nra;Ae; Jd;gq;fs; gyjpwe;j MapDk;> jhDk; mwpe;J mwpthu;
nrhy;Yk; nfhz;nlhOFthd;fz; mtw;Ws; xd;Wk; thuhJ vd;ghu; ~nrw;whu; nraf;fple;jJ
,y;| vd;whu;.
7 . ,bf;Fe; Jizahiu ahs;thiu ahNu
nfLf;Fe; jifik atu;.
,bf;Fk; Jizahiu Ms;thiu ahNu nfLf;Fk; jifik atu;?
,bf;Fk; Jizahiu Ms;thiu - jPad fz;lhy; neUq;fpr; nrhy;Yk; Jizahe;jd;ikia
cilahiu ,tu; ekf;Fr; rpwe;jhu; vd;W MSk; muriu@ nfLf;Fk; jifik atu; ahu;- nfLf;Fk; ngUik cila giftu; cyfj;J ahtu;?
jPad: ghtq;fSk; ePjpay;ydTk; Jizahk; jd;ikahtJ: jkf;F mitapd;ikAk;
murd;fz; md;GilikAk; Mk;. mj;jd;ik cilahu; newpapd; ePq;ftplhikapd;> mtiu
MSk; muru; xUtuhDk; nfLf;fg;glhu; vd;gjhk;. ~neUq;fpr; nrhy;YkstpNdhiu|
vd;W ciug;ghUk; csu;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk; mjd; gad; $wg;gl;lJ.
8 . ,bg;ghiu ,y;yhj vkuh kd;dd;
nfLg;gh upyhDq; nfLk;.
,bg;ghiu ,y;yhj Vkhuh kd;dd;nfLg;ghu; ,yhDq;; nfLk;.
,bg;ghiu ,y;yhj Vkuh kd;dd; - foWjw;F cupahiuj; jdf;Fj; Jizahff;
nfhs;shikapd; fhtyw;w murd;@ nfLg;ghu; ,yhDk; nfLk; - gifaha;f; nfLg;ghu;
,y;iyahapDk; jhNd nfLk;.
~,y;yhj| ~Vkuh| vd;gd nganur;r mLf;F. nfLg;ghu; csuhtu; vd;gJ Njhd;w. ,yhDk;
vd;whu;. jhNd nfLjyhtJ@ ghfdpy;yhj ahidNghy newpay;yh newpr;nrd;W nfLjy;.
9 . Kjypyhu;f; $jpa kpy;iy kjiyahQ;
rhu;gpyhu;f; fpy;iy epiy.
Kjy;,yhu;f;F Cjpak; ,y;iy kjiyahk;rhu;G,yhu;f;F ,y;iy epiy.
Kjy; ,yhu;f;F Cjpak; ,y;iy - Kjw;nghUs; ,y;yhj tzpfu;f;F mjdhy; tUk;
Cjpak; ,y;iyahk;@ kjiyahk; rhu;G ,yhu;f;F epiy ,y;iy - mJNghyj; jk;ikj;
jhq;Ftjhk; Jizapy;yhj muru;f;F mjdhd; tUk; epiyapy;iy.
Kjiyg; ngw;Nw ,yhgk; ngwNtz;LkhW Nghyj; jhq;Fthiug; ngw;Nw epiyngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhk;. epiy: muru; ghuj;NjhL rypahJ epw;wy;.
10. gy;yhu; gifnfhsypw; gj;jLj;j jPikj;Nj
ey;yhu; nfhlu;if tply;.
21
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gy;yhu; gifnfsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;Njey;yhu; njhlu;if tply;.
gy;yhu; gif nfhsypd; gj;J mLj;j jPikj;J - jhd; jdpadha; itj;Jg; gyNuhLk;gifnfhs;Sjypd; gjpw;W klq;F jPik cilj;J@ ey;yhu; njhlu; iftply; - murd;ngupahNuhL el;gpidf; nfhs;shJ xopjy;.
gyu; gif Maf;fhy; ~~Nkhjp Ks;nshL Kl;gif fz;bly;> NgJnra;J gpse;jply;||(rPtf.tpkiy.32) vd;gitay;yJ xUq;F tpidahf; Fwpj;Jr; nra;jhYk; xUthw;whd;
ca;jy; $Lk;@ ey;yhu; njhlu; iftpl;lhy; xUthw;whDk; ca;jy; $lhikapd;> ,J
nra;jy; mjdpDk; jPJ vd;gjhk;. ,it %d;W ghl;lhDk; mJ nra;ahj topg;gLk;
Fw;wk; $wg;gl;lJ.
04. rpw;wpdk; Nruhik
m/jhtJ> rpwpa ,dj;ijg; nghUe;jhik. rpwpa ,dkhtJ ~~ey;yjd; eyDk; jPajd;
jPikAk; ,y; vd;NghUk;|| (Gwk;.29) tplUk;> J}u;j;jUk;> elUk; cs;spl;l FO. mwpitj;jpupj;J ,UikAk; nfLf;Fk; ,ay;gpw;wha mjidg; nghUe;jpd; ngupahiuj; Jizf;
Nfhly; gad; ,d;W vd;gJ czu;j;jw;F ,/J mjd;gpd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
1 . rpw;wpdk; mQ;Rk; ngUik rpWikjhd;
Rw;wkhr; #o;e;J tpLk;.
rpw;wpdk; mQ;Rk; ngUik> rpWikjhd;
Rw;whkhr; #o;e;J tpLk;.
ngUik rpw;wpdk; mQ;Rk; - ngupNahu; ,ay;G rpwpa ,dj;ij mQ;rh epw;Fk;@ rpWikjhd; Rw;wkhr; #o;e;J tpLk; - Vidr;rpwpNahu; ,ay;G mJ Nru;e;jnghONj mjidj;jdf;Fr; Rw;wkhf vz;zpj; JzpAk;.
jj;jk; mwpT jpupAkhWk; mjdhy; jkf;F tUk; Jd;gKk; Nehf;fypd; ~mwpTilahu;mQ;Rtu;| vd;Wk;> mwpT xw;Wikahd; gpwpJ Nehf;fhikapd;> mwptpyhjhu; jkf;Fr;
Rw;wkhfj; Jzptu; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. nghUspd; njhopy;fs; gz;gpd;Nky; epd;wd. ,jdhd;
rpwpa ,dk; ngupahu;f;F MfhJ vd;gJ $wg;gl;lJ.
2 . epyj;jpay;ghd; ePu;jpupe; jw;whFk; khe;ju;f;
fpdj;jpay;g jhFk; mwpT.
epyj;J ,ay;ghd; ePu;jpupe;J mw;whFk; khe;ju;f;F ,dj;J ,ay;gJ MFk; mwpT.
epyj;J ,ay;ghd; ePu; jpupe;J mw;whFk; - jhd; Nru;e;j epyj;jpdJ ,ay;ghNd ePu; jd;jd;ik jpupe;J me; epyj;jpd; jd;ikj;jhk;@ khe;ju;f;F ,dj;J ,ay;G mwpT (jpupe;J)mJ MFk; - mJNghy khe;ju;f;Fj; jhk; Nru;e;j ,dj;jpd; ,ay;ghNd mwpTk; jd;jd;ik jpupe;J mt; ,dj;jpd; jd;ikj;jhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik> tpRk;gpd;fz; jd; jd;ikj;jha ePu; epyj;NjhL Nru;e;j top> epwk;>Rit Kjypa gz;Gfs; jpupe;jhw;Nghy> jdpepiyf;fz; jd; jd;ikj;jha mwpT gpw
,dj;NjhL Nru;e;j topf; fhl;rp Kjypa njhopy;fs; jpupAk; vd ,jdhd; mjdJ fhuzq;
$wg;gl;lJ.
22
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
3. kdj;jhdhk; khe;ju;f; Fzu;r;rp ,dj;jhdhk;
,d;dh nddg;gLQ; nrhy;.
kdj;jhd; Mk; khe;ju;f;F czu;r;rp> ,dj;jhd; Mk; ,d;dhd; vdg;gLk; nrhy;.
khe;ju;f;F czu;r;rp kdj;jhd; Mk; - khe;ju;f;Fg; nghJ czu;T jk; kdk; fhuzkhfcz;lhk;@ ,d;dhd; vdg;gLk; nrhy; ,dj;jhd; Mk; - ,td; ,j; jd;ikad; vd;W
cyfj;jhuhy; nrhy;yg;gLk; nrhy; ,dk; fhuzkhf cz;lhk;.
,aw;ifahd Gyd;czu;T khj;jpuj;jpw;F ,dk; Ntz;lhikapd;> mjid kdj;jhd; Mk;vd;Wk;> nraw;ifaha tpNrl czu;T gw;wp ey;ytd; vd;whfj; jPad; vd;whf epfOk;nrhw;F ,dk; Ntz;Ljypd; mjid ,dj;jhd; Mk; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ctikasit
nfhs;shJ> mj;jpupGk; ~kdj;jhd;Mk;| vd;ghiu Nehf;fp ,jdhd; mJ kWj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ.
4. kdj;J sJNghyf; fhl;b xUtw;
fpdj;Js jhFk; mwpT.
kdj;J csJNghyf; fhl;b xUtw;F ,dj;J csJ MFk; mwpT.
mwpT - mt; tpNrl czu;T@ xUtw;F kdj;J csJ Nghyf; fhl;b - xUtw;F kdj;jpd;fz;Nz csjhtJ Nghyj; jd;idg; Gyg;gLj;jp@ ,dj;J csjhFk; - mtd; Nru;e;j,dj;jpd; fz;Nz csjhk;.
nka;k;ik Nehf;fhKd; kdj;JsJ Nghd;W fhl;bAk;> gpd; Nehf;fpatopg; gapd;w,dj;JsjhAk; ,Uj;jypd; ~fhl;b| vd ,we;jfhyj;jhy; $wpdhu;. tpNrl czu;T jhDk;kdj;jpd; fz;Nz md;NwAsjhtJ vd;ghiu Nehf;fp> Mz;Lg; Gyg;gLk; JizNa
cs;sJ. mjw;F %yk; ,dk; vd;gJ ,jdhd; $wg;gl;lJ.
5. kde;J}a;ik nra;tpid J}a;ik ,uz;Lk;
,de;J}a;ik J}th tUk;.
kdk; J}a;ik nra;tpid J}a;ik ,uz;Lk; ,dk; J}a;ik J}th tUk;.
kdk; J}a;ik nra;tpid J}a;ik ,uz;Lk; - mt;tpNrl czu;T Gyg;gLjw;F ,ldha
kdk; J}adhjy; jd;ikAk; nra;Ak; tpid J}adhjy; jd;ikAk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;@ ,dk;J}a;ik J}th tUk; - xUtw;F ,dk; J}adhjy; jd;ik gw;Wf; Nfhlhf csthk;.
kdk; J}adhjy; MtJ: tpNrl czu;T Gyg;gLkhW ,aw;ifaha mwpahikapd; ePq;Fjy;.nra;tpid J}adhjy; MtJ nkhop nka;fshy; nra;Ak; ey;tpid ciladhjy;. J}ntd;gJmg; nghUl;lhjy; ~J}twj; Jwe;jiu| (fyp.nea;.1) vd;gjdhDk; mwpf. xUtd; ,dk;J}adhfNt mjNdhL gapw;rp taj;jhd; kde;J}adha; mjd;fz; tpNrl czu;T Gyg;gl;Lmjdhy; nrhy;Yk; nraYk; J}adhk; vd ,jdhy;> ,dj;J cs;sthk; MW $wg;gl;lJ.
6. kdj;J}ahu;f; nfr;red; whFk; ,de;J}ahu;f;
fpy;iyed; whfh tpid.
kdk; J}ahu;f;F vr;rk; ed;W MFk;> ,dk; J}au;f;F ,y;iy ed;W Mfh tpid.
kdk; J}ahu;f;F vr;rk; ed;W MFk; - kdk; J}auhapdhu;f;F kf;fl;NgW ed;W MFk;@,dk; J}ahu;f;F ed;W Mfhtpid ,y;iy - ,dk; J}auhapdu;f;F ed;whfhj tpid
ahJk; ,y;iy.
23
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fhupak; fhuzj;jpd; NtWglhikapd; ~vr;rk; ed;W MFk;| vd;Wk; ey;ypdj;NjhL vz;zpr;
nra;ag;gLjypd; vy;yhtpidAk; ey;ythk; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;.
7 . kdeyk; kd;Dapu;f; fhf;fk; ,deyk;
vy;yhg; GfOe; jUk;.
kdeyk; kd; capu;f;F Mf;fk;> ,deyk; vy;yhg; GfOk; jUk;.
kd; capu;f;F kdeyk; Mf;fk; (jUk;) - epiyngw;w capu;fl;F kdj;jJ ed;ik
nry;tj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;@ ,d eyk; vy;yhg; GfOk; jUk; - ,dj;jJ ed;ik mjNdhL
vy;yhg; GfioAk; nfhLf;Fk;.
~kd; capu;| vd;wJ<z;L cau;jpiz Nky; epd;wJ. ~jUk;| vd;Dk; ,ltOtikjpr;
nrhy; Kd;Dk; $l;lg;gl;lJ. ck;ik ,we;jJ joP,a vr;r ck;ik. kdk; ed;whjy;jhNd mwk; Mfypd; mjid ~Mf;fk; jUk;| vd;Wk;> Gfo; nfhLj;jw;F cupa ey;Nyhu;jhNk ,dkhfypd; ~,deyk; vy;yhg; GfOe; jUk;| vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. Nky; kded;ik,ded;ik gw;wp tUk; vd;gjid cl;nfhz;L> m/J ,ay;ghfNt cilahu;f;F mt;,d ed;ik Ntz;lh vd;ghiu Nehf;fp ~mJNtad;wp mj;jd;ika gytw;iwAk; jUk;|
vd mtu;f;Fk; mJNtz;Lk; vd;gJ ,t; ,uz;L ghl;lhDk; $wg;gl;lJ.
8 . kdeyk; ed;Fila uhapDQ; rhd;Nwhu;f;
fpdeyk; Vkhg; Gilj;J.
kdeyk; ed;F cilau; MapDk; rhd;Nwhu;f;F ,deyk; Vkhg;G cilj;J.
kdeyk; ed;F cilau; MapDk; - kded;ikia Kd;id ey;tpidahy; jhNkcilauhapDk;@ rhd;Nwhu;f;F ,deyk; Vkhg;G cilj;J - mike;jhu;f;F ,ded;ikmjw;F typahjiyAilj;J.
ed;fhy; vd;Dk; %d;wd; cUG tpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fJ. me; ey;tpid cs;topAk; kdeyj;ij
tsu;j;J tUjypd;> mjw;F Vkhg;Gilj;jhapw;W.
9 . kdeyj;jp dhFk; kWikkw; w/Jk;
,deyj;jp Ndkhg; Gilj;J.
kdeyj;jpd; MFk; kWikkw;W m/Jk; ,deyj;jpd; Vkhg;G cilj;J.
kdeyj;jpd; kWik MFk;. - xUtw;F kd ed;ikahNd kWik ,d;gk; cz;lhk;@ kw;Wm/Jk; ,deyj;jpd; Vkhg;G cilj;J - mjw;F mr;rpwg;Gj;jhDk; ,d ed;ikahd; typngWjiy cilj;J.
~kdeyj;jpd; MFk; kWik| vd;wJ> kWik gag;gJ kd ed;ikjhNd@ gpwpnjhd;Wmd;W> vd;Dk; kjj;ij clk;gl;Lf; $wpathW. kw;W> tpidkhw;W. ck;ik> ,we;jJjoP,a vr;r ck;ik. XNuhtopj; jhkj Fzj;jhd; kdeyk; jpupapDk;> ey;ypdk; xg;gepWj;jp kWik gag;gpf;Fk; vd epiyngwr; nra;AkhW $wg;gl;lJ. ,it Ie;J ghl;lhYk;
rpw;wpdk; NruhikaJ rpwg;G ey;ypdk; Nru;jyhfpa vjpu;kiw Kfj;jhy; $wpathW
mwpf.
10. ey;ypdj;jp D}q;Fe; Jizapy;iy jPapdj;jpd;
my;yw; gLg;gJ}ck; kp;y;.
24
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jiz ,y;iy> jPapdj;jpd; my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.
ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;F Jiz ,y;iy - xUtw;F ey;ypdj;jpd; kpf;f JizAk; ,y;iy@
jPapdj;jpd; (Cq;F) my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y; - jPa ,dj;jpd; kpf;f gifAk; ,y;iy.
Ie;jd; cUGfs; cwo;nghUspd;fz; te;jd. ~Cq;F| vd;gJ gpd;Dk; $l;b ck;ik
khw;wp ciuf;fg;gl;lJ. ey;ypdk; mwpahikapd; ePf;fpj; Jau; cwhky; fhj;jypd; mjidj;
~Jiz| vd;Wk;> jPapdk; mwptpd; ePf;fpj; Jau; cWtpj;jypd; mjidg; ~gif| vd;Wk;
$wpdhu;. ~my;yw;gLg;gJ| vd;gJ VJg;ngau;. ,jdhd;tpjp vjpu;kiwfs; cld; $wg;gl;ld.
05. njupe;J nray;tif
m/jhtJ> murd; jhd; nra;Ak; tpidfis Muha;e;J nra;Ak; jpwk;. mr; nray;
ngupahiuj; Jizf; Nfhly; gaDilj;jha top mtNuhLk; nra;ag;gLtJ Mfypd;> ,J
rpw;wpdk; Nruhikapd; gpd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. moptJ}ck; MtJ}ck; Mfp topgaf;Fk;
CjpaKQ; #o;e;J nray;.
moptJ}ck; MtJ}ck; Mfp topgaf;Fk;CjpaKk; #o;e;J nray;.
moptJ}ck; - tpidnra;Aq;fhy; mg;nghOJ mjdhy; moptjidAk;> MtJ}ck; -mope;jhy; gpd; MtjidAk;@ Mfp top gaf;Fk; CjpaKk; - Ma; epd;W gpw;nghOJ jUk;
Cjpaj;ijAk;@ #o;e;J nray; - rPu;J}f;fp cWtjhapd; nra;f.
cWtjhtJ: epfo;tpd;fz; moptjdpy; MtJ kpf;F - vjpu;tpDk; mJ tsu;e;J tUjy;.moptJ ,d;ikapd;> vjpu;tpd;fz; tUk; Mf;fj;ij ~Cjpak;| vd;whu;@ vdNt mt; Cjpak;ngwpd; epfo;tpd;fz; moptJk; MtJk; jk;Kd; xj;jhYk; xopjw;ghw;W md;W vd;gJ
ngw;whk;. ,uz;L fhyj;Jk; gad; cilik njupe;J nra;f vd;gjhk;.
2. njupe;j ,dj;NjhL Nju;e;njz;zpr; nra;thu;f;
fUk;nghUs; ahnjhd;W kpy;.
njupe;j ,dj;NjhL Nju;e;Jvz;zpr; nra;thuf;F
mUk; nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;.
njupe;j ,dj;NjhL Nju;e;J vz;zpr; nra;thu;f;F - jhk; njupe;Jnfhz;l ,dj;JlNd
nra;aj;jFk; tpidia Muha;e;J gpd; jhNkAk; vz;zpr; nra;J Kbf;fty;y muru;f;F@mUk; nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y; - va;Jjw;fupa nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy.Muhag;gLtd vy;yhk; Muha;e;J Nghe;j ,dk; vd;Wkhk;. nra;thUf;F vd;wjdhy;~tpid| vd;Dk; nrag;gL nghUs; tUtpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpidahtJ: Nkw;Nrwy; Kjy; Ntwy;<wha njhopy;. nghUs;fl;F VJtha mjdpy; jtwhikapd;> mupa nghUs;fs; vy;yhk;vspjpd; va;Jtu; vd;gjhk;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk; nra;aj;jFk; tpidAk; mJnra;AkhWk; $wg;gl;ld.
3. Mf;fq; fUjp Kjypof;FQ; nra;tpid
Cf;fh uwpTil ahu;.
Mf;fk; fUjp Kjy; ,of;Fk; nra;tpidCf;fhu; mwpTilahu;.
25
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mf;fk; fUjp Kjy; ,of;Fk; nra;tpid - Nky; va;jf; flt Cjpaj;jpid Nehf;fp> Kd;va;jp epd;w Kjy; jd;idAk; ,oj;jw;F VJtha nra;tpidia@ mwpTilahu; Cf;fhu; -mwpTilahu; Nkw;nfhs;shu;.
~fUjp| vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; ~,of;Fk;| vd;Dk; nganur;rtpid nfhz;lJ. vr;r ck;iktpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fhJ. Mf;fNk md;wp KjiyAk; ,of;Fk; tpidfshtd: typAk;fhyKk; ,lDk; mwpahJ gpwu; kz; nfhs;thd; nrd;W jk; kz;Zk; ,oj;jy; Nghy;td.Kd; nra;J Nghe;j tpidahapDk; vd;ghu; ~nra;tpid| vd;whu;.
4. njsptp yjidj; njhlq;fhu; ,spntd;Dk;Vjg;gh lQ;R gtu;.
njsptp yjidj; njhlq;fhu; ,spT vd;Dk;Vjg;ghL mQ;R gtu;.
njspT ,yjidj; njhlq;fhu; - ,dj;NjhLk; jdpj;Jk; Muha;e;J Jzpjy; ,y;yhjtpidiaj; njhlq;fhu;@ ,spT vd;Dk; Vjg;ghL mQ;Rgtu; - jkf;F ,sptuT vd;Dk;Fw;wk; cz;lhjiy mQ;Rgtu;.
njhlq;fpd; ,ilapd; klq;fyhfhikapd; ~njhlq;fhu;| vd;whu;. ,sptuT: mt;tpidahy;gpd; mopT va;jpatop> mjd; NkYk; mwpTk; khdKk; ,yu; vd;W cyfj;jhu; ,fOk;,fo;r;rp@ m/J cz;lhjy; xUjiyahfypd;> njspTs; topj; njhlq;Ff vd;gjhk;.
5. tifawr; #oh njOjy; giftiug;ghj;jpg; gLg;gNjh uhW.
tif mwr; #ohJ vOjy; giftiug;ghj;jpg; gLg;gNjhu; MW.
tif mwr; #ohJ vOjy; - nrd;why; epfOk; jpwq;fis vy;yhk; Kw;w vz;zhJ rpyvz;zpa JizahNd murd; giftu; Nky; nry;Yjy;@ giftiug; ghj;jpg; gLg;gJ Xu;MW - mtiu tsUk; epyj;jpNy epiyngwr; nra;tJ xU newp Mk;.
mj; jpwq;fshtd: typ> fhyk;> ,ld; vd;W ,tw;why; jdf;Fk; giftu;f;Fk; csthk;epiyikfSk;> tpid njhlq;FkhWk;> mjw;F tUk; ,ilA+WfSk;> mtw;iw ePf;FkhWk;>nty;YkhWk;> mjdhy; ngWk; gaDk; Kjyhapd. mtw;Ws; rpy vQ;rpDk; giftu;f;F,ldhk; Mfyhd;> Kw;Wg; ngw vz;z Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhk;. ,it %d;W ghl;lhDk;xopaj;jFk; tpidAk;> xopahtopg;gLk; ,Of;Fk; $wg;gl;ld.
6. nra;jf;f my;y nraf;nfLQ; nra;jf;fnra;ahik ahDq; nfLk;.
nra;jf;f my;y mraf;nfLk;; nra;jf;fnra;ahik ahDk; nfLk;.
nra;jf;f my;y nraf; nfLk; - murd; jd; tpidfSs; nra;aj; jf;fd my;ytw;iwr;nra;jyhy; nfLk;@ nra;jf;f nra;ahikahDk; nfLk; - ,dp mjdhNd md;wpr; nra;aj;jf;fdtw;iwr; nra;ahik jd;dhDk; nfLk;.
nra;jf;fd my;ythtd: ngupa Kaw;rpapdTk;> nra;jhy; gadpy;ydTk; mJrpwpjhapdTk;>IakhapdTk;> gpd; Jau; tpisg;gdTk; vd ,it. nra;aj;jf;fdthtd:mtw;wpd; kWjiyahapd. ,r; nra;;jy; nra;ahikfshd; mwpT> Mz;ik> ngUikvd;Dk; %tif Mw;wYs; nghUs;> gil vd ,Utifj;jha ngUik RUq;fpg; giftu;f;Fvspadhk; Mfyhd;> ,uz;Lk; Nfl;bw;F VJthapd. ,jdhd; nra;td nra;J> xoptdxopf vd ,UtifadTk; cld; $wg;gl;ld.
26
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
7. vz;zpj; Jzpf fUke; Jzpe;jgpd;vz;Zt nkd;g jpOf;F.
vz;zpj; Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd;vz;Ztk; vd;gJ ,Of;F.
fUkk; vz;zpj; Jzpf - nra;aj;jf;f fUkKk; Kbf;Fk; cghaj;ij vz;zpj; njhlq;Ff@Jzpe;jgpd; vz;Ztk; vd;gJ ,Of;F - njhlq;fp itj;Jg; gpd; vz;zf; flNthk; vd;Wxopjy; Fw;wk; Mjyhd;.
JzpTgw;wp epfo;jypd; ~JzpT| vdg;gl;lJ. rpwg;G ck;ik tpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fhJ. ~cghak;|vd;gJ mtha; epiyahd; te;jJ. mJ nfhLj;jy;> ,d;nrhy; nrhy;yy;>NtWgLj;jy;>xWj;jy; vd ehy;tifg;gLk;. mtw;iw tl E}yhu; jhd. rhk> Ngj> jz;lk; vd;g.mtw;Ws; Kd;ida ,uz;Lk; Itifa@ Vida %tifa. mt;tiffnsy;yhk; <z;Lciug;gpd; ngUFk;. ,t; cghanky;yhk; vz;zhJ njhlq;fpd; mt; tpid khw;whdhy;tpyf;fg;gl;L KbahikahapDk;> ,ilapy; xopjy; MfhikahDk;> murd; JaUWjypd;>mt; vz;zhikia ~,Of;F| vd;whu;. nra;tdtw;iwAk; cghak; mwpe;Nj njhlq;Ff
vd;gjhk;.
8. Mw;wpd; tUe;jh tUj;jk; gyu;epd;W
Nghw;wpDk; nghj;Jg; gLk;.
Mw;wpd; tUe;jh tUj;jk; gyu;epd;WNghw;wpDk; nghj;Jg; gLk;.
Mw;wpd; tUe;jh tUj;jk; - KbAk; cghaj;jhy; fUkj;ij Kayhj Kaw;rp@ gyu; epd;WNghw;wpDk; nghj;Jg; gLk; - Jiztu; gyu; epd;W Giuglhky; fhg;gpDk; GiugLk;.
KbAk; cghaj;jhd; KawyhtJ: nfhLj;jiyg; nghUs; eirahsd; fz;Zk;@,d;nrhy;iyr; nrg;gk; cilahd;> kbahsd;> Kd;Nd gpwNuhL nghUJ nehe;jtd; vd,tu; fz;Zk;@ NtWgLj;jiyj; Jizg;gilahsd;> jd; gFjpNahL nghUe;jhjhd; vd,tu; fz;Zk;@ xWj;jiy ,tw;wpd; thuhjtop ,tu; fz;Zk; Njwg;glhj fPo; kf;fs;fz;Zk; nra;J> nty;Ykhw;whd; Kawy;@ GiugLjy;: fUjpa ed;ikad;wpf; fUjhjjPik gaj;jy;. cghaj;J rpwg;Gf; $wpathW.
9. ed;whw;w Ys;Se; jtWz; ltutu;
gz;gwpe; jhw;whf; fil.
ed;W Mw;wy; cs;Sk; jtW cz;L mtutu;gz;G mwpe;J Mw;whf;fil.
ed;W Mw;wy; cs;Sk; jtW cz;L - Ntw;W Nte;ju; khl;L ed;whd cghak;nra;jw;fz;Zk; Fw;wk; cz;lhk;@ mtutu; gz;G mwpe;J Mw;whf;fil - mtutu;Fzq;fis Muha;e;J mwpe;J mtw;wpw;F ,iaar; nra;ahtpbd;.
ed;whd cghakhtJ: nfhLj;jYk; ,d;nrhy; nrhy;YjYkhk;. mit ahtu; fz;Zk;,dpathjy; rpwg;Gilikapd;> ck;ik rpwg;G ck;ik. mtw;iw mtutu; gz;G mwpe;JMw;whikahtJ mtw;wpw;F cupau; my;yhjhu; fz;Nznra;jy;. jtW: mt; tpid Kbahik.
10. vs;shj vz;zpr; nray;Ntz;Le; jk;nkhLnfhs;shj nfhs;sh JyF.vs;shj vz;zpr; nray;Ntz;Lk; jk;nkhLnfhs;shj nfhs;shJ cyF.
jk;nkhL nfhs;sh cyF nfhs;shJ - muru; tpid Kbj;jw; nghUl;Lj; jk; epiyikNahLnghUe;jhj cghaq;fisr; nra;tuhapd; cyfk; jk;ik ,foh epw;Fk;@ vs;shj vz;zpr;nray; Ntz;Lk; - Mfypd; m/J ,foh cghaq;fis ehbr; nra;f.
27
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
~jk;| vd;gJ MFngau;. jk; epiyNahL nghUe;jhj cghaq;fisr; nra;jyhtJ jhk;typauha; itj;J nkypahu;f;F cupa nfhLj;jy; Kjypa %d;wpidr; nra;jYk;> nkypauha;itj;J typahu;f;F cupa xWj;jiyr; nra;jYkhk;. ,it ,uz;Lk; mwptpyhu; nra;tdMfypd; ~cyfk; nfhs;shJ| vd;whu;. m/J vs;shjd nra;jyhtJ: mtw;iwj; jj;jk;td;ik nkd;ikfl;F Vw;gr; nra;jy;. Nky; ,ltifahd; cupik $wpa cghaq;fl;FtpidKjy; tifahd; cupik $wpathW. ,it ehd;F ghl;lhDk; nra;tdtw;wpw;F
cghaKk; mjdJ cupikAk; $wg;gl;ld.
06. typ mwpjy;m/jhtJ> mt; cghaq;fSs; xWj;jy; Fwpj;j murd; ehy;tif typiaAk; mse;jwpjy;.
1. tpidtypAe; jd;typAk; khw;whd; typAk;
JiztypAe; J}f;fpr; nray;.
tpid typAk; jd;typAk; khw;whd; typAk;
JiztypAk; J}f;fpr; nray;.
tpid typAk; - jhd; nra;af; fUjpa tpidtypiaAk;@ jd; typAk; - mjidr; nra;JKbf;Fk; jd; typiaAk;@ khw;whd; typAk; - mjid tpyf;fYWk; khw;whd; typiaAk;@Jiz typAk; - ,Utu;f;Fj; Jizahthu; typiaAk;@ J}f;fpr; nray; - rPu;j;J}f;fpj;jd;typ kpFkhapd; mt;tpidiar; nra;f.
,e;ehy;tif typAs; tpidtyp muz; Kw;wYk; NfhlYk; Kjypa njhopyhDk;> Vida%tif Mw;wyhDk; $w;gLj;Jj; J}f;fg;gLk;. jd;typ kpftpd;fz; nra;f vd;w tpjpahy;>Njhw;wy; xUjiyaha Fiwtpd; fz;Zk;> Ntwy; Iakha xg;gpd; fz;Zk; xopf vd;gJngw;whk;.
2. xy;t jwpt jwpe;jjd; fz;jq;fpr; nry;thf;Fr; nry;yhj jpy;.
xy;tJ mwptJ mwpe;J mjd; fz;jq;fpr;
nry;thu;f;Fr; nry;yhjJ ,y;.
xy;tJ mwptJ mwpe;J - jkf;fpaYk; tpidiaAk; mjw;F mwpa Ntz;Ltjha typiaAk;mwpe;J@ mjd;fz; jq;fpr; nry;thu;f;F - vg;nghOJk; kd> nkhop> nka;fis mjd;fz;itj;Jg; gifNky; nry;Yk; muru;f;F@ nry;yhjJ ,y; - Kbahj nghUs; ,y;iy.
~xy;tJ| vdNt tpidtyp Kjyha %d;Wk; mlq;Fjypd;><z;L ~mwptJ| vd;wJJiztypNa Mapw;W. vy;yhg; nghUSk; va;Jtu; vd;gjhk;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk;typapd; gFjpAk; m/J mwpe;J Nkw;nry;thu; va;Jk; gaDk; $wg;gl;ld.
3. cilj;jk; typawpahu; Cf;fj;jpd; Cf;fp ,ilf;fz; Kupe;jhu; gyu;.
cilj;jk; typ mwpahu; Cf;fj;jpd; Cf;fp ,ilf;fz; Kupe;jhu; gyu;.
cilj; jk; typ mwpahu; - fUj;jh MjiyAila jk; typapd; mstwpahNj@ Cf;fj;jpd;Cf;fp - kd vOr;rpahy; jk;kpd; typahNuhL tpidnra;jiyj; njhlq;fp@ ,ilf;fz;Kupe;jhu; gyu; - mtu; mlu;j;jyhd; mJ nra;J Kbf;fg; ngwhJ ,ilNa nfl;l muru;cyfj;Jg; gyu;.
~cila| vd;gJ mtha; epd;wikapd;> nrag;gL nghUs; tUtpf;fg;gl;lJ> %tifMw;wYs;Sk; rpwg;Gila mwpT cilahu; rpyuhjypd; ~Kupe;jhu; gyu;| vd;whu;. mjdhy;jk; typawpe;Nj njhlq;Ff vd;gJ vQ;rp epd;wJ.
28
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4. mike;jhq; nfhOfhd; mstwpahd; jd;id tpae;jhd; tpiue;J nfLk;.
mike;J Mq;F xOfhd; msT mwpahd; jd;id tpae;jhd; tpiue;J nfLk;.
Mq;F mike;J xOfhd; - may;Nte;jNuhL nghUe;jp xOFtJk; nra;ahJ> msTmwpahd; - jd; typasT mwptJk; nra;ahJ@ jd;id tpae;jhd; - jd;id tpae;JmtNuhL gifj;j murd;@ tpiue;J nfLk; - tpiuaf; nfLk;.
fhupaj;ijf; fhuzkhf cgrupj;J ~tpae;jhd;| vd;whu;. ~tpiua| vd;gJ jpupe;J epd;wJ.el;gha; xOFjy;> typawpe;J gifj;jy; vd;Dk; ,uz;lDd; xd;wd;Nw may;Nte;jNuhLnraw;ghyJ. ,itad;wpj; jhd; nkypadha; itj;J mtNuhL gifnfhz;lhDf;FxUnghOJk; epiyapd;ikapd;> ~tpiue;J nfLk;| vd;whu;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk; jd;
typ mwpah topg;gLk; ,Of;Ff; $wg;gl;lJ.
5. gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lQ;
rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;.
gPtpnga; rhfhLk; mr;R,Wk; mg;gz;lk; rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;.
gPyp nga; rhfhLk; mr;R ,Wk; - gPypNaw;wpa rflKk; mr;R KwpAk;@ mg;gz;lk; rhykpFj;Jg; ngapd; - ,g;gPypia mJ nghWf;Fk; mstpd;wp kpFj;J vw;wpd;.
ck;ik rhfhl;lJ typr;rpwg;Ng md;wpg; gPypaJ neha;ikr; rpwg;Gk; Njhd;w epd;wJ.~,Wk;| vd;DQ; rpidtpid Kjy;Nky; epd;wJ. ~vspau; vd;W gyNuhL gif nfhs;Sthd;jhd; typaNd MapDk; mth njhf;ftop typaopAk;| vd;Dk; nghUs; Njhd;w epd;wikapd;>,J gpwpJ nkhopjy; vd;Dk; myq;fhuk;. ,jid ~Etyh Etw;rp| vd;ghUk;. ~xl;L|vd;ghUk; csu;. xUtd; njhFthu; gyNuhL gif nfhs;sw;f vd;wikapd;> ,jdhd;khw;whd; typAk; mtd; Jiz typAk; mwpah topg;gLk; ,Of;Ff; $wg;gl;lJ.
6. Edpf;nfhk;gu; Vwpdhu; m/jpwe; J}f;fpd; capu;f;fpWjp Mfp tpLk;.
Edpf;nfhk;gu; Vwpdhu; m/J ,we;J Cf;fpd capu;f;F ,Wjp Mfp tpLk;;.
nfhk;gu; Edp Vwpdhu; m/J ,we;J Cf;fpd; - xU kuf;Nfhl;bdJ Edpf;fz;Nz Vwpepd;whu;jk; Cf;fj;jhy; mt; mstpidf; fle;J NkYk; Vw Cf;Ftuhapd;@ capu;f;F ,WjpMfptpLk; - mt; Cf;fk; mtu; capu;f;F ,Wjpaha; KbAk;.
~Edpf;nfhk;gu;| vd;gJ ~filf;fz;| vd;gJ Nghyg; gpd;Kd;dhfj; njhf;f Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif. gd;ik mwptpd;ik gw;wp ,opj;jw;fz; te;jJ. ,Wjpf;F VJ Mtjid ~,Wjp|vd;whu;. gifNkw; nry;thd; njhlq;fpj; jd;dhy; nry;yhksTk; nrd;W epd;whd;. gpd;mt;tstpd; epy;yhJ kd vOr;rpahd; NkNy nry;Ykhapd;> mt; vOr;rp tpid Kbtpw;FVJthfhJ> mtd; capu; Kbtpw;F VJthk;| vd;Dk; nghUs; Njhd;w epd;wikapd;>,JTk; Nkiy myq;fhuk;. msT mwpe;J epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; vd;wikapd;> ,jdhd;>tpidtyp mwpahtopg;gLk; ,Of;Ff; $wg;gl;lJ.
7. Mw;wpd; mstwpe; jPf mJnghUs; Nghw;wp toq;F newp.
Mw;wpd; msT mwpe;J <f mJnghUs; Nghw;wp toq;Fk; newp.
29
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mw;wpd; msT mwpe;J <f - <Ak; newpahNd jkf;F cs;s nghUspd; vy;iyia mwpe;J
mjw;F Vw;g <f@ mJ nghUs; Nghw;wp toq;Fk; newp - mq;qdk; <jy; nghUisg; Ngzpf;
nfhz;nlhOFk; newpahk;.
<Ak;newp Nky; ,iwkhl;rpAs; ~tFj;jYk; ty;yjuR| (Fws;. 385) vd;Gop ciuj;jhk;.
vy;iyf;F Vw;g <jyhtJ> xd;whd vy;iyia ehd;F $whf;fp> mtw;Ws; ,uz;lidj;
jd; nrythf;fp> xd;wid Nky; ,lu; te;Jop mJ ePf;Fjw; nghUl;L itg;ghf;fp> epd;w
xd;wid <jy;@ gpwUk; ~~tUthAs; fhy;toq;fp tho;jy;|| (jpupfLfk;.21) vd;whu;. Ngzpf;
nfhz;L xOFjy;: xUtNuhL el;gpy;yhj mjidj; jk;NkhL el;Gz;lhf;fpf; nfhz;L
xOFjy;. Kjypy; nryT RUq;fpd; nghUs; xUfhYk; ePq;fhJ vd;gjhk;.
8 . Mfh wstpl;b jhapDq; Nfby;iy
Nghfh wfyhf; fil.
MfhW msT ,l;b MapDk; NfL ,y;iy NghfhW mfyhf; fil.
MF MW msT ,l;bJ MapDk; NfL ,y;iy - muru;f;Fg; nghUs; tUfpd;w newpasTrpwpjhapw;whapDk; mjdhy; NfL ,y;iyahk;@ NghF MW mfyhf; fil - Nghfpd;w newpmsT mjdpy; ngUfhjhapd;.
~,l;bJ| vdTk; ~mfyhJ| vdTk; te;j gz;gpd; njhopy;fs; nghUs;Nky; epd;wd.~nghUs;| vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jhd; tUtpj;J> ~msT| vd;gJ gpd;Dk; $l;b ciuf;fg;gl;ld.
KjYk; nryTk; jk;Ks; xg;gpDk; NfL ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
9 . mstwpe;J thohjhd; tho;f;if csNghy
,y;yhfpj; Njhd;whf; nfLk;.
msT mwpe;J thohjhd; tho;f;if csNghy ,y;yhfpj; Njhd;whf; nfLk;.
msT mwpe;J thohjhd; tho;f;if - jdf;Fs;s nghUspd; vy;iyia mwpe;J mjw;F
Vw;g thokhl;lhjhd; tho;f;iffs;@ csNghy ,y;yhfpj; Njhd;whf; nfLk; - cs;sdNghyj;
Njhd;wp nka;k;ikahd; ,y;iyaha;g; gpd;G mj; Njhw;wKk; ,d;wpf; nfl;LtpLk;.
mt; vy;iyf;F Vw;g tho;jyhtJ@ mjdpd; RUf;ff; $lhjhapDd; xg;ghapd; <j;Jk;
Ja;j;Jk; tho;jhy; njhlf;fj;jpy; NfL ntspg;ghlhikapd;> ~csNghyj; Njhd;wp| vd;whu;.
Kjypy; nryT kpf;fhy; tUk; Vjk; $wpathW.
10. cstiu J}f;fhj xg;Gu thz;ik
tstiu ty;iyf; nfLk;.
cstiu J}f;fhj xg;GuT Mz;ik
tstiu ty;iyf; nfLk;.
cstiu J}f;fhj xg;GuT Mz;ik - jdf;Fs;s msT J}f;fhikf;F VJtha
xg;Guthz;ikahy;@ tstiu ty;iyf; nfLk; - xUtd; nry;tj;jpd; vy;iy tpiuaf;
nfLk;.
xg;GuNt MapDk; kpfyhfhJ vd;wikahd;> ,JTk; mJ. ,it ehd;F ghl;lhDk;
%tif Mw;WYs; ngUikapd; gFjpaha; typawpjy; rpwg;G Nehf;fp tFj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ.
30
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Cu;fhz; fhij (15 - 61)
Mrpupau; : ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
mwpKfk;
rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOe;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,sq;Nfhtbfshy;
vOjg;gl;lJ. njhlu; epiyr; nra;Ashf mike;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs;
xd;whFk;. Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp> khjtp MfpNahiug; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fshff; nfhz;L
vOjg;gl;lNj rpyg;gjpfhuk; vDk; fhg;gpakhFk;. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Gfhu;f; fhz;lk;>
kJiuf; fhz;lk;> tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; vd;w ngUk; gpupTfSf;Fs; Kg;gJ fhijfs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;tifapy; kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; cs;s xU gFjpNa Cu;fhz;
fhijahFk;.
fijj;njhlu;
fz;zfpAld; kJiu nrd;wile;j Nfhtyd;> GwQ;rpiw %J}upNy (kJiuapd; Gw
efupy;) fTe;jpabfisAk; fz;zfpiaAk; ,Uf;fitj;Jtpl;L> jdJ Jd;gj;ijAk;
kJiu efUf;Fs; nry;Yk; vz;zj;ijAk; fTe;jpabfsplk; ntspg;gLj;jpaNghJ>
fz;zfpia mtUld; tpl;Lr; nry;tjpy; Jd;gNkJ Kz;Nlh? vd tpdTfpd;whd;.
fTe;jpabfSk; “midtupdJk; Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; mtutu; jPtpidg; gaNd” vdMWjy; $wp> kJiu efu; nrd;WtUkhW tpilaspf;fpd;whu;.
Nfhtyd; nrd;W> nfhs;ifapd; ,Ue;j 15
fTe;jp Iiaiaf; ifnjhOJ Vj;jp>
‘newpapd; ePq;fpNahu; ePu;ikNad; Mfp>
eWkyu; Nkdp eLq;FJau; va;j>
mwpahj; Njaj;J Mupil Aoe;J>
rpWik Aw;Nwd;> nra;jtj; jPu; ahd;: 20
njhd;dfu; kUq;fpd; kd;du; gpd;Ndhu;f;F
vd;dpiy czu;j;jp> ahd;tUq; fhWk;>
ghjf; fhg;gpds; ige;njhb; Mfypd;>
Vjk; cz;Nlh> mbfs;! <q;F?’ vd;wYk; -
fTe;jp $Wk;: “fhjyp - jd;ndhL 25
jte;jPu; kUq;fpd; jdpj;Jau; coe;Njha;!
‘kwj;Jiw ePq;Fkpd;; ty;tpid Cl;Lk;’ vd;W>mwj;Jiw khf;fs; jpwj;jpd; rhw;wp>
ehf;fbg;G Mf tha;g;giw miwapDk;>
ahg;giw khf;fs; ,ay;gpw; nfhs;shu;; 30
jPJil ntt;tpid AUj;j fhiy>
Ngijik fe;jhg; ngUk;NgJ cWtu;;xa;ah tpidg;gad; cz;Zq; fhiy>
ifahW nfhs;shu; fw;Wmwp khf;fs;;gpupjy; Jd;gKk;> Gzu;jy; Jd;gKk;> 35
cUtp yhsd; xWf;Fk; Jd;gKk;>
GupFod; khju;g; Gzu;e;Njhu;f;F my;yJ>
xUjdp tho;f;if cwNthu;f;F ,y;iy
ngz;bUk; cz;bAk; ,d;gk;vd;W cyfpy;
nfhz;Nlhu; cW}ck; nfhs;shj; Jd;gk; 40
03. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
31
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fz;ldu; Mfpf; flTsu; tiue;j
fhkQ; rhu;ghf; fhjypd; coe;J> Mq;F;VkQ; rhuh ,Lk;ig va;jpdu;,d;Nw my;yhy;> ,we;Njhu; gyuhy;;njhd;Wgl t&ck; njhd;ikj;J> Mjypd;; 45jhij Vtypd; khJld; Nghfp>fhjyp ePq;ff; fLe;Jau; coe;Njhd;NtjKjy;tw; gae;Njhd; vd;gJePmwpe; jpiyNah? neLnkhop md;Nwh?ty;yhL Maj;J> kz;> muR> ,oe;J; 50nky;ypay; - jd;Dld; ntq;fhd; mile;Njhd;fhjypw; gpupe;Njhd; my;yd;;; fhjypjPnjhL g^ck; rpWikas; my;ys;;;mltpf; fhdfj;J Ma; ,io - jd;id,il ,Us; ahkj;J ,l;L ePq;fpaJ 55ty;tpid md;Nwh? kle;ij - jd; gpionadr;nrhy;yYk; cz;Nly;> nrhy;yh Nah? ePmidiaAk; my;iy; Ma; - ,io - jd;ndhLgpupah tho;f;if ngw;wid md;Nw?tUe;jhJ Vfp> kd;dtd; $ly;; 60nghUe;J cop mwpe;J NghJ <q;F” vd;wYk;.
nghUs;:
jpahdj;jpypUe;j fTe;jpabfsplk; Nfhtyd; nrd;W> ifnjhOJ tzq;fp> “tho;Tg;ghijiatpl;Lj; jtwpatu;fspd; jd;ikAilatdha;> kpFe;j thrid nghUe;jpa
kyu; Nghd;w Nkdpia cilatshd fz;zfp eLq;Fk; msT ngUe;Jd;gk; mila>
Kd;du; xUNghJk; mwpe;jpuhj ehl;bNy Jd;gkhd ghijapNy jpupe;J> ahd; rpWik
mile;Njd;. jtk; nra;fpd;wtNu> goik nghUe;jpa ,k;kJiu efuj;jpYs;s
tzpfu;fSf;F vd; epiyapidf; $wp> ehd; kPz;Lk; ,q;F tUk;tiuapYk; nkd;ikahd
tisay;fis mzpe;jtshd fz;zfp cq;fs; ghjkhfpa fhtypy; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. ,jdhy;
jq;fSf;F VjhtJ ,ilQ;ry;; cz;Nlh?”vd;W (Nfhtyd;) Nfl;lJk;> (mjidf; Nfl;l)
fTe;jpabfs; $Wfpwhu;: Kd;du; nra;j jtk; ePq;fpa epiyapy; fhjypNahL (fz;zfp)
ngUe;Jd;gk; mile;jtNd! “mju;k topapypUe;J tpyFq;fs;; typikAilajhd
Co;tpid mjd; gaidj; jtwhJ ekf;F toq;Fk;” vd;W mwtopapy; thOk; Jwtpau;
cWjpahfr; nthy;yp> ehitNa FWe;jbahff; nfhz;L thahfpa giwia miwe;jhYk;
kd cWjpaw;Nwhu; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;skhl;lhu;fs;.
jPikAila ntk;ikahd tpidahdJ te;J Jd;GWj;Jk;NghJ> mwpahik fhuzkhfg;
ngupJk; kaq;fp tUe;Jthu;fs;. Nghf;f Kbahj tpidapd; gaid mDgtpf;Fk;
fhyj;jpYk;> fw;wtu;fs; nraypoe;J tUe;jkhl;lhu;fs;. gpupTj;JauKk; Gzu;jy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jd;gKk; cUtkw;wtdhfpa kd;kjd; te;J tUj;Jfpd;w JauKk;
ngz;fisr; Nru;e;J tho;gtu;f;Nf cupj;jhditad;wp> xg;gw;w jdp tho;f;if thOk;
cWjpAilNahu;f;F mit xUNghJk; ,y;iyahFk;.
‘ngz;fSk; czTNk ,d;gk;’ vd;W epidj;J ,t;TyfpNy tho;Nthu; Kbtpy; mstw;w
Jd;gj;ijNa fhz;ghu;fs;. fhkj;ijNa gw;Wf;Nfhlhff; nfhz;L fhjypNy cod;W>
mjd;ghy; mkpo;e;J fiufhz Kbahj Jd;gj;ijNa mtu;fs; mile;jdu;. md;W
kl;Lkd;W; ,jw;F Kd;Gk; ,e;epiyapypUe;jtu;fs; gyuhtu;. njhd;W njhl;L tUfpd;w
goikapidAilaJ ,e;j mtyepiyahFk;.
32
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jd; je;ijapd; fl;lisg;gb> kidtpNahL fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W mtisg; gpupe;jikapdhy;
Jd;gj;ij mile;jtd; ,uhkd;. mtd; Ntj Kjy;tdhfpa gpukidj; jd;dplj;jpypUe;J
gilj;jtd; (,uhkd;> tp\;Ztpd; mtjhuk;) vd;gij eP mwpahNah? ,J cyfwpe;j
ePz;lfhy tuyhW my;yNth? #jhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L kz;izAk; murhl;rpiaAk;
,oe;J> jd; kidtpahfpa jkae;jpAld; fhdfk; nrd;w esd; fhjiy tpl;L ePq;fpatdy;y;
mtdJ fhjyp jkae;jpAk; Fw;wKilats; my;y. Muha;e;njLj;j Mguzq;fis
mzpe;jtshfpa mtis> mlu;e;j fhl;bNy eLr;rhkj;jpNy tpl;L ePq;fpaJ typik
kpf;fjhd Co;tpidahy; my;yNth? mjid mtsJ gpio vd;W nrhy;y KbAkhapd;
nrhy;thahf.
,t;thwhd Jd;gq;fis kw;wtu;fs; mile;j NghjpYk; mtu;fspdpd;W> eP NtWgl;ltdha;
ed;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sha;. mJ vJntdpy;> eP cd; kidtpia tpl;Lg; gpupahj tho;itg;
ngw;Ws;sha;. mjdhy; eP tUe;jhNj. kJiu efUf;Fr; nrd;W ,y;ywk; elj;Jtjw;F
Vw;w ,lk; vJ vd mwpe;J> ,q;F tUthahf” vd;whu;.
,uhkd;
jd; je;ijahfpa jrujd; 14 Mz;Lfs; tdthrk; nry;Yk;gb $wpdhu; vd;w nra;jp
Nfl;l ,uhkd; fhl;bw;Fr; nry;y Maj;jkhdNghJ> mtDld; $lNt mtd; kidtp
rPijAk; nrd;whs;. rPijahdts; fhl;by; itj;J ,uhtzdhy; flj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;lhs;.
mt;Ntis ,uhkd; jd; kidtpahd rPijiag; gpupe;jpUe;jhd;. ,uhkd;> tp\;Ztpd;
mtjhuk; vd;gJk; Ntj Kjy;tdhfpa gpukidj; jd;dplj;jpypUe;Nj gilj;jtd; vd;gJk;
$wg;gLfpwJ.
esd;
esDk; jkae;jpAk; ,dpa ,y;yw tho;f;if elj;jp tUk; fhyj;jpy; esdhdtd;
Gl;fuNdhL #jhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L ehL> murhl;rp vd;gtw;iw ,of;fpd;whd;. esd;
jdJ kidtpahfpa jkae;jpAld; fhdfk; nry;fpd;whd;. mq;F mtisj; jdpNa
tpl;L> esd; ePq;fp tpLfpd;whd;. rpwpJ fhyk; mtu;fs; gpupe;J tho;fpd;wdu;.
mUk;gjq;fs; :
fhW - msT
Vjk; - Fw;wk;
ifahW nfhs;shu; - nraypoe;J tUe;jhu;
ahg;giw khf;fs; - cWjpaw;Nwhu;
jhij - je;ij
Mak; - $l;lk;
kwj;Jiw - ghtnewp
xa;ah - Nghf;f nthz;zh
cuNthu; - ngupNahu; / mwpQu;
ahkj;J - rhkj;J (eLr;rhkk;)
***************************************************
33
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk; khzpf;fthrfuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
,J gjpf tbtj;jpy; mike;jjhFk;. gjpfk; vd;gJ gj;Jg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk; jpy;iyg;gjpapypUe;J> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwr; rptid epide;J
ghlg;gl;lJ. jpy;iyNa irtkugpy; Nfhapy; vdr; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gpLtJ. me;jmbg;gilapNyNa> “Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk;” vdg;gl;lJ.
,iwtd; kPjhd jPuhj gf;jpiaAk; ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy;cz;lhd ngUkpjj;jpidAk; ,g;gjpfk; ed;F ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
1. khwpepd; nwd;id kaf;fpLk; tQ;rg; Gyide;jpd; topailj; jKNj Cwpepd; nwd;Ds; vOguQ; Nrhjp cs;sth fhzte; jUsha; Njwypd; njspNt rpt ngUkhNd jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd <wpyhg; gjq;fs; ahitAq; fle;j ,d;gNk vd;Dil md;Ng.
(ghly; mbfisf; nfhz;L$l;Lf.)
Njdpd; njspT Nghd;w ,dpikahdtNd> rpt ngUkhNd jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; Nfhapy;nfhz;Ls;s rptngUkhNd> Kbtw;w nja;tg;gjtpfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; fle;jMde;jkhdtNd> vd;Dila md;Gf;FupatNd> vd;idg; gifj;J epd;W vdJ mwpitkaq;fr; nra;Ak; fs;s Ik;Gyd;fspd; thapy;fis milj;J> Qhd mKjNk Rue;Jepw;Fk; gbahf vd; cs;sj;jpd;fz;Nz Njhd;Wfpd;w Nkyhd xspNa> cd; cz;ikahdjd;ikia ehd; fhZk;gb te;J mUs; nra;thahf.
2. md;gpdhy; mbNad; MtpNah lhf;if Mde;j kha;f;frpe; JUf vd;guk; my;yh ,d;dUs; je;jha; ahdpjw; fpyndhu;ifk; khW Kd;Gkha;g; gpd;G KOJkha;g; gue;j Kj;jNd Kbtpyh KjNy
njd;ngUe; JiwAiw rptngU khNd rPUilr; rptGuj; jiuNr.
vy;yhtw;wpYk; Kd;Gk; gpd;Gk; mit KOtJkha; tpahgpj;Js;stNd> Kbtw;w kyePf;fk;ngw;wtNd> vy;iyapy;yhj Kjw;nghUNs> njw;NfAs;s jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;tPw;wpUg;gtNd> rptngUkhNd> rpwg;Gila rptNyhf kd;dNd> vd; kPjhd md;gpdhNymbNaDila capUk; clk;Gk;; ,d;gkakha;f; frpe;JUFk;gbahf> vdJ jFjpf;Ff;fpilf;f Kbahj ,dpa jpUtUis eP je;jha;. ,jw;Ff; ifk;khwhf ehd; cdf;Ff;nfhLg;gjw;F vJTkpy;iy.
- “ahdpjw;F ,yd; Xu; ifk;khW” - xg;gw;w ngupNahdhfpa ,iwtDf;Fr; rpw;Wapu;fshy;;vd;d nra;a KbAk;? mjdhy; vd;dplk; ifk;khW vJTkpy;iy vd;whu;.
3. miurNd md;gu;f; fbaNd Dila
mg;gNd MtpNah lhf;if
GiuGiu fdpag; GFe;Jepd; WUf;fpg;
ngha;apUs; fbe;jnka;r; RlNu
jpiunghuh kd;Dk; mKjj;njz; flNy
jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd
ciuAzu; tpwe;Jepd; Wzu;tNjhu; czu;Nt
ahDd;id ciuf;Fkh Wzu;e;Nj.
04. Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk;
34
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
md;gu;fSf;F kd;dNd> mbatDila je;ijNa> capNuhL clk;Gk; kapu;f; $r;nrwpAk;
gbahf nefpo;e;J cUFk;gbahf vd;Ds;sj;jpDs; GFe;J epd;W cUf;fp ngha;ikahfpa
mwpahikiaj; njhiyj;j cz;iknahspNa> miy NkhJfpd;wJk; epiyngw;wJkhd
mKjkakhd njspthd Mde;jf;flNy> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; ciwfpd;w rptngUkhNd>
nrhy;iyAk; czu;itAk; fle;J epd;W Qhdj;jhy; mwpaf;$banjhU NguwpthdtNd>
ehd; cd;id tpsf;fp ciuf;Fk; topia czu;j;Jthahf.
4. czu;e;j kh Kdptu; ck;gNuh nlhope;jhu;
czu;Tf;Fe; njuptUk; nghUNs
,zq;fpyp vy;yh capu;fl;Fk; capNu
vidg;gpwg; gWf;Fk;vk; kUe;Nj
jpzpe;jNjhu; ,Uspy; njspe;jJ} ntspNa
jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd
Fzq;fs;jh kpy;yh ,d;gNk cd;idf;
FWfpNdw; fpdpnad;d FiwNa.
fw;Wzu;e;j ngupa Kdptu;fs;> Njtu;fs;; KjyhNdhuJ czu;Tf;Fk; vl;lhj nghUNs>
xg;gpy;yhjtNd> capu;fnsy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; capuhdtNd> vdJ gpwtpg;gpzpia ePf;Ffpd;w
kUe;Nj> nrwpe;j ,Uspy; njspthf tpsq;Fk; J}axspNa> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;
tPw;wpUf;fpd;w rptngUkhNd> Fzq;fs; ,y;yhj Mde;jNk> cd;id mile;j vdf;F
,dp vd;d FiwAs;sJ?
5. Fiwtpyh epiwNt Nfhjpyh mKNj
<wpyhf; nfhOQ;Rlu;f; Fd;Nw
kiwAkha; kiwapd; nghUSkha; te;njd;
kdj;jpil kd;dpa kd;Nd
rpiwngwh ePu;Nghy; rpe;ijtha;g; ghAe;
jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd
,iwtNd ePnad; clyplq; nfhz;lha;
,dpAd;id vd;dpuf; NfNd.
Fiwtw;w epiwNt> Fw;wkw;w mKjNk> Kbtpy;yh xsp kiyNa> NtjkhfTk; mjd;
nghUshfTk; vdJ kdj;jpNy epiyngw;w jiytNd> fl;Lf;flq;fhj nts;sk;Nghy
vdJ rpe;ijapy; gha;fpd;w jpUg;ngUe;Jiwr; rptngUkhNd> ,iwtNd> eP vd;Dila
cliyNa ,lkhff; nfhz;lha;. ,dp ehd; cd;dplk; ,ue;J Nfl;gjw;F vd;d cs;sJ?
6. ,ue;jpue; JUf vd;kdj; Js;Ns
vOfpd;w NrhjpNa ,ikNahu;
rpue;jdpw; nghypAq; fkyr;Nr tbaha;
jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd
epue;jM fhak; ePu;epyk; jPfhy;
Mait my;iyaha; Mq;Nf
fue;jNjhu; cUNt fspj;jdd; cd;idf;
fz;Zwf; fz;Lnfhz; bd;Nw.
cdJ jpUtUis ,iltplhJ Ntz;b vdJ cs;sk; cUFk; fhyj;Nj mq;Nf Njhd;Wfpd;w
xspNa> Njtu;fspd; jiykPJ tpsq;Ffpd;w jhkiu Nghd;w jpUtbia cilatNd>
jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; ciwfpd;w rptngUkhNd> vq;Fk; epiwe;j Mfhak;> ePu;> epyk;>
jP> fhw;W Mfpait MfpAk; mit my;yhjtdtha;; mt;tplj;jpNy kiwe;j mUSU
cilatNd> ,d;W ehd; cd;idf; fz;zhuf;fz;L fspj;Njd;.
35
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
7. ,d;nwdf; fUsp ,Us;fbe; Js;sj;
njOfpd;w QhapNw Nghd;W
epd;wepd; jd;ik epidg;gw epide;Njd;
ePayhy; gpwpJkw; wpd;ik
nrd;Wnrd; wZtha;j; Nja;e;JNja;e; njhd;whk;
jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd
xd;WeP ay;iy md;wpnahd; wpy;iy
ahUd;id mwpafpw; ghNu.
,f;fhyj;jpNy vdf;Fj; jpUtUs; je;J mwpahikia ePf;fp> cs;sj;jpy; cjpf;fpd;w
#upaidg; Nghyj; Njhd;wp epd;w cdJ ,ay;gpid mwptpdhyd;wp mUs;topapNy
epd;W mwpe;Njd;. cd;idad;wp Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iyahFk;gb vy;yhtw;wpYq; fye;J>
El;gkha; EZfp EZfp vq;Fk; xU jd;ikaha; tpahgfkhdnjhU nghUshf tpsq;Fk;
jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; ciwfpd;w rptngUkhNd> cyfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w xU nghUSk;
eP md;W. cd;iday;yhky; xU nghUSk; njhopw;gLtjpy;iy. ahu; cd;id mwpa
ty;ytu;? (ahUkpy;iy).
8. ghu;gjk; mz;lk; midj;Jkha; Kisj;Jg;
gue;jNjhu; glnuhspg; gug;Ng
ePUW jPNa epidtNjy; mupa
epd;kyh epd;dUs; nts;sr;
rPUW rpe;ij vOe;jNjhu; NjNd
jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd
ahUw ntdf;fpq; fhua Ys;shu;
Mde;jk; Mf;Fnkd; NrhjP.
g+kpAk; NkNyAs;s gjq;fSk; ,tw;iw cs;slf;fpa mz;lq;fSkhfpa vy;yhg;
nghUSkha;j;; Njhd;wp> vq;Fk; tpahgpj;j xspg;gpok;Ng> ePupy; fye;Js;s neUg;Gg;
Nghd;wtNd> epidg;gjw;F mUikahd J}a nghUNs> cdJ jpUtUshfpa nts;sk;
gha;fpd;w rpwg;Gg; nghUe;jpa rpj;jj;jpy; cz;lhfpajhfpa xg;gw;w NjNd> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;
ciwfpd;w rptngUkhNd> vdf;F ,d;gj;jpidAk; Ngupd;gj;ijAk; tpisf;fpd;w xspNa.
,t;tplj;jpy; cwthapUg;gtu; ahu;? mayhuha; ,Ug;gtu; ahu;? (cwtpdUkpy;iy>
mayhUkpy;iy> cidad;wp ahUkpy;iy vd;wthW).
9. Nrhjpaha;j; Njhd;Wk; cUtNk mUthk;
xUtNd nrhy;Yjw; fupa
MjpNa eLNt me;jNk ge;jk;
mWf;Fk;M de;jkh flNy
jPjpyh ed;ikj; jpUtUl; Fd;Nw
jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd
ahJeP NghtNjhu; tifnadf; fUsha;
te;Jepd; ,izab je;Nj.
xspaha; tpsq;Ffpd;w Nkdpia cilatNd> cUtkpy;yhj xg;gw;wtNd> nrhw;fspdhy;
$wKbahj vg;nghUSf;Fk; KjYk; ,ilAk; filAkhAs;stNd> gpwtpj; jisia
xopf;fpd;w Ngupd;gg; ngUq;flNy> jPJ ,y;yhj ed;ikNaAila jpUtUs; kiyNa>
jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; rptngUkhNd> FUtha; vOe;jUsp te;J cd; ,U
jpUtbfisAk; vdf;F mUspa gpd; eP vd;idtpl;Lg; Nghfpd;w Kiw ahJ? vd;W
nrhy;yp mUs;thahf.
36
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
10. je;jJd; wd;idf; nfhz;lnjd; wd;idr;
rq;fuh Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;
me;jnkhd; wpy;yh Mde;jk; ngw;Nwd;
ahJeP ngw;wnjhd; nwd;ghy;
rpe;ijNa Nfhapy; nfhz;lvk; ngUkhd;
jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd
ve;ijNa <rh clyplq; nfhz;lha;
ahd;,jw; fpyd;Xu;ifk; khNw.
vd;Ds;sj;ijNa jpUf;Nfhapyhff; nfhz;L tPw;wpUe;J mUspa vkJ jiytNd>
jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; ciwfpd;w rptNd> vk; je;ijNa> <rNd> vdJ clypid ,lkhff;
nfhz;ltNd> vdf;F eP cd;idf; nfhLj;jha;. mjw;fPlhf eP vd;id Vw;Wf;nfhz;lha;.
mjdhy;> ehd; Kbtpyhj Nguhde;jj;ij mile;Njd;. eP vd;dplj;jpy; mile;j gad;
vd;d? xd;Wkpy;iy. ek;kpUtupy; jpwikAilatu; ahu;? (ehNd jpwikAilatd;)
,t;Tjtpf;F ehd; xU gpujpAgfhuKk; nra;a KbahjtdhapNdd;.
“gjq;fs; ahitAk; fle;j ,d;gNk........”
gjq;fs; vd;gJ nja;tg;gjtp my;yJ tPLNgw;W epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. me;jj;
jj;Jt epiyfisf; flg;NghNu rptdhfpa epj;jpa ,d;g epiyiag; ngwyhk;.
tPLNgw;W epiyfisf; flj;jy; fbdkhifahy; <wpyhg; gjq;fs; vdg;gl;lJ.
“khwp epd;W vd;id kaf;fpLk; tQ;rg; Gyd; Ie;jpd;........”
,iwaUisg; ngWk; vd;Dila Nehf;fj;jpy; vd;idg; gifj;J> mwpit kaf;fp
cz;ikg; nghUisf; fhztplhJ epd;W NtW tplaq;fspy; <LgLj;Jfpd;w>
<LgLtjidj; jLj;J Qhdj;ijj; jUgtd; rptd;.
,iwtdJ ,ay;Gfshff; $wg;gLgit: <wpyhg; gjq;fs; ahitAq; fle;j ,d;g tbthdtd;
Kbtpyh Kjyha; tpsq;Fgtd;
vq;Fk; epiwe;j Mfhak;> ePu;> epyk;> jP> fhw;W MfTk; mit my;yhJk; fue;Jepw;gtd;
xd;nwd;W nrhy;y Kbahjtd;;
jhdd;wp NtW ,y;iy vd;Dk;gbahdtd;. mwpjw;F mupatd;;
g+kp> gjq;fs;> mz;lq;fs; Mfpa vy;yhg; nghUSkha;j; Njhd;wp> tpupe;J glUfpd;w
xspg;gpsk;ghdtd;;
MjpahAk; eLthAk; me;jkhAk; jpfo;gtd;;
jPjpyh ed;ikiaj; jUk; jpUtUl; Fd;wha; tpsq;Fgtd;
jpiunghuh kd;Dk; mKjj; njz;fly;: (3 Mk; ghly;)
,jpy; ,iwtdJ ,ay;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
miyNkhjhJ epiyngw;wJ vd;gjd; %yk; ,iwtdJ epiyngauhj; jd;ik
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ
mKjj; njz;fly; vd;gjd; %yk; njspthdtDk; ,dpikahdtDk; rhth ,d;gj;ijj;
juj;jf;ftDkhfpa ,iwtdJ ,ay;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
ePUW jPNa epidtNjy; mupa epd;kyh: (8 Mk; ghly;)
,iwtdJ ,ay;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
ePUW jPNa vd;gjd; %yk; ,iwtdJ ntspj; njupahJ cs;SiwAk; jd;ik
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ
37
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ctik mzp ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ
ctkhdk; - ePUW jP
ctNkak; - Ik;g+jq;fSs;Sk; ciwAk; ,iwtd;
nghJj;jd;ik - ntspj; njupahJ cs;SiwAk; jd;ik
“epidtNjy; mupa epd;kyh” vd;gjd; %yk; epide;J mwptjw;F mupatdhFk;
jd;ikAk; J}atdhFe; jd;ikAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
rq;fuh Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;: (10 Mk; ghly;)
,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy; Vw;gl;l ngUkpj czu;T ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,iwtd; ngWkjpahd jd;idj; je;J> ifkhwhfg; ngWkjpaw;w jd;id (khzpf;f
thrfiu) Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; vd;Wk; ,jdhy; jhd; vy;iyapy;yh Mde;jk; ngw;Nwd;
vdf; $Wtjdhy; mg; ngUkpjk; ntspg;gl;lJ.
Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfj;jpy;> ‘,iwtNd ePnad; clyplq; nfhz;lha; ,dpAd;id
vd;dpuf;NfNd’ vd;w mbfs; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:
Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk;> ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy; Vw;gl;l ngUkpj
czu;tpid ntspg;gLj;JtjhFk;
mNj ngUkpjj;jpidNa ‘,iwtNd ePnad; clyplq; nfhz;lha; ,dpAd;id
vd;dpuf;NfNd’ vd;w mbfSk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd
‘,iwtNd eP vdJ cliyNa Nfhapyhff; nfhz;L vOe;jUspAs;shNa’ ,J
ngUk;Ngwd;Nwh vDk; ngUkpjj;jpid Nkw;gb mbfspy; fhzyhk;
,dp cd;dplk; ehd; vjid Ntz;LtJ vd;gjdhy;> vdf;Fj; NjitahdJ vy;yhk;
fpilj;Jtpl;ld vd;w ngUkpjk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ
gjpfj;jpd; Clhf ntspg;gLk; gpujhd czu;tpid ,t;tbfSk; gpujpgypg;gjdhy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd
,iwtdJ mwpaKbahj jd;ik ,g;gjpfj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhW:
fue;jNjhu; cUNt (3 Mk; ghly;) - vq;Fk; epiwe;jtd;
ePUW jPNa epidtNjy; mupa epd;kyh (8 Mk; ghly;)
mUthk; xUtNd (9 Mk; ghly;) - v
xd;W ePay;iy md;wp nahd;wpy;iy (7 Mk; ghly;) - v
khzpf;fthrfu; ,iwtd; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s gf;jp ntspg;gLk; tpjk;:
,iwtdJ ,ay;GfisAk; ngUikfisAk; tpae;J $Wjy;
,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;l epiyia ntspg;gLj;jy;
- “md;gpdhy; mbNad; MtpNahlhf;if Mde;jkha;f; frpe;JUf
vd;guk; my;yh ,d;dUs; je;jha;”
- “fspj;jdd; cd;idf; fz;Zwf; fz;L nfhz;bd;Nw”
,iwtd; jdf;FjTe; jd;ikapidf; $wy;
- Kd;idg; gpwg;gWf;Fk; vk; kUe;Nj
- ,d;dUs; je;jha;
,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy; cz;lhd ngUkpjj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jy;;
- ,iwtNd ePnad; clyplq; nfhz;lha;> ,dpAd;id vd;dpuf;NfNd
- Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;
***************************************************
38
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
05. mkydhjpgpuhd;
ghbatu; : jpUg;ghzho;thu;
Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;G:
Nrhoehl;L ciwA+upy; tho;e;jtu;. gd;dpU Mo;thu;fSs; xUtu;. muq;fehjiuf; fhz
Ntz;Lk; vd;w jdJ neLehs; Vf;fk; jpBnud epiwNtwpaNtis> gutrKw;Wg; ghbaNj
“mkydhjpgpuhd;” vDk; ,g;gjpfk;. jpUg;ghzho;thu; ghbajhff; fpilg;gJ ,g;gjpfk; xd;Nw.
01. mky dhjpgpuh dbahu;f; nfd;id ahl;gLj;j
tpkyd; tpz;ztu; Nfhd;tpiu ahu;nghopy; Ntq;fltd;
epkyd; epd;kyd; ePjp thdtd; ePs;kjp suq;fj; jk;khd; jpUf;
fky ghjk; te; njd;fz;zp Ds;sd nthf;fpd;wNj!
gupRj;jDk; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; njhlf;fkhd ngupatDk;> jdJ mbahu;fSf;F mbahdhf
Ml;gLk;gb vd;idr; nra;jtDk; Njtu; jiytDk; thridkpf;f NrhiyfisAila
jpUNtq;flkiyapNy tPw;wpUg;gtDk; epahak; epiyngWk; ,lkhfpa gukgjj;jpNy
tPw;wpUg;gtDk; ePz;l kjps; #o;e;j jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa ngUkhDila
jhkiug; g+g; Nghd;w mofpa jpUg;ghjk; vd; fz;Zf;Fs;Ns ,Ug;gJNghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wNj!
02. cte;j Ts;sj;jdh Ayfkse; jz;lKw
epte;j ePs;Kbad; md;W Neu;e;j eprhruiu
ftu;e;j ntq;fizf; fhFe;jd; fbahu;nghopy; muq;fj; jk;khd; miur;
rpte;j Milapd; Nky;nrd;w jhnkd rpe;jidNa!
Mde;jkakhd jpUTs;sj;ij cilatdha;> %Tyfq;fisAk; mse;J mz;lKflilf;
fle;J nry;Yk;gbahf cau;e;j jpUKbia cilatdhs;> Kw;fhyj;jpNy jd;id
vjpu;j;Jte;j mRuu;fsJ capiu thq;fpa nfhba mk;Gfis cila ,uhkdha;>
thrid epiwe;j Nrhiyfs; #o;e;j jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUf;Fk; ngUkhDila
jpUtiuapNy cLj;jpUf;fpd;w rpte;j gPjhk;guj;jpd;Nky; vd;Dila rpe;jid (NtnwhU
epidg;Gkpd;wpr;) nrd;W gjpe;Jtpl;lNj!
03. ke;jp gha;tl Ntq;fl khkiy thdtu;fs;
re;jp nra;a epd;wh duq;fj; jutp dizahd;
me;jp Nghy;epwj; jhilA kjd;Nky; maidg; gilj;j Njhnuopy;
ce;jp Nkyjd; Nwhmb NaDs;sj; jpd;DapNu!
Fuq;Ffs; jhtpg;gha;fpd;wJk; tljpirapy; cs;sJkhfpa jpUNtq;flkiyapy;
Njtu;fnsy;NyhUk; te;J tzq;Fk;gbahf epw;gtDk; jpUtuq;fj;jpNy ghk;Gg;gLf;ifapNy
fplg;gtDkhfpa vk;gpuhDila nrt;thdk; Nghd;w epwj;ijAila MilAk; mjd;
Nkyhfj; Njhw;wkspf;fpd;w> gpukidj; Njhw;Wtpj;j xg;gw;w moFtha;e;j ehgpAkhfpa
mtw;wpd; Nkyy;yth vdJ mUiktha;e;j capu; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ!
04. rJukh kjpy;# opyq;iff; fpiwtd; jiygj;J
cjpu Nthl;b Xu; ntq;fiz Aa;j;jtNdhj tz;zd;
kJukh tz;K ghl khkap yhluq;fj; jk;khd; jpUtapw;
Wjuge;jk; vd; Ds;sj;Js;epd; Wyhfpd;wNj!
rJu tbtkhd kjpyhy; #og;ngw;w ,yq;iff;F murdhd ,uhtzDila gj;Jj;
jiyfSk; rpjWk;gbahf xg;gw;w ,uhkghzj;ijr; nrYj;jpatDk; fly; epw;gtDk;
,dpikahf tz;L ghl> mofpa kapy;fs; MLfpd;w jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa
ngUkhDila jpUtapw;wpNy fl;lg;ngw;Ws;s cjuge;jk; vd; cs;sj;Jf;Fs;Ns epd;W
cyhTfpd;wJ!
39
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
05. ghukha gotpid gw;wWj;J vd;idj;jd;
thukhf;fp itj;jhd; itj;jjd;wp nad;Ds; GFe;jhd;
Nfhu khjtk; nra;jdd;nfh ywpNa suq;fj; jk;khd; jpU
Mu khu;tJ md;Nwh! mb Naid ahl;nfhz;lNj!
jhq;Fjw;fupa gioa tpidf;fl;Lf;fis mWj;J> vd;idj; jd;dplj;jpy; md;Gilatdhf;fpitj;jhd;@ mJkl;Lkd;wp> vd; cs;sj;jpDs;Ns GFe;J nfhz;lhd;@ (,g;gbg;gl;l
ghf;fpaj;ij miltjw;F ehd;) cf;fpukhd ngupa jtj;ijr; nra;NjNdh vd;dNth?
vdf;Fj; njupatpy;iy! jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUf;fpd;w ngUkhdpd;> jpUkfs; tPw;wpUg;gJk;
kzpkhiy mzpag;ngw;wJkhd jpUkhu;G my;yNth mbatdhd vd;id Ml;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lJ!
06. Jz;l ntz;gpiw ad;Jau; jPu;j;jtd; mQ;rpiwa
tz;Ltho; nghopy;# ouq;fefu; Nka tg;gd;
mz;l uz;lgfp uz;lj;njhU khepyk;
vOkhy;tiu Kw;Wk; cz;l fz;lk; fz;B ubNaid Aa;af;nfhz;lNj.
(KOikaw;Wj;) Jz;lkha; ,Uf;fpd;w ntz;zpwkhd gpiwr; re;jpuidr; #batdhd
rptdpd; (gpr;ir vLj;jj; jpuptjhfpa) Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;fpatDk;> mofpa rpwFfisAila
tz;Lfs; tho;fpd;w nghopyhw; #og;ngw;w jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa
mg;gDila - midj;J mz;lq;fisAk; cyifAk; VO Fy kiyfisAk; kw;WKs;s
midj;ijAk; cz;l - jpUf;fOj;jj;jhd; vd;id ca;Ak;gb nra;jJ.
07. ifap dhu;Rup rq;fd yhopau; ePs;tiuNghy;
nka;adhu; Jsg tpiuahu; fko;ePs; Kbnak;
Iadhu; mzpauq;fdh uutp dizkpir Nka khadhu;;
nra;atha; INah! vd;idr; rpe;ij ftu;e;jJNt!
jpUf;fuj;jpNy nghUe;jpapUf;fpd;w GupfisAila rq;ifAk; mdy; ff;Ffpd;w
rf;fuj;ijAk; cilatUk; ePz;l kiyNghd;w jpUNkdpia cilatUk; Jsrp kzk;
tPRfpd;w xspnghUe;jpa ePz;l jpUKbia cilatUk; ghk;gizapNy gs;sp
nfhz;ltUkhfpa khatdhUila rpte;j jpUthahdJ vd;Dila neQ;irf; nfhs;is
nfhz;Ltpl;lNj!
08. gupa dhfp te;j mTz Dly;fPz;l mkuu;f;F
mupa Mjpg;gpuh duq;fj; jkyd; Kfj;J
fupa thfpg; Gilgue;J kpspu;e;J nrt;tup Nahb ePz;lmg;
ngupa tha fz;fs; vd;idg; Ngijik nra;jdNt!
gUj;j cUtj;NjhL (gpufyhjidf; nfhy;tjw;fhf) te;j mRuDila (,uzpaDila)
cliyf; fpopj;jtDk; Njtu;fshy; miljw;F mupatDk; midj;Jf;Fk; %y fhuzDk;
jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa gupRj;jDila jpUKfj;jpNy fupa epwj;Njh:
tprhykhf nrt;tup glu;e;J ePz;L tpsq;Ffpd;w me;jg; ngupa fz;fs; vd;id kaf;fk;
nra;Jtpl;ldNt!
09. Mykh kuj;jpd; ,iyNk nyhUghyfdha;
Qhy NkO Kz;lh duq;fj; juyp dizahd;;
Nfhy khkzp ahuKk; Kj;Jj; jhkKk; Kbtpy;y Njhnuopy;
ePy Nkdp INah! epiw nfhz;lnjd; neQ;rpidNa!
40
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ngupa Mykuj;jpd; ,iyapNy xU rpW Foe;ijahff; fple;jtDk; VO cyfq;fisAk;
cz;ltDkha; jpUtuq;fj;jpNy fplg;gtDila mofpa ngupa kzpkhiyAk; Kj;J
khiyAk; g+z;l vy;iyaw;w vopy; nfhz;l ePy epwNkdpahdJ vd;Dila neQ;rpd;
mlf;fj;ij / cWjpiaj; jfu;j;Jtpl;lNj! INah!
10. nfhz;ly; tz;zidf; Nfhty dha;ntz;nza;
cz;l thad; vd; Ds;sk; ftu;e;jhid
mz;lu; Nfhdzp auq;fd;vd; dKjpidf;
fz;l fz;fs; kw;nwhd;wpidf; fhzhNt!
kioNkfj;ij xj;j epwj;ij cilatDk; Mau; Fyj;jdha;g; gpwe;J ntz;nza;
cz;l thia cilatDkha; vd; cs;sj;ij <u;j;jtid> Njtu; jiytDk;
moFkpf;f jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa vd; mKjj;ijf; fz;l fz;fs; NtW
vjidAk; fhzkhl;lh!
mky cte;j ke;jp> rJuk; ghuk; Jz;l> if gup Muk;> nfhz;ly; - fz;zp.
1) muq;fehjdpd; Njhw;wg; nghypT
muq;fehjdpd; Njhw;wg; nghyptpid> jpUg;ghzho;thu; ghjhjp Nfrkhf tu;zpj;Jg;
ghb cs;shu;.
jhkiu kyu; Nghd;w jpUtbfs;
miuAk; mjd; kPjzpe;Js;s rpte;j MilAk;
me;jp tz;z MilAk; mjd;Nky; vopy; ce;jpAk;
flyiyapd; tz;zk; nfhz;l Nkdpapy; tpsq;fpj; Njhd;Wk; cjuge;jdk;
mofpa Mukzpe;j jpUkhu;G
cyfk; VioAk; tpOq;fpa fz;lk;
rpte;j tha;
nrt;tup Xba ngupa fz;fs;
ePy Nkdp
ntz; ntz;nza; cz;l tha;
2) ngUkhs; ngUikfs;
kyq;fshy; gPbf;fg;glhjtd;
tpz;ztu; jiytd;
%tbahy; cyfse;J> khgypia mlf;fpatd;
gpukidg; gilj;jtd;
gpwtpg; gpzpf;Ff; fhuzkhd tpidfis mWj;jtd;
,uhtzdpd; gj;Jj; jiyfSk;; rpjwbj;jtd;
,uzpaid tjk; nra;jtd;
Jz;lntz; gpiwahd; Jau; jPu;j;jtd;
41
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
3) jyr; rpwg;G
eWkzk;kpf;f kyu;r; Nrhiyfs; epiwe;j jpUNtq;fl kiy
Fuq;Ffs; jhtp tpisahb kfpOk; tskpf;f jpUNtq;fl kiy
ePz;l kjpy;fisf; nfhz;l jpUtuq;fk;
tz;L ghl> kapyhLk; jpUtuq;fk;
tz;Lfs; thOk; Nrhiyfs; epiwe;j jpUtuq;fk;
moFkpf;f jpUtuq;fk;
4) ngUkhs;kPJ jpUg;ghzho;thu; nfhz;l gf;jp
muq;fidj; juprpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w neLehs; Vf;fk; jpBnud;W
epiwNtwpaikahy; mile;j gutrk;.
mtDila jpUNkdpapdpd;Wk; fz;fis vLf;f KbahJ epw;wy;.
muq;fdpd; ghjk; Kjy; Nfrk; tiu> xt;nthd;whff; fz; mDgtpj;J
capUk; cs;sKk; xd;wpa gutr epiy.
mtdJ ngUikfisAk; jpUNkdp moifAk; fz;L cs;sk; epiwjy;.
“INah epiw nfhz;lJ vd; neQ;rpid......”
jpUNkdp mofpy; <Lgl;l fz;zhy; Ntnwhd;iwf; fhztpUk;ghik.
“vd;dKjpidf; fz;l fz;fs;......”
gutrj;jhy; mwptope;j epiyik.
c-k; : “ngupatha; fz;fs; vidg; Ngijik.......”
5) ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mzpfs;
ctik
fky ghjk; (1)
me;jp Nghy; epwj;jhil (3)
Xjtz;zd; (4)
ePs; tiu Nghy; nka;adhu; (7)
nfhz;ly; tz;zd; (10)
***************************************************
42
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jrujdplk;> ifNfap ngw;Wf;;nfhz;l tuj;jpdhy; Kb#lhJ mNahj;jp efiu tpl;LePq;fp
fhl;Lf;Fg; Gwg;gl;l ,uhkd;> FfdJ cjtpAld; fq;ifahw;iwf; fle;J fhL GFe;jhd;.
,uhkid ehl;Lf;F murdhf;f mioj;Jtur; nrd;w gujd;> Ffidr; re;jpj;jijAk;
mg;NghJ epfo;e;jtw;iwAk; $Wtjhf ,g;gFjp mikfpwJ. (Ffg; glyk; : ghly; vz; :
2303 - 2344)
cs;slf;fk; :
1 - 13: ngUQ;NridAld; te;j gujidf; fz;L rpdq;nfhz;l Ffd;> jd; giliaf;
$l;baJ.
14 - 23: rpdq;nfhz;l Ffdpd; #Siu / tQ;rpdk;.
24 - 37: Ffidg; gw;wpr; Rke;jpud; nrhy;yf; Nfl;l gujd;> Ffidf; fhz tUjYk;
mtu;fs; ,UtUk; xUtiu xUtu; vjpu;nfhz;lthWk;.
38 - 43: ,uhk> ,yf;Ftd; Fwpj;J Ffdplk; gujd; tprhupj;jikAk; Ffdpd;
tpsf;fKk;.
,e;jg; gFjpapy; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs; :
m) ghj;jpug; gilg;G (,ay;G> Ngr;R> nray; Kjyhdit)M) rk;gtr; rpj;jpupg;G,) mzpfspd; ifahSif
<) re;ju;g;gk; $wy;
gujd; NridNahL fq;ifapd; fiuia miljy;
1) g+tpup nghyd;fow; nghUtp whidahd;
fhtpup ehld;d fodp ehnlhuP,j;
jhtu rq;fk nkd;De; jd;ika
ahitA kpuq;fplf; fq;if naa;jpdhd;.
g+ tpup nghyd; foy; nghU ,y; jhidahd;fhtpupehL md;d fodp ehL xuP,j;jhtu rq;fkk; vd;Dk; jd;ikaahitAk; ,uq;fplf; fq;if va;jpdhd;.
g+ tpup - moFkpf;f> nghyd; foy; - nghd;dhyhd tPuf;foiyAk;> nghU ,y;
jhidahd; - xg;gpy;yhj NridiaAKila gujd;> fhtpupehL md;d - fhNtup
ghAQ; Nrho ehl;il nahj;j> fodp ehL - fodpfisAila (jdJ) Nfhry Njrj;ij>
xuP,j; - tpl;LePq;fp> jhtu rq;fkk; vd;Dk; jd;ika ahitck; - epiyapw;
nghUs;> ,aq;Fk; nghUs; vd ,Utifj; Njhw;wkhfg; gFf;fg;gLk; jd;ikAila
vy;yhTapu;fSk;> ,uq;fpl - (jdJ epiyikia Nehf;fpg;) gupjtpf;f> fq;if va;jpdhd;
- fq;ifapd; fiuia va;jpdhd;.
gujDld; nrd;w ahidr;Nridapd; tUzid2) vz;zUQ; RUk;Gjk; kpdj;Jf; fy;yJ
fz;zfd; ngUk;Gdw; fq;if naq;fZ
kz;zy;ntq; fupkjj; jUtp gha;jyh
Yz;zTq; FilaT Kupj;jd; whaNj.
vz;zUk; RUk;Gjk; ,dj;Jf;F my;yJfz; mfd; ngUk; Gdy; fq;if vq;fZk;mz;zy; ntk; fup kjj;J mUtp gha;jyhy;cz;zTk; FilaTk; cupj;jd;W MaNj.
06. fk;guhkhazk; - Ffg; glyk;
43
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fz; mfy; - ,lk; mfd;w> ngU Gdy; - kpf;f ePiuAila> fq;if - fq;fh ejpapy;>
vq;fz;ck; - vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;> mz;zy; ntk;fup - ngUikiaAila ntt;tpa
ahidapdJ> kjj;J mUtp - kjePu;g;ngUf;F> gha;jyhy; - ngUFtjhy;> (mt;thw;W
ePu;) vz;z mUQ; RUk;G jk; ,dj;Jf;F my;yJ - vz;zp mstpLtw;F mupa
(kpfg; gythd) tz;Lfspd; $l;lj;Jf;F md;wp (kw;w kdpju; KjypNahu;f;F)> cz;zck;
- Fbf;fck;> Filack; - ePuhl;lQ; nra;aTk;> cupj;J md;W MaJ - cupikAila
jy;yhjjhapw;W.
Fjpiur; Nridfspd; tUzid3) mbkpirj; J}spGf; file;j Njtu;jk;
Kbkpirg; glu;tNjhu; Kiwik Nju;e;jpNyk;
nebJapu;j; Jz;lT ePe;jp epd;wTk;
nghbkpirg; Guz;lTk; Gutp aPl;lNk.
mb kpirj; J}sp> Gf;F> mile;j Njtu;jk;Kb kpirg; glu;tJ Xu; Kiwik Nju;e;jpNyk;;nebJ capu;j;J cz;lTk; ePe;jp epd;wTk;nghb kpirg; Guz;lTk;> Gutp <l;lNk.
mbkpirj; J}sp - (Fjpiufspd;) fhy;fspdhnyOg;gg;gl;l J}spfs;> Gf;F mile;j
- (thdpw;) Ngha;r; Nrug;ngw;wit> Njtu;jk; Kbkpirg; glu;tJ - Njtu;fspd; rpurpd;kPJ
nrd;W Nru;e;jjhfpa> Xu; Kiwik - xg;gw;w Kiwikia> Nju;e;jpNyd; - (khDluhfpa
ehk;) mwpe;Njhkpy;iy> nebJ capu;j;J - ngU%r;R tpl;Lf;nfhz;L> cz;lck; -
(ePiug;) gUfpadTk;> ePe;jp epd;wck; - (ePupy;;) ePe;jpagb epd;wdTk;> nghbkpirg;
Guz;lck; - g+kpapd; kPJ Guz;litfSk;> Gutp <l;lk;V - Fjpiuf;$l;lNkahFk;.
gujdJ Nrid fq;ifapy; tpahgpj;jy;4) ghiyNaa; epwj;njhL gz;L jhd;gl
NuhiyNaa; neLq;fl Nyhbw; wpy;iyahd;khiyNaa; neLKb kd;dd; Nridahk;
NtiyNa kLj;jjf; fq;if nts;sNk.
ghiy Va; epwj;njhL gz;L jhd; glu;>Xiy Va; neLq;fly; Xbw;wpy;iyahy;>khiy Va; neLKb kd;dd; Nridahk;NtiyNa kLj;jJ mf; fq;if nts;sNk.
mf; fq;if nts;sk; - me;jf; fq;fhejpapd; ngUf;fhdJ> ghiy Va; epwj;njhL
- ghiynahj;j (nts;spa) epwj;JlNd> jhd; gz;L glu; - jhd; Kd;Nd nrd;wile;J
te;j> Xiy Va; neLq; fly; - Muthuj;ijf; nfhz;;l ngupa flypy;> Xbw;W ,y;iy
- tpiue;J nrd;wilatpy;iy> khiy Va; neL Kb kd;dd; NridMk; - g+khiyiar;
#ba ePz;l fpuPlj;ij azpe;j gujdJ Nridahfpa> NtiyV - rKj;jpuNk> kLj;jJ
- (me;jf; fq;ifapd; ngUf;if) cz;Ltpl;lJ.
gujidj; njhlu;e;J nrd;w Nrid msT5) fhd;wiy ez;zpa fhisgpd; gpd;glu;
Njhd;wiy at;top njhlu;e;J nrd;wd
thd;wt Uzu;j;jpa tf;F Nuhzpfz;
%d;Wgj; jhapuj; jpul;b Kw;WNk.
44
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fhd;jiy ez;zpa fhis gpd; glu;Njhd;wiy> mt;topj; njhlu;e;J nrd;wdMd;wtu; czu;j;jpa mf;FNuhzpfs;%d;W gj;jhapuj;J ,ul;b Kw;WNk.
fhd; jiy ez;zpa - fhl;bw; nrd;w> fhis gpd; - ,uhkgpuhd; gpd;Nd (,uhkgpuhidehb vd;wgb)> glu; - Gwg;gl;l> Njhd;wiy - gujid> mt;top - mg;nghOJmy;yJ mt;tplj;jpy;> njhlu;e;J nrd;wd - gpd; njhlu;e;J nrd;w Nridfs;>Kw;Wk; - KOtJk;> Md;wtu; czu;j;jpa - ngupNahu;fshy; njhif $wg;gl;l>%d;W gj;J Mapuj;J ,ul;b mf;FNuhzpfs; - mWgjpdhapuk; mf;FNuhzpfshk;.
gujd; NridNahL tUjiyf; fz;L IAw;W> Ffd; jd;NridNahL fq;ifapd; njd;fiuia miljy; (06 - 11)
6) mg;gil fq;ifia aile;j thapilj;Jg;Gilf; flypdPu; Rke;j Nkfj;ijnahg;Gil az;zNyh Llw;w Ntnfhyhkpg;gil naLj;jnjd; nwLj;j rPw;wj;jhd;.
mg;gil fq;ifia mile;j Mapilj;Jg;G cilf; flypd; ePu; Rke;j Nkfj;ijxg;G cil mz;zNyhL clw;wNtnfhyhk;,g;gil vLj;jJ vd;W vLj;j rPw;wj;jhd;.
mg; gil - me;jr; Nrid> fq;ifia mile;j - fq;ifiar; Nru;e;j> Mapil -mr;rkaj;jpy; (mjidf; fz;L)> Jg;G cil flypd; - typikAila flypdJ> ePu;- ePiu> Rke;j - (gUfp kpFjpahfj; jupj;J) #y; nfhz;l> Nkfj;ij - fhsNkfj;ij>xg;G cil - ctikahfTila (xj;j vd;wgb)> mz;zNyhL - uhkDlNd> clw;wVnfhy;Mk; - Nghu; nra;jw;fhfNtNah> ,g; gil vLj;jJ - ,e;jr; Nrid vOe;jJ>vd;W - vd;W vz;zp> vLj;j rPw;wj;jhd; - kpFjpahff; nfhz;l NfhgKilatdha;.- “Ffd; vdg; ngaupa $w;wpd; Mw;wyhd;”(7) “kUq;F mil njd; fiu te;JNjhd;wpdhd;” (11) vd ,iaAk;.
7) FfndDk; ngaupa $w;wp dhw;wyhd;nwhifKul; Nridiaj; Jfsp Ndhf;Fthdifkpff; fz;fB ehw ehrpapw;Gif Awf; Fdpg;GWk; GUtg; Nghu;tpyhd;.
Ffd; vDk; ngaupa $w;wpd; Mw;wyhd;njhif Kuz; Nridiaj; Jfspd; Nehf;Fthd;.eif kpff; fz;fs; jP ehw ehrpapy;Gif cwf; Fdpg;GWk; GUtg; Nghu;tpyhd;.
Ffd; vDk; ngaupa - Ffndd;w ngaiuAila> $w;wpd; Mw;wyhd; - akd;NghYk; typikiaAila Ntlu;Nfhd;> njhif Kuz; Nridia - njhFjpahfTs;stypikiaAila mr;Nridia> Jfspd; Nehf;Fthd; - (mjdhy; NknyOg;gg;gl;l)GOjpahw; ghu;j;jwpe;jtdha;> eif kpf - rpupg;G mjpfg;glTk;> fz;fs; jP ehw -fz;fspdpd;W jPg;nghwp gwf;fTk;> ehrpapy; Gif cw - %f;fpdpd;Wk; Gif kpf;Ff;fpsk;gTk;> Fdpg;GWk; GUtg; Nghu;tpyhd; - tise;j GUtkhfpa Nghu; nra;Ak;tpy;iyAilatDk;.
45
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
8) ikAw Tapnuyh kpWjp thq;Fthd;
ifAW ftuapy; gpbj;j fhyd;wh
idiaE} whapu KUt khapd
nka;AW jhidahd; tpy;ypd; fy;tpahd;.
ik cwT capu; vyhk; ,Wjp thq;Fthd;if cW ftu; mapy; gpbj;j fhyd;jhd;I IE}whapuk; cUtk; Mapdnka; cW jhidahd;> tpy;ypd; fy;tpahd;.
ikcw - Fw;wKz;lhf> capu; vyhk; ,Wjp thq;Fthd; - capiunay;yhk;
KbTz;lhf;Fk;gb (clypdpd;W) ePq;Ftjw;F> if - ifapNy> cW - nghUe;jpa>
ftu; mapy; gpbj;j - Kj;jiy Ntiyg;gpbj;j> fhyd;jhd; - akNd> I Ie; E}W
Mapuk; cUtk; Mapd - mofpa Ie;J yl;rk; tbitnaLj;jhnyhj;j> nka; cW
jhidahd; - nka; typikiaAila Nridia cilatDk;> tpy;ypd; fy;tpahd;
- tpy;tpj;ijapy; ty;ytDk;.
9) fl;ba Rupifad; fbj;j thapdd;
ntl;ba nkhopapdd; tpopf;Fe;; jPapdd;
nfhl;ba Jbapdd; Fwpf;Fq; nfhk;gpdd;
fpl;ba jknudf; fpsUe; Njhspdhd;.
fl;ba Rupifad;> fbj;j thapdd;>ntl;ba nkhopapdd;> tpopf;Fk;;; jPapdd;nfhl;ba Jbapdd;> Fwpf;Fk; nfhk;gpdd;‘fpl;baJ mku;’ vdf; fpsUk; Njhspdhd;.
fl;ba - (miug;gl;lbifapw;) fl;ba> Rupifad; - cilthisAilatDk;> fbj;j
thapdd; - fbj;j cjl;ilAilatDk;> ntl;ba nkhopapdd; - fbe;J NgRfpd;w
nrhw;fisAilatDk;> tpopf;Fk; jPapdd; - tpopj;Jg; ghu;j;jiyAila fz;fspy;
j Pg ;nghwp nfhz;ltDk;> nfhl ;ba Jbapdd ; - mbj ;j cLf;ifnaDk;
giwiaAilatDk;> Fwpf;Fk; nfhk;gpdd; - xypf;fpd;w CJnfhk;ig cilatDk;>
mku; fpl;baJ vdf; fpsUk; Njhspdhd; - Nghu; rkPgpj;jJ vd;W kfpo;r;rpahw;
g+upj;j Njhs;fis cilatDk;.
10) vypnayh kpg;gil autk; ahndd
nthypAyhQ; Nridia Ate;J $tpdhd;
typAyh Kyfpdpy; thOk; ts;Sfpu;g;
Gypnayh nkhUtopg; GFe;j NghyNt.
‘vyp vyhk; ,g;gil; mutk; ahd;’ vd>xyp cyhk; Nridia cte;J $tpdhd;;typ cyhk; cyfpdpy; thOk; ts; cfpu;g;Gyp vyhk; xU topg; GFe;j NghyNt.
,g;gil vyhk; vyp - ,e;jr; Nrid KOtJk; vypfshk;> ahd; mutk; -(,tw;iwaopg;gjw;F) ahd; ghk;ghNtd;> vd - vd;W tPuthjq; $wp> cyfpdpy; thOk;ts;cfpu; Gyp vyhk; xU topg; GFe;j Nghy - cyfj;jpy; tho;fpd;w typikkpf;f$upa efq;fisAila Gypfnsy;yhk; Xuplj;jpy; jpuz;ldNghy(j; jd;) gf;fj;jpy;xUq;F $Lk;gb> xyp cyhk; Nridia cte;J $tpdhd; - Muthukpf;f jd;Nridia kfpo;e;J $tpaioj;jtDkha;. kUq;fpil njd;fiu te;J Njhd;wpdhd;vd Kbf;f.
46
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
11) kUq;fil njd;fiu te;J Njhd;wpdhndhUq;fil neLk;gil xy;ny dhu;g;gpNdhlUq;fil Afe;jdp yrdp khkiofUq;fly; fpsu;e;njdf; fye;J #oNt.
kUq;F mil njd; fiu te;J Njhd;wpdhd;@xUq;F mil neLk; gil xy; vd; Mu;g;gpNdhLmUq; filAfk; jdpy;> mrdp kh kiofUq;fly; fpsu;e;njdf; fye;J #oNt.
xUq;F mil neLk; gil - xUkpf;ff; $bepd;w ngupa (jd;) Nridfs;> xy;nyd;Mu;g;gpNdhL - xy;nyd xypf;fpd;w Muthuj;JlNd> mU fil Afe;jdpy; - (gpuhzpfs;gpioj;jw;F) mupa fy;ghe;j fhyj;jpy;> mrdp khkio - ,biaAila ngupaNkfq;fSk;> fU fly; - ngupa fly;fSk;> fpsu;e;J vd - kpf;nfOe;jhw;Nghy>fye;J #o - (jk;kpy;) jpuz;L (jd;idr;) Rw;wptu> kUq;F mil njd;fiu te;JNjhd;wpdhd; - mUfpYs;s fq;ifapd; njd;fiuapy; te;J Nru;e;jhd;.
Ffd; jd; gilj;Jiztuhd NtlUf;F ,l;l fl;lis (12> 13)
12) Njhd;wpa GspQiu Nehf;fpr; #o;r;rpap
D}d;wpa Nridia Ak;g Nuw;Wjw;
Nfd;wnd ndd;Dapu;j; Jiztw; fPFth
dhd;wNg uuReP uikjpuh nkd;whd;.
Njhd;wpa GspQiu Nehf;fpr; ‘#o;r;rpapd;Cd;wpa Nridia ck;gu; Vw;Wjw;FVd;wndd; ; vd; capu;j;Jiztw;F <Fthd;Md;w Ngu; muR; ePu; mikjpu; Mk;’ vd;whd;.
(,q;qdk; te;J Njhd;wpa) Njhd;wpa GspQiu Nehf;fpr; - (jd;idr; Rw;wpYk; te;J)Njhd;wpa Ntlu;fisg; ghu;j;J> #o;r;rpapd; Cd;wpa Nridia ck;gu; Vw;Wjw;F- (,uhkid nty;Yk; MNyhridNahL vjpupy; epiyepd;w (guju;) Nridia (f;nfhd;W) tPuRtu;f;f Nkwr; nra;jw;Fk;> Md;w Ngu; muR - rpwe;j ngupa ,uhr;rpaj;ij>vd; capu;j; Jiztw;F <Fthd; vdJ capu; ez;gdhd ,uhkDf;Ff; nfhLj;jw;Fk;>Vd;wndd; - njhlq;fpAs;Nsd;> ePu; mikjpu; - ePq;fSk; rk;kjpg;gPu;fshf> vd;whd; -vd;W $wpdhd;. Mk; - mir
13) Jbnawp newpfSe;; JiwAQ; Rw;Wwnthbnawp ak;gpfs; ahJ Nkhl;lypu;fbnawp fq;ifapd; fiute; Njhu;fisg;gpbnawp glntdhg; ngau;j;Jq; $Wthd;.
“Jb vwp; newpfSk; JiwAk; Rw;Ww
xb vwp; mk;gpfs; ahJk; Xl;lypu;;fb vwp; fq;ifapd; fiu te;Njhu;fisg;
gpb; vwp gl” vdhg; ngau;j;Jk; $Wthd;.
(vd;W $wpa Ffd;) Jb vwp - giwfisab> newpfs; ck; - topfisAk;> Jiwck; - ePupypwq;F JiwfisAk;> Rw;Wcw - vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspYk; (KOtJk; vd;wgb)> Xb - mopj;JtpL> fb vwp - fhtyhf it> fq;ifapd; fiu te;Njhu;fis -fq;ifahw;wpd; fiuapy; tUktu;fis> gpb - gw;W> gl - mopAk;gb> vwp - ntl;L>mk;gpfs; ahJk; Xl;lypu; - NjhzpfSs; xd;iwAk; (mtu;fs; MW flj;jw;F ePupy;tpl;L) Xl;lhjpUq;fs;> vdh - vd;W nrhy;yp> ngau;j;Jck; $Wthd; - kPz;Lk;nrhy;gtdhdhd;. mjid mLj;j 10 nra;As;fspw; fhz;f.
47
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jd;dpdj;jtuhd Ntlu; Kd; $wpatw;iwj; njuptpg;gd (14 - 23)14) mQ;rd tz;zndd; dhUapu; ehaf dhshNk>
tQ;rid ahyu nra;jpa kd;dUk; te;jhNu
nrQ;ru nkd;gd jPAkpo; fpd;wd nry;yhNth
TQ;rptu; Ngha;tpb dha;Ff ndd;nwid NahjhNuh.
mQ;rd tz;zd;> vd; Mu; capu; ehafd;> MshNk>
tQ;ridahy; muR va;jpa kd;dUk; te;jhNu!
nrQ;ruk; vd;gd jP ckpo;fpd;wd> nry;yhNth?cQ;R ,tu; Ngha;tpbd;> “eha; Ffd;” vd;W vid XjhNuh?
vd; Mu; capu; ehafd; - vdJ mUikahd capUf;Fj; jiytdhfpa> mQ;rd
tz;zd; - ik NghYq; fupa jpU epwj;ijAila = uhkd;> MshNk - Ml;rp
nra;ahkypUf;Fk;gb> tQ;ridahy; muR va;jpa - tQ;ridapdhy; ,uhr;rpaj;ij
aile;j> kd;du;ck; - murUk; (gujUk;)> te;jhu;V - (mUfpy;) te;jdud;Nwh? jP
ckpo;fpd;w - neUg;ig ntspr; nrhupAk; jd;ikadthd> nrQ;ruk; vd;gd - (vdJ)
rpte;j mk;ngdg;gLgit> nry;yhX - (,tu; Nkw;) nry;ykhl;lhNt?> ,tu; cQ;R
Ngha;tpbd; - (vdJ mk;Gf;Fj;) jg;gpg; gpioj;Jg; Ngha;tpl;lhy;> eha; Ffd; vd;W
vid Xjhu;X - eha; Nghd;w (vspa jd;ikAila) Ffndd;W vd;id (cyfj;jhu;
,fo;e;J) Ngrkhl;lhu;fNsh?
15) Mo neLe;jpiu ahW fle;jptu; NghthNuh
Nto neLk;gil fz;L tpyq;fpLk; tpy;yhNsh
Njhoik nad;wtu; nrhy;ypa nrhy;nyhU nrhy;yd;Nwh
Ntioik Ntldp we;jpy ndd;nwid NarhNuh.
Mo neLe;jpiu MW fle;J ,tu; NghthNuh?Nto neLk;gil fz;L tpyq;fpLk; tpy;yhNsh?Njhoik vd;W mtu; nrhy;ypa nrhy; xU nrhy; md;Nwh?‘Vioik Ntld; ,we;jpyd;’ vd;W> vid VrhNuh?
,tu; - gujd;> Mok; - Moj;ijAk;> neL - ePl;rpiaAk;> jpiu - miyfisAKila>
MW - ,f;fq;ifahw;iw> fle;J Nghthu;X - (vdJ cjtpapy;yhky;) jhz;bg;
Nghfkhl;LtNuh?> Nto neL gil - ahidfisAila ngupa Nridia> fz;L -
ghu;j;J> tpyq;fpLk; - (mQ;rp) xJq;fpg; Nghfpw> tpy;Ms;X - tpy; tPuNdh (ehd;)>
Njhoik vd;W mtu; nrhy;ypa nrhy; xU nrhy; md;WX - (cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;)
rpNdfk; (,Uf;fl;Lk;) vd;W (vd;id Nehf;fp) mt;tpuhkgpuhd; nrhy;ypa thu;j;ij
(ed;F kjpf;fj;jf;f) xU thu;j;ij ad;Nwh? (me;j el;Gf;F Vw;g ahd; elthtpl;lhy;)>
Vioik Ntld; ,we;jpyd; vd;W vid Vrhu;X - vspikAila ,t;Ntld; (,q;qdk;
khdq;nfl tho;jypDk;) ,we;jpUf;fyhfhjh? vd;W vd;id (cyfj;jhu;) gopf;fkhl;lhNuh?
16) Kd;dt ndd;W epide;jpyd; nkha;Gyp ad;dhNdhu;
gpd;dt dpd;wd ndd;wpy dd;dit NgrhNd
nyd;dpt ndd;id apfo;e;jjpt; nty;iy fle;jd;Nwh
kd;dtu; neQ;rpdpy; Ntlu; tpLQ;ruk; thahNth.
Kd;dtd; vd;W epide;jpyd;@ nkha; Gyp md;dhd;> Xu;gpd;dtd; epd;wdd; vd;wpyd;@ md;dit NgrhNdy;>vd; ,td; vd;id ,fo;e;jJ? ,t; vy;iy fle;J md;Nwh?kd;dtu; neQ;rpdpy;> Ntlu; tpLk; ruk; thahNth?
48
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,td; - ,g;gujd;> Kd;dtd; vd;W epide;jpyd; - (,uhkgpuhidf; Fwpj;Jj; jdJ)jikandd;W vz;zpdhdpy;iy@ nkha;Gyp md;dhd; Xu; gpd;dtd; epd;wdd; vd;wpyd;- (,yf;Fkzidf; Fwpj;J) typiknfhz;l Gypianahj;jtd; xU jk;gp clDs;shndd;Wepidj;jhDkpy;iy@ md;dit Ngrhd;Vy; - mtw;iwf; Fwpj;j vz;zhdhapDk;>vd;id ,fo;e;jJ vd; - (eLtpy; epd;w) vd;idAk; (xU nghUshf kjpahky;),fo;r;rpahf epidj;jJ ahJ fhuzj;jhy;?> ,t; vy;iy fle;J md;Nwh - (,td;ty;yiknay;yhk;) ,e;j (vdJ) vy;iyiaf; fle;jhyd;Nwh (epiy epw;Fk;)?> Ntlu;tpLk; ruk; - Ntlu; va;Ak; mk;Gfs;> kd;dtu; neQ;rpdpy; thahX - muru; khu;gpy;ijj;Jg; nghUjkhl;lhNth?
17) ghtK epd;w ngUk;gop Ak;gif ez;NghLNktK nkd;git kz;Zy fhs;gt nuz;zhNuhthtJ Nghfntd; dhUapu;j; Njhoik je;jhd;Nkw;NghtJ NridA khUap Uq;nfhL Nghad;Nwh?
ghtKk; epd;w ngUk;gopAk; gif ez;NghLk;>VtKk; vd;git kz;ZyF Ms;gtu; vz;zhNuh?M! mJ Nghf! vd; Mu; capu;j; Njhoik je;jhd;Nky;NghtJ> NridAk; Mu; capUk; nfhLNghad;Nwh?
ghtk;ck; - jPtpidAk;> epd;w - epiyngw;w> ngUk;gop ck; - ngupa gopg;Gr;nrhy;Yk;> gif ez;NghLck; Vtk;ck; - (,d;dhu;) giftnud;gJk; (,d;dhu;)ez;gnud;gJk; (,d;dJ) gpwu;f;Fj; Jd;gj;ij tpistpg;gJ vd;gJk;> vd;git -vd;Dk; ,tw;iw> kz; cyF Ms;gtu; vz;zhu; X - epyTyfj;ijahSk; muru;epidf;fkhl;lhNuh?> MtJ Nghf - Mff;fltJ MFf vd> vd; Mu; capu;j;Njhoik je;jhd;Nky; NghtJ - vdf;F mupa capNuhnlhj;j rpNdfj;ijr; nra;jspj;j=uhkd;Nky; (,tu; Nghu; nra;J mopf;fr;) nra;tJ> Nridck; MUapUk; nfhLNgha; md;W X - jk;NridAk; jkJ mUikahd capiuAk; (vd; mk;Gf;Fj; jg;gp)cld; nfhz;L Nghd gpd;G md;Nwh?
18) mUe;jt nkd;Wiz ahs tptd;Gtp ahs;thNdhkUe;njdp dd;Wapu; tz;Gfo; nfhz;Lgpd; khNaNdhnghUe;jpa Nfz;ik Afe;jtu; jk;nkhL NghfhNjapUe;jJ ed;W fopf;Fnt ndd;fl dpd;NwhNl.
mUe;jtk; vd; Jiz Ms> ,td; Gtp Ms;thNdh?kUe;J vdpd; md;W capu;@ tz; Gfo; nfhz;L gpd; khNaNdh?nghUe;jpa Nfz;ik cfe;jtu; jk;nkhL NghfhNj,Ue;jJk; ed;W fopf;Fntd; vd; fld; ,d;NwhNl.
vd; Jiz - vdJ ez;gdhd ,uhkgpuhd;> mUe;jtk; Ms - (tdj;jpw; nrd;W)nraw;fupa jtj;ijr; nra;J nfhz;bUf;f> ,td; - ,e;jg; gujd;> Gtp Ms;thd;X -g+kpia murhs;thNdh!> capu; - (vdJ) capu;> kUe;J vdpd; - (fpilj;jw;fupa)NjthkpUjNkh ntd;why;> md;W tz;Gfo; nfhz;L - (,uhkDf;F cjtpahsdha;g;gujid vjpu;j;J mjdhy; rpwe;j fPu;j;jpiag; ngw;W> gpd; khNad;X - gpd;G,wf;fkhl;NlNdh> nghUe;jpa Nfz;ik cfe;jtu; jk;nkhL NghfhJ ,Ue;jJ Ved;W - (vd;NdhL) nghUe;jpd rpNdfj;ij tpUk;gpaUspa ,uhkgpuhDld; (ehd;)nry;yhky; (,q;F) ,Ue;jJNt ey;yjhapw;W> vd; fld; - vdJ flikia> ,d;NwhLV fopf;Fntd; - ,d;iwf;Nf nra;J jPu;g;Ngd;.
19) Jk;gpA khT kpile;j ngUk;gil #o;thUk;
tk;gpa whuptu; ths;typ fq;if fle;jd;Nwh
ntk;gpa Ntl UsPu;Jiw Nahlk; tpyf;fPNuh
ek;gpKd; Ndapdp ek;Kapu; kha;tJ ed;wd;Nwh?
49
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Jk;gpAk; khTk; kpile;j ngUk;gil #o;thUk;tk;G ,ay; jhu; ,tu; ths; typ fq;if fle;jd;Nwh?ntk;gpa Ntlu; csPu;! Jiw Xlk; tpyf;fPNuh?ek;gp Kd;Nd ,dp ek; capu; kha;tJ ed;W md;Nwh?
Jk;gpck; - ahidfSk;> khck; - FjpiufSk;> kpile;j - neUq;fpa> ngU gil- ngupa Nridapdhy;> #o;TmUk; - #og;gLjy; nghUe;jpa> tk;G ,ay; jhu; ,tu;- thrid nghue;jpa g+khiyiaAila ,g;gujdJ> ths; typ - MAjgyk;> fq;iffle;J md;Nwh - ,f;fq;ifahw;iwj; jhz;ba gpd;G my;yNth? (cjTk;)> ntk;gpaNtlu; csPu; - cf;fpukhd Ntlu;fshf cs;stu;fNs!> Jiw Xlk; tpyf;fPu;X -ePu;j;JiwapNy (,tu;fSf;F) Xlk; tpLjiy xoptPuhf (gujDk; gujd; NridAk;ek;kpDk; typauhapDk;)> ,dp ek;gp Kd; V ek; capu; kha;tJck; ed;W md;WX -
,dpNky; Kd;V ek; capu; (Nghupy;) mope;J NghtJk; ey;yjd;Nwh?
20) Nghd gilj;jiy tPuu; jkf;fpiu Nghjhtpr;
Nrid fplf;fpL Njtu; tupw;rpiy khNkfQ;
Nrhid glf;Flu; #iw glr;Rlu; thNshLe;
jhid glj;jdp ahid glj;jpus; rhNaNdh.
Nghd gilj; jiytPuu; jkf;F ,iu Nghjh ,r;Nrid fplf;fpL; Njtu; tupd;> rpiy kh Nkfk;Nrhid glf; Flu; #iwglr; Rlu; thNshLk;jhid glj; jdp ahid glj; jpus; rhNaNdh?
Nghd - (ek;Kld;) te;j> jiy giltPuu; jkf;F - rpwe;j NridtPuu;fSf;F> ,iuNghjh - xUNtisg; NghUf;fhapDk; gw;whj> , Nrid - ,e;jg; gujd; Nrid>fplf;fpL - ,Uf;fl;Lk;> Njtu; tupd; - Njtu;fNs (jpuz;L vjpu;j;J) te;jhYk;> rpiykh Nkfk; Nrhid gl - (vd;) if tpy;yhfpa fhsNkfk; ,iltplhJ mk;Gkioiag; nghopaTk;> Flu; #iwgl - (vjpu;j;j mtu;fsJ) Fly; miyglTk;> Rlu;thNshLck; - tpsq;Ffpd;w MAjq;fSlNd> jhid gl - (kw;iwr;) Nridfs;mopaTk;> jdp ahid gl - xg;gw;w ahidr;Nrid mopaTk;> jpus; rhNad;X -mf;$l;lj;ij epiyFiyf;fhky; ,Ug;NgNdh?
21) epd;w nfhilf;ifnad; dd;g DLf;f neLQ;rPiu
ad;W nfhLj;jtz; ike;ju; gyj;ijnad; dk;ghNy
nfhd;W Ftpj;j epzq;nfhs; gpzf;Fit nfhz;Nlhbj;
Jd;W jpiuf;fly; fq;if kLj;jpil J}uhNjh.
epd;w nfhilf; if vd; md;gd; cLf;f> neLQ;rPiumd;W nfhLj;jts; ike;ju; gyj;ij> vd; mk;ghNynfhd;W Ftpj;j epzk; nfhs; gpzf; Fit nfhz;L Xbj;Jd;W jpiuf; fly;> fq;if kLj;J ,il J}uhNjh?
md;W - (gl;lhgpN\fk; nra;a Kad;w) me;ehspy;> epd;w - (tpujk; Kjypad Kbj;JKb#l) epd;w> nfhil if vd; md;gd; - <iff;Fzk; epiwe;j ifiaAila vd;md;gpw;Fupa ,uhkd;> cLf;f - (miuapy;) jupf;Fk;gb> neL rPuk; - ngupa kuTupia,nfhLj;jts; - (mtDf;Ff;) nfhLj;jtshfpa ififapapd;> ike;ju; - Gj;jpuuhdgujuJ> gyj;ij - Nridia> vd; mk;ghy; nfhd;W Ftpj;j - vdJ ghzq;fshy;nfhd;W (njhFjpahff;) Ftpj;j> epzk; nfhs; gpzf;Fit - nfhOg;G (ntspg;gLjiy)f;nfhz;l gpzq;fspd; Ftpaiy> fq;if - ,e;jf; fq;fhejp> nfhz;L - ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;L>Xb - tpiue;J nrd;W> Jd;W jpiuf; fly; kLj;J - nrUq;fpa miyfisAilaflypy; (mtw;iwr;) Nru;j;J epiwj;J> ,il J}uhJX - mjdplj;ijj; J}u;j;JtplhNjh?
(J}u;f;Fk; vd;wgb).
50
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
22) ML nfhbg;gil rhb awj;jt Nuahs
NtL nfhLj;jJ ghnuD kpg;Gfo; NktPNuh
ehL nfhLj;jntd; dhaf Df;fptu; ehkhSq;
fhL nfhLf;fpy uhfp naLj;jJ fhzPNuh.
“ML nfhbg; gil rhb> mwj;jtNu MsNtL nfhLj;jJ> ghu; ” vDk; ,g; Gfo; NktPNuh?ehL nfhLj;j vd; ehafDf;F ,tu;> ehk; MSk;fhL nfhLf;fpyu; Mfp> vLj;jJ fhzPNuh?
Ml - mirfpd;w> nfhb - Jtrq;fisAila> gil - (gujd;) Nridia> rhb -Nkhjpaopj;J> mwj;jtu;V Ms - jUknrh&gpahd ,uhkgpuhNd murhSk;gb> NtLghu; nfhLj;jJ - (mg;gpuhDf;F) Ntlu; $l;lk; ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ> vDk; -vd;w> , Gfo; - ,e;jf; fPu;j;jpia> NktPu; X - milakhl;Bu;fNsh? (mila Ntz;Lk;vd;wgb)> ehL - Kiwg;gb (jd;Dilajhd) ,uhr;rpaj;ij> nfhLj;j - (kdkfpo;e;J)nfhLj;Jtpl;l> vd; ehafDf;F - vdJ jiytdhfpa =uhkDf;F> ,tu; - ,g;guju;>ehk; MSk; fhL nfhLf;fpyu; Mfp - ehk; trpf;fpd;w fhl;ilAq; nfhLf;fr;
rk;kjg;glhjtuha;> vLj;jJ - (Nghu;f;Fg;) gilnaLj;J te;jij> fhzPu; X - ghu;j;jPu;fsh?
23) khKdp tu;f;Fw thfp tdj;jpil NathOq;
NfhKdp aj;jF nkd;W kdj;jpiw nfhs;shNj
NaKid Aw;wpb NyO flw;gil nad;whY
khKid apw;rpW $nod tpg;nghO jhfhNjh.
kh Kdptu;f;F cwT Mfp> tdj;jpilNa thOk;Nfh Kdpaj; jFk; vd;W> kdj;J ,iw nfhs;shNj>V Kid cw;wpby;> VO fly; gil vd;whYk;>M Kidapd; rpW $o; vd ,g;nghOJ MfhNjh?
kh Kdptu;f;F - rpwe;j Kdptu;fSf;F> cwT Mfp - Rw;wj;jtdhfp> tdj;jpil VthOk; - fhl;bNyNa trpf;fpd;w> Nfh - (vd;) jiytdhd ,uhkd;> Kdpaj; jFk; -(jd; jk;gpahd gujid) ehd; vjpu;j;jhy; vd;idf; Nfhgpf;ff;$Lk;> vd;W kdj;J,iw nfhs;shJ - vd;W kdj;jpy; rpwpJk; vz;zhky;> Kid cw;W - Nghu;nra;jiyaile;J> V,by; - ehd; mk;Gfis va;jhy;> VO fly; gil vd;why;ck; -(vjpu;j;J epw;gJ) VOfly; Nghd;w ngUQ;NridNaahdhYk; (mJ)> ,g;nghOJ -,e;jf;fzk;> M Kidapd; rpW $o; vd - gR (Nka) Kide;jhy; mjd;Kd; rpwpa
,sk;gapu; (mopjy;) Nghy> MfhJX - moptilahNjh?
Rke;jpud; gujdplk; Ffd; nrhy;yy; (24 - 26)
24) vd;gd nrhy;yp apUk;gd Nkdpa NuNdhu;Kd;
td;giz tpy;ypdd; ky;Yau; Njhspdd; ths;tPuw;
fd;gD epd;wd dpd;wJ fz;lup Nawd;d
Kd;gdpy; te;J nkhope;jdd; %upa Nju;ty;yhd;.
vd;gd nrhy;yp> ,Uk;G md Nkdpau; VNdhu; Kd;td; giz tpy;ypdd;> ky; cau; Njhspdd;> ths; tPuw;Fmd;gDk;> epd;wdd;@ epd;wJ fz;L> mupNaW md;dKd;gdpy; te;J> nkhope;jdd; %upa Nju;ty;yhd;.
td; giz tpy;ypdd; - typa ngupa tpy;iyAilatDk;> ky; cau; Njhspdd; -
kw;Nghupw; rpwe;j Njhs;fisAilatDk;> ths; tPuw;F md;gd;ck; - thl;Nghupw;
rpwe;j tPudhd ,uhkDf;F md;G g+z;ltDkhfpa FfDk;> ,Uk;G md Nkdpau;
51
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
VNdhu; Kd; - ,Uk;ignahj;j (kpf typa) clk;igAilatuhd kw;iw Ntlu;fspd;
Kd;dpiyapy;> vd;gd nrhy;yp - vd;w ,t;thu;j;ijfisr; nrhy;yp> epd;wdd; -
(fq;ifapd; njd;fiuapy;) epd;whd;> epd;wJ fz;L - (mtd;) epd;wjidg; ghu;j;J>
%upa Nju;ty;yhd; - typikAila Njiur; nrYj;Jtjpy; ty;ytdhd Rke;jpud;>
mupNaW md;d Kd;gdpy; te;J - Mz; rpq;fj;ijnahj;j typikAila gujdplj;jpy;
te;J> nkhope;jdd; - rpy nrhy;gtdhdhd;. - mjid Nky; ,uz;L ftpijfspw;
fhz;f.
Ffidg; gw;wpg; gujDf;Fr; Rke;jpud; tpsf;Fjy;
25) fq;ifapU fiuAilahd; fzf;fpwe;j ehthah
Dq;fs;Fyj; jdpehjw; Fapu;j;Jizt Dau;Njhshd;
ntq;fupap Ndwiidahd; tpw;gpbj;j Ntiyapdhd;
nfhq;fyU eWe;jz;lhu;f; Ffndd;Dq; FwpAilahd;.
“fq;if ,U fiu cilahd;> fzf;F ,we;j ehthahd;,cq;fs; Fyj; jdp ehjw;F capu;j; Jiztd;> cau; Njhshd;;ntk; fupapd; VW midahd;, tpy; gpbj;j Ntiyapdhd;nfhq;F myUk; eWk; jz; jhu;f; Ffd; vd;Dk; Fwp cilahd;”
fq;if ,U fiu cilahd; - fq;fhejpapd; ,uz;L fiufisAk; (jdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf)
cilatDk;> fzf;F ,we;j ehthahd; - mstpy;yhj glFfisAilatDk;> cq;fs;
Fyj;jdp ehjw;F capu;j; Jiztd; - cq;fs; Fyj;jpy; jpUttjupj;j xg;gw;w
jiytdhd ,uhkgpuhDf;Fg; gpuhz rpNdfpjDk;> cau; Njhshd; - cau;e;j
Njs;fisAilatDk;> ntk; fupapd; VW midahd; - (kjj;jhy;) ntt;tpa Mz;
ahidia xj;jtDk;> tpy; gpbj;j Ntiyapdhd; - tpy;iyj; jupj;j (Nrdh)
rKj;jpuj;ijAilatDk;> nfhq;F myUk; - Njd; nrhupfpd;w> eW - gupksk; tPRfpd;w>
jz; - Fspu;e;j> jhu; - khiyiaAila> Ffd; vd;Dk; Fwp cilahd; - Ffd;
vd;Dk; ngaiuAilatDkhfpa Ntld;> - epw;fhZKs;sj;jhd; ............epd;wdd; vd
mLj;j ftpAld; KbG fhz;f.
26) fw;fhZe;; jpz;ikahd; fiufhzhf; fhjyh
dw;fhzpw;; fz;lida tofike;j Nkdpahd;
kw;fhZe;; jpUneLe;Njhz; kiofhZ kzpepwj;jha;
epw;fhZ Ks;sj;jh ndwpnajpu;epd; wdndd;whd;.
“fy; fhZk; jpz;ikahd;> fiu fhzhf; fhjyhd;,my; fhzpy; fz;lida moF mike;j Nkdpahd;,ky; fhZk; jpU neLe;Njhs; kio fhZk; kzp epwj;jha;!epd; fhZk; cs;sj;jhd;> newp vjpu; epd;wdd;” vd;whd;.
ky; fhZk; - typikia vy;iy fz;l (kpf typa)> jpU neL Njhs;; - mofpa
ngupa Gaq;fisAk;> kio fhZk; - ePyNkfj;ijf; fz;lhnyhj;j> kzp epwj;jha;
- mofpa epwj;ijAKilatNd! fy; fhZk; jpz;ikahd; - kiyiaf; fz;lhnyhj;j
typikiaAilatDk;> fiu fhzhf; fhjyhd; - (,uhkd; gf;fy;) vy;iy fhzhj
md;GilatDk;> fhzpy; - (tbtj;ij) Nehf;Fkplj;J> my; fz;L mida - ,uitf;
fz;lhw; Nghd;w (kpff; fupa)> moF mike;j Nkdpahd; - moF nghUe;jpa
clk;igAilatDkhfpa mtd;> newp vjpu; epd;wdd; - topnajpNu te;J epd;Ws;shd;>
epd; fhZk; cs;sj;jhd; - cd;idg; ghu;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; kdf;fUj;Jilahd;
(NghYk;)> vd;whd; - vd;W nrhd;dhd; (Rke;jpud;).
52
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Ffidf; fhz tlfiuf;F gujd; tpiujy;27) jd;Kd;Nd atd;wd;ik jd;Wiztd; Ke;Jiuj;j
nrhd;Kd;Nd Atf;fpd;w Juprpyhj; jpUkdj;jhd;
kd;Kd;Nd joP,f;nfhz;l kdf;fpdpa JiztNd
nyd;Kd;Nd atw;fhz;ngd; ahNdnrd; nwdntOe;jhd;.
jd; Kd;Nd> mtd; jd;ik jd; Jiztd; Ke;J ciuj;jnrhy; Kd;Nd ctf;fpd;w JupR ,yhj; jpU kdj;jhd;>‘kd; Kd;Nd joP,f; nfhz;l kdf;F ,dpa JiztNdy;>vd; Kd;Nd@ mtw; fhz;ngd; ahNd nrd;W’ vd vOe;jhd;.
jd; Kd;Nd - vjpupy;> mtd; jd;ik - me;jf; FfdJ jd;ikia> je;ij Jiz -
(jd;) je;ij ez;gdhd Rke;jpud;> Ke;Jciuj;j - Kd;G nrhd;d> nrhy;Kd;Nd -
nrhy;iyf; Nfl;lypYk; tpiuthf (nrhy;iyf; Nfl;lTlNd vd;wgb)> ctf;fpd;w -
kfpo;fpd;w> JupR ,yh jpUkdj;jhd; - fsq;fkpy;yhj rpwe;j kdj;ijAila gujd;>
kd; - (ekJ jiytdhd) ,uhkd;> Kd;Nd joP,f; nfhz;l - Kd;dNk rpNdfpjdhdhy;>
vd; kd;Nd - vd;id (mf;Ffd; te;J) fhz;gjw;F Kd;dNk> ahd; V nrd;W mtd;
fhz;ngd; - ehNd Ngha; mtidg; ghu;g;Ngd;> vd; - vd;W nrhy;yp> vOe;jhd; -
Gwg;gl;lhd;.
gujd; epiy fz;l Ffd; jpLf;fpLjy;28) vd;nwOe;J jk;gpnahL nkOfpd;w fhjnyhLq;
Fd;nwOe;J nrd;wnjdf; Fspu;fq;iff; fiuFWfp
epd;wtid Nehf;fpdhd; wpUNkdp epiyAzu;e;jhd;
Wd;WfU eWq;FQ;rp naapdu;Nfhd;; Wz;nzd;whd;.
vd;W vOe;J jk;gpnahLk; vOfpd;w fhjnyhLk;Fd;W vOe;J nrd;wJ vdf; Fspu; fq;iff;fiu FWfpepd;wtid Nehf;fpdhd;> jpUNkdp epiy czu;e;jhd;>Jd;W fU eWq;FQ;rp vapdu;Nfhd;; Jz;nzd;whd;.
vd;W vOe;J jk;gpnahLck; - rj;JUf;fdNdhLk;> vOfpd;w fhjnyhLck; -
Nkd;NkYz;lhfpd;w md;gpNdhLk;> Fd;W - kiyahdJ> vOe;J nrd;wJ vd -
vOe;J ele;jhw;Nghy> Fspu; fq;iff; fiu FWfp - Fspu;r;rp nghUe;jpa fq;fh
jPuj;ijaile;J> epd;wtid - te;J epd;w gujid> Jd;W - nrUq;fpa> fU -
fUikahfpa> eW FQ;rp - eWkzKs;s jiykapiuAila> vapdu;Nfhd; -
Ffg;ngUkhd;> Nehf;fpdhd; - ghu;j;J> jpUNkdp epiy czu;e;jhd; - (mtdJ)
clk;gpdpiyiaAk; Nehf;fp> Jz;nzd;whd; - jpLf;fpl;lhd;.
29) tw;fiyap Dilahid khrile;j nka;ahid
ew;fiyapd;; kjpnad;d eifapoe;j Kfj;jhidf;
fw;fdpaf; fdpfpd;w Jauhidf; fz;Zw;whd;;
tpw;ifapdpd; wpiltPo tpk;Kw;W epd;nwhope;jhd;.
tw;fiyapd; cilahid khR mile;j nka;ahidey; fiy ,y; kjp vd;d eif ,oe;j Kfj;jhidfy; fdpaf; fdpfpd;w Jauhidf; fz;Zw;whd;;>tpy; ifapdpd;W ,iltPo> tpk;Kw;W epd;nwhope;jhd;.
tw;fiyapd; cilahid - kuTupia Milahf cLj;jtDk;> khR mile;j
nka;ahid - GOjpgbe;j clk;igAilatDk;> ew; fiy ,y; kjp vd;d eif
,oe;j Kfj;jhid - mofpa fiyfspy;yhj re;jpud;Nghy xspapoe;j Kfj;ij
53
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
cilatDk;> fy; fdpaf; fdpfpd;w Jauhid - (fhz;fpd;w) fy;Yk; Fioe;JUFk;gb
kpFe;j Jd;gj;ijAilatDkhfpa gujid> fz;Zw;whd;; - ghu;j;J (Ffd;)> ifapdpd;W
tpy; ,iltPo - (jd;) ifapdpd;W tpy; (eOtpf;) fPNo tpOk;gb> tpk;Kw;W epd;W
xope;jhd; - fyq;fpr; nrayw;W epd;wpl;lhd;.
FfdJ kdj;njspTk; ,uhkd; kPJ nfhz;l gw;Wk;
30) ek;gpAnkd; dhafid nahf;fpd;wh dadpd;whd;
wk;gpiaA nkhf;fpd;whd; wtNtle; jiyepd;whd;
Wd;gnkhU Kbtpy;iy jpirNehf;fpj; njhOfpd;wh
ndk;ngUkhd; gpd;gpwe;jh upiog;gNuh gpiog;ngd;whd;.
“ek;gpAk; vd; ehafid xf;fpd;whd;@ may; epd;whd;jk;gpiaAk; xf;fpd;whd;@ jtNtlk; jiyepd;whd;@Jd;gk; xU KbT ,y;iy@ jpirNehf;fpj; njhOfpd;whd;@
vk;ngUkhd; gpd;gpwe;jhu; ,iog;gNuh gpiog;G?” vd;whd;.
ek;gp ck; - Mltupw; rpwe;j ,g;gujDk;> vd; ehafid xf;fpd;whd; - vdJjiytdhfpa ,uhkgpuhid xj;jpUf;fpd;whd;> may; epd;whd;ck; - mUfpy; epd;wtDk;(rj;JUf;fdDk;)> jk;gpiaAk; xf;fpd;whd; - (,uhkd;) jk;gpahd ,yf;Fkzidxj;jpUf;fpd;whd@ jtk; Ntlk; jiyepd;whd; - (,e;jg;gujd;) jtj;Jf;Fupa Ntlj;ijNkw;nfhz;Ls;shd;> Jd;gk; xU KbT ,y;iy - (,td; gLfpw) Jd;gj;Jf;NfhXnuy;iyapy;iy> jpir Nehf;fpj; njhOfpd;whd; - (,uhkd; nrd;w njd;) jpiriaNehf;fp tzq;Ffpd;whd;> vk;ngUkhd; gpd; gpwe;jhu; gpiog;G ,iog;gu; X -
,uhkd; jk;gpau; gpio nra;thNuh? (nra;ahu;)> vd;whd; - vd;W fUjpdhd; (Ffd;).
FfDk; jdpNa tlfiu miljy;
31) cz;bLf;f nzhd;Wilah Diyahj td;Gilahd;
nfhz;ljt NtlNk nfhz;bUe;jhd; Fwpg;ngy;yhq;
fz;Lzu;e;J ngau;fpd;Nwd; fhkpd;f nzwpnad;dhj;
jz;LiwNahu; ehthap nyhUjdpNa jhd;te;jhd;.
“cz;L ,Lf;fz; xd;W@ cilahd;> ciyahj md;Gilahd;nfhz;l jtNtlNk nfhz;bUe;jhd;@ Fwpg;ngy;yhk;fz;L czu;e;J ngau;fpd;Nwd;@ fhkpd;fs; newp” vd;dhj;
jz; Jiw Xu; ehthapy; xUjdpNa jhd; te;jhd;.
cz;L ,Lf;fz; xd;W cilahd; - csjhfpa xU Jd;gj;ijAilatDk;> ciyahjmd;G cilahd; - (,uhkgpuhdplj;J) ePq;fhj md;GilatDk;> nfhz;l jt Ntlk;Vnfhz;bUe;jhd; - (mt;tpuhkgpuhd; jupj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s jtNt\j;ijNa (jhDq;)nfhz;Ls;stDkhfpa ,g;gujdJ> Fwpg;G vy;yhk; - kdf;fUj;J KOtijAk;> fz;Lczu;e;J ngau;fpd;Nwd; - (mUfpw; nrd;W mtidg;) ghu;j;J mwpe;J kPz;L tUfpd;Nwd;>newp fhkpd;fs; - (ePq;fs; mJ tiuapy;) topiag; ghJfhj;jpUq;fs;> vd;dh - vd;W(jd; Nrid tPuiu Nehf;fpr;) nrhy;yp> jz;Jiw - Fspu;ej fq;ifj; Jiwapy;> Xu;ehthapy; xU jdpNa jhd; te;jhd; - xU Njhzpapy; (Vwpf;nfhz;L) NtW
Jizapy;yhky; jd;de; jdpadha;f; Ffd; (gujdplk;) te;jhd;.
gujDk; FfDk; xUtiu xUtu; tzq;fpj; jOTjy;
32) te;njjpNu njhOjhid tzq;fpdhd; kyupUe;j
te;jzDe; jidtzq;F ktDkt dbtPo;e;jhd; we;ijapDq; fsp$uj; jOtpdhd; jfTilNahu;
rpe;ijapDQ; nrd;dpapDk; tPw;wpUf;FQ; rPu;j;jpahd;.
54
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
te;J> vjpNu njhOjhid tzq;fpdhd;@ kyu; ,Ue;j
me;jzDk; jid tzq;FktDk;> mtdb tPo;e;jhd;@je;ijapDk; fsp $uj; jOtpdhd;> jfTilNahu;rpe;ijapDk; nrd;dpapDk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; rPu;j;jpahd;.
(jdpadha; Xlj;jpd; %ykhff; fq;ifapd; tlfiu Nru;e;j Ffd;) vjpu; te;J - vjpu;epd;W> njhOjhid - (,uhkidj; jpirNehf;fpj;) njhOjtz;zkhf ,Uf;fpd;wgujid> tzq;fpdhd; - ek];fupj;jhd; (mt;tstpy;)> jfT cilNahu; rpe;ijapDk;nrd;dpapDk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; rPu;j;jpahd; - ngUikf; Fzj;ijAilatu;fsJ kdj;jpYk;>jiyapd; NkYQ; rpwg;ghfj; jq;Ffpd;w ngUk; GfioAilatdhfpa> kyu; ,Ue;jme;jzd;ck; jiytzq;Fktd;ck; - (jpUkhypd; ehgpj;) jhkiu kyupNytPw;wpUf;fpd;w mofpa mUisAila gpukDe; jd;id tzq;fj;jf;f gujDk;> mtd;mb tPo;e;jhd; - mtdJ (jdJ) ghjq;fspy; tpOe;J ek];fupj;j Ffid> je;ijapDk;fsp$uj; jOtpdhd; - (ike;jidf; fz;lnghOJ) je;ijf;F cs;s fspg;gpYk; jd;
fspg;G kpf mizj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.
Ffdpd; tpdhTk; gujdpd; tpilAk;33) jOtpd GspQu; Nte;jd; whkiur; nrq;f zhid
naOtpD Kau;e;j Njhsh naa;jpa njd;id nad;d
KOJy fspj;j je;ij Ke;ijNahu; Kiwap dpd;Wk;
tOtpd djid ePf;f kd;didf; nfhzu;th ndd;whd;.
jOtpd GspQu; Nte;jd; jhkiur; nrq;fzhid‘vOtpDk; cau;e;j Njhsha;! va;jpaJ vd;id?’ vd;d>‘KOJ cyF mspj;j je;ij Ke;ijNahu; Kiwapy; epd;Wk;tOtpdd;> mjid ePf;f kd;didf; nfhzu;thd;’ vd;whd;.
jOtpd - (mq;qdk; gujdhy;) jOtg;gl;l> GspQu; Nte;jd; - Ntlu;f;furdhd Ffd;>jhkiur; nrk; fzhid - nre;jhkiukyu;NghYk; jpUf;fz;fisAila gujid(Nehf;fp)> vOtpDk; cau;e ;j Njhsha; - (jpuz;l) fy;J}zpYQ; rpwe;jNjhs;fisAilatNd! va;jpaJ vd;id - (,q;F eP) te;jJ ahJ fhuzj;jhy;?vd;d - vd;W Nfl;f> (mjw;Fg; gujd;) KOJ cyF mspj;j je;ij - cyfKOtijAk; murhz;l (vq;fs;) je;ijahfpa jrujr; rf;futu;j;jp> Ke;ijNahu;Kiwapdpd;Wk; tOtpdd; - Kd;Gs;s muruJ ePjpapdpd;Wk; jtwptpl;lhd;> mjidePf;f - mt;tePjpia ePf;Fk; nghUl;L> kd;didf; nfhzu;thd; - ,uhkgpuhidmioj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghtjw;F (te;Njd;)> vd;whd; - vd;W nrhd;dhd;.
Ffd; gujid tzq;fpg; ghuhl;Ljy;34) Nfl;ldd; fpuhju; Nte;jd;; fpsu;e;njO Kapudhfp
kPl;Lkz; zjdpy; tPo;e;jhd;; tpk;kpd Dtif tPq;fj;
jPl;lU Nkdp ike;jd; Nrtbf; fkyg; g+tpw;
g+l;ba ifad; ngha;ap Ys;sj;jd; Gfy Yw;whd;.
Nfl;ldd; fpuhju; Nte;jd;;@ fpsu;e;J vOk; capud; Mfp>kPl;Lk; kz;zjdpy; tPo;e;jhd;@ tpk;kpdd;> ctif tPq;fj;jPl;lU Nkdp ike;jd; Nrtbf; fkyg; g+tpy;g+l;ba ifad; ngha; ,y; cs;sj;jd; GfyYw;whd;.
ngha; ,y; cs;sj;jd; - ngha;ikapy;yhj fUj;ijAilatdhfpa> fpuhju; Nte;jd;- Ntlu; jiytdhfpa Ffd;> Nfl;ldd; - (mt;thu;j;ijiaf;) Nfl;L> fpsu;e;J vOk;capud; Mfp - kpFjpahfj; Njhd;Wfpd;w ngU%r;irAilatdha;> ctif tPq;f -
fspg;G kpf> tpk;kpdd; - clk;G g+upj;J> kPl;Lck; kz; mjdpy; tPo;e;jhd;; - kWgbAk;
55
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jiuapy; tPo;e;J> jPl;L mU Nkdp ike;jd; Nr mbf; fkyg; g+tpy; g+l;ba ifad;
- rpj;jpuj;jp nyOJjw;Fk; mUikahd (kpf mofpa) jpUNkdpiaAila gujdJ
rpte;j jpUtbj; jhkiu kyu;fspw; Nru;j;jpd iffisAilatdha; (gujidr;
rh\;lhq;fkhfj; jz;ldpl;L)> GfyYw;whd; - (rpy) $wj; njhlq;fpdhd;. mtw;iw
Nkypuz;L ftpfspw; fhz;f.
gujd; gw;wpa Ffdpd; tpag;G35) jhAiu nfhz;L jhij Ajtpa juzp jd;idj;
jPtpid nad;d ePj;Jr; rpe;jid Kfj;jpw; Nwf;fpg;
Nghapid nad;w Ngho;J> GfopNdha; jd;ik fz;lh
yhapu kpuhku; epd;Nf ohtNuh njupap dk;kh.
jha; ciu nfhz;L> jhij cjtpa juzp jd;idj;jPtpid vd;d ePj;Jr; rpe;jid Kfj;jpy; Njf;fpg;Nghapid vd;w Ngho;J> GfopNdha;! jd;ik fz;lhy;Mapuk; ,uhku; epd;Nfo; MtNuh? njupapd; mk;kh.
GfopNdha; - fPu;j;jpAilatNd! jha; ciunfhz;L - cdJ jhahfpa ifNfapapd;
thu;j;ijiaf; Nfl;L> jhij cjtpa - (cdJ) je;ijahfpa jrujd; (cdf;Ff;)
nfhLj;j> juzpjd;id - ,uhr;rpaj;ij> jPtpid vd;d ePj;J - nfhLe; njhopiy
tLtJNghy tpl;L> rpe;jid Kfj;jpy; Njf;fp - ftiyia Kfj;jpy; epiwj;J>
Nghapid - (,q;F) te;jha;> vd;w Ngho;J - vd;w nghOjpy; (vd;w fhuzj;jhy;
vd;wgb)> jd;ik fz;lhy; - (cdJ) jd;ikiag; ghu;j ;jhy;> njupapd; -
MNyhrpf;Fkplj;J> Mapuk; ,uhku; epd; Nfo; MtNuh - Mapuk; = uhku; csuhdhYk;
cd;ndhUj;jDf;F xg;ghtNuh? mk;kh - tpag;gpilr; nrhy;.
36) vd;Gfo; fpd;w Njio naapdNd dputp nad;ghd;
wd;Gfo;f; fw;iw kw;iw nahspfisj; jtpu;f;F khNghd;
kd;Gfo; ngUik Eq;fz; kugpNdhu; Gfo;f nsy;yh
Kd;Gf ohf;fpf; nfhz;lh Aau;Fzj; JuTj; Njhsha;.
vd; Gfo;fpd;wJ Vio vapdNdd;? ,utpnad;ghd;jd; Gfo;f; fw;iw kw;iw xspfisj; jtpu;f;FkhNghy;>kd; Gfo; ngUik Eq;fs; kugpNdhu; Gfo;fnsy;yhk;cd; Gfo; Mf;fpf;nfhz;lha; cau;Fzj;J cuTj;Njhsha;!
cau; Fzj;J cuTj; Njhsha; - cj;jkkhd Fzq;fisAk; typikAila
Njhs;fisAKilatNd! Vio vapdNdd; - mwptpy;yhj Ntldhfpa ahd;> Gfo;fpd;wJ
vd; - (cd;idg;) Gfo;tJ vt;thW? ,utp vd;ghd; - #upandd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf;
$wg;gLgtd;> jd; Gfo;f;fw;iw - jdJ fpufz r%fj;jhy;> kw;iw xspfisj;
jtpu;f;Fk;MNghy; - kw;iw (r; re;jpud; KjypNahuJ) xspfis mlf;Fk; tpjk;Nghy>
kd; Gfo; ngUik Eq;fs; kugpNdhu; Gfo;fs; vy;yhk; - muru;fs; nfhz;lhLk;
kfpikiaAila cq;fs; Fyj;jhuJ fPu;j;jpfisnay;yhk;> cd; Gfo; Mf;fpf;nfhz;lha;
- cdJ fPu;j;jpf;Fs; mlq;FkhW nra;Jnfhz;lha;.
gujdplk; Ffd; nfhz;l Ngud;G37) vdtpit ad;d khw;w kpiatd gyTq; $wpg;
Gidfow; GyT Ntw;ifg; GspQu;Nfhd; nghUtpy; fhj
yidatw; fiktpw;; nra;jh dhutw fd;gp yhjhu;
epidtUq; Fzq;nfh ld;Nwh tpuhkd;Nk dpkpu;e;j fhjy;.
56
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vd ,it md;d khw;wk; ,iatd gyTk; $wpg;Gid foy; GyT Nty; ifg; GspQu;Nfhd; nghU ,y; fhjy;midatw;F miktpy;; nra;jhd;; Mu; mtw;F md;G ,yhjhu;?
epidT mUk; Fzk; nfhL md;Nwh ,uhkd;Nky; epkpu;e;j fhjy;.
Gid foy; - mzpe;j tPuf;foiyAk;> GyTNty; if - Gyhy; ehw;wk; ehWfpd;w
NtyhAjj;ijj; jupj;j ifiaAKila> GspQu;Nfhd; - Ntlu; jiytdhd Ffd;>
vd ,it md;d - vd;w ,t;thu;j;ijfs; Nghd;w> ,iatd khw;wk; gyck; -
nghUj;jKs;s thu;j;ijfs; gytw;iwAk;> $wp - nrhy;yp> midatw;F - mg;gujdplj;jpy;>
nghUT ,y; fhjy; - xg;gpy;yhj md;gpid> miktpy;; nra;jhd; - jFjpahfr;
nra;jhd;> mtw;F md;G ,yhjhu; Mu; - mg;gujdplj;jpy; md;G itf;fhjtu; ahu;
csu;? (vtUkpy;iy nad;wgb) epidT mUq; Fzk;nfhL md;Nwh - kdj;jpdhw;
rpe;jpj;jw;Fk; Kbahj ew;Fzq;fs; fhuzkhftd;Nwh> ,uhkd;Nky; fhjy; epkpu;e;j(J)
- ,uhkgpuhdplj;J (Kd;G mf;FfDf;F) md;Gkpf;fJ.
,uhkd; jq;fpa ,lk; gw;wp gujd; Ffdplk; tpdhTjy;38) mt;top atid Nehf;fp aUlU thup ad;d
nrt;top As;sj; jz;z nwd;wpirr; nrq;if $g;gp
nat;top Aiwe;jh dk;K ndd;wY nkapdu; Nte;j
dpt;top tPu ahNd fhl;Lt nyOf ntd;whd;.
mt;top mtid Nehf;fp> mUs;jU thup md;dnrt;top cs;sj;J mz;zy; njd;jpirr; nrq;if $g;gp>‘vt;top ciwe;jhd; ek; Kd;?’ vd;wYk;> vapdu; Nte;jd;>‘,t;top> tPu! ahNd fhl;Lty;; vOf!’ vd;whd;.
mUs;jU thup md;d - fUiziaj; jUfpd;w fly; Nghd;w> nrt; top cs;sj;J
mz;zy; - ey;topapw; nry;Yk; kdj;ijAila gujd;> m top - mg;nghOJ (mt;tplj;J)>
mtid Nehf;fp - mf;Ffidg; ghu;j;J> njd; jpirr; nrk; if $g;gp - njw;Fj;
jpf;if Nehf;fp(j; jd;) rpte;j iffisf; $g;gp (mQ;ryp nra;J)> ek;Kd; - ekJ
jikadhd = uhkd;> v top ciwe;jhd; - vt;tplj;jpy; (,q;F Kd;G) jq;fpapUe;jhd;?
vd;wYk; - vd;W tpdhtpaTld;> vapdu; Nte;jd; - Ntlu; jiytdhd Ffd;> tPu -
tPuNd! ahd; V fhl;Lty; - ehNd (mt;tplj;ijf;) fhz;gpg;Ngd;> vOf - (vd;Dld;)
Gwg;gl;L tUthahf> , top - (mtd; jq;fpdJ) ,e;j ,lkhFk;> vd;whd; - vd;W
nrhy;ypr; Rl;bf; fhl;bdhd;.
,uhkd; jq;fpa ,lj;ijf; fz;l gujdpd; epiy39) fhnudf; fbJ nrd;whd; fy;ypilg; gLj;j Gy;ypd;
thu;rpiyj; jlf;if ts;sy; itfpa gs;sp fz;lhd;
ghu;kpirg; gijj;J tPo;e;jhd; gUtuw; guit Gf;fhd;
thu;kzpg; Gdyhd; kz;iz kz;ZeP uhl;Lq; fz;zhd;.
fhu; vdf; fbJ nrd;whd;; fy;ypilg; gLj;j Gy;ypd;>thu; rpiyj; jlf;if ts;sy; itfpa gs;sp fz;lhd;;ghu; kpirg; gijj;J tPo;e;jhd;; gUtuy; guit Gf;fhd;thu; kzpg; Gdyhy; kz;iz kz;ZePu; Ml;Lk; fz;zhd;.
(vd;wTlNd gujd;)> fhu; vd fbJ nrd;whd; - Nkfk; Nghy tpiuthf (f; FfDld;)
nrd;W (mtdhw; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;l)> thu; rpiyj; jlf;if ts;sy; itfpa - ePz;l
tpy;iyNae;jpa ngupa ifiaAila tiuahjUSe; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;l = uhkgpuhd;
57
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(Kd;G) jq;fpa> fy;ypilg; gLj;j Gy;ypd; gs;sp - fy;ypdpilNa gug;gpa Gy;ypdhyhfpa
gLf;ifia> fz;lhd; - ghu;j;J (tUj;jk; nghWf;fkhl;lhky;)> gijj;J ghu; kpir
tPo;e;jhd; - Jbj;Jj; jiuapNy tpOe;J> thu; kzpg; Gdyhy; kz;iz kz;Zk;
ePu; Ml;Lk; fz;zhd; - ngUFfpw Kj;Jg; Nghd;w fz;zPupdhy; jiuiar; Rj;j
[y];ehdQ; nra;tpf;fpd;w fz;fisAilatdha;> gUtuw; guit Gf;fhd; - Nrhff;
flypy; %o;fpdhd;.
40) ,ad;wnjd; nghUl;b dhypt; tplUdf; nfd;w Ngho;J
kapd;wid fpoq;Fq;; fhA kKnjd tupa Gy;ypw;
Wapd;wid nadT khtp Jwe;jpnyd; RlUq;; fhR
Fapd;Wau; kFlQ; #LQ;; nry;tKq; nfhs;ntd; ahNd!
,ad;wJ vd;nghUl;bdhy; ,t; ,lu; cdf;F vd;w Ngho;Jk;>mapd;wid fpoq;Fk; fhAk; mKJ vd, mupa Gy;ypy;Japd;wid vdTk;> Mtp Jwe;jpnyd;; RlUk; fhRFapd;W cau; kFlk; #Lk; nry;tKk; nfhs;ntd; ahNd.
vd; nghUl;bdhy; - (ifNfapapd; kfdhd) vdJ epkpj;jkhf> cdf;F ,t; ,lu; -
cdf;F ,j;jd;ikahd Jd;gk; (tdthrk;)> ,ad;wJ - Neu;e;jJ> vd;w Ngho;Jck;
- vd;W (Kd; ifNfapapdhy;) mwpfpd;w mg;nghOJk;> fpoq;Fck; fha;ck; -
fpoq;FfisAk; fha;fisAk;> mkpu;J vd mapd;wid - mkpu;jk; Nghyf; fUjpg;
Grpj;jha;> typa Gy;ypy; - cWj;Je; jd;ikAs;s Gy;ypNy> Japd;wid - epj;jpiu
nra;jha;> vd ck; - vd;W mwpe;j ,g;nghOJk;> Mtp Jwe;jpnyd; - capu;
ePq;fpNddpy;iy (Mjyhy;)> RlUk; fhR Fapd;W - xspu;fpd;w ,uj;jpdq;fs; gjpj;J>
cau; - tpiyAau;e;j> kFlk; - fpuPlj;ij> #Lk; - jupj;jyhfpa> nry;tk; ck; -
rpwg;igAk;> nfhs;ntd; - (Vw;Wf;nfhs;s) mikNtd; NghYk;> (vd;W $wp)> - gpd;dUQ;
nrhy;Ythd; vd mLj;j ftpNahL njhlUk;.
,yf;Ftdpd; nray;fs; gw;wp Ffdplk; gujd; tpdhTjy;41) J}z;lu epte;j Njhshd; gpd;dUQ; nrhy;Ythde;
ePz;ltd; Wapd;w #o ypJntdp dpkpu;e;j Neak;
g+z;ltd; nwhlu;e;J gpd;Nd Nghe;jtd; nghOJ ePj;j
jpahz;nld tpdpJ Nfl;lh ndapdu;Nfh dpjidr; nrhd;dhd;.
J}z; ju epte;j Njhshd; gpd;dUk; nrhy;Ythd;> ‘me;ePz;ltd; Japd;w #oy; ,J vdpy;;> epkpu;e;j Neak;g+z;ltd;> njhlu;e;J gpd;Nd Nghe;jtd;> nghOJ ePj;jJahz;L?’ vd> ,dpJ Nfl;lhd;; vapdu;Nfhd; ,jidr; nrhd;dhd;.
J}z;ju - J}iznahg;g> epte;j - rpwe;Js;s> Njhshd; - Njhs;fisAila gujd;>
gpd;du;ck; nrhy;Ythd; - kPz;Lk; (Ffid Nehf;fpf;) $Wthd;> m ePz;ltd;
Japd;w #oy; - ngupatdhfpa mt;tpuhkd; epj;jpiu nra;j ,lk;> ,J vdpd; -
,Jthdhy;> epkpu;e;j Neak; g+z;ltd; - (mtdplj;J) kpf;f md;igf; nfhz;ltdha;>
gpd;Nd njhlu;e;J Nghe;jtd; - (mtid tdthrj;jpYk;) gpd; njhlu;e;J te;jtdhd
,yf;Fkzd;> nghOJ ePj;jJ - ,uhg;nghOijf; fopj;jJ> ahz;L - vt;tplj;jpy;> vd
- vd;W> ,dpJ Nfl;lhd; - ,dpikahf (md;NghL ,d;nrhw;fshy;) tpdtpdhd;> (mjw;F)
vapdu;Nfhd; ,jidr; nrhd;dhd; - Ntlu; jiytdhd Ffd; ,t;Tj;juj;ijf;
$wpdhd;. mjid Nkw;ftpapw; $Wfpd;whu;.
58
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yf;Ftd; gw;wpa tpgupg;G42) my;iyahz; like;j Nkdp aofDk; ktSQ; JQ;r
tpy;iya+d; wpaif NahLk; nta;Japu;g; NghLk; tPud;
fy;iyahz; Lau;e;j Njhsha; fz;fzPPu; nrhupaf; fq;F
nyy;iyfhz; gsT epd;wh dpikg;gpy dad nkd;whd;.
‘my;iy Mz;L mike;j Nkdp mofDk; mtSk; JQ;r>tpy;iy Cd;wpa ifNahLk; nta;Japu;g;NghLk; tPud;>fy;iy Mz;L cau;e;j Njhsha;! fz;fs; ePu; nrhupaf; fq;Fy;vy;iy fhz;gsTk; epd;whd;@ ,ikg;G ,yd; eadk;’ vd;whd;.
fy;iy Mz;L cau;e;j Njhsha; - kiyianahj;J cau;e;Js;s Njhs;fis
cilatNd! my;iy Mz;L mike;j Nkdp mofd; ck; - ,Uisnahj;Jg;
nghUe;jpa (fupa jpUNkdpiaAila) moF epiwe;j ,uhkgpuhDk;> mts; ck; -
mtd; kidtpahd rPjhNjtpAk;> JQ;r - epj;jpiu nra;a> tPud; - ,yf;Fkzd;>
tpy;iy Cd;wpa ifNahL ck; - tpy;iyj; jupj;j ifAlDk;> nta;J capu;g;NghLck;
- ntk;ikAilajhd ngU%r;RlDk;> fz;fs; ePu; nrhupaf; - fz;fs; fz;zPiur;
nrhupa> fq;Fy; vy;iy fhz;G msTck; - ,uhg;nghOjpd; Kbnty;iyiaf;
fhz;fpd;w tiuapYk (nghOJ tpbAksTk;)> eadk; ,ikg;gpyd; - fz;%lhjtdha;
(rpwpJk; Japy; nfhs;shky;)> epd;whd; - (fhty; nra;J) epd;whd;> vd;whd; - vd;W
(gujDf;Ff;) $wpdhd;.
gujdpd; Jau; ciu
43) vd;gijf; Nfl;l ike;j dpuhkDf; fpisah nud;W
Kd;nghj;j Njhw;wj; Njkpy; ahndd;W Kbtpyhj
Jd;gj;Jf; NfJ thNd dtdJ Jilf;f epd;wh
dd;gj;Jf; nfy;iy Az;Nlh tofpnjd; dbik vd;whd;.
vd;gijf; Nfl;l ike;jd;> “‘,uhkDf;F ,isahu;’ vd;W
Kd;G xj;j Njhw;wj;Njkpy;> ahd; vd;Wk; KbT ,yhj
Jd;gj;Jf;F VJ MNdd;@ mtd; mJ Jilf;f epd;whd;@
md;gj;Jf;F vy;iy cz;Nlh? mofpJ vd; mbik” vd;whd;.
vd;gij - vd;W (Ffd;) nrhd;dij> Nfl;l ike;jd; - tPudhd gujd;> ,uhkDf;F
,isahu; vd;W - ,uhkDf;Fj; jk;gpkhnud;W> Kd;G xj;j - Kd;dk; (gpwg;gpy;)
xj;Js;s> Njhw;wj;Njkpy; - cw;gj;jpiaAila vq;fSs;> ahd; - ehd;> vd;Wck;
KbT ,yhj Jd;gj;Jf;F - vg;nghOJk; Kbjypy;yhj (,uhkdJ) Jd;gj;Jf;F> VJ
MNdd; - fhuzkhapNdd;> mtd; - mt;tpyf;Fkzd;> mJ Jilf;f epd;whd; -
mj;Jd;gj;ij ePf;fj; Jiz epd;whd;> md;gj;Jf;F vy;iy cz;LV - md;Gf;F xU
tiuaiw cs;sNjh? (,y;iynad;wgb)> vd; mbik mofpJ - vd; mbikj;jpwd;
moFs;sjhapUe;jJ! vd;whd; - vd;W $wpdhd;.
***************************************************
59
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fhl;rpg;glyk; (1 - 34 nra;As;;fs;)
Njk;ghtzp> tPukhKdptuhy; (1680 - 1742) ,aw;wg;gl;l jkpo;f;fhtpakhFk;. ,J %d;W
fhz;lq;fisAk; xU fhz;lj;jpw;F 12 glyq;fs; tPjk; 36 glyq;fisAk; nkhj;jkhf
3615 tpUj;jg; ghf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1726,y; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,f;fhg;gpak;> #ir
(tsd;) apd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ. KjyhtJ fhz;lj;jpd; gjpndhuhtJ glykhf>
fhl;rpg; glyk; cs;sJ. ,NaRf; fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;gpid mwpe;j ,ilah;fSk;> thdE}y;
ty;Yeu;fshd %turu;fSk; mj;jpUf;Foe;ijia Nehpy; fz;L tzq;fpa nra;jpfs;
,g;glyj;jpy; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
,g;glyj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s 1 - 34 tiuapyhd nra;As;fs; kl;LNk ghlg;gug;gpy; cs;slf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd. ,it jpUf;Foe;ijia Nehpy; fz;L tzq;fpa nra;jpiaf; $Wtd.
,ilau; te;J Foe;ijia tzq;Fjy;;
01) ,d;d thapy; ,d;d jd;ik ,d;d ahTk; Mifapy;
nghd;d ehL Jd;Dk; ck;gPu; nghd;D Uf;nfhL Mq;FNghy;
kpd;dy; NeUk; md;id <d;w Ntj ehj idj;njho>
cd;d yhj Nfhtu; ,d;gk; cz;z cw;W mioj;jdu;.
Fifahfpa ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ,e;j tpjkhf ,iynay;yhk; elf;Fk;NghJ> tpz;Zyfj;jpy;
thOk; tpz;ztu;fs; nghd;jd;ikahd tbtk;nfhz;L me;j ,lj;ijr; nrd;W Nru;e;J>
,ilau; vz;Ztjw;F mUikahd kfpo;r;rp milAkhW kpd;dy; Nghd;w fd;dpj;jha;
ngw;w kiwKjy;tdhfpa Foe;ijiaj; njhOkhW mioj;jdu;.
,d;d thapy; - Fifahfpa ,e;j ,lj;jpy;> nghd;d ehL - tpz;Zyfk;> Jd;Dk;
- thOk;> ck;gu; - tpz;ztu;> NeUk; - xg;ghFk;> cs;syhj - epidj;jw;F mupa>
Nfhtu; - ,ilau;.
02) nfhOe;J cWk;F spu;e;j Ky;iy nfhz;l Nfhtu; $l;lKk;
vOe;J cWk;F lj;jp ahUk; Vfp> Ma fhl;rpahy;
tpOe;J cWk;f spg;G tpQ;rp Ntj ehjd; Nky;gjk;
njhOe;njh Wk;njh Oe;njh Wk;J sq;F fpd;w Njhw;wNk.
jspiuAila Fspu;e;j Ky;iy epyj;ijf; FbapUg;ghff; nfhz;l ,ilau; $l;lKk;>
mtu;fSld; kpFe;J tUk; ,ilr;rpaUkhfr; Nru;e;J nrd;W mq;Nf fz;l fhl;rpahy;
cz;lhFk; kfpo;r;rp kpFe;J> jpUkiwapd; jiytdhfpa mf;Foe;ijapd; fhy;kPJ
tpOe;J tzq;Fe;NjhWk; tzq;Fe;NjhWk; tpsq;Ffpd;w fhl;rpnfhz;ldu;.
nfhOe;J - jspu;> Flj;jpahu; - ,ilr;rpahu;> Vfp - nrd;W> fspg;G - kfpo;r;rp>tpQ;rp - kpFe;J> gjk; - fhy;> Jsq;F - tpsq;Fk;> Njhw;wk; - fhl;rp.
03) khiy NkT Ntq;if gw;wp tz;L czhJ vdkd
khiy NkT Ntq;if gw;wp tz;L czhJ vdkd
khiy Mf tPq;F te;J thrk; MUk; Ky;iyahu;
khiy Mf <q;F te;J thrk; MUk; Ky;iyahu;.
tz;L khiyapy; kyUk; Ntq;if kyiu neUq;fpj; Njid cz;zhj jd;ikNghy>
kdkaf;fj;ij miltjw;Ff; fhuzkhd nghd;dpd;kPJ Mu;tk;nfhz;L Fw;wj;ijf;
nfhs;shjJ vd;W nrhy;yj;jFe;j kd ,ay;G nfhz;L kpfTk; kfpo;e;J> kzk;
nghUe;jpa Ky;iy kyu;fshy; njhLj;j khiyAk; ifAkhf te;J> me;j ,ilau;
Fbnfhz;ltuhf epiwe;J epw;ghu;fs;.
07. Njk;ghtzp
60
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
khiy - khiyf; fhyk;> khiy - kdkaf;fk;> Ntq;if - Ntq;ifkyu;> Ntq;if -kiy> tPq;F te;J - kpfTk; kfpo;e;J> <q;F te;J - ,t;tplk; te;J> thrk; - kzk;>thrk; - Fbnfhz;L> MUk; - kpFk;> MUk; - epiwAk;. ,r;nra;Aspy; te;j nrhy;Ny
kPz;Lk; te;J NtW nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ. ,J klf;fzpahFk;.
04) gQ;r muq;fpy; ,d;G muq;F ghd;ik ahy iltuj;JmQ;r yk;F opj;J cte;J mkpo;e;j kpo;e;J csk;jdpy;tpQ;r ,d;gk; neQ;R mlq;fpy; Nkty; Mu;e;j jk;Kapu;
CQ;ry; Mb thapd; thapy; cw;W ciuj;jy; cw;wdu;.
Ik;nghwpfshfpa kz;lgj;jpy; ,d;gk; Efpd;tu;e;j jd;ikahy; mile;j tuk; vd;Dk;
mofhd fliyj; Njhz;b> mjDs; kfpo;e;J %o;fp> kdjpy; Ngupd;gk; kpFjpahf
mile;J> mg;Ngupd;gk; kdjpw;Fs; mlq;fhky; NkNyhq;FkhW Efu;e;j jk; capu;
CQ;ryhl> thapd; topahf mg;Ngupd;gk; ntspg;gl gpd;tUkhW $wpdu;.
gQ;r - Ie;J> muq;F - kz;lgk;> ghd;ik - jd;ik> mk; - mofpa> ryk; - fly;>
Fopj;J - Njhz;b> tpQ;r - kpf> Mu;e;j - Efu;e;j> thapy; - topahf.
05) vz;Z Nsa lq;f ypd;wp Ve;J khl;rp g+z;Lthd;tpz;ZNsngh ype;J te;j tpz;z tu;f;F Nte;jNdGz;Z Nsk Ue;J ePtpg; Nghd Ml;il kPl;fNth
kz;Z Nsna Oe;J te;J kz;zd; vd;W cjpj;jid.
vkJ vz;zj;jpDs;Ns mlq;Fjy; ,y;yhky; cau;e;j khz;ig mzpe;J> Nkyhd
tpz;Zyfpy; nropg;Gld; kfpo;e;J ,Ue;j thdtu;f;F kd;dNd! cd;idtpl;Lg; gpupe;J
nrd;w Ml;il mjd; Gz;Zf;F kUe;J jltp> kPl;Lf; fhg;gjw;fhfNt ,k;kz; cyfpw;F
te;J kdpjdhfg; gpwe;Js;sha;.
Ve;J - cau;e;j> g+z;L - mzpe;J> nghype;J - nropj;J> ePtp - jltp> kz;zd; -
kdpjd;> cjpj;jid - gpwe;jha;.
06) xz;j yq;fs; mz;l ck;g Uk;njh Ok;g uhguhtpz;j yk;f ye;jp yq;F ntz;f sq;fd; xg;ngdhkz;j tq;fs; vq;Fk; ahUk; tho <u ntz;Fil
nfhz;L mtq;fy; nfhz;l Njwy; nfhz;l md;G nfhw;wth.
xspkakhd ,lq;fisAila tpz;Zyfpy; thOk; tpz;ztUk; tzq;Fk; ,iwtNd!tpz;ZyfKk; fye;J tpsq;Fk; kz;Zyfpd; ,lq;fnsq;Fk; ahtUk; ey;tho;Tmiltjw;fhf> thd kz;lyj;jpy; jq;fp tpsq;Fk; ntz;zpytpw;F xg;G vd;W nrhy;yj;jf;f
Fspu;r;rp jUk; ntz;nfhw;wf; FilAk; nfhz;L kyu;khiyapy; nghUe;jpa Njidg;
Nghd;w ,dpikahd md;gpidAila kd;dtNd!
xz; - xsp> ck;gu; - Njtu;> ,yq;F - tpsq;Fk;> ntz;fsq;fd; - ntz;zpyT>
<u - Fspu;r;rpahd> mtq;fy; - khiy> Njwy; - Njd;> nfhw;wth - kd;dth!
07) kzpf;f yj;J mfj;J mikj;j thd kpu;j khu;gpNdha;!gpzpf;F yj;J mfj;J cjpj;j ngw;wp Ma;e;J tho;e;jplg;gzpf;F yj;J mfj;J mlq;F ,yhy;g zpj;j epd;gzp
mzpf;F yj;J mfj;J mzpe;j md;G Nghfpy; MFNk.
khzpf;fg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,l;L itj;j thDyf mkpo;jk; Nghd;w khu;gpid cilatNd!Neha; nfhz;l kdpj Fyj;jpy; eP te;J gpwe;j jd;ikia Muha;e;J tho;j;JtJvd;gJ> nrhw;fspd; $l;lj;Js; mlq;fhikahy;> fl;lisapl;l ckJ gzpapid mzptiffshff; nfhz;L> kdj;Js; mzpe;J epw;Fk; vq;fs; md;G vg;nghOJk; ePq;fhky;epiyngWtjhFk;.
61
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kzp - khzpf;fk;> fyk; - ghj;jpuk;> gpzp - Neha;> ngw;wp - jd;ik> gzp - nrhy;>gzpj;j - fl;lisapl;l> mzp - mzpfyd;> NghF - ePq;Fjy;.
08) ,utp Nta;e;j fQ;rk; <d;w ,yF Kj;jk; Va;e;Jnty;Gutpy; Nta;e;j Nria <d;w nghUtpy; md;id thOjpRUjp Nta;e;j khl;rp g+z;l Jiztd; Ma khjtj;J
cUtpy; Nta;e;j Nte;j thop cWjp vd;W tho;j;jpdhu;.
“fjputid mzpe;J> jhkiukyu; ngw;w xspapidAila Kj;Jg; Nghd;W> vtiuAk;ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; nfhilapy; rpwe;j kfidg; ngw;nwLj;j xg;G ,y;yhj md;idNa! ePtho;f! jpUkiwia mzpe;j khz;gpidAila Jiztdhfpa ngUe;jtj;J tbtkhfj;
Njhd;wpa kd;dNd! eP ed;F tho;f!”vd;W me;j ,ilau; tho;j;jpdu;.
,utp - fjputd;> fQ;rk; - jhkiu> <d;w - ngw;w> ,yF - tpsq;Fk;> Va;e;J -xj;J> Nra; - kfd;> nghUtpy; - xg;G ,y;yhj> RUjp - jpUkiw> kh - rpwe;j.
09) ,lj;J ,lj;J mlu;j;jp cw;w ,f;F cilj;j ,d;G nrhy;Flj;jp au;f;F mikj;j gw;wy; $u;e;J Njhd;wy; jhs;kpirjlj;J zu;f;F mikj;j Njwy; jhq;F khiy rhj;jYk;Kbj;j jpq;fisj; njhLj;J cLf;fs; Jw;wy; xj;jNj.
,lq;fs; NjhWk; neUf;fkhf epd;w fUk;ig ntd;w ,dpa nrhy;iyAila ,ilr;rpau;f;Fcz;lhd Mir mjpfkhfp> ngupa kyupjo;fspilNa nghUe;jpa Njidj; jhq;;fpepd;wkhiyfisj; jpUike;jjdpd; jpUtbfspy; mzpe;jdu;. mJ epiwepyitr; #o;e;Jtpz;kPd;fs; neUq;fp ,Uj;jiy xj;jpUe;jJ.
mlu;j;jp - neUq;fp> ,f;F - fUk;G> gw;wy; - Mir> $u;e;J - kpFe;J> Njhd;wy; -jpUike;jd;> jhs; - jpUtb> kpir - Nky;> jlj;J - ngupa> Jzu; - ,jo;> rhj;jy; -
mzptpj;jy;> cLf;fs; - tpz;kPd;fs;> Jw;wy; - neUq;fp.
10) Vjk; ,d;wp khyp <d;w fhe;jp vd;W Njhd;wiyf; NfhJ mfd;W capu;j;j Nfhij jhs;Kd; md;d Nfhtyu; rPj ,d;g NkhL ,uq;F Njd kpo;jk; <fYk;>
ghjk; xd;W Nrhkd; <d;w ghy;ep yhit khDNk.
Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; fjputd; je;j xspf;fjpiug; Nghy> jd; fd;dpikf;Ff; Fw;wk; ,y;yhky;jpUike;jidg; ngw;nwLj;j kyu;khiy Nghd;w kupahspd; mbfspy;> Fspu;e;jkfpo;r;rpAld; ,dpa ghiy me;j ,ilau; fhzpf;ifahfj; je;jdu;. mJ kupahspd;
ghjq;fspy; nghUe;jpAs;s epyT je;j ghy; xspia xj;J ,Ue;jJ.
Vjk; - Fw;wk;> khyp - fjputd;> fhe;jp - xspf;fjpu;> NfhJ - Fw;wk;> Nfhij -
khiy Nghd;w kupahs;> jhs; - jpUtb> Nfhtyu; - ,ilau;> rPjk; - Fspu;r;rp> <fy;
- jUjy;> Nrhkd; - epyT> khDk; - xj;jpUf;Fk;.
11) ghdp yj;J mikj;j md;G gJkk; NeU fz;nraj;Njdp yj;jp dhiu Nehf;F rpWtd; ,d;G fhl;lyhy;Nkdp yj;jp dhupd; xj;j tpupA fhl;rp cw;Wsk;
thdp yj;jpd; Mu;e;j ,d;G kypa tho khe;jpdhu;.
Njd; kpFe;j Ky;iy epyj;J ,ilaiu Nehf;fp> Foe;ij ehjd;> kupahspd; fhybapy;epyj;jpy; fhzpf;ifahfg; ghiy ,l;L itj;j me;j md;igj; jhkiu kyu; Nghd;wjd; fz;fshy; ghu;j;J> ,d;gj;ijf; fhl;bajhy; me;j ,ilau;> tpz;ztUf;Fr; rkkhdtpupe;j mwpitg; ngw;W> jk; kdk; tpz;ZyfpYs;s kpFjpahd ,d;gj;ijg; ngw;W
thOkhW mUe;jpdu;. (mDgtk; ngw;wdu;.)
62
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gJkk; - jhkiu> NeU - xj;j> Nky; epyj;jpdhu; - tpz;ztu;> fhl;rp cw;W -mwpitg; ngw;W> Mu;e;j - epiwe;j> kypa - kpFjpahf> khe;jpdhu; - mUe;jpdhu;.
12) fd;dp Ma jhAk;> Xq;F fht yhDk; md;Gw
,d;dp whyp Dk;f dpe;j ,d;g mk;nrhy; Xjyhy;
cd;dk; NkTk; <u md;G Kd;dk; cs;S whikahy;
kpd;d khup J}ty; xj;j tPOk; ehl;l khupNa.
fd;dpahfpa jha; kupahSk;> mf;fd;dpiff;Fr; rpwe;j fhtydhfpa #irAk; ,dikahd
Njd; milapDk; ,sfpa kdJld; kfpo;r;rp jUk; mofpa nrhw;fis md;Gld;
$wpaikahy;> me;j ,ilau; jk; rpe;jidapy; nghUe;jpa Fspu;r;rpahd md;Gs;sj;jpDs;
mlq;fhikahy; mtu;fspd; fz;fspypUe;J tpOk; kfpo;r;rpf; fz;zPu; kio> kpd;dYldhd
kioePu;j; JspfNshL xj;jpUe;jJ.
Xq;F - cau;e;j> ,why; - Njd; mil> fdpe;j - ,sfpa kdk;> mk; - mofpa>
Xjyhy; - $Wtjhy;> cd;dk; - rpe;jid> <uk; - Fspu;r;rp> khup - kio.
13) Vt yhfp %t iuapiwQ;rp Vq;fp Vfpdu;
Mty; Mfp Mq;F itj;j Mtp my;yJ ,y;yjhy;
Nkty; Mfp Mtp ahf Nta;e;j md;G ,yhnjdpy;
Xty; Mfp ntw;W cly;fs; Ciu cw;wy; xj;jNj.
gpupe;J nry;YkhW fl;lis Mdjhy;> %tiuAk; tzq;fp me;j ,ilau; Vf;fj;NjhL
nrd;wdu;. Mu;tk; nfhz;L mq;F ,l;Litj;j capNuay;yhky; NtW capu; jq;fSf;F
,y;yhikahy;> mjw;F ,ire;J> jq;fSf;F capuhf me;j %tu;kPJ nfhz;l md;G
kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; NghapUe;jhy; ntWk; cly;fs; kl;LNk ePq;fp Ciu miltjw;F
xg;ghf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.
Vty; - fl;lis> Mtp - capu;> Nkty; - nrd;wiljy;> Xty; - ePq;Fjy;> cw;wy;
- miljy;.
14) Vf Miz Vf vq;Fk; Vfd; Mfp Ms;gtd;
khfk; NkT khlk;ePf;fp khL NkTciof;Fiwe;J
Mfk; Mil Nte;ju; ePf;fp Ma iuj;nj upe;jnjd;W
Xif ahf Xf NdhLk; Xq;F jhAk; tho;j;jpdhs;.
jd; xNu Miz vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; nry;y xUtdhf ,Ue;J Ml;rp nra;Ak;
,iwtd;> thdj;ijj; njhLk; khspifia tpyf;fp> khLfs; jq;Fk; ,lj;jpy; jq;fp>
clypy; nghd; mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;j kd;diu ePf;fp ,ilaiuj; njupe;J nfhz;ljhy;
ctif nfhz;L kfpo;r;rp mile;j #irNahL rpwe;j jhAk; jpUike;jid tho;j;jpdhs;.
Vf - xU> Vfd; - xUtd;> khfd; - thdk;> cio - ,lk;> Mfk; - cly;> Mau; -
,ilau;> Xif - ctif> Xfd; - kfpo;r;rpAila #ir.
rhe;jp IaKk; fd;dpj; jha; gjpYk;15) Kd;d Ue;jpa jPQ;Rit Ky;iyahu;
gpd;d Ue;jplg; ngl;GwP, ehnlhWk;
kpd;d Ue;jpa nky;yb ahs;fuj;J
md;d Ue;jpUr; Nra;njho mz;Zthu;.
,dpa Ritia Kd; mUe;jpf; fz;l ,ilau;> gpd;Dk; mjid Efu;tjw;F Mu;tq;nfhz;L>
kpd;dy; xspia cl;nfhz;L tpsq;fpa nkd;ikahd mbfisAila kupahspd; iffspy;
me;j mUikahd jpUike;jidf; fz;L njhOtjw;fhf xt;nthU ehSk; neUq;Ftu;.
63
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mUe;jpa - Efu;e;j> jPk; - ,dpik> ngl;G - Mu;tk;> fuj;J - ifapy;> mUk; -
mUikahd> jpUr;Nra; - ,iwike;jd;> mz;Zthu; - neUq;Fthu;. ,dptUk;
nra;As;;fs; (me;jk; Mjpahf) me;jhjpahff; fhz;f.
16) mz;zp ePu;jto; jPnad mk;Gaf;
fz;zp jhs;kpir nga;Jop> fhjyd;
tpz;zpd; ePu;Kfpy; kpd;ndd Nehf;fNyhL
cz;zp thnthod;G Xu;kio J}tpdhd;.
,ilau; neUq;fp> ePupy; jtOk; neUg;G Nghd;w jhkiu kyu;fshy; Md khiyiaj;
jd; mbapy; itj;jNghJ> md;G nfhz;l ,iwike;jd;> thdj;jpy; ePiuf;nfhz;l
Nkfk; kpd;DtJNghy mtu;fisg; ghu;j;j ghu;itahy; ,ilau; cs;sj;jpy; nka;awpT
xspiaj; je;jNjhL kfpo;r;rpiaAk; xU kio Nghyj; J}tpdhd;.
mz;zp - neUq;fp> mk;Gak; - jhkiukyu;> fz;zp - khiy> jhs; + kpir -mbapd; Nky;> Kfpy; - Nkfk;.
17) J}tp Xba thupJ tw;nwhL
fhtpy; Xba Kj;njdf; fhjyhy;
ehtpy; Xba ey;Gfo; rpe;Jthu;
Vtp Xba Nfhy;tpop Ve;jpdhu;.
kfpo;r;rp kio nghope;J Xba nts;sk; kpFtjhy; fhl;by; Xb> fiuapy; xJq;fpa
Kj;Jg;Nghy> tpy;ypypUe;J Vtg;ngw;W tpiue;J nrd;w mk;G Nghd;w $u;ikahd
fz;fisj; jhq;fpa me;j ,ilr;rpau;> md;gpdhy; jk; ehtpy; nghUe;jpa ey;y
GfOiufisg; nghope;J epw;gu;.
J}tp - ePu;j;Jsp> fhtpy; - kyu;r;Nrhiyapy;> fhjyhy; - Kjpu;e;j md;gpdhy;>
Nfhy;tpop - mk;GNghyf; $u;ikahd fz;fs;.
18) Ve;jp Xq;Fsj;J ,d;gne Lq;fly;
ePe;jp ePe;jpep iyf;fiu fhz;fpyh
fhe;jp Nta;e;jd isf;fdpe;J XJths;
rhe;jp ehkk;j upj;jF lj;jpNa.
rhe;jp vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngw;w Xu; ,ilr;rp> cau;e;Njhq;fpa jd; kdjpy; nfhz;l
kfpo;r;rp vd;Dk; ePz;l fliy ePe;jp ePe;jp epiyahd fiuiaf; fhzKbahky;>
#upadpd; xspia Milahf mzpe;Js;s kupahisg; ghu;j;J> fdpTld; gpd;tUkhW
$Wths;.
neLq;fly; - ePz;l fly;> fhe;jp - xspapidAila #upad;> XJths; - $Wths;>
ehkk; - ngau;> jupj;j - ngw;w> Flj;jp - ,ilr;rp.
19) Flj;jp tha;nkhopf; Nfhnjdf; Nfhijaha;
clj;jp ePnahU thjUs; Xu;e;JNfs;
klj;J ahnjDk; fps;ist Fj;jd
,lj;J ahtUk; Nfl;gJ,y; MtNjh?
kyu;khiy Nghd;wtNs! ,ilr;rpapd; tha;r;nrhy; Fw;wKs;snjd;W ntFz;L eP tpyfhky;
mUis epide;J Nfs;. fpsp mwpahikahy; nrhy;ypa vijNaDk; ,t;Tyfj;jpy;
vtuhtJ Nfl;gJ ,y;iy vd;gJ cz;lh?
Flj;jp - ,ilr;rp> NfhJ - Fw;wk;> Nfhijaha; - kyu;khiy Nghd;wtNs! xUthJ
- tpyf;fhky;> Xu;e;J - epide;J> klj;J - mwpahik> fps;is - fpsp.
64
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
20) Mt NjKdu; MaJ Nghywpe;J
<t Njeir gpd;wt spj;jpLk;
Nfhy Njkpir Ms;jdpf; Nfhypdhd;
Neht NjapdpJ vd;Wjpj; jhd;nfhNyh?
elf;f ,Ug;gjid Kd;du; ele;jJ Nghy; mwpe;J kf;fSf;Ff; nfhLg;gnjd;why;
mtUila Mir gpd;dilAkhW kpFjpahff; nfhLg;gtdha; tpz;zpypUe;J jdpauR
nrYj;Jk; xg;gw;w nrq;NfhiyAila ,iwtd;> Jd;GWj;JtNj jdf;F ,dpik vd;W
epide;J ,e;j vspikahd Nfhyj;jpy; gpwe;jhNdh?
Kdu; - Kd;du;> MaJ - ele;jJ> <tJ - nfhLg;gJ> eir - Mir> gpd;w - gpd;dila>
Nfh - ,iwtdhfpa kd;dd;> jdpf;Nfhy; - xg;gw;w nrq;Nfhy;> NehtJ - Jd;GWtJ>
nfhy; - mirepiy.
21) nfhy;Yk; NtnyhLk; $u;neLk; thnshLk;
tpy;Yk; thspAk; MopAk; tpy;nra
xy;Yk; MopA Ul;blf; Nfhd;Jiz
nry;Yk; tPuntQ; Nridapy; MaNjd;.
giftiuf; nfhy;Yfpd;w NtNyhLk; $u;ikahd ePz;l thNshLk; tpy;Yk; mk;Gk;
rf;fuKk; Mfpa gilf;fyd;fs; xsptpl> jdf;F cupikahd Mizr;rf;fuj;ijr;
nrYj;jp Ml;rp nra;a xU kd;dDf;Fj; Jizahfr; nry;yf;$ba tPuKs;s nfhba
Nrid ,tDf;F ,y;yhky; NghdJ Vd;?
$u; - $u;ikahd> neLk; - ePz;l> thsp - mk;G> Mop - Mizr;rf;fuk;> cUl;b -
nrYj;jp> Nfhd; - kd;dd;> ntk; - nfhba.
22) Ma thd;kzp Mu;e;jzp cr;rpahy;
fha new;wpf le;Jau; khlKk;
J}a nghd;ndhL #o;Rlu; g+Zkpj;
Nja Nte;ju;jk; nry;tnkhd;W ,y;yNjd;?
Muha;e;njLj;j mofpa rpwe;j kzpfis kpFjpahf mzpe;j NfhGu cr;rpahy; Mfhaj;jpd;
new;wpiaAk; fle;J cau;e;J epw;Fk; khspifiaAk; J}a;ikahd nghd;dhy; nra;J
Rw;wpYk; gjpj;j kzpfs; xspjUk; mzpfyd;fSk; ,q;Fs;s ehLfis MSk;
kd;du;fSf;F cupa kw;wr; nry;tq;fSk; vd xd;Wk; ,tUf;F ,y;yhJ NghdJ Vd;?
Ma - mike;j> thd; - rpwe;j> Mu;e;J - kpFe;J> fhak; - Mfhak;> #o; - Rw;wpYk;>
Rlu; - xsp> g+z; - mzpfyd;.
23) ,y;y Njapy ,t;top te;jNjd;
nry;y thd;top nra;ate; jhnddpy;
ty;y Ntlk zpe;Jk iwtw
nty;y thDU Nta;e;jpd;wed;W my;yNjh!
jhd; FbapUf;f tPLk; ,y;yhky;> ,e;jf; Fif ,lj;ijj; Njb te;J gpwe;jJ Vd;?
kf;fs; thDyfk; nry;y topiaf; fhl;l te;jhu; vd;why; mjw;Fupa ty;yikahd
Nfhyk; nfhz;L ntw;wp ngWtjw;Fupa jd;Dila tpz;Zyf tbtj;ij kiwT
,y;yhky; ntspg;gilahf te;J Njhd;wpdhy; mJ ey;yJ MfhNjh?
65
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,y; - FbapUf;Fk; tPL> ,t;top - ,e;jf; Fif top> thd;top - tpz;Zyf top>
ty;y - ty;yikAs;s> kiwT mwp - kiwT ,y;yhky;> thd; cU - tpz;Zyf
tbtk;.
24) XTz;L MaT Uf;nfhL vd;Dsj;J
MTz;L Mapd Iakp Njapdpj;
J}Tz; jhJt J}a;kyu; tha;jpwe;J
VTz;L XJjp Mapio aha;vd;whs;.
“mofpa nka;awpT mzpfis cilatNs! Jd;gj;ij cl;nfhz;L mike;j ,f;Foe;ij
,iw ike;jdpd; tbtj;ij epidj;jjhy; vd; cs;sj;jpy; cz;lhd Mu;tk; fhuzkhf
vOe;j Iak; ,JNt. ,dp njspf;fpd;w cz;zj; jFe;j Njidf; nfhz;l cd;
kyu;tha; jpwe;J> vdf;Fj; jFe;j fl;lisiaAk; kdjpy; nfhz;L ,jw;F kWnkhop
$Wthahf” vd;W rhe;jp $wp Kbj;jhs;.
XT - Jd;gk;> cU - tbtk;> MT - Mu;tk;> J}Tjy; - njspj;jy;> jhJ - Njd;> VT
- fl;lis> XJjp - $Wthahf.
25) vd;w thrfk; ve;ijk Df;Fyk;
nrd;w thaUs; fhl;ba rPUzu;
xd;wy; MfpA Ufpa jha;Gdy;
kpd;j thtpop J}tptp sk;gpdhs;.
vd;W rhe;jp $wpa thu;j;ijAk; ek; je;ijahfpa ,iwtd; kdpj ,dj;jpy; jhDk;
xUtdha; te;J gpwe;jNghJ> mUs; fhl;ba rpwg;Gk; jd; czu;tpy; nghUe;JkhW
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L cUfpa jhahfpa kupahs;> kpd; xsp ePq;fhj jd; fz;fspypUe;J
ePiug; nghope;jthW gpd;tUkhW $wpdhs;.
thrfk; - thu;j;ij> kDf;Fyk; - kdpj ,dk;> rPu; - rpwg;G> xd;wy; - nghUe;Jjy;>
Gdy; - fz;zPu;> J}tp - nghope;J> tpsk;gpdhs; - $wpdhs;.
26) mk;gp dhyg au;nrAk; mj;Jiz
ek;gp dhu;jdp ew;nra;if <byhu;
nfhk;gpy; VWkp ilj;Jt Sk;nfhb
vk;gp uhd;typf;F ,j;Jiz Ntz;LNkh?
“mk;gpdhy; tpuu; jkf;F milf;fyk; jUk; me;jj; Jizia ek;gp ,Ug;gtu;> jdpahf
ey;y tPur; nraiyr; nra;Ak; typik ,y;yhjtu; Mthu;. ,ilNa Jtz;L tpof;$ba
nkd;ikahd glUk; nfhbNa nfhk;igj; Jizahff; nfhz;l Vwpg;glUk;. vk;ngUkhdpd;
typikf;F ,t;tpjkhd Jiznay;yhk; Ntz;LNkh?”
mgau; - milf;fyk; ngWNthu;> VWk; - glUk;> JtSk; - mirAk;> typf;F -
typikf;F.
27) Ntz;Lk; Xu;tpid Ntz;Lnkd; why;Kbj;J
Mz;Lk; Xu;jdpf; Nfhyu rhd;vup
J}z;Lk; Xu;rpdk; Njhd;Wop mg;gif
jhz;Lk; Xu;typ jhq;Ftu; ahtNuh?
66
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
“jhd; nra;a Ntz;ba xU nraiyr; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;why; epidj;J mij Kbj;J
Xu; xg;gw;w nrk;ikahd Ml;rpahy; cyfq;fisnay;yhk; MSk; murdhfpa ,iwtdplk;
neUg;igj; J}z;btpl;lJ nghd;w xU rpdk; Njhd;Wk; NghJ> mg;gifiaf; fle;J
nry;yj;jf;f xU typik nfhz;ltu; ahNuh?
tpid - nray;> jdp - xg;gw;w> Nfhy; - nrq;Nfhy;> vup - neUg;G> Njhd;Wop -
Njhd;Wk; NghJ> jhz;Lk; - fle;J nry;Yk;> typ - typik.
28) aht Uk;fbJ mQ;rnyhL vQ;Rthd;
kPt Uk;Jsp Nkjpdp nkha;j;jJk;
jPt Uk;Jsp Ik;Guk; jPe;jJk;
J}t Uk;gy Tk;njhif nrhw;wNth?
kf;fs; ahtUk; kpFjpahd mr;rj;NjhL ,we;J xopAkhW thdj;jpypUe;J nghopAk;
kionts;sk;> cyfj;jpd; Nky; gutp %bf;nfhz;lJk;> neUg;ghf ,wq;fp tUk; kioahy;
NrhNjhk; nfhkhuh Kjypa Ie;J efuq;fs; vupe;jJk; Mfpa ,e;j ,iwtdpd;
J}a;ikapdhy; tUk; ty;yikahd nray;fisf; fzf;fpl;Lr; nrhy;y Ntz;LNkh?
fbJ - kpFjp> vQ;Rthd; - ,we;J xoptjw;fhf> kPtUk; - thdj;jpypUe;J tUk;>
Nkjpdp - cyfk;> nkha;j;jJk; - %bf;nfhz;lJk;> Ik;Guk; - Ie;J efuq;fs;>
J}tUk; - J}a;ikapdhy; tUk;> nrhw;wNth - nrhy;yNth?
29) nrhw;j tpu;e;jt Us;njhopy; fhypnjd;W
cw;W mtpu;e;jT LKb ahSiuj;J
,w;W mtpu;e;jtp ilr;rpA zu;e;jgpd;
gw;W mtpu;e;jT iug;gad; $Wths;.
NkYk; nrhy;Yf;F mlq;fhj mUl;nraiyf; flTS; nra;Ak; fhyk; ,J vd;W>
kpFjpahf xsp tPrpa tpz;kPd;fis Kbahf mzpe;j kupahs; $wTk;> xspAs;s
,ilr;rpahfpa rhe;jp ,jid mwpe;j gpd;Dk;> jd; Mu;tk; tpsq;f thu;j;ijfisf;
$wj; njhlq;Fths;.
nrhy;jtpu;e;j - nrhy;ypy; mlq;fhj> fhy; - fhyk;> mtpu;e;j - xsp tPrpa> cL -
tpz;kPd;> gw;W - Mu;tk;.
30) $W ths;nrAk; nfhs;ifapd; vd;Wsk;
gPW thnsdg; gpd;idNahu; IaKk;
NjW tha;nkhop Nfl;blr; nrg;GNtd;
<W thapy ve;ijapd; md;idNa.
KbT fhyk; ,y;yhj ek; je;ijahfpa ,iwtdpd; jhNa! ths; gpsTgLj;Jk;
jd;ik Nghy> vd; cs;sj;ijf; fpopf;Fk; ths; Nghy; NkYk; vOe;j Xu; IaKk;
cz;L. njsptiltjw;fhf cd; tha;r; nrhy;iyf; Nfl;L> mwptjw;fhf ,ijf;
$WNtd;.
$Wths; - gpsTgLj;Jk; ths;> gPW - fpopf;Fk;> NjW - njspthd> nrg;GNtd; -
nrhy;YNtd;> <Wtha; - KbTf;fhyk;> ve;ij - vk; je;ij.
67
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
31) md;id je;ijap yhdiw E}y;gb
vd;id ,q;fspj; Njhd;tUk; vy;iyapd;
kpd;id xd;wpa Ntlnk Lj;jtd;
jd;id ahtUk; jhotp iwQ;Rthu;.
jpUkiw E}ypy; $wpathW> jhAk; je;ijAk; ,y;yhky; jhdha; tpsq;Fk; ,iwtd;>
vd;idAk; vd; Nghd;w kdpjiuAk; kPl;Lf; fhg;gtdha; ,t;Tyfpy; te;J Njhd;Wk;
,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; kpd;dy; Nghd;w Ntlk; vLj;J tu> myiu ahtUk; jho;e;J tzq;Ftu;.
miw - $Wk;> E}y; - jpUkiw> mspj;Njhd; - fhj;Njhd;> vy;iy - fhyk;> jho
- jho;e;J> ,iwQ;Rthu; - tzq;Fthu;.
32) mQ;R thutd; Kd;DyF Ms;gtu;
vQ;R thut idapiwQ; rhNud
tpQ;Rk; Muzk; Mftp sk;gpdhu;
JQ;R khjt Nunadr; nrhy;ypdhs;.
“,t;Tyfj;ij Ml;rp nra;Ak; kd;du; ahtUk; mtd; Kd; mQ;rp eLq;Ftu; vd;Wk;
mtid tzq;fhjtu; nfl;L moptu; vd;Wk; kiwe;Jtpl;l ngUe;jtj;Njhu; Nkyhd
jpUkiw thf;fhfr; nrhy;ypAs;shu;fs;”vd;W $wpdhs;.
vQ;Rthu; - mopthu;> ,iwQ;rhu; - tzq;fhjtu;> tpQ;Rk; - Nkyhd> Muzk; -
jpUkiw> tpsk;gpdhu; - $wpdhu;> JQ;R - kiwe;j.
33) nrhy;yf; Nfl;lds; njhd;nkhopj; jd;ikAk;
nty;yf; Nfl;gUk; ntQ;rpdj;J vy;iyehs;
xy;yf; Nfl;ldu; cl;Fw Mtijg;
Gy;yf; Nfl;fpy; ahd;Gfy; Ntndd;whs;.
“rhe;jp nrhd;dijf; Nfl;l kupahs;> cyf KbT ehs; tUtJ gw;wpg; goq;fhyj;jpy;
nrhy;yg;gl;l nra;jpfis nty;Yk; tifapYk;> Nfl;gjw;fupa nfhba ntFspNahLk;
Nfl;ltu; mQ;rp eLq;FkhWk; elf;f ,Ug;gjidg; nghUj;jpf; Nfl;f ePq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy;
ehd; nrhy;Ntd;” vd;whs;.
njhd;nkhop - goq;fhy nkhop> Nfl;G mUk; - Nfl;gjw;F mupa> ntQ;rpdk; -
nfhba ntFsp> vy;iyehs; - cyf KbT ehs;> cl;Fw - mQ;rp eLq;f> Gy;y -
nghUe;j> Gfy;Ntndd; - nrhy;YNtd;.
34) jhns Ok;fk yk;Rlu; jhtpa
Nfhns Oq;fjpu; nfhz;nldf; Nfl;lYk;
thns Oe;jfz; khnjhL ahtUk;
#ns Oe;Jwr; nrhy;nydr; nrhy;Yths;.
,t;thW nrhy;yf; Nfl;lJk; ths; Nghd;w $u;ikahd fz;fisAila rhe;jpAld;
kw;w ,ilau; ahtUk; kyu;j;jz;by; vOe;J epd;w jhkiuapd; xsp gue;j #upadpd;
xspia cl;nfhz;L kyu;e;jJ Nghy> tQ;rpdk; $wpa Kiwapy; vOe;Jepd;W ed;whfr;
nrhy; vd;W tpUk;gpf; Nfl;f kupahs; gpd;tUkhW njhlu;e;J nrhy;Yths;.
jhs; - kyu;j;jz;L> fkyk; - jhkiu> Rlu; - xsp> jhtpa - gue;j> Nfhs; - #upad;>
#s; - tQ;rpdk;> cw - ed;whf.
68
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Fwpj;j gFjpapD}lhf typAWj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jfs;:
m) ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; kfpik
- ghtj;jhy; ,iwtid tpl;Lg; gpupe;j kf;fis ,ul;rpj;J> kPz;Lk; ,iwtDld;
,izf;fg; gpwe;j NjtFkhud; (5)
- tpz;ZyFk; kz;ZyFk; tzq;Fk; nja;tk; (6)
- nrhw;fshy; tho;j;jg;gl Kbahjtu; (9)
- vspikahd tho;itj; njupe;J nfhz;ltu; (14)
- jha;> je;ij ,y;yhj ,iwtd; (31)
- jpUkiwapd; jiytd; (Ntj ehjd;) (1>2)
M) khpahspd; ngUik - fjputid Milahff; nfhz;lts; (8> 18)
- epyitg; ghjq;fspy; mzpe;jts; (10)
- tpz;kPd;fis Kbapy; #bats; (29)
- ,iwtDf;F ,t;Tyfj; jhahFk; rpwg;igg; ngw;wts; (30)
- ,iwtdpd; jpl;lj;ij mwptpf;Fk; ty;yikAilats; (26> 27)
- fd;dpikf;Ff; fsq;fk; tuhky; ike;jidg; ngw;wts; (10)
,)#irapd; ngUik - ngUe; jtj;Njhd;; (8) - kupahSf;F rpwe;j fztdhf tha;j;jtd;; (12)
<) ,ilah; gz;Gk; rpwg;Gk;
- ,iwmtjhuk; gw;wpa nra;jpia Kjypy; mwptpf;fg;ngWk; Ngw;wpidg;
ngw;wtu;fs;(1) - jpUf;Foe;ijia Nehpy; fz;L tzq;Fk; tha;g;gpidg; ngw;wtu;fs; - gzpTilatu;fs; - kupahs;> #ir> ,NaRf;fpwp];J MfpNahiuj; jk; capnudg; Nghw;wpatu;fs; (13) - jk;khy; ,ad;w fhzpf;iffis (ghy;> kyu;khiy) mtu;fSf;F mspg;gtu;fs; (9>10)
- jk; Iaq;fis kupahsplk; tpdtp (rhe;jp) njspTWgtu;fs; (19 - 28)
ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mzpfs;:
(m) ctikfs;
- ‘kpd;dy; NeUk; md;id’ (1) - ‘thdkpu;j khu;gpdd;’ (7) - ‘fQ;rk; <d;w ,yF Kj;jk; Va;e;Jnty; Gutpy; Nta;e;j Nria’ (8) - Kbj;j jpq;fisj; njhLj;J cLf;fs; Jw;wy; (9)
- ‘Vjk; ,d;wp khyp <d;w fhe;jp vd;W Njhd;wiyf; NfhJ mfd;W capu;j;j Nfhij’ (10) - ghjk; xd;W Nrhkd; <d;w ghy; epyT (10)
- ‘gJkk; NeU fz;’ (11)
- ‘tpz;zpd; ePu;Kfpy; kpd;ndd Nehf;fy;’ (16) - ‘fhtpy; Xba Kj;njdf; fhjyhy; ehtpy; Xba ey;Gfo;’ (17) - ‘Nfhy;tpop;’ (17)
(M) cUtf mzp
- ‘gQ;r muq;F’ (2) - ‘,d;g neLq;fly;’ (18)(,) klf;fzp
- khiy vd;Dk; nrhy; nra;Aspy; ntt;NtW nghUisj; jUk; tifapy;
mike;Js;sJ (03)(<) me;jhjp mikg;G
- nra;As; ,yf;fk; 15 njhlf;fk; 25 tiu me;jhjp mikg;G cs;sik
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69
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
08. ghujpahu; ftpijfs;
Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; :
jkpopd; k`hftpfspy; xUtuhf> etPd jkpo;f; ftpijapd; Kd;Ndhbahfg; Nghw;wg;gl;ltu;.
Njr tpLjiy> ngz; tpLjiy> nkhop vspik Kjyhd tplaq;fspy; czu;T g+u;tkhf<Lgl;ltu;. rpWtu; ,yf;fpak;> trd ftpij Kjyhd tplaq;fspy; Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;Fgtu;.
gilg;Gf;fs; :
ghujp gf;jpg; ghly;fs;> Njr tpLjiyg; ghly;fs;> r%ftpLjiyg; ghly;fs;> Fapy; ghl;L>ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> trd ftpijfs;> Ntjhe;jf; ftpijfs; Kjypa gy gilg;Gf;fismspj;Js;shu;.
(m) Fapw;ghl;Lfhdg; gwit fyfnyD NkhirapYk;>fhw;W kuq;fspilf; fhl;L kpirfspYk;>Mw;WeP Nuhir mUtp nahypapdpYk;>ePyg; ngUq;flnye; NeuKNk jhdpirf;Fk;Xyj; jpilNa Ajpf;F kpirapdpYk;>khDlg; ngz;fs; tsUnkhU fhjypdhy;CDUfg; ghLtjp Y}wpLe;Njd; thupapYk;>Vw;wePu;g; ghl;b dpirapdpYk;> ney;ypbf;Fq;Nfhw;nwhbahu; Ff;Fntdf; nfhQ;R nkhypapdpYk;Rz;zkpbg; ghu;jQ; RitkpFe;j gz;fspYk;>gz;iz klthu; goFgy ghl;bdpYk;tl;lkpl;Lg; ngz;fs; tisf;fuq;fs; jhnkhypf;ff;nfhl;b apirj;jpLNkhu; $l;lKjg; ghl;bdpYk;>Ntapd; FoNyhL tPizKj yhkdpju;thapdpYq; ifahYk; thrpf;Fk; gy;fUtpehl;bdpYq; fhl;bdpYk; ehnsy;yhk; ed;nwhypf;Fk;ghl;bdpYk; neQ;irg; gwpnfhLj;Njd; ghtpNad;.
,yf;fpak; gw;wpa mwpKfk;
Fapw;ghl;L> ghujp ghba FWq;fhtpaq;fSs; xd;W. mJ khDliuAk; tpyq;FfisAk;itj;J> Gidag;gl;l Ntbf;ifahd fw;gidf; fij. khQ;Nrhiy xd;wpypUe;j Fapnyhd;Wghba ,d;dpir fPjj;jpy;> jd; kdijg; gwpnfhLj;j ftpQu;> mJ $wpa fhjw;fijapidnrtpkLf;fpwhu;. mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Fapy; ,aw;ifapd; fPjq;fspYk;> ehl;lhu; ghlypirapYk;fUtpfspd; ,d;NdhirapYk; kdijg; gwpnfhLj;jik gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; gFjpNa,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. vdpDk; ghujp mjDs;Ns gy tplaq;fisf; $w Kide;Js;shu;.,f;FWq;fhtpaj;ij Kbf;Fk;NghJ>
“Md;w jkpo;g; GytPu; fw;gidNaahdhYk; Ntjhe;jkhf tpupj;Jg; nghUSiuf;f ahNjDQ; rw;Nw ,lkpUe;jhy; $wPNuh”
vdf;Nfl;L> rpe;jidiaj; J}z;b tpLfpd;whu;. mj;jifa Fapw;ghl;L vDk;FWq;fhtpaj;jpy; gpujhdkhd ghj;jpukhd Fapy;> ,irNkyhd jd; <LghL gw;wp fijnrhy;ypia Nehf;fpf; $Wk; gFjp ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ir ehl;lk;;
gwitfspd; xyp> MW> fly;fspd; miynahyp> ngz;fs; ghLk; ghl;nlhyp> gy;NtW
,irf;fUtpfspd; xyp Kjypa gy;NtW xypfisAk; ,irahff; fhZfpwhu; ghujp.
tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;
Vw;wk; ,iwj;jy; ney;ypbj;jy; Rz;zkpbj;jy;
Fk;kp nfhl;Ljy; taw;nwhopy; ,irf; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jy;
70
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(M) fz;zk;kh vd; fhjyp
1. khiyg; nghOjpnyhU NkilkpirNa
thidAk; fliyAk; Nehf;fpapUe;Njd;@
%iyf; flypidat; thdtisak;
Kj;jkpl; NljOtp Kfpo;jy;fz;Nld;@
ePy neUf;fpilapy; neQ;RnrYj;jp>
Neuq; foptjpYk; epidg;gpd;wpNa
rhyg; gygyew; gfw;fdtpy;
jd;id kwe;jyae; jd;dpypUe;Njd;.
2. Mq;fg; nghOjpnyd; gpd;Gwj;jpNy>
Ms;te;J epd;nwdJ fz;kiwf;fNt>
ghq;fpdpw; ifapuz;Le; jPz;bawpe;Njd;@
gl;Lil tPRfko; jd;dpywpe;Njd;@
Xq;fp tU Ktif a+w;wp ywpe;Njd;@
xl;L kpuz;Ls;sj;jpd; jl;b ywpe;Njd;@
‘thq;fp tplb ifia Nab fz;zk;kh>
kha nktuplj;jpy;?’ vd;W nkhope;Njd;.
3. rpupj;j xypap yts; if tpyf;fpNa>
jpUkpj; jOtp> ‘vd;d nra;jp nrhy;’ nyd;Nwd;>
‘neupj;j jpiuf;flypy; vd;d fz;bl;lha;?
ePy tpRk;gpdpil vd;d fz;bl;lha;?
jpupj;j Eiuapdpil vd;d fz;bl;lha;?
rpd;df; Fkpopfspy; vd;d fz;bl;lha;?
gpupj;Jg; gpupj;Jepj Nkf kse;Nj>
ngw;w eyq;f nsd;d? NgRjp’ vd;whs;.
4. ‘neupj;j jpiuf;flypy; epd;Kfq; fz;Nld;@
ePy tpRk;gpdpil epd;Kfq; fz;Nld@;
jpupj;j Eiuapdpil epd;Kfq; fz;Nld@;
rpd;df; Fkpopfspy; epd;Kfq; fz;Nld;@
gpupj;Jg; gpupj;Jepj Nkf kse;Nj>
ngw;wJd; Kfkd;wpg; gpwpnjhd;wpy;iy@
rpupj;j xypapdpYd; if tpyf;fpNa>
jpUkpj; jOtpajpy; epd;Kfq; fz;Nld;.
,yf;fpak; gw;wpa mwpKfk; :
fz;zidg; gy epiyfspy; ghtid nra;J ghujpahy; ghlg;gl;l gy ghly;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit fz;zd; ghly;fs; vdg; ngau; #l;lg; ngWfpd;wd. fz;zid
fhjypahfg; ghtidnra;J ghba ghly;fSs; xd;whf> ‘fz;zk;kh vd; fhjyp’
mikfpwJ.
71
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghLnghUs; :
,aw;if KOtjpYk; ,iwtidf; fz;l mDgtj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf ,f;ftpij mikfpwJ.
ghujp khiy Neunkhd;wpy; flw;fiuapy; thdj;jpdJk; flypdJk; moif ,urpj;J
jd;id kwe;jpUe;j epiyapy; fhjypahfpa fz;zk;kh gpd;Gwkhf te;J mtuJ
fz;izj; jdJ iffshy; %baTld;> %batu; ahnud ,dq;fz;l ghujp ifia
tpyf;fp mtNshL ciuahLk; Ntisapy; fz;zk;kh ,aw;iff; $Wfspy; eP vd;d
fz;lha;? vd tpdTtjhfTk; mjw;Fg; ghujp> midj;jpDk; cd; KfNk fz;Nld; vd
tpilaspg;gjhfTk; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.
fhjy; ntspg;gLk; tpjk;:
fhjyp te;J epd;W fhjydpd; fz;kiwj;jy;.
fhjyd; mtis ,d;dhnud milahsk; fhzy;.
fhjypapd; cilapd; thrid %yk; mtisawpjy;.
,ay;ghfNt ctif vOtjd; %yk; te;jJ jd; fhjypNa vd KbTnra;jy;.
,Utu; cs;sKk; xd;Wgl;L tpsq;Fjy;.
,aw;if midj;jpYk; fhjypapd; Kfj;ijNa fhZjy;.
(jhd; ,aw;ifapy; yapj;jpUe;jNghJ jd; fhjyp te;J jOtpajhfTk; mg;NghJ
mtu;fspilNa ciuahly; epfo;tjhfTk; mt;Tiuahlypy; mts; ghujpiag; ghu;j;Jf;
Nfl;l Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil $WtjhfTk; ftpijia mikj;Jf; nfhz;ljpy; ghujpapd;
fw;gidj;jpwd; Gyg;gLfpwJ.)
(,) ghQ;rhyp rgjk;
#J kPl;Lk; njhlq;Fjy;
fhA Ul;l yhdhu; - #Jf;
fspnjh lq;f yhdhu;
kha Ks;s rFdp - gpd;Dk;
thu;j;ij nrhy;Y fpd;whd;@
“ePa opj;j njy;yhk; - gpd;Dk;
epd;dp lj;J kPSk;>
Xa;t ile;jp lhNj> - jUkh!
Cf;f nka;J” nfd;whd;.
Nfhapw; g+ir nra;Nthu; - rpiyiaf;
nfhz;L tpw;wy; NghYk;>
thapy; fhj;J epw;Nghd; - tPl;il
itj;jp oj;jy; NghYk;>
Map uq;f shd - ePjp
aitA zu;e;j jUkd;
Njak; itj;jp oe;jhd;@ - rPr;rP
rpwpau; nra;if nra;jhd;.
‘ehl;L khe;j nuy;yhk; - jk;Nghy; euu;f nsd;W fUjhu;@
Ml;L ke;ij ahnkd; - Wyif
mur nuz;zp tpl;lhu;.
fhl;L Kz;ik E}y;fs; - gyjhq;
fhl;b dhu;f NsDk;;
ehl;L uh[ ePjp - kdpju;
ed;F nra;a tpy;iy.
72
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
XuQ; nra;jp lhNk> - jUkj;
JWjp nfhd;wp lhNk>
NrhuQ; bra;jplhNk> -gpwiuj;
Jaupy; tPo;j;jp lhNk>
Ciu ahS Kiwik - cyfpy;
Xu;G wj;J kpy;iy.
rhu kw;w thu;j;ij! - NkNy
rupij nrhy;Y fpd;Nwhk;.mwpKfk; :kfhghujj;jpy; jUkd;> nfsutu;fSld; #jhb ehLefu; vy;yhk; ,oe;J> ,Wjpapy;ghQ;rhypiaAk; gzak; itj;J ,of;fpwhd;. ghQ;rhyp JupNahjdd; rigapNy mtdhy;khdgq;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhs;. me;epiyapy; ghQ;rhyp ju;khNtrj;NjhL JupNahjid mopj;Njjd; Foy; Kbg;gjhfr; rgjk; nra;fpwhs;. mr;rgj epfo;r;rpia ikakhff;nfhz;Lkfhghujf; fijg;gFjpia ghujp> GJikfNshL FWq;fhtpakhf> ‘ghQ;rhyp rgjk;’vd;w ngaupy; gilj;Js;shu;.
JupNahjdNdhL #jhba jUkd;> Njrj;ijg; gzag; nghUshf itj;jJ fz;Lnfhjpj;njOe;J $Wtjhf miktJ ,g;gFjp.
#jpd; ,opT : tQ;rfupd; khatiyapy; tPo;j;Jk; mwptpof;fr; nra;Ak; gopia Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;idAk; jd;idr; rhu;e;jtiuAk; Jd;gj;jpyho;j;Jk;
jUkd; mile;j ,opT: Mapuk; ePjp E}y;fisf; fw;wpUe;Jk; Njrj;ijg; gzak; itj;J ,oe;jjhNy> “rPr;rP” vdj; J}w;WksTf;F jUkd; fPo;epiy miljy;. jUkd; rpwpahUs; xUtdhff; fzpf;fg; ngwy;. ehl;L kf;fis ke;ijfsha; kd;du;fs; fUJfpwhu;fs; vdf; $Wk; epiy Vw;gly;.
jUkdpd; nraiyg; ghujp $Wk; tpjk;: g+rfu; Nfhapw;rpiyia tpw;wy; Nghy thapw;fhtyd; tPl;il tpw;gJ Nghy rpwpahu; nra;if nra;jhd; jUkd;
rpwe;j Ml;rpj;jiytDila ,yl;rzq;fs;: ehl;L kf;fis kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wy;. E}y;fisf; fw;gJ kl;Lkd;wp mtw;iw kf;fs; eyDf;fha; gpd;gw;Wjy;. tQ;rid GupahJ elj;jy;. mwj;jpdpd;Wk; kdTWjp jsuhJ ,Uj;jy;. fPo;epiy milaf;$ba nray; Gupahik.
gpwiuj; Jaupy; tPo;j;jhik.
rFdpapd; tQ;rid:
#o;r;rpfs; epiwe;jtdhff; fhzg;gly;.
‘eP ,oe;jtw;iwnay;yhk; kPsg; ngWtha;’ vd jUkid tQ;rpj;J Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
ftpij typAWj;Jk; tplaq;fs;:
Kiw jtWk; murpd; kPjhd ntWg;G. kf;fis kjpj;J kf;fsJ eyd; ehLk; jd;dykw;w murpd; kPjhd mth. jd;dykw;w kf;fs; eyidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;l muRfs; cyfpy; vq;Fk; ,y;iyNa vd;w Mjq;fk;.
73
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(<) ngz; tpLjiy
1. tpLj iyf;F kfspnuy; NyhUk;
Ntl;if nfhz;ldk;@ nty;Yt nkd;Nw
jplk dj;jpd; kJf;fpz;z kPJ
Nru;e;J ehk;gpu jpf;fpid nra;Nthk;.
cila ts; rf;jp Mz;ngz; zpuz;Lk;
xUep fu;nra; Jupik rikj;jhs;@
,ilap Nygl;l fPo;epiy fz;Bu;>
,jw;F ehnkhUg; gl;bUg; NghNkh?
2. jpwikah ypq;F Nkdpiy Nru;Nthk;@
jPa gz;il apfo;r;rpfs; Nja;g;Nghk;@
Fiwtp yhJ KOepfu; ek;ikf;
nfhs;t uhz;f nsdpy tNuhLk;
rpWik jPuee; jha;j;jpU ehl;ilj;
jpUk;g nty;tjpw; Nru;e;jpq; Fiog;Nghk;@
mwtp Oe;jJ gz;il tof;fk;@
MZf; Fg;ngz; tpyq;nfD k/Nj.
3. tpbA ey;nyhsp fhZjp epd;Nw>
NkT ehf upfk;Gjp njhd;Nw
nfhbau; ek;ik abikf nsd;Nw
nfhz;L jhk;Kj nyd;wd ud;Nw.
mbnah le;j tof;fj;ijf; nfhd;Nw
mwpT ahTk; gapw;rpapy; ntd;Nw
flik nra;tPu;> ee; Njrj;J tPuf;
fhup iff;fzj; jPu;> Jzp Tw;Nw.
mwpKfk; :
Njrpa tpLjiy> ngz; rkj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpy; jPtpu <LghLfhl;ba ghujp rPdnkhopapy;
“rPa+rd;” vd;gtu; ghba ftpijia nkhopngau;j;Jg; ghbaNj ngz; tpLjiy vDk;
,f;ftpij.
ghLnghUs; :
MZk; ngz;Zk; rkkhdtu;fs;. ngz;fis Mz;fs; mlf;fp Ms;tJ nghUj;jkw;wJ.
ngz;fs; jk; ngUik czu;e;J xd;Wgl;L tpLjiy ngw Kay Ntz;Lk; vd;w
fUj;ij typAWj;Jk; tifapy; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ. ngz;fs; tpLjiy ngw;W
Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf xd;Wgl;L ciof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;Jtjhf
,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.
MZk; ngz;Zk; rkkhdtu;fshfNt gilf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;
ngz; MZf;Fr; rupepfu; cupik ngw;wts;. ,ilf;fhyj;jpNyNa Mz; cau;e;jtd;>
ngz; jho;e;jts; vd;w fPo;epiy cz;lhdJ
ngz; jdf;;F Neu;e;j ,opepiyiag; Nghf;f NghuhLk; ty;yik cs;sts;
ngz;zpd; ,opepiyiag; Nghf;f cWjpnfhz;L ciog;Nghk;
Mz;fs;> ngz;fisr; rkkhf elj;Jthu;fshapd; mtu;fNshL Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf
xd;Wgl;L ciog;Nghk;;
,opepiyiag; Nghf;f cWjpnfhz;L ciog;Nghk;
74
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mrpupau; : g.F.rutzgtd;
,tu; eapdhjPtpidr; Nru;e;jtu;. tpj;Jt rpNuhkzp fNzirau; Ntyiz jk;G
cghj;jpahau; MfpNahu; ,tuJ Mrpupau;fshtu;. jkpo; Gyikkpf;ftuhd ,tu; E}ywpTk;
,ay;ghfNt ftpghLk; ty;yikAk; tha;f;fg;ngw;wtu;.
,yf;fpak; gw;wpa mwpKfk;
Fwk; vd;gJ xUtif ,yf;fpa tbtk;. ,jpy; Fwtu;fs; jq;fs; ehl;Ltsk;> kiytsk;
Kjyhdtw;iwr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLtjhd gFjpfs; mikag;ngWk;. mNj ghq;fpy; ,yq;if
ehl;bd; tsj;ijr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLtjha; mikgit ,g;ghly;fs;.
01. Njtnuy;yhq; nfhYtpUf;Fk; <onkq;fs; NjaQ;
nrg;gpLNt djd;ngUik rw;wpUe;J NfSk;
%tud;W ghLjpUf; Nfhzkiy ehl;by;
Kj;njhJf;fpf; fj;Jfly; #Onkq;fs; Njak;. (Njtu;)
02. vj;jpirAk; Nghw;Wq;fjpu; fhkkiy ehl;by;
vq;fs;ts;sp FbapUf;Fk; <onkq;fs; Njak;
Gj;jgpuhd; nghd;dbahk; nghw;fky gPlk;
nghypAkiy vq;fs;kiy <onkq;fs; Njak;. (Njtu;)
03. khtypfq; ifg;Gdyhe; jhtzpia tPrp
khjpunky; yhk;kzf;Fk; thridiag; G+rp
fhtyupd; fz;kUl;Lq; fd;dpvq;fs; Njak;.
fhrpdpap yptisg;Nghw; fd;dpapy;iy apy;iy. (Njtu;)
04. nre;jkpOQ; rpq;fsK khatpU Njhop
Nritnra;Ak; ,uhrfd;dp <onkq;fs; Njak;
,e;jpanuk; mf;ifkf;fs; vd;wizf;Fk; mk;ik
te;jiday; yhnjkf;Fr; rpe;jidNt wpy;iy. (Njtu;)
05. nghw;Gijay; fz;nlLg;ghu; Nghyr;rpy ke;jp
g+kpAs;nt bj;jgyhg; nghw;Riisiaf; fPz;Lk;
ew;Fzq;nfhs; kq;ifaUk; ike;ju;fSk; Nghy
ehYfpd;w g+q;nfhbapy; Cry;rpy thLk;. (Njtu;)
06. khdpd;fitf; nfhk;ngLj;Jf; fhy;fnsd ehl;b
tskhd gd;wpKs;Sf; ifk;kuq;fs; gha;r;rp
fhdpYjpu; khkapypd; Njhifnfhz;L Nta;e;J
fl;baj Ds;spUe;J rpw;wpy;rpy thLk;. (Njtu;)
07. fdpngwntd; nwhUFwj;jp fhjzpia tPrf;
fLtdijf; ifg;gpbj;Jf; fhjypjd; fhjpy;
edpaOj;jf; fz;zpdpd;W ePu;tbAk; thapy;
eiftUkf; Fuq;fpUf;Fk; <onkq;fs; Njak;. (Njtu;)
09. <o ehl;Lf; Fwk;
75
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Fwpj;j gFjpapD}lhf typAWj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs;:
1. ehl;Ltsk;
Kj;J tpisAk; flyhy; #og;gl;lJ.
kfhtyp fq;if ePupd; tsk; epiwe;jJ.
gyhf;fdpfs; tpistJ.
fhl;L kuq;fSk; g+q;nfhbfSk; nfhz;lJ.
khd;> gd;wp> kapy;> Fuq;F Kjyhd tpyq;Fs; nfhz;lJ.
fdp ngw fy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf> fhjzpia tPRk; kf;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
2. ehl;bd; ngUikf;Fupa mk;rq;fs;
Njtu;fs; te;J thrk; nra;jy;.
ghly; ngw;w jyq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
KUfDk; ts;spAk; ciwAk; fjpu;fhkk; mike;jpUj;jy;.
Gj;jupd; jpUtbj;jlk; gjpe;j kiy fhzg;gLjy;.
jdf;F <bizaw;W tpsq;Fjy;.
3. ftpQu; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jp
<oehl;il xU fd;dpg; ngz;zhf cUtfpj;jy;.
mg;ngz;zpd; jhtzpahf kfhtyp fq;ifia cUtfpj;jy;.
<oehlhfpa fd;dpf;Fr; Nrit GupAk; Njhopauhf jkpo;> rpq;fsk; Mfpatw;iw
cUtfpj;jy;.
ctikazpiaf; ifahs;jy;.
mjPj fw;gidfisf; ifahs;jy;.
4. mzpfs;
nghd;dbahk; nghw;fky gPlk; (cUtfk;)
kfhtyp fq;ifg;Gdyhk; jhtzp (cUtfk;)
nghw;Gijay; fz;nlLg;ghu; Nghy.........(ctik)
kq;ifaUk; ike;ju;fSk; Nghy ehLfpd;w.........(ctik)
5. ehl;bd; xUikg;ghlilg; NgZjy;
rkaq;fspd; ey;ypzf;fk;
rpq;fsj;ijAk; jkpioAk; Njhopfshff; Fwpgply;
,e;jpaiu mf;if kf;fshff; Fwpg;gply;
*************************************************************
76
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mrpupau;: KJjkpo;g;Gytu; K. ey;yjk;gp (1896 - 1951)KJjkpo;g;Gytu; K. ey;yjk;gp aho;g;ghzk; tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilapy; gpwe;jtu;. gapw;wg;gl;ljkpohrpupau;. nfhOk;G rh`puhf; fy;Y}upapy; jiyikj; jkpo;g; gz;bjuhf ,Ue;jtu;.Xa;T ngw;wgpd; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rpy fhyk; jkpo; tpupTiuahsuhfg;gzpahw;wpatu;. RitkpFe;j ftpijfs; gytw;iwAk; rpWtu;f;fhd ghlE}y;fs;rpytw;iwAk; ntspapl;Ls;shu;. 1950 ,y; kujd; Xl;lf; ftpijg; Nghl;bapy; “kzpj;jha;ehLk; kujNdhl;lKk;” vd;w ftpijf;fhf Kjw;gupR ngw;wtu;. jpUney;Ntypj; jkpo;r;rq;fk;“KJjkpo;g;Gytu;” vd;w tpUJ toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ.
ghujpahupd; ftpijfisg; gbj;J jpisj;jikapdhy; Vw;gl;l gutr epiyapd;
ntspg;ghL ,f;ftpij.
01. ghujp nad;nwhU jhkiu G+j;jJ
ghuj ehnlDk; thtpapNy - mjd;
rPupj ohapuQ; nrq;fjpu; Nghnyhsp
nra;J tpsq;FJ g+kpapNy.
02. ,e;j eWkyu; $k;gpLNkh ,jd;
,d;gk; vd;whapDk; Fd;wpLNkh - cau;
rpe;jid ahnkDk; thDyNfwpj;
jpisj;jplyhkJ rhk;gpLNkh. (ghujp)
03. re;jkpFe;jpL rpe;njd te;jJ
rhuyUtpfs; Nghy; tpOe;Nj - jkpo;r;
rpe;ijAUf;FJ nrk;ik ngUf;FJ
rpj;jpuq; fhl;LJ Gj;Japu; Nghy;. (ghujp)
04. jhkiuf; fhbJ epj;jYQ; nre;jkpo;j;
jz;zw ntq;FQ; nrhuptJ ghu; - gy
fhkU ghtyuhfpa tz;bdq;
fz;ld kz;bf; fspj;jply; ghu;. (ghujp)
05. Gj;jg; Gjpa RitapJ Kd;ndhU
G+f;fS kpr;Rit je;jjpy;iy - nkj;j
nkj;j ntwpf;FJ fhjy; rpwf;FJ
tPuk;gpwf;FJ NeupdpNy. (ghujp)
06. Ky;iy FWQ;rp apskUjk; ey;y
Nkhfdg;ghiy Kjpu;e;j nea;jy; - gz;fs;
fy;iyAUf;f Kud;W Kud;W
ftpf;fzp $l;bly; fz;bLtha;. (ghujp)
07. khL kuq;fS kpr;Rit Nfl;bq;F
tz;L fshfp kaq;Fjy; ghu; - mJ
fhL Jwf;FJ Nfhil jzpf;FJ
fhdy; gwpf;FJ fz;zndd;Nw. (ghujp)
10. ghujpahu;
77
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mUk;gjq;fs; :
$k;gpLNkh - nfl;bLNkh> czu;tope;jpLNkh
fhkU - (fh + kU) Nrhiyia ehLk;
fhdy; - ntg;gk;
1) ghujpahuJ ftpijfs;
- cyfpw;F xsp jUtd.
- thlhjd; ,d;gq; Fiwahjd.
- nrk;ik ngUf;Ftd.
- Gj;jk; Gjpa Rit jUtd.
- fy;iyAUf;Fk; Ritkpf;f gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lit.
- capupdq;fis kaf;Ftd; Jd;gk; ePf;Ftd.
2) ‘ghujpnad;nwhU jhkiu g+j;jJ ghuj ehnlDk; thtpapNy’ ghuj ehl;il
thtpahfTk; me;j thtpapy; g+j;j jhkiuahf ghujpiaAk; cUtfpj;Jf;
$wpAs;shu;.
ghujpapd; ftpijfs; Mfpa rPupjo;fs; g+kpf;F xspia toq;FfpwJ mjhtJ
cyfpw;F topfhl;Lfpd;wJ vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fd;wh ,d;ge;jUtd mope;jplh ,d;gj;ijj; juf;$ba rpe;jid Mfpa thDyF
Vwitg;gd. rpe;jidahnkDk; thDyF - cUtfk;.
rhuyUtpfs; Nghy re;jkpFe;j rpe;Jfs; tPo;e;J (ctikazp) cs;sj;ij
cUf;Ftd.
Gj;jk; Gjpa RitAilad; fhjiyAk; tPuj;ijAk; jUtd.
tpyq;FfisAk; kaf;Ftd.
3) cUtf mzp - ghujp vd;nwhU jhkiu
- ghuj ehL vDk; thtp
- rpe;jidahk; vDk; thDyF
ctik mzp - rhuyUtpfs; Nghy; re;jkpFe;jpLrpe;njd
- Gj;Japu; Nghy; rj;jpuq; fhl;LtJ
4) tpag;G
ghujpahupd; ghly;fisg; gbg;gjd; %ykhf cau;e;j rpe;jidfis vl;b>
mope;jplhj czu;tpd;gj;ijg; ngwyhk; vd tpaf;fpd;whu;.
*************************************************************
78
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
11. fl;Liufs;
(m) jkpo;j;njhz;L
- Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;
jkpo; tsu;j;j Kbkd;duhfpa Nru> Nrho> ghz;baUq; fope;J Nghapdu;.
mfj;jpadhiu Kjyhff; nfhz;l Gytu; ngUkf;fs; FOkpapUe;J jkpohuha;e;j
Kr;rq;fq;fSk; mope;JNghapd. nry;tj;jpy; tsu;e;j rPkhl;b my;yYw; wiyfpd;w
jd;ikNghyj; jkpo;khJ nghyptpoe;J Njhd;Wfpd;whs;. ,tSf;Fj; njhz;LGupa Kd;tUthu;
ahtUsu;? ,g;g+kz;lyj;jpy; ,g;nghOJ toq;Ffpd;w nkhopfs; Njhw;W Kd;Njhd;wpa
jkpo;nkhopahdJ ,d;Wk; epiyngw;W epd;W ,uz;LNfhb kf;fSila tof;Fnkhopahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jkpou; cyfj;jpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; trpj;J tUfpd;whu;fs;. thzpfj;jpYk;
njhopw;WiwfspYk; <Lgl;ltu;fsha;j; njd;dhgpupf;fh> kj;jpa mnkupf;fh> kyhah> rpq;fg;g+u;
Kjypa gpw Njrq;fspYk; gytif ,aw;if tdg;Gtha;e;j ekJ jha;ehlhfpa
,t;tpyq;ifj;jPtpYk;@ jpUNtq;fle; njd; Fkup nay;iyahfTila goe;jkpo; ehl;bYk;
jkpou; trpj;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,uz;LNfhb kf;fshy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w ,k;nkhop
capUila nkhopnad;gij kWf;fty;yhu; ahtu;? jkpo; mope;JNghtpy;iy@
capUldpUf;fpwJ. murpay; khw;wq;fspdhYk; gpw nkhopahl;rpapdhYk; jd;dpay;gpw;
Fd;wpr; Nrhu;tpdh yau;r;rpaile;j jkpo;khJ kPz;Lk; tpopj;njOe;Jtpl;lhs;. md;idahfpa
jkpo;khJ tpopj;njOe;j rpwg;gpidf; fz;l ghtyUk;> ehtyUk; ,tSf;Fj; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp
$Wfpd;wdu;. fhupUl;fhyq; fope;Jtpl;lJ. Gjpa Cf;fj;NjhL vOe;j ek; md;idapDila
mbapiz kyUf;F tzf;fQ; nrYj;JNthkhf.
tho;f;ifapdJ ku;kj;ijawpe;J nfhs;Stjw;F cgNahfkhd fy;tpNa fy;tp
nadg;gLtJ. tho;f;ifapd; ,ufrpaq;fis CLUtp Nehf;Fkhw;wy; cj;jk ftpfSf;F
,Ug;gJNghyg; gpwUf;fpy;iy. GwehD}nwd;Dk; rq;fj; njhif E}ypYk;> rPtfd; rupijapYk;>
fk;guhkhazj;jpYk; moFngw tFj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;w njs;spa cz;ikfis
kdj;jpndz;zp khrwj; njupe;J nfhz;L mtw;wpd; topepd;W tho;f;ifia elj;Jgtd;
cau;epiyailthd; vd;gjw;F Iag;ghby;iy. fiykfSila mUspidg;ngw;w ftpthzu;
ehd;Kfj;Njtidg;Nghyg; Gj;JUtq;fis ahf;f ty;ytu;fs;. fiyE}y;fis NahjpAzu;e;j
fy;tpkhd; ,g;Gj;JUtq;fisj; njspthf Nehf;fp kdj;Jf;fzij aikj;Jf; nfhz;L
jd;Dila tho;f;ifia mtw;Wf;F Neuhfr; rPu;gLj;Jfpd;whd;. Nehf;fk; cau;tilar;
nra;if cau;tilAk;. nra;if cau;tila tho;f;if cau;tilAk;.
thuPu; rNfhju;fNs! ehkpt;Tyfj;jpy; Vida Njrj;jhNuhL xj;j ghd;ikapduha;r;
rpwg;GwNtz;Lkhapd;> ehk; ekJ jha;nkhopf;Fj; njhz;LGupjiy Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpwehl;L ey;ywpQu; rhj;jpuq;fs;
jkpo;nkhopapw; ngau;j;jy;Ntz;Lk;
,wthj GfOila GJE}y;fs;
jkpo;nkhopap ypaw;wNtz;Lk;
kiwthf ekf;Fs;Ns goq;fijfs;
nrhy;tjpNyhu; kfpikapy;iyj;
jpwkhd Gyiknadpw; gpwehl;Nlh
uij tzf;fQ; nra;aNtz;Lk;.
79
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vd Mw;wy;rhd;w ftpauruhfpa Rg;ukzpa ghujpahu; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wfpd;wdu;. jkpo;
goik tha;e;jJ> njhz;lu;ehjidj; J}jpilg; Nghf;fpaJ vd;wpd;dd goq;fijfis
ekf;Fs;Ns Ngrpf;nfhs;tjpy; va;Jjw;Fupa gpuNahrdk; ahJkpy;iy. ehw;wpir kf;fSk;
ekJ ehfupfj;Jf;F Vw;wKiuf;fNtz;Lnkd ehnkz;ZNthkhapd; jkpo; E}y; nghjpe;j
fUT+yj;jpDs;Ns aike;Jfplf;Fk; ed;kzpfisnaLj;J mtw;wpdJ kjpg;ig ahk; gpwUf;F
czu;j;Jjy;Ntz;Lk;. gpwehl;buplj;jpYs;s mupa ngupa tpQ;Qhd E}y;fisAk;
gpwtw;iwAk; nkhopngau ;j ;Jj ; jkpOf;F cupikahf;fNtz;Lk; . midtU
nkspjpYzu;e;Jnfhs;sj;jf;f ,yFthfpa jkpo;eilapy; capu;f;FWjp gaf;Fk; cau;e;j
rhj;jpuq;fis vOJtpj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. Njfj;Jf;F typikAk; kdj;Jf;F cWjpAe; juj;jf;f
vz;zq;fs; jkpo;ehnlq;Fk; guTjw;F Kaw;rpj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
xU Njrj;jpy; thOfpd;w kf;fs; jkJ murpay; epiy> nghUshjhu epiy>
r%ftho;f;if epiy vd;gtw;iwr; rPu;g;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Kay;thuhapd; KjypNy jhnka;j
Ntz;Lnkd;nwz;Zfpw epiyia mtu; jk; kdj;jpilNa njspTw cUtfg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J cj;jkf; ftpfSDila fUj;jpid Edpj;JNehf;fp
mikf;Fe;juj;jJ. ,e;ehspy; ele;J tUfpd;w ehfupf tof;fq;fSf;Fk;> gy Njrj;
njhlu;gpDf;Fk; ,iaghFk;gb epj;jpakhd cz;ikfis kf;fSila cs;sj;jpw;
gbAk;gbahf vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; Mw;wYilatNd jd;Dila ehl;Lf;Fg; Gj;Japuspf;fty;y
cz;ikf; ftpahthd;. ,j;jifa xU ftpiaj; jkpo;ehL ngw;wJ ,e;ehL nra;j
ngUe;jtg;gaNdahFk;. ftpauruhfpa Rg;ukzpa ghujpahu; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;Jg; gy
tUlq;fshftpy;iy. ,jw;fpilapy; mtUila ftp Njrnkq;Fk; nrwpe;J ehl;bYs;s
kf;fSf;Fg; Gj;Japuspj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ftp rpNul;lu;fs; ,d;Dk; gyiu ,e;ehl;by;
cjpf;fr; nra;AkhW cyfkhjhthfpa guhrf;jpia Ntz;bf;nfhs;Nthkhf.
tlnkhopapypUe;J jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba E}y;fs; kpfg; gytpUf;fpd;wd.
epahak;> itNr\pfk;> rhq;fpak;> Nahfk;> g+u;tkPkhk;ir> cj;jukPkhk;ir vd;fpd;w
NtWtifg;gl;l jj;Jt tprhuiz E}y;fis Nky;ehl;lhrpupau;fs; jk;nkhopapw;
ngau;j;njOjpj; jkf;F cupikahf;fpf;nfhz;ldu;. Ntj Ntjhe;jq;fSf;F nkhopngau;g;Gk;>
ciuAk; Mq;fpyk; Kjypa Nkdhl;L nkhopfspYz;L. jkpopNyhntd;why; #j;jpuUf;Fk;
ngz;fSf;Fe; jfTiladntdf; $wg;gl;l rpy Guhzf; fijfs; khj;jpuNk
nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. rpw;gk;> urhadk;> MAu;Ntjk;> mu;j;jNtjk;> jEu;Ntjk;>
fhe;jUtNtjk;> fzpjk;> jUf;fk; vd;wpd;dd gytha JiwfspNy fly;Nghy tpupe;J
fplf;fpd;w rhj;jpuq;fisj; jkpopNy nkhopngau;j;njOjpdhy; mjdhy; tpisaf;$ba
eyj;Jf;F vy;iy $wKbAkh? tlnkhopapYs;s E}y;fisj; jkpopw; ngau;j;njOj Kay;tJ
rpwe;j jkpo;j;njhz;lhFk;.
80
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mrpupau; : Rthkp tpGyhee;ju; (1892 - 1947)
,aw;ngau; kapy;thfdd;. fpof;fpyq;ifapYs;s fhiujPT ,tuJ gpwg;gplk;. mwptpay;>
,yf;fpak;> rkak;> jj;Jtk;> ,ir Mfpa JiwfspNy Nju;r;rp ngw;wtu;. kjq;f#shkzp>aho;E}y; Kjypa E}y;fSld;> jdpg;ghly;fs; gytw;iwAk; vOjpa ,tu; Mq;fpyj;jpYk;jkpopYk; gy fl;Liufis vOjpAs;shu;. ,uhkfpU\;z klk; ntspapl;l ‘gpuGj;jghuj’ vd;w rQ;rpifapd; Mrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. cyfpd; KjyhtJ jkpo;g; Nguhrpupau;.
fl;Liuapd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fk;
jkpopd; ngUikia czu;j;jp> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w tifapy; mk;nkhopia tsu;j;jjw;fhdnjhz;Lfisg; gzpfisg; Gupaj;J}z;LtJ.
1) jkpopd; ngUikfs;
%Nte;juhy; Nghw;wg;gl;lik. mfj;jpau; njhlf;fk; gy Gytu;fshy; Muhag;gl;lik. Kd; Njhd;wpa nkhopahf tpsq;Ffpd;wik. ,uz;L Nfhb kf;fSila Ngr;Rnkhopahf capUs;s nkhopahf tpsq;Ffpd;wik. (mtuJ fhyj;jpy;) cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; toq;fp tUfpd;wik.
2) goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
tho;f;ifapd; ,ufrpaq;fis CLUtp Nehf;fpAs;s rq;f E}yhfpa GwehD}W gpd;ndOe;j rPtfd; rupij> fk;guhkhazk; Kjypad tho;f;iff;F topfhl;Ltd jkpo; E}w;fUj;Jf;fis czu;e;jtd; rpwg;ghf tho;thd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; Gjpjhf vOtjhy; mit tho;itr; nrk;ikg;gLj;j cjTk;
3) tpGyhee;ju; $Wk; jkpo;j;njhz;L
jkpOf;Fj; njhz;L GupAk; tifapy; kf;fisj; J}z;Ljy;. jkpod;idapd; jpUtbfSf;F tzf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;. jkpopyf;fpaq;fis Xjp czu;j;Jjy;. gpwehl;L mwpQu;fspd; E}y;fis jkpo;g;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtw;wpNy $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;. epahak;> itNrbak;;> rhq;fpak;> Nahfk;> cj;jukPkhk;ir> g+u;t kPkhk;ir vDk; juprdq;fis nkhopngau;j;Jg; gad;ngWjy;. ,yF jkpopy; ,yf;fpak; gilj;jy;.
4) typAWj;jg;gLk; nra;jpjkpio kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wpAk; gz;ila jkpopyf;fpaq;fis thrpj;Jk; gpwnkhopfspYs;sjj;Jt rhj;jpuq;fis nkhopngau;j;Jk; Gjpa ftpQu;fs; Njhd;wp tho;itr; nrk;ikg;
gLj;Jk; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Jk; jkpOf;Fj; njhz;LGupa Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
5) Mrpupau; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jp
jkpopd; goQ;rpwg;igf; $wp> njhz;LGupaj; J}z;Ljy;. Gfo; tha;e;j jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuj;jy;. ghujpahupd; ftpijia Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;ly;. thrfiu> ‘rNfhjuu;fNs’ vd tpspj;jy;.6) nkhopeilr; rpwg;G
jkpo;nkhopapd; goq;fhyr; rpwg;igAk; jw;fhy epiyiaAk; xg;gpl;L tpsf;fy;. thrfiu Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp tpspj;jy;. c - k;: thuPu; rNfhjuu;fNs! vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fisf; ifahz;L epahapj;J tpsf;Fjy;. tpdhf;fis tpdhtp> jk; fUj;ij typAWj;Jjy;.
81
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(M) jkpou; ehfupfj;jpy; fpuhk tho;f;if
- GJikg;gpj;jd;
ehfupfk; vd;gJ vd;d? gpuhj];dhdk;> jpUePw;Wr; rk;Glk; Mfpatw;iw itj;Jr;
rpyu; ehfupfj;ij msf;fpd;whu;fs;. NtW rpyu; xU ntbFz;Lf;F ,Uf;Fk; ehr rf;jpiaAk;
kpd;rhu tpsf;fpd; ntspr;r cf;fpuj;ijAk; nfhz;L fzpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,d;Dk; rpyUf;F
Vd; ..... ,g;gbNa vj;jid tpjkhdhYk; mLf;fpf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;. ehfupfk; vd;w
fUj;J XusT Nkw;nrhd;dtw;wpd; fisAld; Nrhgpf;Fk; xU jd;ik vd;gJld; mjw;F
mjPjkhdJkhFk;. ehfupfk; vd;gJ> rKjhak; ,w;Wg; Nghfhky; vLj;Jf;fhl;ba Qhgfr;
ruL@ epidTg; ghij@ rKjhak;> vWk;Gr; rhiu Nghy; Cu;e;J Cu;e;J> gof;fg;gl;Lg;
Nghd ghij@ mJ ,Ue;J tUtjw;F capu; nfhLj;J tUtJ. ,e;j uPjpapy; ftdpj;jhy;>
ehfupfk; vd;gJ ntWk; gpiog;Gf;Fk;> gpwF RfhDgtj;Jf;Fk;> mjd; gpwF cs;sj;jpy;
cile;J krpAk; epidTf; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; MjhugPlkhf mike;jpUg;gjhFk;. ehfupfj;ij
mikf;fpwjw;Ff; fpuhkk; vd;d nra;fpwJ?
fpuhk tho;f;if vd;gJ fpuhkpakhd xU fhupak; my;y. VNjh td Ngh[dj;Jf;fhfg;
Nghfpwtu;fs;> tof;fkhf cl;fhUk; N]hghit ,og;gjhy;. jkf;Ff; fpilg;gjhff; fUjpf;
nfhs;Sk; RfhDgtk; Nghd;wjy;y. ‘fpuhkj;Jf;Fg; Nghq;fs;’ vd;W cUf;fkhd gpurq;fq;fs;
gl;lzj;Jf;fhuu;fis nel;b nel;bj; js;Sfpd;wd. rhu;>“ehd; upl;lauhdJk; VjhtJRfkh xU fpuhkj;jpNy Ngha;f; fopf;fyhk;D g;shd; Nghl;bUf;Nfd;. ePq;f vd;d
epidf;fpwpas;?” vd;fpwhu; xUtu;. ,Ugj;jpiae;J tU\ ciog;ghy; cliyf; nfLj;Jf;
nfhz;lJld;> Neu;r ;irf; flDf;fhff; ifiaf; Fk;gpl ;lgb cauj; J}f;fp
#k;gitj;Jf;nfhz;l iguhfp khjpupf; fhiy gj;J kzp Kjy; khiy 5 kzp tiu
%isia xNu jpirapy; tpul;b tpul;b ,w;Wg;Nghf itj;Jf;nfhz;l xUtUf;Fj; jhk;
vupe;J rhk;gyhf Ntz;ba RLfhl;Lf;Fk;> jk;Kila kpr;r tho;Tf;Fk; ,ilapy; fplf;Fk;
Nuopahf fpuhkk; njd;gLtjpy; Mr;rupakpy;iy. mJ mtu; gz;zpd Gz;zpak;. by;yp
ru;f;fhu; fhupahyaj;jpy; xU kfd;> vd;[pdpaupd; fk;ngdpapy; xU kfd;> xU ml;tNfl;
n[duypd; kfDf;F rf ju;kpzpahf xU kfs;> fhNy[{f;F Ik;gJ iky; Ntfj;jpy;
Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpypy; NghtJjhd; Nkhl;r rhk;uh[;ak; vd;W epidf;Fk; Re;jh> ,t;thW
xUgbahfj; jkJ thup]; tu;f;fj;ijg; gq;fPL nra;Jtpl;L> jk;Kila m[Puzk;> 1936
tU\ Nkhl;lhu; fhu;> njha;e;JNghd fhjpy; itj;J CryhLk; ituf;fk;ky; kidtp>
tpl;lkpd; tprhuk;> jpUf;Fws; cghrid Mfpatw;Wld; ,tu; Ngha; xU fpuhkj;jpy;
FbNaWfpwhu; vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. gj;jpupifAk;> gof;$ilAk; gl;lzj;jpypUe;J
te;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. MW epiwaj; jz;zPu; NghdhYk; ntd;dPupy;jhd; Fspg;ghu;.
clk;Gf;Fs; capu; nga;tJNghy njd;wy; ,ioe;jhYk; gpshdy; rl;il Nghl;Lf;nfhz;L>
nts;spg; g+z; jbNahL cyht> mjhtJ thf;fpq; Nghthu;. vjpNu cl;fhe;jpUf;Fk;
ntl;bahd; iffl;b tha; Gijj;J> “vrkhd; Gj;jp” vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L vOe;jpUg;ghd;.
mt;tsTjhd; mtu; fpuhkj;jpy; mDgtpf;fg; NghfpwJk;> mDgtpf;fpwJk;. uhtzd;>
kz;NzhL ngau;j;Jr; rPijiaj; J}f;fpf;nfhz;L Ngha;> mNrhf tdj;jpy; rpiw itj;jhdhk;.
mJ ep[Nkh ngha;Nah vdf;Fj; njupahJ. Mdhy; ehd; nrhd;NdNd> ,e;j kh[p
cj;jpNahf tu;f;fk;> mJ gl;lzj;jpy; nfhQ;rk; ngau;j;Jf;nfhz;L Ngha;> fpuhkj;jpy;
Nghl;L> mjd;Nky; cl;fhu;e;Jnfhz;Ljhd; fpuhkj;ijg; ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;@ fpuhkj;ij
mDgtpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;Ff; fpuhkk; njd;glhJ@ mDgtj;Jf;Fk; fpl;lhJ. ,tu;fsJ
,e;j uhtz ifq;fupaj;Jf;Ff;Fs; mfg;glhj fpuhkk; vd;gJ vd;d vd;W Nfl;fpwPu;fsh?
mg;gbf; NfSq;fs;.
ePq;fs; ney;Yf; fha;r;rp kuk; vd;W Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpwPu;fsh? czT tiffspy;
xd;iwf; nfhLf;Fk; Gy; tifapy; xd;wy;yth vd;W jhtu epGzu; cWKfpwhu;. Mkhk;.
ney;Yf; fha;r;rp kuk; vd;why;> gl;lzj;Jf;fhuidg; gw;wpf; fpuhkthrp nra;Ak; fpz;ly;
82
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vd;W mu;j;jk;. cq;fs; Nkhl;lhu; fhiu mtd; cd;dpg;ghfg; ghu;j;jhy;> ePu; mtid
cjhrPdkhfg; ghu;f;fpwPu; my;yth? mjw;F mtDila gjpy; mJ.
fpuhkj;jpy; rpdpkh ,Uf;fhJ@ N\tpq; N]hg; fpilahJ@ rpful; mfg;glhJ@ Mdhy;
Rfk; cz;L@ mjhtJ thoj; njupe;jtu;fSf;F.
vdf;Fj; njupe;j fpuhkj;ijf; nfhQ;rk; tu;zpf;fpNwd;. mjw;F xNu xU njU
jhd; cz;L. mf;fpu`huk; ,y;iy. njUtpd; xU Nfhbapy; fpuhk Kdp]PGk; kW
Nfhbapy; fzf;fg;gps;isAk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,Utu; Nfhgj;Jf;Fk; Mshfhky;
gpioj;Jf;nfhs;sj; njupe;j jiyahup> ,e;jj; njUTf;Ff; $g;gpL J}uj;jpy; cs;s kwtu;
njUtpy; ,Uf;fpwhd;. ,d;Dk; gj;Jg; gjpide;J tPLfs;> ,e;j tPu kwf; Fyj;Jf;F epoy;
jUfpwJ. ,tu;fs; thisAk; Nty;fk;igAk; tpl;nlwpe;J nuhk;g fhykhr;R. “rhjpapNykwtdhf;Fk;” vd;W mjl;bf; nfhz;L> Vu; gpbj;J cOfpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;Fk; vl;lhj;
njhiytpy; gs;su;fs; Nrup. ehk; epidit tpl;L tpul;l KaYk; nfl;l epidg;igg;Nghy>
mtu;fs; mq;F mf;Qhjthrk; gz;Zfpwhu;fs;. CUf;F xU ikjhdk; cz;L. rhjhuzkhf
khL gLj;jpUf;Fk;@ Cu;j; Njtij jpUtpohtpy;> thdj;ijNa $iuahff; nfhz;l
fiykz;lgkhFk;. rhzp jl;lTk;> ney; cyu;j;jTk; Vw;witahdJ. ,e;j CupNy irt
rhg;ghl;ilr; rkah rkaj;jpy; epNtjdkhfTk; nghJthf me;jf; fpuhkj;jhd; tzf;fj;ijAk;
ghu;j;Jg; grpahWk; gps;isahUila Nfhtpy; cz;L.
Cu; vy;iyapNy Cupd; fhty; Njtij Nguha;r;rp Nfhtpy; cz;L. Nfhtpy; -
Nfhtpy; vd;wJk; gpukhjkhd fw;fdTfs; vd;W epidj;J tplNtz;lhk;. fpuhk KdprPG
gps;isatu;fs; tPl;ilg;Nghy mlf;fkhdJjhd;@ mtuJ kd ,Ul;ilg;Nghy ,q;Nf
fu;g;gf;fpufKk; ,Ul;bf; fplf;Fk;. fyrk; kl;Lk; Nguha;r;rp Nfhtpiy> Nfhtpnyd;W
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;@ kw;wg;gb xd;Wjhd;. ,e;j Njtij mirtk;. tU\j;Jf;F xU
jlitahtJ uj;jk; fhzNtZk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> FbNa KOfpg; Nghr;R.
gl;lg; gfyhdhYk; fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpy; Fk;kpUl;L. $u;ikahff; ftdpj;jhy;> nts;isAk;
mjw;fg;Gwk; mjd; ikaj;jpy; xU fWg;G. ,d;Dk; ghu;j;jhy;> tpiuj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;
fz;fs;. gpwF ,Ul;L jpuz;L jpuz;L gj;jhapuk; iffspy; NtYk; #yKk; jhq;fp>
vy;iyiaNa ,ik nfhl;lhky; fhj;J epw;gJ njupatUk;. gl;lg; gfyhdhYk; mijf;
fz;L gag;gLNthiuf; fz;lhy;> ehk; mtu;fisf; Nfyp nra;af;$lhJ. ehfupfk; gl;Lg;Nghd
gpwF kdpj tu;f;fk;> VNjh vg;NghNjh xU fhyj;jpy;> vJ gaj;Jf;F tpj;jhf ,Ue;jNjh>
mijg; gak; Nghf;f kUe;jhf trf;fpf;nfhs;s Kw;gl;l xU rhjdj;ijf; fz;L
kpushkypUg;gJ gprF. ,Ul;bNy> fhl;bNy kpd;Dfpw Gypf; fz;izg; ghu;j;J mjpy;
md;G nga;J itj;Jf; fw;gid gz;zpd fhupak; ,e;jg; Nguha;r;rp. ,e;jj; jhapd;
kfj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpf; fpuhkj;Jg; Gytu; ghLtijf; Nfl;lhy;> M];gj;jpup vjw;F> kNyupah>
kfkhup vjpu;g;G kUe;J tif> CrpFj;J Kiw vy;yhk; vjw;F vd;nwy;yhk; gLk;.
me;jT+upy; ep[khd Ml;rp Nguha;r;rpapd; Ml;rpjhd;. me;j Cu;f;fhuu;fs; gag;gLfpwJNghy>
mt;tsT nfhLikf;fhup my;y mts;. kfh fz;bg;Gf;fhup.
me;jT+u;f;fhuu;fs; kdg;gz;ghL ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fpw khjpup mt;tsT eh]_f;fhf,Uf;fhJ. kpQ;rp kpQ;rpg; NghdhYk; mtu;fs; fw;gid vy;yhk;>
Nrhsg; nghup kj;jpapNy
Rl;L tr;r Njhiriag; Nghy;
Rl;L tr;r Njhiriag; Nghy;
NjhZkpe;jr; Nrhjp epyh.
vd;Wjhd; mtu;fs; ghLthu;fs;.
83
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mUe;j mkuu; fyf;fpa ehs;
mKjk; epiwe;j ghw;fyrk;
,Ue;j jpilte;J vOe;jnjd
vOe;j jhop ntz;jpq;fs;.
vd;W xU re;jpNuhjaj;jpy; ,jpfhr ehlfj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk; kdg;gz;G mtu;fsplk; njd;glhJ.
neQ;rpYk; NjhspYk; cuk; cz;L. cs;sj;jpy; gupT cz;L.
Nkop gpbf;Fk;if>
Nty; Nte;ju; Nehf;Fk;if
Mop gpbj;Nj mUSk;if.
vd;W mt;itf; fpotp nrhd;dJNghy> nuhk;gTk; gpd;dpg; gpize;j ifj;njhopy; ehfupfkhf
,Ue;jhYk;> rKjhaj;jpd; ];jpuj; jd;ikf;F mtrpaKk; MjhuKkhdJ tptrhak;@
gyu; vz;ZfpwJ Nghy kl;lk; my;y.
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpNy xU fpotp jpupe;J tUfpwhs;. mtSf;Fg; gl;lzj;J ehfupfj;jpd;
neb gpbf;fhJ. vLj;njwpe;J Ngrp cjwpabj;J tpLths;. fpuhkthrpfs; cs;sg; gz;igf;
fhz;gjw;F nra;J itj;jJNghy ,Uf;fpwJ mtSila ghl;L.
mz;b neUf;Fz;Nld;>
js;Sz;Nld; ePs; grpapdhNy
RUf;Fz;Nld; NrhWz;bNyd;.
vd;W RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;Yfpwhs;. ,J vq;Nf vd;W Nfl;lhy; mijtpl tpNdhjkhf
,Uf;Fk;.
“tz; jkpioj; Nju;e;j tOjp fypahzj;jpy;
cz;l ngUf;fk; ciuf;ff;Nfs;;;”
vd;W nghf;if thiaf; fhl;bf; Nfyp nra;fpwhs; fpotp. mts; ghu;j;jJ vy;yhk;>
“ehd;khlf; $ly; typJ” vd;gJjhd;.
“nta;jha; eWtpjha; Ntz;lsTk; jpd;gjha;
nea;jhd; mshtp epwk; gre;J - ngha;aha;
mlnfd;W nrhy;yp mKjj;ij <e;jhs;
flfk; nrwpe;j ifahs;;”
vd;W ngz;zpd; tisNghl;l if ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xypj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. mts;
fz;l iffs;jhd; mJ.
,d;ndhUtd; mtd; Ngu; G+jd;. ngau;jhd; Mis kpul;Lfpw khjpup.
tufuprpr; NrhWk; tOJzq;fha; thl;Lk;
KwKnwdNt Gspj;j NkhUk;>
mt;itf; fpotpapd; grpia Mw;WfpwJ.
fpuhkq;fs;> ,e;j khjpup jpirkhwpj; jpupNthUf;F kl;Lk; md;d rj;jpuky;y@
ehfupfj;jpd; Kjw;gb md;dtprhuk;. grpg;gifia tpul;Lk; Kjy; kjpy; fpuhkq;fs;.
rKjhaj;jpd; rpj;jk; my;yJ tpNtfk; khjpup efuq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;@ ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
Mdhy; mtw;wpd; capu;g;Gf;Fk; njd;Gf;Fk; njspTf;Fk; mtrpakhd uj;jj;ijj; jUgit
84
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fpuhkq;fNsahFk;. fpuhkk; J}u;e;Jtpl;lhy;> efuk; gho;. ,J nghJ epajp. kpfTk;
gpd;dpg; Nghd ae;jpu ehfupfk; te;Jtpl;lhYk; me;j mbg;gilf;F tha;g;ghd fpuhkq;fs;
,Ue;Jjhd; jPUk;. vy;yhk; gl;lzq;fshfptpl KbahJ. gl;lzq;fs; vd;why;> rpe;jidapd;
gadhy; ,aw;ifapd; if ghu;f;fhky; tho kdpjd; tFj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Vw;ghL vd;gJjhd;
nghUs;.
fd;dnyd;w rpW FUtp ffdkiof; fhw;whky;
kpd;dnyd;Dk; GOntLj;J tpsf;Nfw;Wk; fhu;fhyk;
vd;W gl;lzj;Jf; ftpuhau; rkj;fhukhfg; ghb tpLthu;fs;@ Mdhy;> cil Ks;isAk;
,z;lQ; nrbiaAk;> Rs;nsd;W mbf;Fk; ntapiyAk;> Mw;W nts;sj;ijAk;
nfhLq;fhw;iwAk; rfhf;fshfg; ghtpj;J> mtw;Wld; Nru;e;J mtw;iwAk; trf;fp taypy;
tsj;ijg; ghu;f;fpwtd; thOkple;jhd; fpuhkk;.
“tug;G cau ePUaUk;
ePUau ney;YaUk;”
,Jjhd; rKjha tsu;r;rpapd; Mjhu rf;jp. gl;lzj;jpy; gpiof;fyhk;> thoKbahJ.
jdpikahf elkhlg; gl;lzk; thf;fhdJ. Mdhy; fpuhkj;jpy; xJq;fp tho cq;fis
tplkhl;lhu;fs;. ahuhtJ Gjpjhf te;Jtpl;lhy; NghJk;. “ahiuj; NjLjpa? X! mTfsh@
VNy fhj;jhd;> ehtd;dh tPl;Lf;Ff; $l;bf;fpl;Lg; Ngh” vd;W tPl;L tiuf;Fk; nfhz;L
Ngha;tpl;Lj; jpUk;Gthu;fs;. kWehs; tpbaw;fhyk; ghu;j;Jtpl;lhy; ePq;fs; xJq;fp xJq;fpg;
NghdhYk; cq;fis thiaj; jpwe;J ehY thu;j;ijahtJ Ngr itj;J tpLthu;fs;.
mtu;fSf;F Neuk;> mtfhrk; ghu;f;fhky; te;J cl;fhu;e;J NgRtjw;Fj; njupAk;.
fpuhkj;Jf;fhud; xt;nthUtDk;> me;j Cu; rupj;jpu Mrpupad;. me;j Cu;g; gps;isahu;
gpujp\;il gz;zpdJ> Myb taypy; nts;sk; kz;zbj;J tpl;lJ. %f;fd; kjifj;
jpwf;fhJ NghapUe;jhy;. fiuNa cilj;Jf;nfhz;L Cu; mope;J NghapUf;ff;$ba
Mgj;J> ey;y ghk;ik kz;ntl;bapdhy; xNu ntl;by; ,uz;L Jz;lhf;fpg; Nghl;l
nrk;gpyp> eLr;rhkj;jpy; Nguha;r;rp Cu; ghu;j;J tUtijg; ghu;j;J uj;jk; ff;fpr; nrj;Jg;Nghd
njhg;shd; Mfpa vy;NyhiuAk; ePq;fs; ntF rPf;fpuj;jpy; gupr;rak; nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
mr;rbj;j Gj;jfq;fisg;Nghy ,tu;fSila rupj;jpuq;fSk; nfhQ;rk; mkpjkhd GSFfs;
epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. r%f eyj;Jf;fhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;ba rpy ngha;fis rupj;jpu
rpj;jhe;jk; mikf;fpw khjpup ,e;jf; fpuhkj;J kdpjf; Fk;gYk; jd;Dila tk;r guk;giu
,w;Wg; Nghfhky; ,Uf;ff; fl;bitf;Fk; Qhgff; Nfhitjhd; ,itAk;. rpwpJ kl;lufkhd
ngha;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; rupj;jpunkd;Nw kjpg;Nghk;.
“Mw;wq;fiu kuKk;> muritapy;
tPw;wpUe;j tho;Tk; tpOkd;Nw”
vd;W gag;gLfpd;whd; fpuhkj;Jf;fhud;. fpuhkj;Jf;fhuDf;Fj; jd;dpr;irahf elkhbj;
jpuptjw;F ,ltrjp Ntz;Lk;. mtd; rpe;jid nrhw;gkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ gwe;J
jpupe;Jtu tprhykhd ,lk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gLfpwhd;. gl;lzj;jpNy njd;gLk;>
Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;FKiw> [d neUf;fj;jpdhy; vLj;Jf; $l;b mikj;Jf; nfhz;l Vw;ghLfs;
vy;yhk; mtDf;Ff; fl;NlhL gpbf;fhJ. mtd; grp te;jNghJjhd; rhg;gpl Mirg;gLthd;@
Mdhy;> cq;fs; N`hl;ly;fspy; gj;J kzpf;Fg; Nghdhy; NkhUk; rhjKk; fpilj;jhy;
cq;fs; mjp\;lk;. gl;lzj;Jf;F te;jhy;> Kq;fp KOfpf; Fspf;f> mtDf;Ff; Fohj;
jz;zPu; NghjhJ. ,uz;lhtJ ehs;> “ma;ah ehd; Ngha;tpl;L tUfpNwd;” vd;W %l;iliaf;
fl;btpLthd;. ePq;fs; mq;Nf Nghd ,uz;lhtJ ehNs “nuhk;g ly;yh ,Uf;F rhu;”
vd;W nrhy;ypg; Gwg;gl;l tpltpy;iyah?
85
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mrpupau;: GJikg;gpj;jd; (1906 - 1948)
nrh. tpUj;jhryk; vd;w ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l ,tu; jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; Kb#lhkd;dd;
vd;W Nghw;wg;gLgtu;. ,tuJ Kjy; rpWfijg; gilg;ghd ‘FNyhg;[hd; fhjy;’ 1933,y;fhe;jp ,jopy; ntspte;jJ. 1934 njhlf;fk; kzpf;nfhb rQ;rpifapYk; Vida
rQ;rpiffspYk; vOjp te;jhu;. E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l rpWfijfs;> E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
fl;Liufs;> 15 ftpijfs;> ehlfq;fs;> nkhopngau;g;Gf;fs;> Gj;jf tpku;rdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw
vOjpAs;shu;. jpiug;glj;JiwapYk; Copad;> jpdkzp> jpdrup Mfpa gj;jpupiffspYk;
gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. kzpf;nfhb> fiykfs;> N[hjp> Rje;jpur;rq;F> jkpo;kzp> Copad;
Kjypa gj;jpupiffspy;; ,tuJ gilg;Gf;fs; ntspte;jd.
1) ,f;fl;Liu %yk; Mrpupau; $wte;j tplak;:
jkpou; ehfupfj;jpy; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd tho;f;if KiwAk; mjd; rpwg;Gk;.
2) ehfupfk; vd;gjw;F Mrpupau; jUk; tpsf;fk;:
rKjhak; ,w;Wg; Nghfhky; ,Uf;f vLj;Jr; Nru;e;j Qhgfq;fspd; njhFg;G.
rKjhak; ele;Jte;j gof;fg;gl;l ghij.
,Jtiu ,Ue;J tUtjw;F capu; nfhLg;gJ.
ehk;; tho;tjw;Fk;> Rf mDgtq;fisg; ngwTk; cs;sj;jpy; vOk;
epidTfSf;Fk; mbehjkhf ,Ug;gJ.
3) efuthrpfs; jkJ Xa;T fhyj;jpy; fpuhkj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whYk; mtu;fs; fpuhk
tho;it thokhl;lhu;fs; vd;gjw;F Mrpupau; jUk; epahag;ghLfs;:
1. jkJ rkpg;ghl;L gpur;rpid> Nkhl;lhu; fhu;> ituf;fk;ky; mzpe;j kidtp>
tpl;lkpd; khj;jpiufs;> jpUf;Fws; cghrid vd;gtw;Wld;jhd; ,tu;fs;
fpuhkj;jpy; FbNaWthu;fs;.
2. gj;jpupifAk; gof;$ilAk; gl;lzj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk;.
3. MW epiwaj; jz;zPu; ,Ue;jhYk; ,tu;fs; nte;ePupy;jhd; Fspg;gu;.
4. njd;wy;fhw;W tPrpdhYk; mij mDgtpf;fhJ gpshdy; rl;il Nghl;Lf;
nfhz;L nts;spg;g+z; jbNahLjhd; cyhtg; Nghtu;.
MfNt> ,tu;fSf;Ff; fpuhk tho;f;ifapd; mDgtk; fpl;lhjJ.
4) fpuhk kf;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fshff; fl;Liu Mrpupau; $Wgit:
1. eh#f;fhfr; nrhy;yj; njupahj> ntspg;gilahfr; nrhy;Yk; kdg;ghq;F.
2. neQ;rpYk; NjhspYk; cuk; cz;L; cs;sj;jpy; gupT cz;L.
3. jpirkhwpj; jpupNthu;f;F md;drj;jpukhFk; - tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G.
4. efu kf;fspd; capu;g;ghd tho;f;iff;Fk; njspTf;Fk; %y fhuzkhf
,Ug;gJ fpuhk kf;fspd; ciog;G.
5. efuj;ijg; Nghy jdpikahd tho;f;if thotplhky; vy;NyhiuAk; jk;Kld;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gz;G.
6. grp te;j NghJjhd; rhg;gpLk; tpUg;gk;.
7. fpuhkk; njhlu;ghd tuyhw;W mwpitf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
8. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisAk; ez;gu;fshfg; ghtpj;J> mtw;Wld; Nru;e;J
mtw;iwAk; trg;gLj;jp taypy; tsj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk; gz;G.
5) jdJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $wf; fl;Liu Mrpupau; gad;gLj;jpa cj;jpfs;.
1. efu;Gw kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;f;if
KiwiaAk; xg;gpl;L tpsf;Fjy;.
2. ,yf;fpag; ghly;fis Mjhuk; fhl;Ljy;.
3. tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;Lr; rpe;jpf;f itj;jy;.
c - k; : ePq;fs;> ney;Yf; fha;r;rp kuk; vd;W Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpwPu;fsh?
86
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4. ju;f;fuPjpahff; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;. c - k; : efuthrpfs; fpuhkj;Jf;F te;jhYk; mtu;fs; fpuhk tho;f;if
thokhl;lhu;fs; vd;gjw;F mtu; Kd;itf;Fk; tpsf;fq;fs;.5. mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;Fjy;. c - k; : - vWk;Gfisg; Nghy Cu;e;J Cu;e;J gof;fg;gl;Lg; Nghd
ghi j - ctikcs;sj;jpy; cile;J krpAk; epidTf; Nfhapy;fSf;F MjhugPlkhf
mike;jpUg;gJ - cUtfk;6. Ngr;R tof;fpy; cs;s gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; Njitf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;Jjy;.
c - k; : N]hgh> N\tpq;> Kd;]Pg;> vd;[pdpau;
mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd tpsf;fk;
1. gpuhj];dhdk; - mjpfhiyf; Fspg;G
2. jpUePw;Wr; rk;Glk; - jpUePW itf;Fk; ghj;jpuk;
3. mjPjk; - vl;lhjJ
4. Qhgfr;ruL - Qhgfq;fspd; njhFg;G
5. MjhugPlk; - fw;rpiyiaj; jhq;Fk; mbf;fy;
6. tdNgh[dk; - Nrhiy Kjypatw;wpy; elj;Jk; tpUe;J
7. nel;b nel;b - neUf;fpj; js;Sjy;
8. Neu;r;irf; fld; - eptu;j;jpf;fld; / Neu;j;jpf;fld;
9. iguhfp - Jwtp
10. Nuop - ,il fop / fl;llg; gFjp ,uz;il ,izj;J epw;gJ
11. rfju;kpdp - kidtp
12. kh[p - Kd;dhs;
13. uhtz ifq;fupak; - kz;NzhL rPijiaj; J}f;fpr; nrd;w ,uhtzdpd; nray;
14. mf;fpu`huk; - gpuhkzu; FbapUg;G
15. Kd;rPG - fpuhk mjpfhup
16. mQ;Qhjthrk; - kiwe;J thOjy;
17. epNtjdk; - flTSf;F gilf;Fk; mKJ
18. trf;Fjy; - trg;gLj;Jjy;
19. eh]_f;fhf - #l;Rkkhf> nkd;ikahf> eakhf
20. Nkop - fyg;ig
21. tpNdhjk; - GJik
22. tOjp - ghz;ba kd;dd;
23. Kq;fp - ePUs; %o;fp
24. m[Puzk; - czT nrkpahik
25. cghrid - Muhjid / topghL
26. gpshdy; rl;il - jbj;j Jzpapdhyhd rl;il
27. tprhuk; - Muha;r;rp
28. gprF - jtW> jil> xt;thik
29. ,w;Wg;nghjy; - mope;J Nghjy;
30. rkj;fhuk; - Ngr;Rj; jpwd; / nra;As; eak; / moF
31. J}u;e;JNghjy;; - mope;JNghjy;
32. mkpjk; - msTfle;jJ
33. thf;fhdJ - Vw;wJ
87
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(,) khDlk; jOtpa ftpQu;
- Nguhrpupau; f.ifyhrgjp
,t;thz;L jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahupd; E}w;whz;L
tpohitf; nfhz;lhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. cyfpd; gy gFjpfspy; ghujpf;F mQ;ryp
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy nkhopfspy; ghujpapd; Mf;fq;fs; ngau;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;f;
ftpahfj; Njhd;wpa ghujp> ehsiltpy; midj;jpe;jpaf; ftpahfTk; cyfg; ngUq;ftpQUs;
xUtdhfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; epiy vOe;Js;sJ. ,g;ngUik ghujpf;F vt;thW
fpl;baJ? mtdJ cs;shu;e;j Mw;wiyAk; cyf Nehf;ifAk; gyUk; czuj;
njhlq;fpaJk; mtd; xU kfhftp vd;Dk; cz;ik cWjpg;glyhapw;W. ,yf;fpa
fu;j;jhf;fspd; GfOf;Fk; gupzhk tsu;r;rp cz;L.
cyf ,yf;fpa Mrpupau;fspd; cd;djkhd tupirapy; ghujpahiu itj;J ehk;
vz;Ztijg; NghyNt jkpo; ,yf;fpag;gug;gpYk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; cUthfpa
ngUk;Gytu;fspd; tupirapy; mtiu itj;Jg; ghuhl;Lfpd;Nwhk;. ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh>
fk;gu;> ghujp vd;W tupirg;gLj;JtJ ,g;NghJ tof;fkhfptpl;lJ. fhy milit xl;baJ
,t;tupir. rq;ffhyj;jpy; tho;e;j rhd;Nwhupy; xUtuhd guzupypUe;J ekJ fhyj;jpy;
tho;e;j ghujpjhrdhu; tiuapy;> jkpo;ehl;bYk; ,yq;ifapYk; rpwg;Gf;Fupa Gytu;fs;
vj;jidNah Ngu; Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;wdu;. MapDk; kfhftpfs; vd;W tpje;Jiuf;ff;
$batu;fs; ntF rpyNu.
Mw;wy; tha;e;j ftpQuhf tpsq;fpa ghujpahNu jdf;F Kd; nrd;w ftpFy
jpyfq;fis jkpo;g;ngUq; ftpQiu epidT $u;e;j Ntisfspy; ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh>
fk;gu; Mfpa %tiuANk Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;whu;. xsitahu; Kjy; ,uhkypq;fu; tiu gy
Gytu;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mtu;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tptupj;jpUf;fpwhnudpDk; Ntw;W
nkhopahsUk; Vw;Wg; Nghw;wf;$ba jkpo;f; ftpQu;fshf Kw;$wpa %tiuANk Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
ghujpahupd; ftpijfisAk; fl;LiufisAk; Vida gilg;Gf;fisAk; jkpOyfk; cte;J
mq;fPfupj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gijg; NghyNt mtupd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; gytw;iwAk; mbg;gil
cz;ikfshf Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ts;StUk; ,sq;NfhTk; fk;gUk; ghujpf;F Kd;dNu
jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpy; ngUikf;Fupatu;fsha;f; fUjg;gl;ltu;fs;. “fy;tpapw; ngupau;
fk;gu;” vd;w KJnkhop ed;F gpurpj;jkhNj. ts;Stupd; Fwsbfis vLj;jhshj
jkpo;g;Gytu;fs; ,y;iy vd;Nw $wptplyhk;. rpyk;gpd; nry;thf;F ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpak;
tiu glu;e;jpUg;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. MapDk; Kg;ngUk; ftpQu;fisg; ghujpahu;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpagpd; mJNt ek;ktu;f;F Mjhukhd msT Nfhyhapw;W. ghujpahu;
ghuhl;bajhYk; Kd;nrd;w %tu;f;Fk; ngUik ngUfpapUf;fpwJ.
,t;tplj;jpy; xd;W ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. jdf;F Kd;dpUe;j ngUq;ftpQiu ,dq;fz;L
tupirawpe;J ghujpahu; $Wk; nghOJ mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh jdJ ,yf;fpa Nehf;fpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mtu;fis tupirg;gLj;jpapUg;ghd; vd;W $WtJ jtwhfhJ.
nghJtpy; ehk; “,yf;fpak; ” vd;W $Wk;nghOJ ek; cs;sj;jpy; - rpe;jidapy; - gy
vz;zf;$Wfs; Vffhyj;jpy; vOfpd;wd. xUtuJ fy;tp> gapw;rp> czu;T> mDgtk;>
cyfNehf;F ,tw;wpw;Nfw;g ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa ‘tiutpyf;fzk;‘ NtWgLk;. vdpDk;
rhjhuzkhf> nrhy;yyq;fhuk;> rg;jeak;> ctik> cUtfk; Kjypa rpwg;Gf;fSk;
czu;tpidj; jhf;fp tho;f;iff;Fg; Gjpa tpsf;fj;ijj; juty;y fUj;JNk ftpijf;F
capu;ehbahf ,Ug;gijg; gyUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;. ,J xU ftpQdpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;.
88
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vy;yhf; ftpQu;fSf;Fk; ,r;rpwg;gpay;Gfs; VNjh xU mstpy; mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,tu;fSs; ngUq;ftpQuhfg; gupzkpg;gtu;fs; nkhopahw;wy; Kjypatw;iwf; Fiwtpd;wpg;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; mNj Ntisapy;> jhk; thOk; fhyj;Jr; rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilg;
gpur;ridfis mwpe;J> mtw;Wf;Fg; gufhuk; fhz Kw;gLgtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
jj;jk; mEgtq;fspd; Jiznfhz;L ftpghlj; Jtq;Fk; gyu; mt;tEgtq;fspd;
kl;lj;jpNyNa jq;fptpLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; ngUq;ftpQd; jd; nrhe;j mEgtq;fis khj;jpuk;
nghUshff; nfhs;shJ kDFyj;jpd; epiyikapid czu;e;J mjNdhL jhd; fye;J
vOJfpd;whd;. cjhuzkhf> ghujp mbikg;gl;Lf; fple;j ghuj rKjhaj;jpy; tho;e;jtd;.
jd;dstpYk; jdJ rKjhaj;ijg; nghWj;j mstpYk; mbikj;jdj;ij mwpe;jtd;.
mbikj;jdj;ij cs;Sk; GwKk; fz;ltd;. mJ mtdJ mbg;gil mDgtk;.
mt;tDgtj;Jld; cyif Nehf;fpa nghOJ NtW gy rKjhaq;fSk; ehLfSk;
mbikj;jdj;jpy; jho;Tw;W ,op epiyapYk; my;yw;gLtijf; fz;lhu;. mq;Nf nghJik
czu;T vOfpwJ. ‘kz;Zyfj;J khDld; jd;idf; fl;ba jisnayhk; rpjWf‘ vd;W
cyfshtpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mtd; Fuy; vOg;gpdhd;. ,e;j czu;TlNdNa goe;
jkpo;g; gDty;fisAk; Nehf;fpdhd;.
itaj;jpy; khDld; tho;thq;F tho topfhz Kw;gl;l ts;Std;> ,uhkuhr;rpak;
vd;w fw;gidf;F mbg;gilahd ,yl;rpakhd muR xd;iw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cUthf;fpa
fk;gd; mwk;> murpay;> tho;f;if ,tw;Wf;fpilNa ,Uf;ff;$ba njhlu;G vj;jifaJ
vd;gij Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; xd;wpd; %yk; myrp Muha;j ,sq;Nfh MfpNahiug; ghujp
fz;lhd;. ,k;%tUNk jdp xU muridg; gw;wpNah> nja;tj;ijg; gw;wpNah> ts;siyg;
gw;wpNah my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l Fyk;> rhjp vd;gtw;iwNah ghbdhu; my;yu;. kDFyk;
gw;wpNa ghbdhu;. “khDlk; ntd;wjk;kh” vd;Nw fk;gDk; Fwpg;gpl;lhd;. jhk; tho;e;j
fhyj;Jr; rKjha epWtdq;fSk; epajpfSk; FiwghLilait vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifAzu;tpd;
ce;JjypdhNyNa ,g;ngUq;ftpQu;fs; khDlk; Nfbd;wp thoj;jf;f fw;gid cyFfisg;
gilf;f Kw;gl;ldu;. fhyj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L tho;e;j mtu;fs;> fhyj;ijf; fle;J
rpe;jpj;jdu;; nrayhw;wpdu;. mjdhNyNa fhyj;ij ntd;w ftpQuhfpdu;. ts;Std; tFj;j
mwk; mtd; fhyj;J eilKiwfspd; jpul;rp md;W. kdpjd; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mtd; tpioe;j rKjha newpia E}ypy; tbj;jhd;. jdJ fhyj;jpd; mtyq;fisAk;
gpur;ridfisAk; czu;T g+u;tkhfTk; mwpT g+u;tkhfTk; njspe;J nfhs;Sk; xUtNd
fhy czu;Tld; nraw;gl KbAk;. mtd; $Wk; KbTfs; g+uzkhditahf mikahkw;
Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; ,t;Tyif khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czu;T Njhd;wpaTlNdNa
mtdJ gilg;GfSf;Fj; jdpahw;wy; nghUe;jp tpLfpd;wJ. mj;jifa Mw;wiy msT
Nfhyhff; nfhz;Nl ngUq;ftpQu;fis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. me;j KiwapNyNa
ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh> fk;gu;> ghujp KjypNahu; kfhftpfs; vd kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
rpwg;G kyu; - jpUf;Fws; kfhehL (1982)
89
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mrpupau;: Nguhrpupau; f.ifyhrgjp (1933 - 1982)
kNyrpahtpy; Nfhyhyk;g+upy; gpwe;jtu;. ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,sq;fiyg; gl;lKk;gu;kpq;fhk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Kidtu; gl;lKk; ngw;whu;. jpdfud; gj;jpupifapy; MrpupauhfTk;1961 Kjy; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsuhfTk; 1974 ypUe;J ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof- aho;g;ghz tshfj;jpd; Kjy;jiytuhfTk; jpfo;e;jtu;. mbAk; KbAk;> gz;ilj; jkpou;tho;Tk; topghLk;;> jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;> xg;gpay; ,yf;fpak;><oj;J ,yf;fpa Kd;Ndhbfs;> ,U kfhftpfs;> ,yf;fpaKk; jpwdha;Tk;> ghujp Ma;Tfs;>jkpopy; tPuepiyf; ftpijfs; Kjypad ,tuJ E}y;fs;.
fl;Liuahrpupau; $w tpioe;j tplak;
ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh> fk;gu;> ghujp Kjyhd ngUq;ftpQu;fs; jk; nrhe;j mDgtq;fis
khj;jpuk; nghUshff; nfhs;shJ kDf;Fyj;jpd; epiyikapid czu;e;J mjNdhL
fye;J vOJfpd;wdu; vd;gij ,f;fl;LiuapD}lhf f.ifyhrgjp ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
(1982 Mk; Mz;L jpUf;Fws; khehl;L rpwg;G kyupy; ,f;fl;Liu ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ).
fl;Liuapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;
ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh> fk;gu;> ghujp Kjyhd ngUq;ftpQu;fis ghujpahu; mwpe;Njh
mwpahkNyh ,yf;fpa Nehf;fpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jpdhu;.
xUtuJ fy;tp> gapw;rp> czu;T> mDgtk;> cyfNehf;F ,tw;Wf;Nfw;g ,yf;fpak;
gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk; khWgLk;.
nrhy;yyq;fhuk;> rg;jeak;> ctik> cUtfk; Kjypa Fwpg;Gf;fSk; czu;tpidj;
jhf;fp tho;f;iff;F Gjpa tpsf;fj;ij juty;y fUj;JNk ftpijf;F capu;ehb.
ngUq;ftpQuplj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;bait
nkhopahw;wy; Kjypatw;iwf; Fiwtpd;wpg; ngw;wpUj;jy;. jhk; thOk; fhyj;Jr; rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gpur;rpidfis mwpe;J> mtw;Wf;Fg; gupfhuk; fhz Kw;gLjy;. jdJ fhyj;jpd; mtyq;fis czu;Tg+u;tkhfTk; mwpTg+u;tkhfTk; njspe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik. nrhe;j mDgtq;fis khj;jpuk; nghUshff; nfhs;shJ> kDf;Fyj;jpd; epiyikapid czu;e;J> mjNdhLjhd; fye;J vOjy;. fhyj;ijf; fle;J> rpe;jpj;Jr; nrayhw;Wjy;. jd;idAk; jd;Dila r%fj;ijAk; NghyNt> gpw ehLfSk; gpw r%fKk; mbikg;gl;Lf; fplg;gijf; fz;l ghujp> “kz;Zyfj;J khDld; jd;idf; fl;ba jisnayhk; rpjWf” vdg; ghbdhd;. itafj;jpy; khDld; tho topfhl;l Kw;gl;ltu; ts;Stu;. ,uhkuhr;rpak; vd;w ,yl;rpakhd muR xd;iw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cUthf;f Kw;gl;ltu; fk;gu;. mwk;> murpay;> tho;f;if ,tw;Wf;fpilNa ,Uf;ff;$ba njhlu;G vj;jifaJ vd;gijf; Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; xd;wpd; %yk; myrp Muha;e;jtu; ,sq;Nfh.
“khDlk; ntd;wjk;kh” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu; fk;gu;. jhk; tho;e;j fhyj;J rKjha epWtdq;fSk; epajpfSk; FiwghLilait vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifAzu;tpd; ce;Jjypdhy;> ,g;ngUq;ftpQu;fs; khDld; Nfbd;wp thoj;jf;f
fw;gid cyifg; gilf;f Kw;gl;ldu;.
fhyj;Jf;F fl;Lg;gl;L tho;e;j ngUq;ftpQu;fs; fhyj;ijf; fle;J rpe;jpj;J> nrayhw;wpaikahy; fhyj;ij ntd;w ftpQu;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldu;. kdpjd; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wtpioe;j rKjha newpiaNa ts;Std; jdJ E}ypy; tbj;jhd;. ,jidNa ts;Stu;tFj;j mwkhff; fl;Liuahrpupau; fUJfpwhu;.
************************
90
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
m. Nju;
Kfj;jhu ; vd;wiof;fg ;gLk; MWKfk; JapnyOtJ xU jpUf;fhl ;r p .
jiyaiziaAk; Nghu;itiaAk; cl;jpzpj;Jg; ghiag; gf;Ftkhfr; RUl;b itg;gJ
xU fiy. nfhl;lhtpia kiwnghUnsJTkpd;wp Cisapl;L> iffis ePl;b klf;fp>
cliy cYg;gpr; Nrhk;giy Kwpj;jhy;> JapnyO glyj;jpd; Xuk;rk; epiwTWk;. jiykhl;by;
neUg;Gg; ngl;bAk;> jhtbg; Gifapiyr; ~Rj;J|k; vg;nghOJk; jahuhf ,Uf;Fk;. ~Rj;ij|
Neu;j;jpahfg; gw;w itj;jhy;> fhy;fs; jk; ,r;irahfNt nfhy;iyg; gf;fk; elf;fj;
njhlq;Fk;. vg;nghOJ njhlf;fk; itfiw JapnyOk; tof;fj;ij thyhag;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhu; vd;gJ mtUf;Nf Qhgfkpy;yhj rq;fjp.
mWgJ Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf tho;e;Jtpl;lhu;. fbfhuj;ijg; ghu;f;fhJ> fbfhuj;jpd;
tpehb Ks;isg; ghu;f;fpYk; EZf;fkhd Neuf;fzf;fpy; ,aq;FtJ mtUila
,uj;jj;jpNyNa CwpapUf;fpd;wJ. nfhy;iyapNy fopTf; fUkj;ij Kbj;J> mb fOtp>
fpzw;wbf; fKf kuj;jpNy njhq;Fk; FUk;igg; ghjpapw; fplf;Fk; ckpf;fupapdhw; gw;fisr;
Rj;jQ;nra;J> jpz;izf;F kPSthu;. ~,wg;gpy;| njhq;Fk; ntz;rq;fpNy fjpu;fhkj;J
tpg+jp ,Uf;Fk;. tyf;if tpuy;fSf;Fs; vLj;J> ~~rpt... rpth...|| vd;W cr;rupf;Fk;
nghOJ> ey;Y}u;f;fe;jdpd; cjafhyg; g+ir kzp Nfl;Fk;.
,d;Wk; ~~rpt... rpth...|| vd;W tpg+jp g+Rk; nghOJ> cja fhyg; g+ir kzp
Nfl;fpd;wJ. fhy Xl;lj;jpNy jupf;fhJ eilngWk; epj;jpaf; fUkq;fs;.
~,d;W tUlg; gpwg;G...| Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;j vz;ze;jhd; Kfj;jhUf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
vj;jidNah tUlg;gpwg;Gfs; te;J Ngha;tpl;ld. mtw;Wld; vj;jidNah tUlq;fSk;
Xbkiwe;Jtpl;ld. ghu;tjpg;gps;isiaf; fy;ahzQ; nra;j Kjy; tUlk; te;j tUlg;gpwg;G@
,uhNkRtu Neu;j;jpf; flDf;Fg; gpwF Rg;gpukzpaidg; ngw;W> KUfz;bapNy kapu;ePf;ff;
fld; nra;j kWehs; te;j tUlg;gpwg;G@ nrse;juk; fy;ahzkhfp> kUkfDld; te;j
tUlg;gpwg;G@ jfg;gDf;Fj; jiyf;nfhs;sp itj;J> Nfhb fl;lhNj fope;j tUlg;gpwg;G@
ghu;tjpg;gps;is Ngha;> ehNs fhlhfpf; fple;j tUlg;gpwg;G - ,g;gbg; gy. fhyXl;lk;
mtu;jk; ciog;ig tpOq;fp> cliyr; rUfhf;fp tpl;lJ. Kd;du;Nghy RWRWg;gpy;iy.
ey;nyz;nza;apy; ntJg;gpa fj;jupf;fhAld; %d;W ePw;Wg; ngl;b gpl;Lr; rhg;gpl;Lk;>
ehY kuts;spf;fpoq;ifr; Rl;Lg; gr;ir kpsfha; rfpjk; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;lhw;whd; fhiyg;grp
mlq;Fk; vd;gd ,isQg; gUt epidTfs;. gps;isfisg; gbf;f itj;J
cj;jpNahff;fhuuhf;fpajpdhy; ,uz;L ghz; Jz;Lfisf; ~nfhwp|f;Fk; gof;fk; Kfj;jhu;
tPl;bYk; gutptpl;lJ. gLj;jgLf;ifahf itf;Fk;gbahf clk;gpw;F mg;gbnahd;Wkpy;iy.
KJik czu;T tYf;fpd;wJ. rpwpJ thjf;Fzk; Nghd;w vz;zKk; NkypLfpd;wJ.
jpBnudf; Fe;jp vOk;gr; rpukg;gLfpd;whu;. ,jidg; gps;isfs; mwpe;J nfhs;shj tifapy;
ele;J nfhs;Sfpd;whu;. filf;Fl;b kfisg; gw;wpj;jhd; nfhQ;rk; ftiy.
jpz;izapw; Fe;jp> fg;Gld; rha;e;J nfhs;fpd;whu;.
~mts; nghbr;rpjhd; ghtk; jhaj;jpd;dpahg; Nghapl;LJ. gbg;ig Kbr;Rg; Nghl;L>
%iyapNy fple;J ngU%r;R tpLFJ. mtis Nkiy gbf;f itf;fyhnkz;L %j;jJfs;
tpUk;gpdJjhd;. NtZnkz;lhy;> cJfspd;iu nghk;gpisg; gps;isas; gbr;R> cj;jpNahfk;
ghf;fl;Lk;. ,isatdpd;iu ghL gpioapy;iy. xU khjpup xU Ntiyapiy nfhOtPl;lhd;.
VNjh nfhk;gdpapiyjhd; Ntiyahk;. Mdh> rk;gsk; Gioapy;iy. NkYf;F ey;yh
tuyhnkz;L %j;jtDk; kr;rhd;khUk; nrhd;dhq;fs;. mtd; filf;Fl;b vz;L tPl;Nlhil
,Ue;J rhg;gpl;Lg; gofpatd;. %z;L ehY khrk; mJTkpy;iy.
12. rpWfijfs;
91
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fapw;wg;gl;L tho;e;jhy;jhNd> Nge;J gpd;dbf;Fj; jq;fil ghLfisj; jhq;fNs ghf;Fq;fs;.
ey;Y}uhd;iu Gz;zpaj;jpiy vy;yhk; jq;fil rPtpag;ghLfisg; ghf;ff;$ba epiyf;F
te;Jl;LJfs;. vd;iu nfl;bj;jdk; vd;d ,Uf;F? Mz;ltd; mse;jgb elf;FJ - tpbag;
Gwf; Nfhr;rpapNy %j;jtd; tUthd;. mtd; kwe;jhYk; mYj;jhYk; mtd;iu kD\p
fkyh ,Q;ir tuhkypUf;fhs;. vd;ndl;ilf; iftpask; thq;fpwjpiy mtSf;F mt;tsT
ek;gpf;if... Xk;.... mJfspd;iu %j;jJf;Fk; - ce;jg; GJ ehzag; Ngu; rl;nlz;L
kdrpiy thNwy;iy... mts;jhd; mk;r njhdpf;Fg; gj;JtaRf;F Nkiy ,Uf;f NtZk;...
vd;d gj;J? gjpndhz;Lf;F Nkiy. fLf;fz;Zw gUtk;... X> ,t NghNa New;nwz;lhg;
Nghiy ,Uf;FJ... Mdh> tUrk; mQ;rhFJ. mts; Gz;zpaQ; nra;jts;. vy;yhg;
ghuj;ijAk; vd;iu jiyapNy Rkj;jpg; Nghl;Lg; Nghapl;lhs;.|
,ilntl;by;> kNdhfud; New;W vOjpapUe;j fbjk; Kfj;jhUila Qhgfj;Jf;F
tUfpd;wJ. tUlg;gpwg;gd;Nw nfhOk;Gf;Fj; jpUk;gptpl Ntz;Lnkd;W vOjpapUe;jhd;.
~mJTk; rupjhd;. vq;fil thflq;fs; neLfr; rup tUNk? ,g;gjhd; Ngha;
Ntiyapiy Nre;jpUf;fpwhd;. yPT fPT vLj;Jg; gOjhf;fg;glhJ.|
~~mg;gNd KUfh.||
tPl;bd; rpd;d miwf;fjT jpwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ~filf;Fl;b| gj;khjhd; tUfpwhs;.
~vd;djhd; Ngustpiy ngupagps;is vz;lhYk;> tPl;bNy rpd;dg;gps;isjhNd?
rupah> ,t ghu;tjpg;gps;isia cupr;R itr;r khjpup ,Uf;fpwhs;. ,tis xg;Ngj;jpg;
Nghl;lndz;lhy;> Nge;njd;d? rptNd vz;L fz;iz %lyhk;. ,td; kNdhfuid
,ttpd;iu mz;zupd;iu nghbr;rpf;Fj;jhd;. ngbaq;fspd;iu fhupaj;ij epjhdkhr;
nrhy;Nyyh.|
Kjw;fhupakhfg; gj;kh tPl;L Kw;wj;ijf; $l;b> rhzfj; jz;zPu; njspj;J
Kbf;fpd;whs;. tUlg; gpwg;gd;W tpbAk; Kd;dNu> md;iwa toikahd flikfisr;
nra;J Kbf;Fk; Ntl;if. tUlg;gpwg;gd;W vy;yhf; fhupaq;fisAk; tpf;fdkpd;wp cupa
Kiwg;gb epiwNtw;wptpl;lhy;> tUlk; KOtJk; mt;thNw mikAnkd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifapy;
Cwpj; jpisj;j kdk;. tUlg;gpwg;gd;W goq;fwpfSf;F kjpg;gpy;iy. fwpr;rl;bfis
mLf;fisf;F ntspNa> ,lg;gf;fkhfTs;s nrt;tpsePu;f; fd;wbapw; gug;gp itj;J> rhk;gy;
Njha;j;njLf;fg;gLk; ~nghr;R| kl;ilahw; Nja;j;Jf; fOtj; njhlq;Ffpd;whs;. jpz;izapNy
Fe;jpapUe;J rpe;jidapyho;e;jpUf;Fk; je;ijia mts; fz;fs; ftdpf;fpd;wd.
kuts;spf;fpoq;F fha;r;rpa rl;bapy; mbg;gpbj;jpUe;j ghfj;ijg; nghr;R kl;ilahy; ed;whfr;
Ruz;bf; nfhz;Nl Ngr;Rf; nfhLf;fpd;whs;.
~~vd;d mg;G... ,z;ilf;F fhyikf; Nfhr;rpapiy %j;jz;zu; tUthuy;Ny?||
~~Xk; Gs;is> Rg;gpukzpak; tuhky; tU\k; gpwf;FNk? vd;djhd; ,Ue;jhYk;
mtd; tU\j;Jf;F tuhky; ,Ug;ghNd?|| ~vg;gbAk; mtd; tUthd;. fhJg;gpbapiy
fkyh $l;bae;jpLths;. Nfhr;R ,d;Dk; ehtw;Fopiaj; jhz;bapUf;fhJ. ,g;g
elf;fj;Jtq;fpdhYk;> Neuj;Njhil ];Nu\Df;Fg; Nghaplyhk;. Mdh> mtDf;F cnjhz;Lk;
Gbf;fpNwy;iy. ~~ehd; vq;fil tPl;Lf;F thwJf;F MUk; te;J top fhl;lj; Njitapy;iy||
vz;L vj;jpid NfhR Nfhtpr;rJ vdf;fy;Nyh njupAk;?...|
~~Gs;is> Njj;jz;zpf;F ciy itf;fy;iyNa?||
~~itr;rpl;ld;.||
92
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
~~nfhf;fh gupksk; ,d;Dk; vOk;gy;iyNa?... cq;fil mj;jhUk; tY
NeuQ;nrz;Ljhd; te;jtu;. rupahr; rhg;gpl;bUf;fTk; khl;lhu;.||
Kfj;jhupd; ,d;ndhU kfshd gupksj;jpd; fztDk; nfhOk;gpNyjhd; Ntiy
ghu;f;fpd;whd;. gupksk; ijg;nghq;fYf;Fj; je;ijapd; tPl;bw;F te;jts;> jpUk;gpg; Nghftpy;iy.
fztd; rjhrptk; New;wpuT aho;NjtpapNyjhd; jpUk;gpapUf;fpwhd;.
~ghtk;. mJfSf;F Mz;ltd; xz;Lk; Fiw itf;Nfy;iy. ,Jf;fpilapiy
Kg;gjpdhapuk; nfhl;b GJ Nkhbapiy xU tPLk; fl;bg; Nghl;LJfs;. fijr; rhq;fj;jpiy
itfhrp ehSf;Fj;jhd; FbNaWtpdk; Nghiy fplf;FJ. Nge;njd;d neLfpYk; FbapUf;fg;
NghfpdNkh? thliff;Fj;jhd; tpLtpdk;. fhUk; xz;L thq;fpapUf;fpdkhk;. mij ,d;Dk;
xUehSk; aho;g ;ghzj;Jf ;Ff ; nfhz;L tuy;Ny. mJfspd ;iu md;Gf;Fk;
me;epNahd;aj;Jf;Fk; xU Foe;ijiaj;jhd; Mz;ltd; FLf;Nfy;iy. rhjfj;jpiy gpd;dbr;
re;jjp tpUj;jp vz;Ljhd; ,Uf;F. VO tU\j;Jf;Fg; GwFjhd; rjhrptKk; jiyr;rdhg;
gpwe;jtdhk;. nfhOk;gpiy Ngu;Nghd lhf;Fj;jupl;il vy;yhk; fhl;bdit. mJfSf;F
xU FiwAkpy;iy vz;Ljhd; nrhd;ditahk;...|
~~Nfhg;gpia Mu;wJf;fpilapiy FbAq;Nfh mg;G|| vd;W gj;kh Nfhg;gp fpshi]
ePl;Lfpwhs;.
~~vd;d Gs;is> Kl;ilf;Nfhg;gp mbr;rpUf;fpwha;. mj;jhUk; epf;fpwhu;. ,g;g
Rg;gpukzpaKk; te;jpLthd;... mtd;iu mNrhfd; Kl;ilf; fs;sdy;Ny?||
~~,Q;ir jhuhskh Kl;ilas; ,Uf;FJ. Gl;Lf;Fk; nghupr;Rk; itf;fyhk;.||
Kfj;jhu; Nfhg;gpiaf; Fbf;fpd;whu;.
~~nka;a Gs;is... nfhf;fh nrse;juk; ,Q;ir Nej;J te;jpl;Lg; Nghdtsy;Ny?
vd;d nrhy;ypg; Nghl;Lg; Nghdts;? kj;jpahdr; rhg;ghl;bw;F tUthshNkh?||
~~mj;jhd; Nej;Jj;jhd; te;jtuhk;. mtupd;iu rNfhjup - mitjhd; gwq;fpj;
njUthu; - kj;jpahdr; rhg;ghl;Lf;F tPl;il tUtpdkhk;. gpd;Nduk; Nghiyjhd; tu
trjpg;gLk; vz;L nrhd;dt. vJf;Fk; iftpasj;Jf;F KFe;jid mDg;gp itf;fpwhthk;.||
~nrse;juk; ngupa FLk;gf;fhupjhd;. ,Ue;jhYk; rPkhl;b xU rPNjtp. MW gQ;rhDk;
FQ;RfisAk; xU FiwAkpy;yhky; gbg;gpf;fpwhs;. VNjh MidNridiaNa rPjdkhff;
FLj;jdhd;? GU\d; jq;fuhrh cz;ikapiy xU jUkuhrhjhd;. Gs;isaspd;iu
gbg;Gf;fhf FLk;gj;ij CNuhil tpl;bl;Lg; Nghapl;lhd;. mq;if filr; rhg;ghl;Nlhil
tapj;ij thia fl;br; rPtpf;fpwhs;. mq;ifAk; ,q;ifAkhf nuz;L rpyTfisr;
rkhspf;fpwJf;F fe;Njhu; tpl;lhg; GwF Ntw NtiyaisAk; ghf;fpwjhk;. me;je;j
tarpiy Xbahbg; gpuahirg;gl;L cior;R rk;ghupf;fj;jhd; NtZk;. mJf;F Vj;j
rhg;ghL Ntz;lhNk? ey;yNtis - ngl;ilas; fPo;f;fz;Lfs;jhd;. me;j mstpiy xU
MWjy;... te;jtDf;F nuz;LNtis jd;iu ifahiy rikr;Rf; FLf;fhky; ,Q;ir
XbahwhNsh? nghk;gpisg; Gs;isas; fiu NrUkl;Le;jhd; vq;fil...|
~~vd;iu kbrQ;irAk; rhy;itiaAk; vLj;Jj;jh Gs;is.||
~~,t;tsT nts;szj;Njhil filf;Fg; Nghfg; NghwpaNs?||
~~,y;iy> ce;j Kr;re;jp kl;Lk; Nghapl;L thwd;. jr;Nryh VNjd; mupaJ eupaJ
fpilr;rhy;...||
93
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
rhwiz cjwpf; fl;bf;nfhz;L> ~kbrQ;ir| ,Lg;gpNy nrhUfp> Vfhtlkplr;
rhy;itia vwpe;J gliyiaf; flf;fpwhu;.
Nuh[h ,jo;g; gLf;ifahd nkd;ikNru; epidTfspy;> VNjh xU Ks;spd; cWj;jy;>
fhy;fspd; ,af;fj;jpNyNa glUk; eil. re;jpf;filg; gRgjpapd; Fuy; mtiuf; filg;
gf;fk; Mfu;\pf;fpd;wJ.
~~vg;gb mz;zu;? tU\k; vj;jpid kzpf;Fg; gpwf;Fjhk;? iftpask;> ehs;
Ntiyf;F Neuk; vg;gpbg; Nghl;bUf;F?|| gj;Jg; Nguplk; Nfl;Lk; gRgjpf;Fg; nghr;re;
jPutpy;iy.
~~gj;J ,Ugj;njl;Lf;Fj;jhd; tU\k; gpwf;FJ. iftpasj;Jf;F ,z;ilf;F ehd;
NghNly;iy. Mdh nghJehs;. clidNa FLj;jhYk; ghjfkpy;iy.||
Kfj;jhu; gQ;rhq;fk; ghu;j;J itg;gjpy; ntF xOq;F. fbfhuk; ghu;f;Fk; gof;fkpy;yhj
mtu;> ve;jr; RgNtisiaAk; tpehb jg;ghkw; nrhy;Ythu;.
~~ehd; xU ehSk; ,e;j Neuk; fhyk; ghj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwy;y... tU\g;
gpwg;gz;ilf;Nf Jtq;fPl;lhy; rupjhNd? ,y;yhl;by; ,Oty;. nuz;L %z;L ehisf;Fk;
ehs; Nghlkhl;lhq;fs;... mJf;fhff; filiag; g+l;b itf;fpwNj?||
~~XNkhk;... vy;yhk; ek;gpf;ifiag; nghWj;jJjhd; gRgjp|| vd;w Kfj;jhu;> ~~Nfhr;rp
,d;Dk; tNuy;iyg; Nghiy|| vd NtW jpirapw; fijiaj; jpUg;Gfpd;whu;.
~~Neukhapl;LJ... tU\j;Jf;F ,Q;rpid thw rdf; $l;lj;Njhil thw uapy;
nfhQ;rk; Ke;jpg; gpe;jpj;jhd; te;J NrUk;. cq;fil kw;w Nkhd; FkhurhkpAk; ,z;ilf;F
thwhu;Nghiy ,Uf;FJ. jk;gpAk; ,Q;rhiyg; gf;fk; te;J ntFfhykhg; Nghr;RJ.||
neQ;rpw; Fj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j Ks;> Nuh[h ,jo;g; gLf;iff;Fs; ,dpjhf kiwfpd;wJ.
Fkhurhkp tUthd; vd;gJ Kfj;jhUf;Fj; njupahJ. mtid ve;j tpNrlj;jpw;Fk;
tPl;by; ahUNk vjpu;ghu;g;gjpy;iy. mtDila Nghf;F mg;gb. ,Ug;gpDk;> Fkhurhkp
tUtJ jdf;Fg; Gjpdk; vd;gij Kfj;jhu; ntspNa fhl;bf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
~~,Q;ir ghj;jpaNs Nehl;Bir. Kj;jkpo;kd;wk; tU\f; nfhz;lhl;lk; elj;Jjhk;.
ehlfq;fSk; elj;Jwhq;fshk;. mJfSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;f Fkhurhkp tUFjhk;.||
gRgjp Nehl;Birf; nfhLf;fpd;whd;.
,g;nghOJ Kfj;jhUf;Ff; fz; nfhQ;rk; nts;nsOj;J. MdhYk;> nfhl;il
vOj;jpy; mr;rbf;fg;gl;Ls;s kfDila ngaiuf; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;whu;. kdk; kyu;fpd;wJ.
Kfghtk; khwhky; Nehl;Birj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;fpd;whu;.
~~fz;Zk; Gifr;ryha;f; fplf;FJ.||
~~ehd; thrpr;Rr; fhl;ll;Nl?||
~ ~Ntz;lhk; gRgjp. ehd; thwd;> %j;jtd; Nghwhd; Nghiy ,Uf;FJ fhupiy.||
94
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
%j;jtidr; nrhy;yp tpilngw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; Kfj;jhUf;Ff; Fkhurhkpiag;
gw;wpa vz;zNk NkNyhq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. Fkhurhkp> Kfj;jhupd; ,uz;lhtJ Gj;jpud;.
rpWtajpNyNa gbj;J Kd;Df;F te;Jnfhz;bUe;jhd;.
~mtd;iu %isf;F mtd; cg;gbNa ,Uf;fNtZk;? rPikg;gbg;ngy;yhk; Kbr;R>
nuz;L %z;L fhUk; ehiyQ;R gq;fshTk; itr;ry;Nyh thoNtZk;? me;jf; fhyj;jpiy
fz;Z}Wgl;Lg; Nghwhg;Nghiy nrhy;YthDfs;. Rg;gpukzpaidr; rhl;b nrse;juj;Jf;F
khg;gps;is@ Fkhurhkpiaf; fhl;b gupksj;Jf;F khg;gps;is...|
mNj ehf;Ffs; jpir jpUk;gp> mtiu ky;yhj;jpf; fplj;jpf; Fwp Rl;lnghOJ...
~gpQ;rpNy gOj;jtd; jikad; ,Uf;ff; $bajhf> nuz;L FkUfs; tPl;Lf;Fs;is
ngU%r;R tpl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;ff;$bajhf> ,tDf;Ff; fypahzg; igj;jpak;... mJTk;
Cu; Ngu; njupahj Ntjf;fhupr;rpahk;... J}> ,td;iu gbg;G ehf;F topf;fj;jhd; cjTk;.
,td; jd;iu gbg;igj; J}f;fp vwpQ;Rg; Nghl;L ff;$R thspiaj; J}f;fpj; jpupal;Lk;...|
,j;jifa thu;j;ijfs; khu;G kapiug; nghRf;fp> ,jaf; Fiyia ntJg;gpnaLj;j
nghOJ FWf;F ,iofisj; jwp jiyapNy kpd;rhu Ntfj;jpy; ,izf;fpd;wd. rpd;dj;
jiyapbf;Fk;> fha;r;rYf;Fq;$l rPdpr;RUSk;> Njapiyr; riuAk;> ntw;wpiyg; ghf;Fg;
ngl;bAq; ~fhtp|f;nfhz;L te;jtu;fs;> Fkhurhkpapd; mtruf; fypahzj;jpd; gpd;du;>
Kfj;jhu; tPl;Lg;gliyiaj; jpwf;f KfQ; Ropj;Jf; $rpdhu;fs;. mg;nghOJ Rg;gpukzpak;
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; MWjyhf ,Ue;Jq; $l> Kfj;jhu; ,e;jg; ngd;dk;ngupa cyfj;jpNy
jd;de; jdpahf tplg;gl;l czu;TfSld; jj;jspj;jhu;.
~ehNdh> mtNdh vd;dj;ijr; nra;apwJ? vy;yhk; mse;jgb jhd; elf;Fk;. mtd;jhd;
xU Gj;jpapiy nra;jpl;lhd;. ,dp> tpuiy ntl;bNa vwpapwJ? ntl;fk; Nuh\j;ij
tpl;bl;L xUf;fhg;Ngha; mJfisg; ghj;jd;. mts; nghbr;rp Gioapy;iy. Fztjp vz;lij
Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;Njhlid nrhy;Ytpdk;. ,td;iu Fzj;Jf;F mtspiy jhd; gr;rk;
itf;fNtZk;. Ntjf;fhupr;rp vz;lhg; Nghiy vd;d? rhjp Fyk; ghj;Jf; $o;g;ghidf;if
tpOe;jit vj;jidNgu; ,Uf;fpdk;? ,td; vz;lhg; Nghiy xOq;fhff; Nfhapy; Fsk;
NghwtNd? tpg+jp g+RwtNd? mts; nghbr;rpiaAk; NfhapYf;Fg; Nghfhky; kwpr;Rg;
Nghl;lhdhk;. mtDf;F clk;G kl;Lk; gapj;jq;fha; Nghiy... Mdh> cLk;igg; Nghiyj;
jhd; gpbthjk;. ,t ghu;tjpg;gps;is vz;lhg;Nghy FiwQ;r gpbthjf;fhupNah?... mtd;iu
Nghf;F xU jdpg;Nghf;F. ,Q;r xUj;jUf;Fk; tpsq;fpNwy;iy> ~~cq;if aho;g;ghzj;Jf;
fpLF Ntypashiy rq;ifia kiwr;Rf;nfhz;L kdr;rhl;rpf;F tpNuhjkhf ebj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl tho;gtUf;F vd;iu Nghf;F tpsq;fhJ. vd;iu Nghf;F vdf;F tpsq;Fk;||
vz;L xUehs; cq;fpid rj;jk; Nghl;lhd;. ,JfspiyAk; Gioapy;iy. xl;b
elf;fhjtNdhil vd;d rfthrk; vz;L tpyfpf; nfhz;LJfs;. Gwk;G fhl;b elf;fpw
citaNshil vdf;nfd;d njhlu;ry; vz;L mtDk; tpyfpf; nfhz;lhd;. mtd;iu
%z;L gps;isaSk; gbg;gpiy tY tpz;zuhk;. vdf;nfd;lh mJfisg; ghu;f;f Mirjhd;.
,ttpd;iu Mz;Lj; jptrj;Jf;Fj;jhd; xU nghbaidf; $l;bae;jhd;. ~mg;gg;gh| vz;L
mtd; thiog; goj;Njhil vd;iu kbiatpl;L ,wq;fTk; khl;lhd;. nghq;fy; - GJtU\k;
- jPghtsp vz;L %z;L nfhz;lhl;lk; tUFJ. xz;Lf;Fk; thNwy;Ny. vg;gthtJ>
,Ue;jpl;L xUehs; jdpah tUthd;. Gs;isaspd;iu Rf gyidg; gw;wpr; rsg;Gthd;.
Frpdpf;if Ngha; jhNd VjhtJ Nghl;Lj; jpd;Dthd;. mq;if $l;lk; ,Q;ir $l;lk;
vz;L nrhy;Ythd;. clidNa NghapLthd;. Nge;J tprhupr;Rg; ghj;jhy; mz;ila
Nfhr;rpapiyNa CUf;Fj; jpUk;gPl;lhd; vz;L njupatUk;... nka;jhd;> mtd;iu Nghf;F
,Q;ir xUj;jUf;Fk; tpsq;Nfy;iy. mNjhil me;jg; Nghf;fpiy xUj;jUf;Fk;
95
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tpUg;gKkpy;iy. xU khjpupahd Nfhgj;jzy; ,itaspd;iu kdq;fspiy ,Uf;FJ.
vd;d ,Ue;jhYk; rNfhjug;ghrk; vz;l rhk;gy; mJfis %b itr;rpUf;FJ. tPl;biy
vy;yhUk; mtidf; Fiwahj;jhd; NgRtpdk;. ehd; kl;Le;jhd; mtd;iu gf;fj;jpiy
NgRwJ. vd;d ,Ue;jhYk; mtDk; vd;iu Nkd;jhNd? ,Jfs; ,Jfspd;iu Nghf;F.
mtd; mtd;iu Nghf;F. ifapNy ,Uf;fpw mQ;R tpuYk; rkNk? xz;Lf;nfhz;L
tpj;jpahrkpy;iyNa? tPl;Lf;Fs;NsAk; cg;Gbj;jhd;... CUf;Fs;is mtDf;Fj; jhNd
NgUk; elg;Gk;? mtd; ,t;tsT cjtuq; nfl;ltndz;lhy; Cupiy cg;Gbg; Ngu;
,Uf;FNk? ,JfSf;Fg; gbr;Rk; Gj;jpapy;iy. ,tq;fisf; FLk;gj;Jf;fhfg; ngj;jd;.
FLk;gk; Nju; Nghiy elf;FJ. mtid CUf;fhfg; ngj;jd;. mtd; Nwhl;lsf;fpwhd;
vz;L itr;Rf; nfhs;Stk;. mJf;fhf mtid ehd; nkr;rpf; fijf;fpwJk; ,JfSf;Fr;
rpy Neuk; Gbf;fpNwy;iy. XutQ;rf kD\d; vz;L$l epidf;FJfs;. ~~ePq;fs;
vd;dj;ijj;jhd; nrhd;dhYk;> mtDk; vd;iu Gs;isjhd;|| vz;L nrhy;Ytd;. ,JfSk;
Ngf; $j;Jj;jhd; MLfpwJ. VNjh ehd; mtd;jhd; vd;iu Gs;is vz;L nrhy;ypg;Nghl;lijg;
Nghiy. jha;kdk; gpj;Jj;jhd;. ,tTk; ,g;g ,y;iy. vd;iu kdKk; gpj;Jj;jhd;. ,J
xz;il kl;Lk; ehd; Fkhurhkpiag;gw;wp kwf;fkhl;ld;. ,itas; Mapuj;ijr; nrhy;yl;Lk;.
Rg;gpukzpakh ,Uf;fl;Lk;@ rTe;juk; gupkskhf ,Uf;fl;Lk;@ kNdhfud;- gj;khthf
,Uf;fl;Lk;@ - Kfj;jhu; MWKfj;jpd;iu Gs;isansz;L jhd; Cu; Njrj;jpiy njupAk;...
Vd;> rjhrptk; jq;fuhrh vz;lhg;Nghiy vd;d? vd;iu kUkf;fs; vz;lhj;jhd; ey;y
tpsg;gkhj; njupAk;. Mdh> filj;njUtpiy vj;jpid NgUf;F vd;idf; Fkhurhkpapd;iu
mg;gndz;Ljhd; njupAnkz;L ,itaSf;Fj; njupANk? mz;ilf;Fg; g];]piy ehd;
njy;ypg;giof;Fg; NghNff;fps;is xU nghbad; ~~ePq;fs; Fkhurhkpapd;iu jfg;gdy;Nyh?||
vz;L Nfl;Lg;Nghl;L> jhd; Fe;jpapUe;j ,lj;ij vdf;Fj; jhwhd;. me;jg; nghbaDk;
ngupa gbg;Gj; jhdhf;Fk;.||
~~vd;d Kfj;jhu;? vd;d nghbas; vy;yhk; te;jpl;bdNkh?|| Iak;gps;is jd;Dila
gliyapy; epd;wgb Fuy; nfhLf;fpwhu;.
~~Nfhr;rp mg;gNt te;jpUf;fNtZk;.||
~~Rg;gpukzpak; tuhky; epw;f khl;lhd;. kNdhfuDk; thwhdhNkh?||
~~Xk;. fLjhrp Nghl;bUe;jhd;.||
~~gliyapiy epz;L fijf;fpwpas;? filf;Fg; NghwJf;F Ke;jpf; nfhQ;rk;
ghtpr;rpl;Lg; Nghfyhnkz;lhy;... vd;iu kD\piaj; njupahNj? Mw;iwNad; rhl;biy
jhd;... cs;Sf;if thUq;Nfhtd;.||
~~,g;g thjf;FzkhTk; ,Uf;FJ. xj;Jf;nfhs;SJkpy;iy.||
~~,J epj;jNk Kfj;jhu;? xU tU\k; ngUehSf;Fj;jhNd? cq;fisj; J}uj;jpiy
fz;NlhlidNa> cq;fNshil jhd; tU\j;ijj; Jtq;fNtZnkz;L Mir te;jpl;LJ.||
~~Vd;jhd; cd;iu MiriaAk; nfLg;ghd;?||
Kfj;jhu; Iak;gps;isAld; nfhQ;rk; ~~K];ghj;jp|| gz;zptpl;L> mtUlNdNa
filf;Fr; nrd;W> kf;fs; - Ngug;gps;isfs; Mfpa rfyUf;Fk; ,jkhff; fwp - fha;fwp -
go tiffs; thq;fpf;nfhz;L tPL jpUk;Gk;nghOJ gj;J kzpahfptpl;lJ.
96
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tPL fyfyg;G epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Rg;gpukzpaKk; FLk;gKk; te;jhy;
rj;jj;jpw;Ff; Fiwtpy;iy. gps;isfs; Gj;jhil Gide;J fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.
~Iak;gps;isNahil kpdf;fl;L ehd;jhd; Neuk; gpe;jPl;ld; Nghiy fplf;FJ.
Rg;gpukzpak; vy;yhg; Gs;isfSf;Fk; xU epwj;jpiyjhd; cLg;Gfs; thq;fp apUf;fpwhd;...
,Q;ir ghUq;Nfhtd; ,td; filf;Fl;b jd;iu rl;il jhd; jpwnkz;L rz;il gpbf;fpwij...
X> gupksKk; rjhrptKk; $l KOfPl;bdk;. ce;j cLg;Gfs; rupahd tpiyahk;.
tU\g;gpwg;Gf;F neLfpYk; ciy cg;Gbj; jhd; vLf;fpwit. NfhapYf;Fg; Nghfg;
Gwg;gl;L epw;fpid Nghiy. ey;Y}uhNd ,JfSf;F xU Gs;isg;ghf;fpaj;ijf; FL...
Nr> fz;Z}W gl;blg;gplhJ... gj;khTf;F ce;jr; rPiy tbthj;jhd; fplf;FJ. rhkj;jpa
tPl;Lf;Fs;is rPiyNahL ghj;jJf;F ,g;gjhd; re;jdf;fyu; epwj;jpiy jdf;nfhU rPiy
thq;fpau Ntz;Lk; vz;L kNdhfuDf;F vOjpdts;. mtd;jhd; thq;fpae;jpUf;f NtZk;...
,d;Dk; Rg;gpukzpaKk; fkyhTk; KOfp Kbf;Nfy;iyg; Nghiy... cq;if fpzj;jbapiy
epf;fpdk;.|
~~Gs;is gj;kh! ,e;jf; fwp rhkhd;fisf; nfhz;L Ngha; FRdPf;if it.||
~~mg;G fhiyr; rhg;ghLk; ,y;yhkNy filf;Fg; Nghdtu;? ePq;fs; tUtpansz;L
Kl;ilAk; nghupr;Rf; fhj;jpUe;jJjhd; kpr;rk;.||
~~mtd; Iak;gps;is tpNly;iy. mtNdhil mg;gbNa filf;Fg; NghdJk;
ey;yjhg; Nghr;RJ. rt;T fpt;T ,y;yhj ey;y ,iwr;rp fpilr;RJ. rpd;dJfs; ciwg;Gj;
jpd;dhapdk;. ghy;fwp itf;f <uy; fpilr;RJ. nfhj;jhu; ,iwr;rp tif jpd;dhjtu;.
ey;nyhU ghiu fpilr;RJ. kpr;rk; nghupaYf;Fk; cjTk;. iftpasj;ij Kbr;rpl;Lg;
NghapUe;jhy; filapiy xU kz;Zk; thq;fpapUf;NfyhJ.||
~~mg;GTf;F ,e;j tU\g;gpwg;G ey;y KOtpasj;Njhil Jtq;fpapUf;FJ|| vd;W
nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl> ngupa ckiyj; J}f;f Kbahky; J}f;fpf;nfhz;L mLf;fisg; gf;fk;
gj;kh Nghfpd;whs;.
~~,e;j Ntl;bjhd; ngj;jg;ghTf;F|| vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Nl ~gP];| Ntl;b xd;iw
~uPg;Ngh|tpy; mNrhfd; itf;fpd;whd;. ~~rpj;jg;ghTk; mg;ghTf;Ff; fiu Nghl;l Ntl;b
xz;L thq;fpae;jtu;|| vd;gijAk; mwptpf;fpd;whd;. vt;tsNth jLj;Jk; gupksk;
Nfl;ftpy;iy. mts; New;Nw ~gukh];| Nrhb xd;W vLj;Jf; nfhLj;J tpl;lhs;. jhd;
Kd;du; nfhz;L te;j Ntl;bAld; ngj;jg;ghtpd; kw;iwa cLg;GfisAq; nfhz;Lte;J
mLf;fp ~~Nlha;> ngj;jg;ghTf;F ,e;j Kiw ehY GJNtl;b|| vd;W cuf;ff; fj;jpdhd;.
~~%d;W Ntl;bjhNd? xd;W rhy;itay;Nyh?|| vd;W %iyapy; epd;W %j;jts;
`k;]njhdp jpUj;Jfpd;whs;.
~tPz; rpyT. vt;tsT nrhd;dhYk; Nff;fkhl;LJfs;. mJfSf;F VNjh nra;aNtZ
nkz;l Mir. tPl;Nlhil epf;Nff;fps;is cnjy;yhj;ijAk; kNdhfud;jhd; cLj;Jf;
fpopg;ghd;. ,g;g mtUky;Nyh vLj;Jj; juj; Jtq;fpapUf;fpwhu;. ,Jfis ,dp cLj;Jf;
fpopf;fpwjw;F nrse;juj;jpd;iu %j;jtd; KFe;jd;jhd; ,Uf;fpwhd;. mtDk; ,e;j
khu;fopapiy rPdpau; Nrhjpid vLf;fg; Nghwhdhf;Fk;.||
<ur; rPiyAld; fkyh ngupa miwf;Fs; XLfpwhs;. Kw;wj;jpy; fk;gpf;nfhbf;Fg;
gf;fj;jpy; epd;W jiyiaj; Jtl;bf; nfhz;bUe;j Rg;gpukzpak;> ~~kUj;JePu; me;jh
fpzj;Jf;fl;biy ,Uf;FJ. Ngha;f; Fspr;rpl;L thUq;Nfh mg;G|| vd;fpwhd;.
97
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
~~vd;d mtruk;? kNdhfuDk; KOfPl;L tpll;ld;. vq;if mtidf; fhNzy;iy?||
~~cJfs; VNjh I];fpwPk; NtZk; rPdpr; rpj;jg;gh vz;lJfs;. mtd; thq;fg;
Nghapl;lhd; Nghiy fplf;FJ. mtd; MWjyhff; Fspf;fl;Lk;. ePq;fs; Kjypiy FspAq;Nfh@
tU\k; gpwf;fg;NghFJ> Fk;gk; itf;fty;Nyh NtZk;?||
~~XNkhk;.|| Kfj;jhu; fpzw;wbf;Fg; Nghfpd;whu;. fl;bapUf;FQ; rhwj;Jld; Fspg;gJ
mtUila tof;fk;. ~rdp ePuhL| vd;w thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw@ %d;W ngUehs; ePuhl;lk;
gpuj;jpNafkhf te;J NrUk;. jiyapNy kUj;JePiu itj;J ed;whfj; jg;Gfpd;whu;.
~~rpj;jg;gh> rpj;jg;gh|| vd;W mNrhfd; Mu;g;gupf;fpwhd;.
~Fkhurhkp te;jpl;lhNdh?|
MirAld; vl;bg;ghu;f;fpwhu;. njhl;lhr;RUq;fp ,iyfs; $k;Gfpd;wd.
~,y;iy> mtd; kNdhfud;jhd;. %z;L ehY khrj;jpiy nfhQ;rk; tse;jpUf;fpwhd;.
nrhe;jkhr; rk;ghupf;f Jtq;fPl;lhy; nfhQ;rk; g+upg;Gj;jhNd? ey;y jhuhskhr; rpytopf;fpwhu;.
Xk;> Ngha;f; nfhQ;r khre;jhNd? ,d;Dk; nfhOk;Gg; gof;fq;fs; ey;yhg; GbgNly;iyg;
Nghiy... Fkhurhkpia ,d;Dk; fhNzy;iy. rpyNtis> ey;yehSk; ngUehSkh
vy;yhUk; nfhz;lhl;lj;jpiy epf;Nff;fps;is ehd; Vd; Fog;Gthd; vz;LNghl;L
epz;bLthNdh?|
,e;j vz;zk; Vw;gl> fhiyapy; ,Nyrhf cWj;jpa neQ;rpy; Ks; Mokhf
,wq;Ffpd;wJ. typ jhq;fkhl;lhJ mt];ijg;gLfpd;whu;. mt];ijg; gupfhu vj;jdj;jpy;
ngU %r;nrhd;W ePs;fpd;wJ... ,ae;jpu Ntfj;jpy; iffs; Jyhf;fapw;iw NkYk; fPOkhf
,Of;f thsp thspahfj; jz;zPu; jiyapNyNa nfhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
~~ehDk; ey;y Ntisf;Fj;jhd; te;jpUf;fpwd;. vy;yhUk; kUj;J ePuhl;lk; Kbj;jh
apw;Wg; Nghiy... gj;kh ,ijg; Gs;isaSf;Fg; gpupr;Rf; FL.||
~,J epr;rakhf; Fkhurhkpapd;iu Fuy;jhd;. ce;j ntz;fyf; fil ahidapd;iu
Fuy; mtd;iujhd;.|
jz;zPu; fhJf;Fs; GFe;J> jd; kdf;Fif epidTfSf;F cUtq;nfhLj;jJ.
khuPr [hyk; eilngWfpd;wNjh vd;W$l xU fzk; epidf;fpd;whu;. ,Ue;jhYk; Mir
,Of;fpd;wJ.
~~mg;G vq;if?||
mtu; Fspf;fpwhu;... ~~mg;G! rpd;dz;zu; te;jpUf;fpwhu;|| vd;W gj;kh Fuy;
itf;fpd;whs;.
Jspu;f;Fk; ek;gpf;if> gr;irapd; gRikia cwpQ;r> kiwg;Gj; jl;bf;F Nkyhy;
vl;bg; ghu;f;fpd;whu;.
Kw;wj;jpy; Fkhurhkp rpupj;jgb epw;fpwhd;. mtd; gf;fj;jpy; gj;kh epd;W> mtd;
nfhLj;j ~riu|apypUe;j ,Q;R tp];Nfhj;Jfisg; gq;fpLfpd;whs;. Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd;
filf;Fl;b Ntw;W Kfj;ijf; fz;L gae;j khjpup> fjpiuapd; gpd;dhy; kiwtij mtd;
ftdpf;fj; jtwtpy;iy. mtDila gaj;ijf; ftdpj;j Fkhurhkp> ~~ehDQ; rpj;jg;gh
jhd;... xUj;jUk; nrhy;ypj; jNuy;iyah?|| vd;W nrhy;yp kPz;LQ; rpupf;fpd;whd;.
98
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
~mNj rpupg;G. ,td;iu rpupg;G xU ehSk; khwhJ... vd;idg; Nghiy me;jr;
RUl;il kapu; Kd; FLk;gp itr;rJ Nghiy epf;fpwJk; khwhJ. vd;djhd; kdf;Nfhtq;fs;
,Ue;jhYk;> mtd;iu me;jr; rpupg;igf; fz;Nlhlid xUj;jUf;Fk; mtid Vrg; Ngr
kdk; tuhJ. MiuAk; kUl;Lk;.|
~~vd;d thwndz;L mwptpf;f xU Ngh];L fhu;L fpilf;fhky; Nghr;RJ cdf;F||
vd;W Kfj;jhu; fbe;J nfhs;Sfpwhu;.
~~vy;yhk; mtrue;jhd;> mg;G... Ngh];l; fhu;l; vd;dj;Jf;F? ehd;jhd; Neupiy
te;jpl;lNd... mJ fplf;f> gj;kh tU\j;Jf;Fr; rPiy fl;bapUf;fpwhs;...||Fkhurhkp gj;khit
me;jf; Nfhyj;jpy; mg;nghOJjhd; Kjd;Kiwahfg; ghu;f;fpd;whd;.
~~Xk;. ,td; kNdhfud; jd;iu Kjy; rk;gsj;jpiy vLj;Jf; nfhz;le;J
FLj;jpUf;fpwhd;|| - thspf; fapw;iwg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl Kfj;jhu; rk;gh\izapy;
<LgLfpd;whu;.
~~mj;jhd; vq;if gj;kh? fhupiyNa te;jtu;?||
~~,y;iy. uhj;jpup cj;juNjtpapiy te;J Nru;e;jtu;. ,g;g mf;fhNthil NfhapYf;Fg;
Nghapl;lhu;|| vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Nl gj;kh mLf;fisg; gf;fk; Nghfpd;whs;.
~~GJf; fhnuhz;L vLj;jnjz;L Nfs;tpg;gl;ld;. vd;d rhjpf; fhuhk;?||
~~vdf;nfd;dlh njupAk;?||
~~fhupd;iu tpiyaSk; ,g;g vd;d khjpup Vwpf; fplf;Fj; njupANk? cq;fhiy
tPl;Lg; nghbad; - mtd;jhd; uj;jpdNfhghy; - fhiu tpj;Jg; Nghl;L ~];$l;lu;|
thq;fpapUf;fpwhdhk;...||
~~fhiu tpf;Nff;iyahk;... ,Rf;$l;lUk; thq;fpdtdhk;.||
~~,g;g VJk; rhkhd; fPkhd; thq;f KbANk? mJjhd; tpj;Jg; Nghl;lhd;. mtd;iu
fhiu uhrhj;Njhl;l rq;fug;gps;isjhd; thq;fpdjhk;... mtd;iu fy;ahzg; Ngr;Rf;fhy;
vg;gpbahk;?||
~mJ Fok;gpg;Ngha;f; fplf;Fjhk;.||
~~ePq;fs; khdpg;gha;g; gFjpapiy ,Ue;J te;j rk;ge;jj;ijay;Nyh nrhy;Ywpas;?
,J ,q;fhiy Nfhg;gha;g; gFjpapiyahk;...||
~~mijg;gw;wp ehd; Nfs;tpg;gNly;iy.||
J}Zld; rha;e;Jnfhz;L epw;Fk; kNdhfuidg; ghu;j;J ~~jk;gp> cq;fil nfhk;gdpia
murhq;fk; nfjpah vLf;fg; NghFJ Nghiy> njd; a+ tpy; Xy;Nrh gpf;fk; V fTz;nkd;l;
Nrtz;l;...|| vd;fpwhd;.
~~mg;gpb elf;fhJ...||
~~eP ,Ue;J ghud; jk;gp... mg;G! jq;fuhrh mj;jhDf;F mLj;jkhrk; cj;jpNahf
cau;T fpilf;fg; NghFjhk;. njupANkh?||
99
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
~~cJfs; vdf;Fj; njupANk?||
~~Ke;jehs; mtiu ];Nlrdpiy nfhz;lhe;J tpNlf;fps;isjhd; mg;gpb xU
GuNkh\d; fpilr;rhYk; fpilf;Fk; vz;L mj;jhd; nrhd;dtu;.|| kNdhfud; jdf;Fj;
njupe;j rkhrhuj;ijr; nrhy;Yfpwhd;.
~~,td; CUf;F thwNjh mj;jpg+j;jhg;Nghiy. Mdh> Cupiy elf;fpw xz;ilAk;
tplhky; mwpQ;R itr;rpUf;fpwhd;.||
Kfj;jhu; mtru mtrukhf %d;W ehd;F ~gl;il|fis Cw;wp> ~KO|f;ifr;
Rgj;Jld; Kbf;fpwhu;.
te;Jnfhz;Nl> ~~Midf;Nfhl;il itj;jpaupd;iu nghbr;rpiag; gw;wpf;
Nfs;tpg;gl;ldPNa...|| vd;fpwhu;.
~~XNkhk;> ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;ld;. rhjp xU khjpup vz;Ljhd; ,it $j;jhbdit.
mtd; ey;y nghbad;. nfyfjiuapiy gbg;gpf;fpwhd;.||
~~X... vd;dNth cg;gpbj;jhd; xU Ngu; nrhy;Yfpdk;...||
jiyiaj; Jtl;Lk;nghOJ> ve;jg; Gj;jhilia mzptJ vd;Dk; Nahrid mtiu
Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. rpWgps;isj;jdkd;W. ngupa gps;isfSf;Fs; jd;Dila
nrayhy; kdj;jhq;fy; Vw;glf;$lhJ vd;gjpy; mf;fiw.
mjw;fpilapy;> ~~ePq;fs; Vd; <uj;Njhil epf;fpwpas;? ,ijf; fl;Lq;Nfh. ePq;fs;
tpUk;gpf; fl;LtpaNs> ePyf;fl;lk; Nghl;l rhwd;|| vd;wgb ifapy; itj;jpUe;j xU
ghu;riy ePl;Lfpd;whd;.
FNrydpd; mty; Kbr;ir mtpo;j;J cz;l fz;zdpd; cs;sj;jpNy$l ,t;tsT
kfpo;r;rp Njhd;wpapUf;f KbahJ.
tpupj;J cLf;fpd;whu;.
rydnkJTkpd;wp kw;wtu;fisg; ghu;f;fpwhu;.
nksdk;.
~~mg;GTf;F ey;yhj;jhd; ,Uf;FJ...|| ntspNa te;j gj;kh nksdj;ijf;
fiyf;fpd;whs;.
~~eP epz;l Cuhiy te;jdPNa? ,ud;@ Fk;gk; itf;fg; Nghfpwd;. nghJ ehsh
,Uf;fpwjhiy clidNa iftpask; FLf;fyhnkz;bUf;fpwd;.||
~~,y;iy mg;G. vdf;F cJfspiy mt;tsT ek;gpf;if ,y;iy vz;lJ
njupAe;jhNd? mNjhil tpbaf; fhyikNa fhu;f;fhudpl;ilf; iftpask; thq;fPl;ld;.||
Kfj;jhupd; Kfj;jpy; %l;lk;.
100
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
~~,td;jhd; GJ ehzakhg; Gwe;jtd;. xz;bYk; ek;gpf;if ,y;yhjtd; Nla;!
Gj;jfg; gbg;Gk;> eP vOJw fijaSk; ehlfq;fSk; gbg;gpy;iy. MtJ mwptJ mwpty;y@
tPl;biy NttJ mwptJjhd; mwpT. CNuhil xj;J thOwJjhd; gbg;G.|| - ,t;tsT
NeuKk; mikjpahf ,Ue;j Rg;gpukzpak; nrhy;Yfpwhd;.
~~mJf;fpy;iy mz;iz. ehd; mQ;rhW NgNuhil te;jpUf;fpwd;. Cuhq;fil
fhrpiy mtq;fis ,t;tsT J}uk; $l;bae;jdhd;. ,e;j CUf;F mtq;fs; GjpR.
mtq;fis N`hl;lypiy tpl;bl;L ehd; ,Q;ir kpdf;fLwJ mt;tsT tbtpy;iy
vz;Ljhd; nrhy;y te;jdhd;... mg;g ehd; thwd;...|| - gjpYf;Ff; fhj;jpUf;fhky; jpUk;Gfpwhd;.
~vd;d ,Ue;jhYk; kupahij jg;ghJ. Mu; nrhd;dhYk; jiyiaf; ftz;Lnfhz;L
jhd; Nfg;ghd;. kupahijf;fhfj; jhd;. Mdh> jhd; epidr;rijj;jhd; nra;thd;.|
~~rpd;dz;iz... ,Q;r Nfhg;gp nfhz;le;Jl;ld;. FbAq;Nfhtd;...|| vd;W gj;kh
Nfhg;gp fpshi] ePl;Lfpwhs;. gjpnyhd;Wk; Ngrhky; mij thq;fpf; Fbj;Jtpl;L> fpshi]j;
jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;fpd;whd;.
Kw;wj;J khq;fd;wpy;> Fk;gj;Jf;F khtpiyfs; xbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl> ~~mg;g kj;jpahdr;
rhg;ghl;Lf; nfz;lhYk; thwpNah?|| vd;W Kfj;jhu; Nfl;fpd;whu;. eg;ghirapd; cs;Kbr;R
mt;tpdhtpw; fhsj;jpupahl;lkpLfpd;wJ.
~~mtd;jhNd mg;G nrhy;ypg; Nghl;lhd;> $l;lhspais tpl;Lg;Nghl;L tNuyhJ
vz;L|| vd;W Rg;gpukzpak; nrhy;Yfpd;whd;. tof;fj;jpy; %j;jtd; mjpfk; NgRtjpy;iy.
~~mg;g thwd;... vy;yhUf;Fk; thwd;|| vd;W $wp mtrukhfg; gliyiaj; jpwf;Fk;
Fkhurhkp> xU fze; jupj;J> ~~mg;G> ,z;ilf;F vq;fil ehlfk; gpd;Nduk; Kj;jntspapiy
elf;Fk;... ey;yh ,Uf;Fk;... Neuk; ,Ue;jh thUq;Nfhtd;|| vd;W Fuy; nfhLj;Jr;
nry;Yfpwhd;.
Fk;gk; itj;J iftpNrlk; gupkhwg;gl;lhfp tpl;lJ. tpwhe;ijapYs;s ~nrw;wp|f;
fjpiufspy; mku;e;J Rg;gpukzpaKk; rjhrptKk; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.
mtu;fSila Ngr;R rjhrptk; Gjpjhf thq;fpAs;s fhiur; Rw;wpr; Roy;fpd;wJ. mtu;fSf;Fr;
rw;Wj; J}uj;jpy;> J}zpNy rha;e;jthW nrse;juj;jpd; rhu;ghff; iftpNrl itgtj;jpw;
fye;J nfhz;l KFe;jd; epw;fpwhd;.
~mtd; %j;j khkDf;F ey;y kupahij.|
fkyh> gupksk;> gj;kh Mfpa %tUk; rikay; Ntiyapy; Kk;Kukhf
<Lgl;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;. ̀ k;]njhdpAk; ngupa kD\p khjpupf; $lkhl Ntiy nra;fpd;whs;.
~Fj;jp|g; gyifapy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L> mtu;fSf;F kNdhfud; jd;Dila nfhOk;G
mEgtq;fisr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.
fwpj;Njq;fha;fisnay;yhk; ~Nghu;|j; Njq;fha;fshf;fp Kw;wj;jpNy> Nghu;j; Njq;fhab
eilngWfpd;wJ. ahUld; vd;d tpisahl;by; <Lgl;bUe;jhYk;> mNrhfd; ~Fog;| ghky;
,Uf;fkhl;lhd;. fy;ypNy gl;Lj;jhd; jd;Dila ~ifahd;| cile;jjhf mtd; rz;il
gpbf;fpwhd;.
101
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
GJtUlj;Jf;F Vida kf;fspd; md;gspg;ghff; fpilj;j Gj;jhilfs; ~uPg;Ngh|apy;
,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;iw Kfj;jhupd; fz;fs; Nka;fpd;wd.
~~Gs;is gj;kh!||
mts; ifNtiyfis tpl;Ltpl;L tUfpd;whs;.
~~ce;j cLg;Gfis vLj;J it Gs;is. gpd;Nduk; xUf;fh Kj;jntspf;Fg;
NghfNtZk; ehlfk; ghu;f;f. NghNff;if %j;jz;zu; thq;fpj; je;j Ntl;biaAk;> nfhj;jhu;
thq;fpj; je;j rhy;itiaAe;jhd; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L NghfNtZk;.||
~~INah> ,isaz;zu;jhd; ghtk;.||
~~Xk; jq;fr;rp. vspatdhg; gpwe;jhYk;> ,isatdhg; gpwf;ff;$lhJ|| vd;W kNdhfud;
mLf;fisapypUe;j gbNa nrhy;Yfpd;whd;.
,jpNy vd;d eifr;Ritiaf; fz;lhu;fNsh? mz;zUk; mj;jhDk; tpOe;J
tpOe;J rpupf;fpd;whu;fs;. kNdhfud; ifapy; xU neUg;Gf;nfhs;spiaj; J}f;fpf; nfhz;L>
mLf;fisapd; kiwthd %iyiag; ghu;j;J efUfpd;whd;.
~~,g;g jk;gpAk; ngupahf;fisg; Nghiy|| vd;W gupksk; Fuy; vOg;Gfpd;whs;.
~~Rk;kh rj;jk; Nghlhij gupksk;. ,isatd; vz;lhg;Nghiy neLfpYk; rpd;dg;
nghbad; vz;l epidg;Ng? mtDk; ciof;fpwhd;@ rk;ghupf;fpwhd;|| vd;W kr;rhd;
rhu;gpy; fkyh NgRfpd;whs;.
~kNdhfud; rpfnul; Fbf;fj; Jtq;fPl;lhd; Nghiy. X> cq;if fpwhjpahiy Gif
tUFJ. tse;jhg; gpwF> mJ mJ> mJfspd;iu tpUg;gk;.||
~~vd;d kUkfd;? rad;]; ghlq;fs;jhNd? Ngj;jdkh ,q;fpyPir nef;yl; gz;zhij.||
~~`p ,]; Fl; ,d; ,q;yp];. fpwbw; vLg;ghd;|| vd;W rjhrptk; KFe;jdpd; rhu;ghf
cj;juthjkspf;fpd;whd;.
~~J}z; tpOe;jplg; NghFJ. me;jf; fjpiuapiy ,ud;.||
~~mj;jhd;> ce;jj; J}zbapiy epz;L ghj;jhy; `k;] njhdp mLg;gbapiy
,Ue;J Ntiy nra;apwJ njupAjhf;Fk;.||
~~rjhrptk;... thdjpf;Ff; $lg; gpe;jPl;bas;... mNrhfDf;nfz;lhYk; Ke;jyhk;.||
rjhrptj;jpd; fz;fs; gupksj;ijj; NjLfpd;wd.
thiag; nghj;Jk;gb Rg;gpukzpaj;jpw;Ff; fkyh irif fhl;Lfpd;whs;.
tpwhe;ij Xuj;jpy; tpOe;J fple;j Xu; ,Q;rp tpRf;Nfhj;ij vl;bnaLj;j Kfj;jhu;>
Foe;ijapd; Rghtj;Jld; xUtUf;Fe; njupahky; jd;Dila jsu;e;J Nghd
gw;fSf;fpilapy; eRf;Ffpd;whu;.
*********************************************
102
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mrpupau;: v];.ngh.: (1932 - 2015)
v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s ey;Y}upy; gpwe;J> kl;lf;fsg;ig thoplkhff;
nfhz;ltu;. aho; / Gdpj rk;gj;jpuprpahu; fy;Y}up> aho; / guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}upfspy;
fy;tp fw;w ,tu;> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> nrd;id fpwp];jtf; fy;Y}up vd;gtw;wpy;
cau;f;fy;tp gapd;whu;. 1947,y; tPuNfrupapy; Kjw;ftpij vOjp> vOj;Jyfj;jpy; gpuNtrpj;j
v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu njhlu;e;J rpWfij> ehty;> ehlfk;> fl;Liu> Ma;T> jpwdha;T>
nkhopngau;g;G vdg; gy;Jiwfspy; ,aq;fpdhu;.
ehty;fs;
- jP (1961)
- rlq;F (1966)
- Njly; (1966)
- khapdp (2007)
rpWfijj; njhFg;G
- tP (1966)
- mth
- Mz;ik
- g+
- v];.ngh. rpWfijfs;
- Njly; rpy cz;ikfs;
Kd;Ndhl;lk;
Kfj;jhu; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; MWKfk; mWgJ taijf; fle;jtu;@ kidtpia ,oe;jtu;.
mtUf;F kNdhfud;> Rg;gpukzpak;> gj;kh> gupksk;> nrse;juk;> Fkhurhkp vdg; gps;isfs;
gyu;. mjpy; Fkhurhkp Ntjf;fhugps;isia jpUkzk; Kbj;jikahy; tPl;lhuhYk;
r%fj;jhuhYk; xJf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. gpwf;fg;NghFk; tUlg;gpwg;Gf;fhf Kfj;jhupd; tPl;by;
midtUk; xd;W $Lfpd;wdu;. FLk;gj;jpy; kfpo;r;rpAk; MuthuKk; epyTfpd;wd. Mdhy;;>
Kfj;jhUf;F FkhurhkpNky; <u;g;G. Kfj;jhupd; kdNkh Fkhurhkpapd; tuTf;fhf Vq;Ffpd;wJ.
Kfj;jhu; tpUk;gpa gpufhuk; FkhurhkpAk; tUfpwhd;. MdhYk; mtd; mf;FLk;gj;jhUld;
jq;fp tUlg;gpwg;igf; nfhz;lhltpy;iy. NtW Ntiy fhuzkhf mtd; FLk;gj;jhuplKk;
je;ijahuplKk; tpilngw;Wf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;whd;. mtutu; tpUg;gg;gb tho;tNj tho;f;if’
vd Kfj;jhu; czu;fpd;whu;.
aho;g;ghzf; FLk;gk; xd;wpd; cwTfspd; ,aq;Fepiyia> GJtUlg; gpwg;ig ikakhff;
nfhz;L mjd; njhlu;epfo;r;rpfis xOq;FgLj;jp cwTfs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> Kuz;ghLfs;>
ghrk; Kjypatw;iw ,izj;J> ,f;fij gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fsk;
Kfj;jhupd; tPl;bidAk; Cupd; Kr;re;jpiaAk; fijf;fskhff; nfhz;L> ,r;rpWfij
,aq;Ffpd;wJ. tPL> tPl;bd; nfhy;iy> fpzw;wb> jpz;iz> tPl;bd; rpd;d miw> Kw;wk;
vdf; fijf;fsk; tPl;bd; gy ghfq;fSld; ,izj;Jg; gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ.
103
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghj;jpu thu;g;Gf;fs;
Kfj;jhu;> Kfj;jhupd; %j;jkfd; Rg;gpukzpak; mtdJ kidtp fkyh> kfs; ̀ k;rj;tdp>
Kfj;jhupd; ,d;ndhU kfs; gupksk;> fztd; rjhrptk;> gpwpnjhU kfs; nrse;juk;
mts; fztd; jq;fuhrh gps;isfs;> Fkhurhkp mtd; kidtp> ,isakfd; kNdhfud;>
,isakfs; gj;kh kw;Wk; gRgjp vdg; ghj;jpuq;fs; gytw;iw cs;slf;fp ,r;rpWfij
gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kfj;jhNu Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpukhfpd;whu;.
fijg;gpd;dy;
GJtUlg;gpwg;gd;W ,lk;ngWk; epfo;TfNshL Muk;gpj;jy;.
Kfj;jhupd; epidNthl;lq;fspy; efu;jy;.
jhia ,oe;j gj;kh> FLk;g cwTfisg; gw;wpg; NgRjy;.
kjk; khwpj; jpUkzk; nra;j Fkhurhkpahy; vjpu;nfhz;l neUf;fPLfis
ntspg;gLj;jy;.
Fkhurhkpapd; tUiff;fhff; fhj;jpUe;J> mtd; te;jNghJ kdk;kfpo;jy;.
GJtUlg;gpwg;gd;W xd;WNrUk; FLk;gnkhd;wpd; FJ}fyj;ij ,dq;fhl;ly;.
Kfj;jhu; Gj;jhiliaj; njupTnra;tjpy; gps;isg;ghrj;ij czu;j;jy;.
nkhopeil
aho;g;ghz kf;fspd; fpuhkpa nkhopiar; nrt;tNd ifahz;Ls;shu;.
c- k; : nfhf;fh gupksk; ,d;Dk; vOk;gy;iyNa.
tpguzj; jd;ikahd nkhopeil
Gwf;fhl;rpfisAk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;igAk; tpsf;f> tpguzj;jd;ikahd
nkhopeilia Mrpupau; ifahs;fpwhu;.
c- k;: ,wg;gpy; njhq;Fk; ntz;rq;fpNy fjpu;fhkj;J tpg+jp ,Uf;Fk;. tyf;if
tpuy;fSf;Fs; vLj;J> “rpt.........rpth” vd;W cr;rupf;Fk;nghOJ ey;Y}u;f;
fe;jdpd; cjafhyg; g+ir kzp Nfl;Fk;.
ftpj;Jtk; nrwpe;j nkhopeil
thu;j;ijfs; khu;g;G kapiug; nghRf;fp ,jaf;Fiyia ntJg;gpnaLj;j nghOJ......
FWf;F ,iofisj; jwpj;jiyapNy kpd;rhu Ntfj;jpy; ,izfpd;wd.
mq;fjg;ghq;fpyhd nkhopeil
VNjh MidNridia rPjdkhff; FLj;jdhd;.
mzpg; gad;ghL
- Nuh[h ,jo;g;gLf;ifahd nkd;ik Nru; epidTfs; - ctik mzp
- cLk;igg; Nghyj;jhd; gpbthjk; - ctik mzp
- jz;zPu; fhJf;Fs; GFe;J kdf;Fif epidTfSf;F cUtq;nfhLj;jJ -
cUtf mzp
mUfpa tof;fpy; cs;s nrhw;fspd; gad;ghL
c - k; : khuPr [hyk; eilngWfpd;wNjh?
tpupe;j nghUisr; RUf;fkhfTk; jhf;fj;NjhLk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; czu;r;rp nrwpthd
nkhopeil.
c - k; : mNj ehf;Ffs; jpir jpUk;gp> mtiu ky;yhj;jpf; fplj;jpf; FwpRl;lNghJ......
104
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd tpsf;fk;
Gifapiyr; Rj;J - RUl;L
nfhy;iy - tPl;bd; gpd;Gw tsT
thyhak; - tof;fkhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;
FUk;ik - ,se;Njq;fha;> Nfhk;ig
,wg;G - jho;thuf; $iuapd; cl;gFjp
epj;jpa fUkk; - md;whlf; fUkq;fs;
Nfhb - Gj;jhil
nfhwpj;jy; - rpwpa mstpy; cz;Zjy;
jhaj;jpd;dp - gpwf;Fk;NghJ jhia ,oe;j Foe;ij
rPtpag;ghL - tho;f;ifia / rPtpaj;ijf; nfhz;L elj;jy;
GJehzag; Ngu; - GJikahd ngau;
fLf;fz;Zw gUtk; - tpliyg; gUtk;
thflq;fs; - rk;gpujhaq;fs; / kuGfs;
cupr;R itr;r khjpup - mr;nrhl;lhf
xg;Ngj;Jjy; - Kad;W epiwNtw;Wjy;
tpf;fpdk; - Jd;gk;
fhJg;gpb - tw;GWj;jp mioj;Jtuy;
NfhR - juk; / jlit
GJNkhb - GJg;ghzp (Fashion)
fijr; rhq;fj;jpy; - fijg;guhf;fpy;
jiyr;rd; - jiyg;gps;is / Kjw;gps;is / rpNu\;l Gj;jpud;
iftpask; - iftpNrlk;
gQ;rhDk; FQ;RfSk;- f\;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; tsu;f;Fk; Foe;ijfs;
rk;ghupj;jy; - cioj;jy; / rk;ghjpj;jy;
kbrQ;ir - gzg;ig
jr;Nryh - jw;nrayhf
mupaJ eupaJ - fpilj;jw;fupa
Vfhtlkply; - xw;iw tlkply;
105
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mfu;\pj;jy; - ftu;jy;
nghr;rk; jPutpy;iy - jpUg;jp ,d;ik
Gjpdk; - tpag;G
rPik - NkiyehL
ehf;F topf;f - ngWkjpaw;wJ / gpuNahrdkw;wJ
gliy - jl;bf; fjT (Gate)
rfthrk; - cwT
njhlu;ry; - cwT
rsg;Gjy; - rkhspj;jy;; / Fog;Gjy;
cjtuq; nfl;ltd; - ngWkjpapy;yhjtd; / cjthf;fiu
Nwhl;lsj;jy; - tPzhf miyjy; / ntWkNd miyjy;
tpsg;gkhf - gpurpj;jkhf
K];ghj;jp - gfpb
rhkj;jpak; - nfl;bj;jdk;
ngj;jg;gh - ghl;ld;
kUj;JePu; - ,e;Jf;fs; GJtUlg;gpwg;gpd;NghJ> ePuhLtjw;fhfj;
jiyapy; itFk; %ypiffshy; fha;r;rg;gl;l ePu;
rPdpr; rpj;jg;gh - cwTKiw / je;ijapd; ,isa rNfhjud;
Vrg;Ngr - Vr
kUl;Lk; - kaf;Fk;
fypahzg;Ngr;Rf;fhy; - jpUkzg;Ngr;R
%l;lk; - ftiyg;gLjy;
fpwhjp - kuj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l jLg;G
fhsj;jpupahl;lkply; - mq;fyha;j;jy;
GJehzak; - GJtof;fk;
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106
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
M. jpahfk;;
Nfhtpy;gl;b kspiff; fil fjpNurd; nrl;bahh; fhiyapy; gyfhuk; rhg;gpl kzp
gj;J MFk;. mg;Gwk; xU gj;J epkp\k; cl;fhh;e;J> rhg;gpl;l rpukj;ijg; Nghf;fpf;
nfs;sNtz;Lk;. mjd; gpd; filia Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gLthu;. rupahfg; gjpide;J epkp\
eil. gj;J ,Ugj;ije;Jf;Ff; filapy; te;J cf;fhUthu;. ifapy; fbfhuk; fl;lhkNy
epkp\f; fzf;F jtwhky; tU\k; Ke;E}w;W mWgj;ije;J ehSk; xNu khjpupahf mtu;
filf;F tUtJk; tPL jpUk;GtJk; ,e;jf; fhyj;Jf; filr; rpg;ge;jpfSf;F XH mjprakhf
,Uf;Fk; vd;gijr; nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy. mtu; me;jf; fhyj;J kD\H. mtu; gofpa
cyfk; mtiu tpl;lhYk; mtu; mij tplj; jahuhf ,y;iy.
md;Wk; fhiy 10.25 f;Ff; filf;F te;jhu;. filf;Fs; EioAk;NghJ Kfj;ij
vg;gb itj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;LNkh - xU Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
- mg;gb itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j Kfghtj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rk;> fLfLg;G> gpujhdkpy;yhj
mk;rk;> xU khjpupahd tpiwg;G. ,e;j Kfghtj;ijf; filapy; cl;fhh;e;jpUf;Fk; tiuapy;
vf;fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; khw;wkhl;lhh;. ez;gu;fNsh> me;j];Jkpf;f thbf;iff;fhuu;;fNsh
tUk;NghJ mtu; rpupf;fNth> Gd;dif nra;aNth Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gLk;. mijAk;
,e;j Kfghtj;ij khw;whkNy epiwNtw;wp tpLthu;….
filapy; te;J cl;fhh;e;j nrl;bahh;> fzf;F vOJk; NrhkRe;juk; gps;isia
xU jlit Vwpl;Lg; ghh;j;jhh;. gps;isAk; mt;tz;zNk nra;jhh;. gpwF nrl;bahh;
Kfj;ijj; jpUg;gp> ngl;biaj; jpwe;J mq;Nf fplf;Fk; rpy;yiwf; fhRfisf; ifahy;
Johtpl;L> filr; rpg;ge;jpfis - me;j ehd;F NgiuAk; - nkhj;jkhfTk; jdpj;jdpahfTk;
ghh;j;jhh;. ,dp tir Guhzj;ij Muk;gpf;f Ntz;baJjhd;! vijr; rhf;fhf itj;Jf;
nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fyhk; vd;W xU fzk; Nahrpj;jhh;. XNu xU fzk;jhd;.. rhf;Ff;
fpilj;J tpl;lJ……..
“Vz;lh> jbg; gafsh! ePq;f vd;d guNjrpfsh? re;ahrpfshlh? vUik khl;Lg;
gay;fs;! tpbQ;rJk; ehY tPl;Lf;F ahrfj;Jf;Fg; Nghw gpr;irf;fhug; gay;$l ,g;gpbr;
rhk;giy ms;spg; G+r khl;lhNdlh? jupj;jpuk; gpbr;r gafsh! ePq;f te;J filapNy
nehisQ;rPq;fNsh ,y;iyNah> ahthuk; xz;Zf;Fg; ghjpahg; gLj;Jg; Nghr;R. ,d;Dk;
kpr;rk; kPjpiaAk; gLf;f tr;rpl;Lg; Nghfthlh> ,g;gb nej;jpapNy ms;spg; G+rpf;fpl;Lg;
te;jpUf;fPq;f> rhk;giy?....”
filapy; Gjpjhfr; Nrhh;e;jpUe;j xU rpg;ge;jp> “ePq;fSk; tpG+jp G+rpapUf;fPq;fNs>
nkhjyhsp?” vd;W Nfl;Ltpl;lhd;.
“mb nrUg;ghNy! ehNa! thiaj; njhwf;fpwpah eP? (fzf;F gps;isiag; ghh;j;J)
ghh;j;jPuh NrhkRe;juk;gps;is? gay; vJj;jpy;Ny nttfhuk; gz;whd;? N[hl;lhNy mbr;R
ntspNa gj;Jk; ,tid! ekf;Fr; rhpg;glhJ. fQ;rpf;fpy;yhNk nrj;j gay;fis vuf;fg;gl;Lf;
filapNy tr;rJ vd;Kl;lhs;jhd;. NrhkRe;juk; gps;is……..” vd;W nrl;bahh; nghhpe;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ> fzf;Fg; gps;is me;jg; GJg; igaidg; ghh;j;J> Ntiyiag;
Ngha;g; ghNuz;lh> nkhjyhspfpl;l vg;gpbg; NgrZk;fpwJ$l njhpay;iyNa> xdf;F!
ck; … Ngh! Ngha; Ntiyiag; ghU” vd;whh;.
me;jg; igaDf;F Mj;jpuk; Mj;jpukhf te;jJ. Nghjhf;Fiwf;F kw;w %d;Wigad;fSk; jpUk;gpf; nfhz;L mtidg; ghh;j;Jr; rphpj;jhh;fs;.
nrl;bahh; mNjhL mtid tpl;L tpl;lhh;. kw;nwhU igaidg; ghh;j;J m];jpuj;ijj;njhLj;jhh;. “V fONj! xd;idj;jhNd! gUg;GNy xNu fy;yhf; nflf;Fd;D nrhd;NdNd>nghilr;rp tr;rah> fOij?”
“nghilr;rpl;Nld;> Kjyhsp> fy;Y xz;Zk; ,y;iyNa?”
107
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
“vd;dlh! ,y;iyah? mg;Ngh ehd; ngha;ah nrhy;Nwd;? Nla;! ,e;j khjpup ePNgrpf;fpl;Nl ,Ue;jh> nrUg;gb thq;fpf;fpl;Lj;jhd; ,e;jf; filia tpl;Lg; Nghfg;NghNw. Mkh> ey;yh ahTfj;jpNy tr;Rf;Nfh. Ntiyia xOq;fhr; nra;. NrhkRe;juk;
gps;is> gaNgr;irg; ghh;j;jPuh? ghh;j;Jf;fpl;Buhd;Ndd;? filf;F th;wtndy;yhk; xUj;jd;
ghf;fpapy;yhNk> ‘vd;d nrl;bahNu> ,g;gpbf; fy;iyg; Nghl;bUf;fpwPNu gUg;GNy’d;DNff;fwhd;. ,td; ‘vd;dlhd;dh ‘nghilr;rpl;Nld;; fy;ypy;Ny’q;fpwhNd! ck;… V fOij!
eP nghilr;rJ nere;jhdh? Nfl;lJf;Fg; gjpy; nry;Y! ,y;Ny. ,g;gpbNa filia
tpl;Lf; fPNo vwq;F….’
NrhkRe;juk; gps;is me;jg; igaidg; ghh;j;J> “nghilr;Nrd;;> fy;iyr; Rj;jkhg;
nghwf;fpl;Nld;> nkhjyhspd;D nrhd;dh vd;dg;gh? nerj;ijr; nrhy;wJf; nfd;d?” vd;whu;.
me;jg; igad; gjpy; nrhy;yhky; epd;whd;.
nrl;bahu; filg;igad;fs; mj;jid NgiuAk; nkhj;jkhfg; ghu;j;J> Nghq;fNy>
vk; %Q;rpapNy Kspf;fhjPq;f. xq;fisf; fl;bf;fpl;L khubf;fpwKf;F xU Fj;Jf;fy;iyf;
fl;bf;fpl;L khubf;fyhk;….njhiyQ;rp Nghq;flh” vd;W tpul;bdhu;.
filg;igad;fs; ehy;tUk; cs;Ns Ngha;tpl;lhu;fs;. cs;Ns NghdJk; gioa
%tUk; rpupj;jhu;fs;.
kWepkp\Nk nrl;bahu; mtu;fis mioj;jhu;. “Vz;lh> vq;flh $z;Nlhl ifyhrk;
Nghapl;bq;f? cs;Ns rKf;fhsj;ij tpupr;rpg; gLj;Jj; J}q;Fq;flh@ ey;yhj; J}q;Fq;f!
,q;Nf tu;wtq;fSf;Fg; GspAk; fLFk; ehd; epWj;Jg; NghLNwd;.”
GJg; igad; Mj;jpuj;ij mlf;fpf; nfhz;L> “ePq;fjhNd nkhjyhsp> cs;Ns
Nghfr; nrhd;dPq;f? ehq;f vJ nrQ;rhYk; Fj;jkhr; nrhy;wPq;fNs…..” vd;W ,uz;L
thuq;fshf mlf;fp itj;jpUe;j Mj;jpuj;ijf; ff;fpNa tpl;lhd;.
mtd; Ngrpaijf; Nfl;L kw;wg; igad;fs; Kfj;ijj; jpUg;gpf; nfhz;L rpupf;f>
nrl;bahu; jk; Kfj;ij ,d;Dk; fLg;ghf itj;Jf; nfhz;L NrhkRe;juk; gps;isia
Vwpl;Lg; ghu;f;f> gps;is me;jg; igaidg; ghu;j;J> “Vz;lh> ‘NgrhNj NgrhNj’d;Dxdf;F vj;jid juk; nrhy;wJ? vd;d gay;lh eP? Ngha; me;j <uq;fhaj;ij %l;ilapNyUe;J
vLj;Jf;fpl;L th…..,q;Nf ngl;bapNy <uq;fhakpy;Ny” vd;whu;.
mnjy;yhk; vq;Nf njupAJ? vy;yhk; nrhy;ypj;jhd; elf;f Ntz;bapUf;F. Vz;lh>
NrhW jpq;fpwPq;fNs> mijAk; nrhd;dhj;jhd; jpk;gPq;fNsh? ,y;iy> Nff;fpd;Nwd;. ,g;gb
mwpTnfl;l gay;fsh te;J ekf;Fd;D Nre;jpUf;fhq;fNs> mijr; nrhy;Yk;…Nla;>
xd;idj;jhz;lh! me;j Kj;ijahgps;is ghf;fpiag; Ngha;f; Nfl;bah? mijAk;
nrhd;dhj;jhd; nra;tpah?”
“Nfl;Nld;> nkhjyhsp.”
“Nfl;bahf;Fk;? nfl;bf;fhud;jhd;! Nfl;L thq;fZk;D NjhzypNah?”
“ghf;fpiaf; FLj;jpl;lhU” vd;W ngUkpjj;NjhL nrhd;dhd; igad;.
“ml! vd;dNkh ,td; rhku;j;jpaj;jpNy thq;fpd khjpupapy;Ny NgRwhd;! fld;
thq;fpdtu; FLf;fhkyh ,Ug;ghU? Kj;ijahgps;is Nahf;fpad;. ,tidg; Nghy
Kbr;Rkhwpg; gayh ,Ug;ghUd;D neidr;rhd; Nghy ,Uf;F. mjdhNyjhd;
‘FLj;jpl;lhU’d;D nuhk;gr; rtlhyhr; nrhy;fpwhd;. Va; eP vg;gblh Ngha;f; Nfl;Nl?
fz;bg;ghff; Nfl;bah?”
“fz;bg;ghj;jhd;; Nfl;Nld;> nkhjyhsp…”
108
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
“fz;bg;ghf; Nfl;bah? cd;id ahUlh mg;gbf; Nff;fr; nrhd;dJ? vjk;gjkhg;
NgrZk;D xdf;F vj;jid juk; nrhy;ypapUf;Nfd;? fz;bg;ghg; Ngrpdh ehisf;F
vtz;lh filf;F tUthd;?.....”
mg;NghJ NrhkRe;juk; gps;is FWf;fpl;L> rhtjhdkhf> “KUifah> me;jg;
ngupa fzf;F Nehl;il ,g;gpL vL” vd;whu;.
nrl;bahu; KUifahit tpl;Ltpl;lhu;. kw;nwhU igaid Vwpl;Lg; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;j rkaj;jpy; \z;Kfk; gps;is filf;F te;J Nru;e;jhu;.
“mz;zhr;rp> thq;f” vd;W mtiu tuNtw;w nrl;bahu;> me;jg; igaidg; ghu;j;J>
“Va; guNjrp! ehd; cdf;F vd;d nrhd;Ndd;? vd;dNy nrhd;Ndd;?....” vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj> \z;Kfk; gps;is Ngr;Rf; nfhLj;jhu;. “nrl;bahiuah> ehisf;F
kJiuf;Fg; NghNwd;.....” vd;W jhk; nrhy;y te;j tp\aj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;. nrl;bahUk;
ftdj;ij mtuplk; jpUg;gpdhu;. mj;Jld; rhkhd;fs; thq;fTk; ,uz;nlhUtu; te;jhu;fs;.
igad;fs; RWRWg;ghf Ntiyapy; <Lgl;lhu;fs;.
fjpNurd; nrl;bahu; vg;nghOJ ghu;j;jhYk; filr; rpg;ge;jpfs; kPJ ,g;gbr; rPwp
tpOtijg; gy tU\q;fshfg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L te;jtu; \z;Kfk; gps;is. xU
ehs;$l nrl;bahu; md;ghf xU igaidg; ghu;j;Jg; Ngrpajpy;iy. khjj;jpy; gj;J
ehl;fshtJ mtu; nrl;bahu; filf;F te;J rpwpJ Neuk; cl;fhu;e;J Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;J
tpl;Lg; Nghthu;. mtu; te;Jtpl;lhy; filg; igad;fSf;F xNu nfhz;lhl;lk;. Vndd;why;>
mtNuhL Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ nrl;bahu; r`];uehk mu;r;ridiaj; jw;fhypfkhf
epWj;jp itj;J tpLthu; vd;gJ mtu;fSf;Fj; njupAk;.
nrl;bahUk;$l mu;r;ridia epWj;Jtjw;F mij xU ey;y re;ju;g;gkhff; fUJthu;!
NrhkRe;juk; gps;is FWf;fpl;Lf; filg; igad;fSf;Fg; Gj;jp nrhy;yj; njhlq;fptpl;lhYk;
nfhQ;rk; %r;R tpl;L Xa;ntLj;Jf; nfhs;thu;. igad;fisj; jhk; jpl;Lk;NghJ jLj;J
epWj;Jtjw;F xU Ms; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt NrhkRe;juk; gps;isia me;j Kg;gJ
tU\ fhyKk; jk; filapy; fzf;Fg; gps;isahf itj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu; vd;W
nrhd;dhYk; jtwpy;iy.
nrl;bahupd; Fzhjpraq;;fnsy;yhk; filg; igad;fSf;F kdg;ghlk;. ,uz;Lthuq;fSf;F Kd; te;J Nru;e;j GJg; igad; ntq;flhryj;Jf;F ,d;Dk; Kjw;ghlk;$lr;
ruptug; Gupatpy;iy. mjdhy;jhd; mtDf;Fr; nrl;bahu; jpl;Lk;NghJ cs;Sw kdk;
FKwpaJ. “gpr;irf;fhud;”, “fQ;rpf;F ,y;yhjtd;”, “ehNa> NgNa” vd;W vj;jidNah
,opnrw;fisr; Nrw;wpNy Njha;j;J vLj;Jr; nrl;bahu; tPrpapUf;fpwhu;. mtd; nrhy;yhky;
nfhs;shky; filiatpl;L Xbtplyhk; vd;W epidj;jhYk;> jd; jfg;gdhupd; fz;bg;Gf;Fg;
gae;J ,d;Dk; mq;NfNa ,Ue;J nfhz;bUe;jhd;.
mtDila Nuh\j;ijf; fz;Lk;> nrl;bahu; jq;fisj; jpl;Ltijf; fz;Lk; kw;wg;
igad;fs; rpupj;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtu;fSf;F khdNkh Nuh\Nkh ,y;yhjJjhd; vd;W
ahuhtJ epidj;jhy;> mijtplg; ngupa jtW Ntnwhd;Wk; ,Uf;f KbahJ. mtu;fs;
mq;Nf ,Ue;J gofpatu;fs;. nrl;bahupd; thu;j;ijf;Fg; nghUs; fpilahJ vd;W
kdg;g+u;tkhf mtu;fs; ek;gpdhu;fs;. mjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; cz;L@ xd;W NtW ve;jf;
filapYk; filr; rpg;ge;jpfSf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; rk;gsj;ij tpl ,q;Nf mjpf rk;gsk;.
jPghtspf;Fg; GJ Nt\;b rl;ilfSld; MSf;Fg; gj;J &gha; nuhf;fKk; nfhLg;ghu;
nrl;bahu;. fil Ntiyiaj; jtpu> jk;ik kwe;J$l tPl;L Ntiy nra;ar; nrhy;ykhl;lhu;.
mtUila tPl;Lf;Ff; filg; igad;fs; Nghdhy;> Kfj;jpy; fLfLg;gpy;yhky; ~Iah>
uhrh’ vd;W md;NghL NgRthu;. VfNjrkhfr; rhg;gplr; nrhy;tJk; cz;L. vy;yhtw;iwAk;
tpl Kf;fpakhf> ahu; vd;d Gfhu; nrhd;dhYk;> ve;jg; igad;fs; thypgu;fshfpf;
fy;ahzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk;NghJ> fy;ahzr; nryTf;F xU fzprkhd njhifAk;
109
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nfhLg;gJ tof;fk;. mtu; filapy; Ntiy ghu;j;j igad; ngupatdhfpj; jdpf; fil
njhlq;f epidj;jhy;> mjw;Fk; cjtp nra;thu;.mg;gb mtu; ifJ}f;fp tpl;L ,d;W
%d;W Ngu; mNj Cupy; kspiff; filfis yhgfukhf elj;jpf; nfhz;L tUfpwhu;fs;.
,e;j ufrpaq;fnsy;yhk; filg; igad;fSf;Fj; njupAk;. mjdhy;jhd; mtUila
tirGuhzj;ij VNjh tof;nfhope;j Xu; me;epa ghi\apy; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhtpakhff;
fUjp xJf;fpj; js;sp tpl;lhu;fs;.
2
fhiyapy; igad;fs; tpg+jp g+rp te;jijf; fz;L rPwp tpOe;jijg; ghu;j;j GJg;
igad;> kWehs; ntWk; new;wpNahl te;Jtpl;lhd;. mt;tsTjhd;: “eP vd;dlh irtdh?
,y;iy> Ntjf;fhudh? (fpwp];jtdh?) vd;dNy Kopf;fpNw? xd; %Q;rpiag; ghu;j;jh
vtz;lh filf;F tUthd;?... nej;jpiar; RLfhL khjpup tr;rpf;fpl;L......”, “Ngha; tpg+jpia
vLj;Jg; g+R” vd;W fzf;Fg; gps;is mtDf;Fg; Gj;jp nrhd;dhu;. nrl;bahu; jpl;Ltij
clNd epWj;jp tpl;lhu;.
md;W nrz;gfty;ypak;kd; Nfhtpypy; filrp ehs; tpoh. ngupa Nksf; fr;Nrup>
thz Ntbf;iffs; vy;yhk; Vw;ghlhfpapUe;jd. ntspa+u;f; $l;lk; njUnty;yhk; epuk;gp
tope;jJ. md;W xU kzpNeuk; Kd;djhfNt - mjhtJ> vl;L kzpf;Nf filia
milj;J tpl;Lj; jhKk; NfhtpYf;Fg; Nghfyhk;> kw;wtu;fisAk; tPl;Lf;F mDg;gp
tplyhk; vd;W KbT fl;bapUe;jhu; nrl;bahu;. Voiu kzpf;nfy;yhk; \z;Kfk; gps;is
te;jhu;. nrl;bahu; jk; Xa;nthopr;ryw;w tir Guhzj;ij epWj;jp> “mz;zhr;rp> thq;f”vd;W Gd;difNahL mtiu tuNtw;Wtpl;L> “kJiuf;F Nej;Jj;jhNd NghdPq;f” vd;WMr;rupaj;NjhL Nfl;lhu;.
“mq;Nf Nrhyp? Nghd fhupak; KbQ;rJk; jpUk;g Ntz;baJjhNd? ,d;dpf;Ff;
fhiyapNy Kjy; tz;bf;Nf te;Jl;NlNd! Fspr;Rr; rhg;gpl;Nld;. nfhQ;rk; mre;J
J}q;fpNdd;. J}q;fpg;gpl;L tu;Nwd;....”
nrl;bahu; fbfhuj;ijg; ghu;j;jhu;. kzp VNo Kf;fhy;. ,Jjhd; rkak; vd;W
Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhu;.
“Vz;lh! jPtl;bj; jbad;fsh?”
“vd;d nkhjyhsp” vd;W ,uz;L igad;fs; Vf fhyj;jpy; Nfl;lhu;fs;.
“vd;d nkhjyhspah? ehDk; xU kzp Neukhg; ghu;j;Jf;fpl;Nl ,Uf;Nfd;. ,e;jg;
gaf thiaj; njhwe;J Nff;fl;Lk;D. ePq;f vq;Nf Nfg;gPq;f? xq;fSf;Fr; rhkp VJ>
rhj;jhd; VJlh? mg;gbj; nja;t gf;jp ,Ue;jh> xq;f %Q;rpapNy nfhQ;rkhr;Rk; fis
,Uf;FNk! mwpT nfl;l gafsh> ,d;idf;F jpUsh Mr;Nr> Cu; g+uhTk; NfhapYf;Fg;
Ngha;r; rhkp Fk;gpLNj> ehkSk; NghfZk;D Vz;lh xq;fSf;Fj; Njhzy;Ny?”
mg;NghJ \z;Kfk; gps;is>“nkhjyhsp nrhy;yhNk vg;gbf; filiag; Nghl;Ll;Lr;
rhkp ghu;f;fg; Nghthq;f? ePq;f nrhy;wJ epahakpy;ypNa> nrl;bahiuah!” vd;whu;.
“Mkh! mz;zhr;rp> rhkp Fk;gpLwJ$l nkhjyhspiaf; Nfl;Lj;jhd; Fk;gplZk;!
ePq;fSk; mtq;f fl;rpapNy Nre;J NgRq;f!” vd;whu; nrl;bahu;.
NrhkRe;juk; gps;is> igad;fisg; ghu;j;J> filia milg;gjw;F vy;yhtw;iwAk;
vLj;J cs;Ns itf;fr; nrhd;dhu;. mtu;fSk; [&uhf Ntiyapy; ,wq;fpdhu;fs;.
nrl;bahu; kpFe;j ftiyNahL “,e;jg; gafNshl fj;jpf; fj;jp vd; njhz;ilj;
jz;zpjhd; tj;JJ mz;zhr;rp> Nrr;Nrr;Nr!” vd;W rypj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
\z;Kfk; gps;is rpupj;jhu;.
110
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; filia vLj;J itj;Jg; g+l;b Kbj;jJk; igad;fs; NfhtpYf;Fg;
Nghf cj;juTf;Ff; fhj;jpUe;jhu;fs;.
“vd;dlh. NfhapYf;Fj;jhNd?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; nrl;bahu;.
“Mkh! nkhjyhsp”.
“NfhapYf;F ntWq;ifia tPrpf;fpl;Lj;jhd; Nghfg; NghwPq;fsh?”
gjpy; ,y;iy.
“vd;dlh> ehd; Nff;fpNwd;> Ngrhk epf;fpwPq;fNs? thapNy vd;d nfhsf;fl;ilah
,Uf;F?”
mjw;Fk; gjpy; ,y;iy.
“ghUq;f mz;zhr;rp> thiaj; njhwf;fpwhq;fsh> ghUq;f. NfhapYf;Fg; NghwJd;dh
Njq;fh> gsk;. #lnky;yhk; nfhz;L NghfNtz;lhkh?”
“nfhz;Ljhd; NghfNtZk;” vd;whu; \z;Kfk; gps;is.
“mJ ,e;jg; gafSf;Fj; njupAjh> ghUq;f.........flTNs! flTNs!” vd;W jiyapy;
mbj;Jf; nfhz;L> “Nla;! ,e;jhq;flh> MSf;F xj;j &th> Ngha;> Njq;fh> gsk;
thq;fpl;Lg; Nghq;f. vq;f jiyapNy Vd; fspkz;iz tr;Nr> rhkp? %isia
itf;fNyz;zhYk; nts;is nkSifahtJ tr;rpUf;ff; $lhjh?d;D rhkpiaf;
NfSq;flh” vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L ehd;F NgUf;Fk; ehd;F &gha;fisf; nfhLj;jhu;. igad;fs;
Ngha; tpl;lhu;fs;.
nrl;bahu; rhtpf; nfhj;NjhL tPl;il Nehf;fp ele;jhu;.
rhg;gpl;Ltpl;L mk;ghspd; efu;tyj;ijg; ghu;g;gjhf cj;Njrk;. mk;ghs;
filj;njUTf;F tu kzp gjpndhd;whfptpLk; vd;gJ mtuf;Fj; njupAk;. \z;Kfk;
gps;isAk; mtUk; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl Nghdhu;fs;. mg;NghJ \z;Kfk; gps;is jhk;
ntF ehl;fshff; Nfl;f epidj;jij md;W mg;gl;lkhff; Nfl;Ltplj; Jzpe;jhu;.
“vd;d nrl;bahiuah> ek;k rpNefpjj;ijg; nghWj;Jf; Nff;fpNwd;. Nfhtpr;Rf;fpl
khl;Bq;fNs?;”
“vd;d mz;zhr;rp> xq;fis vg;Ngh ehd; Nfhtpr;rpUf;Nfd;? vd;d ,g;gpbf;
Nff;fpwPq;f? ekf;Fs;Ns vd;d Ntj;Jik?”
“,y;Ny ePq;f nuhk;g jahs Fzj;Njhl ,Uf;fpwPq;f@ CupNyAk; xq;fisg; gj;jpg;
ngUikahg; Ngrpf;fpwhq;f. filg; igad;fSf;F cq;fisg; Nghyr; rk;gsk; FLf;fpwtq;f
,y;Nyd;Dk; vdf;Fj; njupAk;. vy;yhk; ey;yhj;jhd; ,Uf;F. mdh> ,g;gpb ,Ugj;J ehY
kzp NeuKk; filg; igad;fisj; jpl;bf;fpl;Nl ,Uf;fpwPq;f? vg;Ngh te;J ghu;j;jhYk;
vtidahtJ epg;ghl;b tr;rpf;fpl;Lg; nghupapwPq;fNs> vJf;F? nfhQ;rk; md;gh Mjuth
,Uf;fyhkpy;Ny?;”
“mz;zhr;rp> md;gh Mjuth ,y;Nyd;dh ehd; jpl;Ltdh? mijf; nfhQ;rk;
Nahrid gz;zpg; ghUq;f. gafis nerkh vdf;Fg; gpbf;fNyd;dh> xNu nrhy;ypy;
filia tpl;L ntapNaj;jpg;gpl;L kW Nrhyp ghf;f khl;ldh? nrhy;Yq;f. ,e;;j Kg;gJ
tUrj;jpNy. xUj;jid ehd; Ntiyia tpl;lg; Nghfr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwdh? gaf tpUj;jpf;F
tuZk;jhNd njhz;ilj; jz;zpia tj;j tr;Rf;fpl;bUf;Nfd;? fj;jpf; fj;jp vd; cRUk;
NghFJ.
“Vd; fj;jZk;? ey;ygbah xU nrhy; nrhd;dhg; gj;jhjh?”
111
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
“mg;gbah nrhy;wPq;f mz;zhr;rp? rupjhd;! ey;ygbahfr; nrhd;dh gafSf;Fjpkpu; ,y;Ny Vwpg; NghFk;? xlk;G tisAkh? me;jf; fhyj;jpNy ehd; filg; igadh,Ue;jg;Ngh vq;f nkhjyhsp Ngrpdij ePq;f Nfl;bUf;fZk;……. `_k;> mjpy gj;jpNy
xU gq;F$l ehd; NgrpapUf;fkhl;Nld;@ NgrTk; njupahJ.”
“mg;Ngu;g;gl;l nkhjyhspah mtU!”
“vd;dq;fpwPq;f? vd;dg;gj;jp kl;Lkh? vd; jhap> jfg;gd;> ghl;ld; mj;jid NgiuAk;Nru;j;Jf; Nftykhfg; NgRthU. GSj;j eha; FWf;Nf NghfhJ. xU ehs; vd; %Q;rpapNymQ;R gyg; gbiaNa J}f;fp tPrpl;lhU. jiyiaf; FdpQ;rNdh> jg;gpr;NrNdh!mg;gbnay;yhk; trf;fptplg; Ngha;j;jhd; ehDk; fil tr;R ahthuk; gz;zp> ,t;tsT
fhyKk; xUj;jd; ghj;J xU nfhiw nrhy;wJf;F ,lkpy;yhNk epu;thfk; gz;zpf;fpl;ltu;Nwd;…”
\z;Kfk; gps;is> nrl;bahupd; thu;j;ijfisf; Nfl;Lr; rpupf;f epidj;jhu;. MdhYk;mg;Gwk; rpupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W mij mlf;fpf; nfhz;L> “nrl;bahiuah! xq;fNkNy jg;gpy;Ny> xq;f nkhjyhspiar; nrhy;yZk;. xq;fSf;F ey;yhj;jhd; ghlk;
nrhy;ypf; FLj;jpUf;fhU!....”
nrl;bahUf;F mtu; nrhd;dJ tpsq;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; “vd;d mz;zhr;rp? vd;d
nrhy;wPq;f? “ vd;W Nfl;lhu;.
“xq;fisg; ghu;f;f vdf;F cz;ikapNyNa ghtkh ,Uf;F. ,g;gbf; fj;jpdh
nkhjy;Ny xq;f xlk;Gf;F MFkh?”
nrl;bahUk; jk; epiyia vz;zpj; jhNk tUe;jpdhu;. “vd;d nra;wJ? ehkthq;fpd tuk; mg;gb. me;jr; NrhkRe;juk; gps;is eLtpy Vjhr;Rk; nra;thU. mJ jhd;rhf;Fd;D nfhQ;rk; thia %LNtd;. mtU ,y;Nyd;dh ehd; fj;jpf; fj;jp %r;NrNghapUf;Fk;. gaf ey;yhj; jiy vLf;fZNkd;Djhd; ghu;f;fpNwd;. mtq;f jha;> jfg;gd;khUvd;id ek;gp xg;gilr;rpUf;fhq;fNs….. vd;dNkh mz;zhr;rp> uhj;jpup tPl;bNy te;JgLj;Jf;fpl;Nl ehdh neidr;rp tUj;jg;gl;Lf; fpLNtd;. xt;nthU rkak; njhz;ilfl;bf;fpLk;. ghypNy gdq;fy;fz;Lk; nkhSFk; Nghl;Lf; Fbg;Ngd;. nkhjyhspd;DMapl;Nlhk;. nra;wijr; nra;aj;jhNd NtZk;? me;jr; rk;Gfty;yp Gz;zpaj;jpNy
,JtiuapYk; xlk;Gf;F xz;Z te;J gLj;jjpy;iy.”
“rup rup> vt;tsT fhyk;jhd; xlk;G jhq;Fk;? ,dpNk xt;nthz;izAk; mg;gb
,g;gb nfhiwr;rpf;fpl;L tuNtz;baJjhd;. ekf;Fg; gfthd; njhz;ilia vd;d
ntq;fyj;jpiyah gilr;rpUf;fhd;?”
\z;Kfk; gps;is rpupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nrhd;d Gj;jpkjp epahakhdjhfNt
nrl;bahUf;Fg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; mij xg;Gf;nfhs;tJ Raeyk; vd;W fUjpdhu;.
“mz;zhr;rp? ePq;f vd;djhd; nrhy;Yq;f@ gaf ey;ygbahfj; jiynaLf;fZk;.,t;tsT fhyKk; ,g;gpb ,Ue;Jl;L ,dp vtd; vf;NfL nfl;lh vd;dz;Z vd;dhNy,Uf;f KbahJ. ,dpNk vd;d? taR mWgjhr;R. cRiu tr;rpUe;J vd;dj;ijr; rhjpf;fg;
NghNwhk;? “ vd;W jpahf czu;r;rpNahL Ngrpdhu;. Ngr;rpy; Xu; cWjp epiwe;jpUe;jJ.
\z;Kfk; gps;is mijg; ghu;j;J> “mg;gpbd;dh> epj;jpag;gb mu;r;rid elf;Fk;Djhd;
nrhy;Yq;f” vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L cuf;fr; rpupj;jhu;.
nrl;bahu; mtUila rpupg;igg; ghu;j;J kpfTk; kdk; nehe;Jnfhz;L> “vd;dNkhmz;zhr;rp> xq;fSf;Fr; rpupg;gh ,Uf;F. ghUq;f. ,g;Ngh rupahf;$lg; Ngr Kbay;Ny.njhz;il typf;FJ. ehd; nghwe;j Ntis! “ vd;W mokhl;lhj Fiwahfr; nrhy;ypagb
ele;jhu;. *********************************************
112
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mrpupau;: F.mofpuprhkp (1923 - 1970)
,tu; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s ,ilr;nrty; vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; gpwe;jtu;. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; rpwe;j rpWfijahrpupau;fSs; xUtuhf tpsq;fpatu;. rpWfijj; Jiwapy;
kl;Lkd;wp> fl;Liu> ehty;> ehlfk;> ftpij> rpWtu; ,yf;fpak;> nkhopngau;g;G> gj;jpupif
vdg; gy;Jiwfspy; rhjid Gupe;Js;shu;.
,tuJ ‘md;gspg;G’ vd;Dk; rpWfijj;njhFg;G ,e;jpa murpd; rhfpj;jpa mflkp tpUJ
ngw;wJ. ‘ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp’ vDk; ehlfk; mtUf;Fg; ngaiuAk; GfioAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jJ.
NgRnghUs;:
fjpNurd; nrl;bahu; Ntiyahl;fNshL kpfTk; fz;bg;ghf ele;Jnfhs;gtuhfj;; Njhd;Wfpwhu;.
Kbtpy; Ntiyahl;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; mf;fiwkpf;f ey;Ys;sq; nfhz;ltu; mtu;vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ.
fjhghj;jpuq;fs;:
fjpNurd; nrl;bahu; - kspiff;fil Kjyhsp
NrhkRe;juk;gps;is - fzf;F vOJgtu;
\z;Kfk;gps;is - fjpNurd; nrl;bahuJ ez;gu;
KUifah
ntq;flhryk;
fjhrpupauJ cj;jp:
ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,af;fj;ijAk; ciuahly;fisAk; ,ay;G Fd;whky; thrfu;fis
trPfupf;Fk; tifapy; rpj;jpupg;gjd; %yk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; Gyg;gLj;jy;
,Nyrhd eifr;Ritia ,ioNahltply;;
ciuahly; %yk; fijia tsu;j;Jr; nry;yy;
ghj;jpu ciuahly;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ngr;Rnkhopfisf; ifahsy;
vLj;Jiug;G Kiw:
Kjyhspahd fjpNurd; nrl;bahupd; fz;bg;G Rghtj;ij> mtuJ Vr;Rf;fspD}lhf
EZf;fkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jy;.
fij KbAk; tiu mtuJ kdf;fplf;if ntspg;glhik.
mtu; nra;J te;j jpahfk; ,Wjpapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghq;F.
khjpup tpdhf;fs; :
1) fjpNurd; nrl;bahupd; jpahf kdg;ghq;F El;gkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gL -
khw;wpid tpsf;Ff.
2) NrhkRe;juk;gps;is vd;w ghj;jpuk; gw;wpa cq;fs; kdg;gjpitj; njspTgLj;Jf.
3) ,r;rpWfijapy; \z;Kfk;gps;is vd;w ghj;jpuj;jpd; gq;F ahJ?
**********************************************
- rpg;ge;jpfs;
113
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
xU ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ* ,e;j tsE}ypy; ehty; kl;Lk; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. tsE}iyg; gad;gLj;JNthu;
,e;ehtiyj; Njbg; gad;ngWkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
Mrpupau; : t.m. ,uhruj;jpdk; (tapj;jp me;Njhdp ,uhruj;jpdk;) 1925 - 2001
,tu; jpUNfhzkiy %J}iug; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;. gapw;wg;gl;l Mrpupau;. rpWfij>
ftpij> ehlfk;> fl;Liu> nkhopngau;g;G> tpku;rdk;> Ma;T Kjyhd gy JiwfspYk;
<Lgl;ltu;. nfhOnfhk;G> Jiwf;fhud;> fpnusQ;rg; gwitfs;> kz;zpy; rike;j kdpju;fs;
Kjypad ,tu; vOjpa Vida ehty;fshFk;. ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gy guprpy;fSk;
tpUJfSk; toq;fpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;ltu;. fpof;fpyq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 2006 ,y;
,tUf;Ff; nfsut ,yf;fpaf; fyhepjpg; gl;lk; toq;fpaJ.
NgR nghUs;;:
gpd;jq;fpa mty epiyapYs;s fpuhkk; xd;W Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzNtz;Lk; vd;w ce;Jjypd;
tpisthf> mjw;Fr; rhj;jpakhd top fy;tpapy; tsu;r;rp fhz;gNj vd;gij vLj;Jf;
fhl;LtJ ,e;ehtypd; Nehf;fkhfTs;sJ.
Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpuq;fs;:
jhNkhjuk;
nrse;juk;
kapy;thfdk;
nja;thid
rpd;dj;jk;gp
Nfhzkiy
ehNfe;jpud;
nry;iyah
mgpuhkp
ehtyhrpupau; tpgupf;f tpioe;j tplak;:
jpUNfhzkiyf;F mUfpYs;s %J}u; fpuhkj;jpy; epfo;e;j tpopg;Gzu;itr; rpj;jpupg;gjhf
ehty; mikfpd;wJ. fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fs; Clhf
czu;j;Jfpd;whu;. ngz;fSf;F fy;tp Njit vd typAWj;Jk; rpy ghj;jpuq;fisAk;
mjid kWf;fpd;w ghj;jpuq;fisAk; efu;j;jp> filrpapy; fy;tp> ngz;fy;tp gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzu;tpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
fpuhk mgptpUj;jpf;F fy;tp kl;Lkd;wp> rpwe;j ciog;ghspfSk; Njit vd;gij
typAWj;Jfpwhu;. clYiog;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp> ehtypy; mbf;fb Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
xUtuJ kuzk; mtNuhL njhlu;Ggl;ltu;fsJ tho;tpy; vj;jija jpUg;gj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij ,e;ehty; ed;F rpj;jpupf;fpwJ.
ghy;a taJ / ,sikj; jpUkz xt;thik> rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Ff; fy;tpapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> ,y;yw tho;tpd; rpwg;G> rNfhju ghrk;> tpUe;Njhk;Gk; gz;G> ,iw
ek;gpf;if Kjyhdit vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
13. ehty;
114
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nkhopeil:
,ay;ghd eilapy; vOjg;gl;likahy; ahtUk; Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
gpuNjrg; Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fSk; Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fSk; nghUj;jKwg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapyhd ciuahly;fs; msTf;F mjpfkhf ,lk;ngwhky;>
fijf;fUit typAWj;Jtjw;F cjTk; tifapy; mike;Js;sd.
ghj;jpuq;fsJ ,af;fk;> fijr; rk;gtq;fNshL ,ize;J nry;fpwJ.
khjpup tpdhf;fs; :
1) “xU ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ” vd;w ehty; vOjg;gl;ljd;
Nehf;fk; ahJ?
2) “xU ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ” vd;w jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL
gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3) “xU ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ” vd;w ehtypy;>
(m) clYiog;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
(M) fpuhk mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa ,isQu; rpe;jidfs;
vd;gd rpj;jpupf;fg;gLkhw;wpid tpsf;Ff.
4) “kiwg;gpw;fhff; fl;ba fpLF Ntypf;Fs;shyjhd; cyfj;ijg; ghu;f;FJ ek; ngz;
r%fk;. vg;gj;jhd; ,tu;fs; Neubahf cyfj;ijg; ghu;f;fg; Nghfpwhu;fNsh” vd;w
$w;wpD}lhf Mrpupau; ntspg;gLj;j tpise;j tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
5) nrse;juk; vd;w ghj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; ngz;fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ehtyhrpupau;
vt;thW czu;j;Jfpd;whu;?
6) Myq;Nfzp fpuhk kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwfisAk; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; “xU
ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ” vd;w ehty; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wJ - tpsf;Ff.
**************************************************************
115
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
14. ehlfk;
,U Jauq;fs;
I
Nkilj; jpiu tpyFKd;du; kz;lgj;J xsp kq;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. miu kq;fypy;
,irf;FO ,e;j ehlfj;Jf;fhd ,iria thrpf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; ,ir
Ntfkhf Muk;gpj;J> rLjpahf Nrhf ,irahf khWfpwJ. Nrhf ,iria kPl;lj; njhlq;Fk;
NghJ kz;lgj;J xsp kq;fp kiwfpwJ. jpiu nky;y tpyFfpwJ. NkilapNy> rw;W
kq;fpa xsp gha;r;rg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkilapd; ,lJ ghijapy;> fPo;Nkil ,lk; gpw;gFjpia
mz;b> Nrh/th nrw;wpfs;> g+r;rhbNahL $ba ePs Nkir vd;gd cs;sd. eLNkil
,lk; gpd; %iyabapy;> epWj;jpNahL $ba kpd; tpsf;Fk;> mjid mz;b Nky; Nkil
,lj;jpy;> Gj;jfq;fNshL $ba Gj;jf ,whf;ifAk; mjd;Nky; myq;Nfhykhff; fplf;Fk;
myq;fhug; nghUs;fSk; ,uz;L %d;W ngupa Gj;jfq;fSk; cs;sd. Nky; Nkil
tyj;ij mz;b xU fl;by;> mjd; jiykhl;by;> Fj;Jtpsf;NfhL $ba rpwpa NkirAk;>
gpd; Gwj;Js;s ad;diy mz;b> rw;W caukhd NkirAk;> mjd;Nky; kUe;Jg; Nghj;jpy;
tifawhf;fSk;> jpwe;jgbAs;s xU jbj;j Gj;jfKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ebfu;fs; Nkilf;Fl;
gpuNtrpg;gjw;F> fPo;Nkil ,lj;jpd; gf;fr; Rtupw; fjnthd;Wk;> eLNkil tyj;jpd; gf;fr;
Rtupy; ,d;DnkhU fjTk; cs;sd.
,J ,isg;ghwpa nlh|f;w;w(u;) fe;jg;Gtpd; ,Uf;if miwAk; gLf;if miwAk; Nru;e;j
gFjpahFk;. ,tw;wpd; gpupg;igf; fhl;Ltjw;F eLNkil kj;jpapy;> epiy fjitf; Fwpf;Fk;
xU rl;lg;gly; itf;fg;glyhk;. ,t;tpU gFjpfSk; mitNahUf;F ed;F njupfpd;wd.
Nky;Nkil tyj;ij mz;ba fl;bypNy fe;jg;GtpdJ Foe;ijapd; gpzk; itj;J
%lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fe;jg;G eiu tpOe;j fpotu;. fl;byUfpy;> Koe;jhspy; Fdpe;J epd;W
Kdfp Kdfp tpk;kpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;> fe;jg;Gtpd; kidtp. mtSk; taJ Nghdts;
jhd;. kUe;Jg; Nghj;jpy; tifawhf;fs; cs;s Nkirapy; iffis Cd;wpagb> gf;fthl;lhf
ad;dypD}lhf ntwpj;Jg; ghu;j;jgb epw;fpwhu; nlh|f;w;w(u;). newpahsu; Nkilapy; te;J
mtuJ mwpKfj;ij Kbj;Jg; NghFk;tiu ,UtUk; Nrhfr; rpiyahf epw;fpwhu;fs;.
,ir Nrhfkio nghopfpwJ. newpahsu; Ngrj; njhlq;fpaJk; ,ir nky;yj; Nja;e;J>
mtu; nrd;wJk; $b> gpd; trdq;fSf;F ,lq;nfhLf;Fk; tifapNy Nja;e;J kiwfpwJ.
newpahsu;: (Nkilapy; cs;s nghUs;fs;> ebfu;fisf; ftdpj;jgb fPo; Nkilf;F
te;J) ,U Jauq;fs;. ,e; ehlfj;jpDila %yk; md;w;wd; r;nff;Ntht;
vOjpd xU rpWfij. me;jr; rpWfijapiy ehlf mk;rq;fs; epiwa
,Uf;nfz;L Njhd;wpr;RJ> vdf;F. mJjhd;> ehlfkhf;fpj; jur;nrhy;ypf;
Nfl;Nld;. KUifad; jhd; ehlfkhf;fpj; je;jtu;. mq;if epw;fpwtu; jhd;
nlh|f;w;w(u;) fe;jg;G. ,J mtUila kidtp. mitf;F xNunahU gps;is.
me;jg; gps;is ,g;g nfhQ;rk; Ke;jpj;jhd; Nkhrk; Nghapl;LJ. tapw;Nwhl;lk;
- gLtd; vz;L jkpopiy nrhy;YwJ... tarhd fhyj;jpiy jhd; mitf;F
me;jg; gps;is gpwe;jJ. mitAk; me;jg; gps;isia MirahAk; ftdkhAk;
jhd; tsj;jit. vd;d nra;apwJ? me;jf; ftiyapiy jhd; mtUk; mtw;iw
ngz;rhjpAk; epf;fpdk;. ,e;jj; Jf;fkhd nra;jpNahil jhd; ehq;fs; ehlfj;ij
Muk;gpf;fpwk;. rup. cq;fil uridf;Ff; FWf;if ehd; epw;fpwJ rupapy;iy.
ePq;fs; ehlfj;ijg; ghUq;Nfh.
116
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(newpahsu; Nghfpwhu;. fe;jg;G jiykapiu xJf;fpf;nfhz;Nl ntspg;Gwkhfg; ghu;f;fpwhu;.
gpd;du; ngU%r;R tpLfpwhu;. rl;ilg;igiaj; Johtp> ,UgJ Kg;gJ nehbfSf;Fg; gpwF
xU ifNyQ;rpia vLf;fpwhu;. gpwFk; fhw;rl;ilg; igapy; vijNah NjLfpwhu;. xU
neUg;Gg; ngl;b mfg;gLfpwJ. rpwpJ Neuk; mij tUbf; nfhz;bUe;Jtpl;L> gpzj;jpd;
jiykhl;by; cs;s Fj;Jtpsf;fpy; xU jpupia ,l;L Vw;Wfpwhu;. gpwF rpy CJtj;jpfisAk;
gw;witj;Jg; gpzj;jUfpNy itf;fpwhu;. rpwpJ Neuk; mij tUbf;nfhz;bUe;J tpl;L>
gpzj;jpd; jiykhl;by; cs;s Fj;Jtpsf;fpy; xU jpupia ,l;L Vw;Wfpwhu;. gpwF rpy
CJtj;jpfisAk; gw;witj;Jg; gpzj;jUfpNy itf;fpwhu;. rpwpJ Neuk; Fdpe;J ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;L epw;fpwhu;. fz;fis xU jlit %bj; jpwe;Jtpl;L ntspNa tUfpwhu;. fjT
kzp myWfpwJ. nlh|f;w;w(u;) rl;ilj; njwpiaf;$lg; g+l;lhky; ntspNa te;J ghu;f;fpwhu;.
kNdhfud; tpiue;J Eiofpwhd;.
kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;) ,Uf;fpwhuh> tPl;biy?
fe;jg;G: X... ehd;jhd; nlh|f;w;w(u;). vd;d NtZk;?
kNdhfud;: X... re;Njh\k;> nlh|f;w;w(u;). ey;y fhyk;. ePq;fs; tPl;biy ,Ue;jJ.
(nlh|f;w;wupd; iffisg; gw;wpagb) cq;fis vdf;Fj; njupAk;. nlh|f;w;w(u;)
vd;w;iw Ngu; kNdhfud;. kprp]; MWKfj;jpd;w;iw wpNy\d;. ePq;fs; XuplKk;
ntspahiy Nghfhky; ,Ue;jNj ngupa fhupak;. clid vd;Ndhil
tuNtZk; nlh|f;w;wu; vd;w;iw rk;rhuj;Jf;Fr; Rfkpy;iy. fLk; tUj;jk;.
Mgj;J. fhu; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpwd; nlh|f;w;w(u;).
(glglg;Gld; gjwpg; gjwpg; NgRfpwhd;> kNdhfud;. fe;jg;G vJTk; Ngrtpy;iy.
Fdpe;jgb epw;fpwhu;.)
kNdhfud;: ePq;fs; tPl;biy ,Ug;gPq;fNsh ,y;iyNah vz;L gae;J nfhz;Ljhd;
te;jehd;. top KOtJk; ,Nj ftiyjhd;> vdf;F. mg;gpbNa me;jupr;Rg;
Nghndd; nlh|f;w;w(u;). rl;iliag; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L thUq;Nfh. cq;fSf;Fg;
Gz;zpak; fpilf;Fk;.
(fe;jg;G Kfj;jpy; ve;jtpj rydKk; fhl;lhky;> Nrhfj;NjhL ngU%r;R
tpl;lgb NkNy ghu;f;fpwhu;.)
kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w ;w(u ;)> ele;jJ ,Jjhd;. gQ;rhl;ruk; te;jtd;. vd;idf;
fhzpwJf;nfz;L - vq;fil tPl;Lf;F. nfhQ;r Neuk; gyijAk; gj;ijAk;
Ngrpf;nfhz;L ehq;fs; ,Ue;jk;. gpwF vy;yhUkha;j; Njj;jz;zp Fbr;rk;.
gQ;rhl;ruj;Jf;F taypd; thrpf;fpwJ Nf|f;f ey;y tpUg;gk;. mtd; taypd;
thrpf;fr; nrhy;ypg; ghkhitf; Nfl;lhd;. mts; clid taypid vLj;J
thrpj;jhs;. jpBnuz;L mts; ifia neQ;rpiy itr;rgbNa mywpdhs;.
mg;gpbNa nghj;njz;L tpOe;J Nghdhs;. mtisj; J}f;fp fl;bybf;Ff;
nfhz;LNgha; MWjyha;g; gLf;f itr;rk;. new;jpapiy ~g|hk; g+rp> Kfnkq;Fk;
jz;zp njspr;Rg; ghj;jk;. Ms; miraNt ,y;iy. kuf;fl;il khjpupf;
fplf;fpwhs;. ,J mD}wprpk; vz;Ljhd; ehd; epidf;fpwd;. mttpd;w;iw
jfg;gdhu; $l mD}wprpk; te;J jhd; nrj;jtuhk;. mij epidf;fj;jhd;
gakhapUf;F.
(nlh|f;w;w(u;) vijAk; fhjpy; thq;fpf; nfhs;shjtu; Nghy kTdkha; epw;fpwhu;.)
117
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kNdhfud;: ePq;fs; clid ntspf;fpLq;Nfh nlh|f;w;w(u;). rl;iliag; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L
thUq;Nfh.
(fe;jg;Gtpd; iffis ,U iffshYk; gw;wpagbNa miof;fpwhd;> kNdhfud;.
iffis tpLtpj;Jg; gpd;thq;fpagbNa xU mRkhj;jKk; ,d;wpg; Nghfpwhu;.)
fe;jg;G: kd;dpf;f NtZk;. IQ;R epkp\j;Jf;F Ke;jpj;jhd; vd;w;iw gps;is Nkhrk;
Nghapl;LJ.
kNdhfud;: r;... r;... r;... (rpwpJ Neuk; nghWj;J) M> flTNs! vg;gbg;gl;l mre;ju;g;gkhd
NtisapNy ehd; te;jpUf;fpnwd;! vd;d mjpl;lf; Fiwthd ehs;... Mdhy;>
Mu; jhd; epidr;rpUg;gpdk;> ,g;gpb elf;Fk; vz;L. r;... r;... r;...
(Nahridapy; Mo;e;jgbNa Nghtjh> tpLtjh vd;W jaq;Ffpwhd;> kNdhfud;.
nlh|f;w;wupd; ifia cupikAld; neUf;fkhfg; gw;wpagb)
kNdhfud;: kd;dpr;Rf; nfhs;Sq;Nfh nlh|f;w;w(u;). jaT nra;J NfSq;Nfh ehd;
nrhy;ypwij. cq;fil epiyik vdf;F tpsq;FJ. gupg+uzkha; tpsq;FJ.
,e;j Ntisapiy cq;fis tur;nrhy;ypf; Nf|f;fpwJ vtsT ntf;ff;Nflhd
fhupak;. flTSf;Fj;jhd; njupAk;. ehd; gLw ghL. Mdhy; vd;d nra;apwJ?
Ntiw topapy;iy> nlh|f;w;w(u;). ePq;fNs Nahrpr;Rg; ghUq;Nfh... ehd;
Ntiw Mupl;ilg; NghwJ? cq;fis tpl Ntiw nlh|f;w;wNu ,y;iy> ,e;j
Cupiy. Ntiw CUf;Fg; Ngha;j; Njbg; gpbr;R thwJf;fpilapiy... ,J
kpr;rk; Mgj;jhd tpahjp. ghkhtpd;w;iw jfg;gDk; mD}wprpk; te;J jhd;
nrj;jtu;. nghy;yhj Neha;. mD}wprpk; nlh|f;w;w(u;). mtu; fd fhyk;
tUj;jkhAk; fplf;Nfy;iy. jpBnud;W xU ehs;... nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePq;fs; vdf;F
,g;g flTs; Nghiy. jaTnra;J kWf;fhky; thUq;Nfh. nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ehd;
vdf;fhfha;f; Nf|f;Nfy;iy. Ntiw xU capUf;fha;f; Nf|f;fpnwd;. jaT
nra;J ... g;yP]; ...
(rpwpJ Neuk; kTdk;. fe;jg;G jpUk;Gfpwhu;. kNdhfuDf;Fg; gpd;fhl;ba gb
rpy nehb epw;fpwhu;. gpd;du;> ,ae;jpuk; Nghy cs;siwf;Fg; Nghfpwhu;.
mq;Fs;s Fj;J tpsf;ifj; J}z;btpl;l gpwF> vz;nza;f; Nghj;jpiy vLj;J
vz;nza; tpLfpwhu;. ifia xU JthahNy Jilj;j gpwF> gpzj;jpd;
mUfpy; epd;W xU ntw;Wg; ghu;itiag; gba tpLfpwhu;. jkJ %f;fpid
tpuy;fshy; mu;j;jkpd;wpg; gpbj;J tpl;l gpwF> ehbiaj; jlTfpwhu;. NkirapNy
tpupe;jgb ,Ue;j xU nkhj;jkhd Gj;jfj;ij vLj;J> eLg;gf;fj;ijg;
ghu;f;fpwhu;. gpd;du; mg;Gj;jfj;jpd; gf;fq;fis tpWtpW vd;W Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
Gul;Lfpwhu;. new;wpapd; Kfl;il tpWtpW vd;W curp tpl;Lf;nfhz;l fe;jg;G
ntspf;$lj;Jf;F tUfpwhu;.)
kNdhfud;: (MWjyhfg; ngU%r;R tpl;lgb) mg;ghlh - thUq;Nfh> nlh|f;w;w(u;).
(kNdhfuidf; fz;l gpwF jhd; mg;gb xUtd; jd; tPl;by; te;J epw;fpwhd;@
jd; kidtpapd; Neha;f;F itj;jpak; ghu;f;Fk; nghUl;Lj; jd; tPl;Lf;F
tUkhW jk;ik mioj;jhd; vd;w epidT nlh|f;w;wUf;F cz;lhfpwJ.)
fe;jg;G: X... ehd;... mg;gNt nrhd;ndNd> tu Vyhnjz;L. jaT nra;J vd;idf;
fiur;ry; nra;ahijAk;.
118
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kNdhfud;: ,y;iy nlh|f;w;w(u;)> cq;fil epiyik vdf;F ey;yha; tpsq;FJ. ehd;
vd;d> fy;Yr; rpiyah> my;yJ kuf;Fj;jpah... ey;yha;j; njupAk;> ePq;fs;
vg;gbg;gl;l kdepiyapiy ,Uf;fpwPq;fs; vz;L. ehDk; kdprd; jhd;. xNu
xU gps;isia> mJFk; ,e;j tarpiy... gwpFLf;fpwnjz;lhy;> mJ vt;tsT
Vkhw;wkha; ,Uf;Fk;... vt;tsT J}f;fkha;> ftiyaha; ,Uf;Fk;... mnjy;yhk;
vdf;Fg; g+uzkha; tpsq;Fk;. Mdhy;> ehd;... Nf|f;fpwJ vdf;fhfhf ,y;iy>
nlh|f;w;w(u;). Ntiw xU capu; rPtj;jWthapiy ,Uf;FJ. rhff; fplf;fpwts;
vd;w;iw rk;rhuk;. me;jf; fpwPr;nrz;l Fswiyf; Nfl;bUe;jPq;fs; vz;lhy;>
Kfj;ijg; ghj;jpUe;jPq;fs; vz;lhy;> vd;w;iw fpNyrk; cq;fSf;F tpsq;Fk;.
flTNs> flTNs... rj;jpakha; ehd; epidr;nrd;> ePq;fs; cLg;Gg; Nghlj;jhd;
cs;is Nghapl;Bq;fs; vz;L. nlh|f;w;w(u;)> g;sP];> thUq;Nfh. Neuk;
nghd;dhdJ. kz;lhbf; Nf|f;fpnwd;. ePq;fs; tuj;jhd; NtZk;... g;sP];...
fe;jg;G: (njspthfTk; jplkhfTk;) kd;dpr;Rf; nfhs;Sk; ehd; ,g;g ck;Nkhil tu
VyhJ.
(,t;thW nrhd;d fe;jg;G cs;Ns nry;yj; jpUk;Gfpwhu;. njhlu;e;J nrd;w
kNdhfud; fe;jg;Gtpd; ifiag; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;Sfpwhd;.)
kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePq;fs; gLw rq;flk; vdf;Fj; njupAk;. mJ vt;tsT
fLikahdJ vz;lJk; vdf;F tpsq;Fk;. Mdhy;> ehd; tur; nrhy;YwJ
xU gy;Yf;nfhjpf;Fg; gupahuk; nra;apwJf;F ,y;iy> nlh|f;w;w(u;). jbkd;
fha;r;rYf;F kUe;J vOjpf; FLf;fpwJf;fhf ,y;iy> cq;fis ehd;
tur;nrhy;yp kz;lhLwJ. xU capiuf; fhg;ghw;WwJf;F... xU kdpr rPtidf;
fhf;fpwJf;fhf ... (kd;whl;lkhf) nlh|f;w;w(u;)> kdpr rPtd; jdpg;gl;l Jauq;fis
tpl NkyhdJ. tpiykjpg;gpy;yhjJ. kdprj; jd;ikapd;w;iw Nguhit
Nf|f;fpnwd;> nlh|f;w;w(u;)> cq;fil kdj; ijupaj;ijAk; jpahf rpe;ijiaAk;
fhl;Lq;Nfh... jaT...
fe;jg;G: (gjw;wj;Jld;) jaT nra;J vd;id ,dpj; njz;bf;f Ntz;lhk;. itj;jpa
ju;k tpjp gjpd;%z;lhk; Gj;jfk; Kjyhk; gpukhzg;gb> vd;w;iw fOj;ijg;
gpbr;R ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghf ckf;F cupik ,Uf;F. itj;jpa jUkg;gb
ck;kil Ntz;LNfhis kWf;fpwJf;F vdf;F cupik ,y;iy.
tpUg;gnkz;lhy; vd;id ePu; mg;gpb ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;LNghk;. Mdhy;> ve;j
NtiyiaAk; nra;af;$ba epiyikapiy ,g;g ehd; ,y;iy. vd;id
kd;dpr;Rf; nfhs;Sk;> kp];w;w(u;) kNdhfud;.
kNdhfud;: ,y;iy> nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePq;fs; me;jj; njhdpapiy Ngrf;FlhJ. itj;jpa
jUkj;ijg; gw;wpAk; gjpd;%z;lhk; Gj;jfj;ijg; gw;wpAk; vdf;F vd;d ftiy?
cq;fisf; fl;lhag; gLj;JwJf;F vdf;F vd;d cupik ,Uf;F? mg;gpb
ehd; fdtpiyAk; epidf;f khl;nld;. ,g;g vd;w;iw rk;rhuj;ij ePq;fs;
jhd; fhg;ghw;w NtZk;. ePq;fs; jhd; nja;tk;. ePq;fs; jhd; flTs;. kdkpuq;fp>
kdkpirQ;R thwnjz;lhy; thUq;Nfh. ,y;iynaz;lhy;> ehd; vd;d nra;a
KbAk;? vd;w;iw jiytpjp vz;bl;Lg; Nghf Ntz;baJ jhd;... Nghwjh?
ehd; vq;if NghwJ? nlh|f;w;w(u;)> cq;fisj; jtpu Ntiw fjpNa ,y;iy.
cq;fil kfd; cq;fistpl;L> ,g;gj;jhd; gpupQ;rpl;lhd; vz;L nrhd;dPq;fs;.
mg;gpbnaz;lhy;> vd;w;iw me;juk; cq;fisj; jtpu Ntiw MUf;Fj; jhd;
119
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tpsq;Fk;? vd;dlh> myk;gpf; nfhz;L epf;fpwhd;> kilad; vz;L
epidahijAq;Nfh. vd;d NgRwnjz;L Nahrpf;fpw kdepiyNa vdf;F
,y;iy. jaT nra;J Fiw epidf;f Ntz;lhk;. clid thUq;Nfh. itj;jpau;
jhNd fz;fz;l nja;tk;! ePq;fs; thUq;Nfh nlh|f;w;w(u;). mD}wprpk; vz;lhy;...
ma;Nah> flTNs! nlh|f;w;w(u;)> fd Neuk; ehd; kpisf;nfLj;j khl;nld;.
xU miu kzpj;jpahyk;.
fe;jg;G: fd J}uk; Nghf NtZkh?
kNdhfud;: ,y;iy. xU ehY ehyiuf; fl;il jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. fhu; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpnwd;.
miu kzpj;jpahyk; vLf;fhJ> Ngha;j; jpUk;gp tu. kWf;fhky; thUq;Nfh.
fe;jg;G: (rpwpJ Neuk; Nahrpj;Jg; ngU%r;R tpl;lgb) k;...
(fe;jg;G cs;Ns nrd;W kidtpiaAk; Foe;ijiaAk; khwp khwpg; ghu;j;jgb
epw;fpwhu;. kNdhfud; epiy nfhs;shJ jtpg;gtdha; cs;shd;. rpwpJ
Neuj;jpd;gpd; Nfh|w;iw khl;bf; nfhz;L ifg;ngl;b rfpjk; tUfpwhu;> fe;jg;G.
kNdhfud; mtuplkpUe;J ngl;bia thq;fpf; nfhz;L> Kd;Nd mtiu
mioj;Jr; nry;fpwhd;. ele;J ntspNawg; Nghd fe;jg;G> xU fzk; epd;W>
cs;siwg; gf;fk; ghu;f;fpwhu;. kNdhfud; mtu; ifiag; gpbf;fNt> nky;yj;
jpUk;gpg; Nghfpwhu;. NrhffPjk; nky;y ,irj;Jf; $LfpwJ. xsp nky;y
nky;y kq;f> jpiu nkJthf %LfpwJ.)
II
,uz;lhk; fhl;rp kNdhfudpd; tuNtw;giwapy; eilngWfpwJ. kNdhfud; tPL trjp
cs;s xUtupd; tPlhff; fhl;rp jUfpwJ. Nkilapd; ,lg;ghjpapd; gpd; gFjpapy;> Nky;
tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd gbf;fl;Lj; njd;gLfpwJ. eL Nkil ,lj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapYk;
gbf;fl;L Kd;ghfTk; xU N\hf;Nf]; cs;sJ. N\hf;NfRf;F Nky;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> nlf;
Nghd;w nghUl;fs; cs;sd. ,lg;gf;fr; Rtupd; eLg;gFjpapy; xU Gj;jf ,whf;if
cs;sJ. Nkilapd; tyg;ghjp eLg;gFjpapy;> Nrh/th nrw;wpfs; Nghlg;gl;Ls;sd. ePs
Nkir kPJ M(a;)\;l;NuAk; rpy ftu;r;rpg; gj;jpupiffSk; cs;sd. ,tw;NwhL epWj;jpapw;
nghUj;jpa xU ngz;zpd; xU glKk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. eL Nkil tyj;jpd; fPo; ty
%iyapy;> epWj;jpNahL $ba xU kpd; tpsf;Fk; cz;L. ePskhd nrw;wpapy; xU
jiyaizAk; Fok;gpa Nfhyj;jpw; fplf;Fk; xU gLf;if tpupg;Gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ke;jpa fhl;rpiatpl ,e;jf; fhl;rpapy; mjpfk; ntspr;rk; cz;L. ,g;nghOJjhd;
fjhghj;jpuq;fisr; fiyQu;fs; KOikahfg; ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;. nlh|f;w;wupd; ngl;biaj;
J}f;fpf;nfhz;L fjitj; jpwe;jgb kNdhfud; cs;Ns Eiofpwhd;. fe;jg;G gpd;dhy;
tUfpwhu;.
kNdhfud;: (miwiar; Rw;Wk; Kw;Wk; Nehl;lkpl;L> epd;W) VjhtJ mtf;Nflha;
ele;jpUe;jhy;... flTNs!)
(jpBnud;W fe;jg;G epw;Fk; gf;fk; ghu;itiaj; jpUg;Gfpwhd;. mtu; ,d;Dk;
,Ug;Gf; nfhs;shky; mtd; epw;Fk; jpiria Nehf;fpagb> Mdhy;> rpe;jid
Ntnwq;Nfh miya ntwpg;Gld; epw;fpwhu;. mtiu cupagb cgrupf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;Dk; tpopg;G tu...)
120
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kNdhfud;: ,Uq;Nfh> nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ,Uq;Nfh. mit Nkiyjhd; ,Uf;f NtZk;. ePq;fs;
te;jpUf;fpwPq;fs; vz;L nrhy;ypg; Nghl;L thnwd;.
(nlh|f;w;w(u;) VNjh KZKZg;gJ Nghy; thairf;fpwhu;.
kNdhfud;: cz;ikapiy> nlh|f;w;w(u;)> cq;fil ngUe;jd;ikia epidf;f epidf;f...
mijg;gw;wp vd;d nrhy;ypw njz;Nl vdf;Fj; njupNay;iy. rj;jpakha;r;
nrhy;ypnwd;> nlh|f;w;w(u;)... rup> rup... ... ePq;fs; ,Ue;J nfhs;Sq;Nfh.
ehd; mitf;Fr; nrhy;ypg;Nghl;L thnwd;.
(flfl ntd;W khbg;gb Vwpg; Nghfpwhd;> kNdhfud;. nlh|f;w;w(u;) ,uz;nlhU
jlit jiykapiuf; Nfhjp tpLfpwhu;. kUe;Jf; fiw gbe;j jk; iffis
xUf;fhy; kze;J ghu;j;Jtpl;L> gpd;du; mtw;iw cw;W Nehf;Ffpwhu;. xNu
mikjp #o;e;jpUf;fpwJ. gpd;du; miw Nky; khbapy; ~~M!|| vd;w mywy;
Nfl;fpwJ. Xu; mYkhupapd; fz;zhb rlhnud mbgl;Lr; Rf;fy; Rf;fyhf
nehUq;fpa rj;jk; Nfl;fpwJ. gpd;du; rpwpJNeu mikjp. kNdhfud; khbf;Fr;
nrd;w gbf;fl;Lg; gf;fkhff; fe;jg;G Nehf;Ffpwhu;. Nkw;gbf;fl;by; kNdhfud;
epw;fpwhd;. mtd; Njhw;wk; Kw;whf khwptpl;lJ. gLgaq;fukhd vJNth
ele;J tpl;lJ Nghd;w ~g|htk; mtd; Kfj;jpNy njupfpwJ. tUj;jKk;>
Mj;jpuKk;> Vkhw;wKk; khwpkhwpj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. gbf;fl;lhy; ,wq;fpf;
iffisg; gpire;jgbNa eLNkilf;F tUfpwhd;. gw;fis ewewntd;W
neUkpf; nfhz;L ... ...)
kNdhfud;: mts; vd;id Vkhj;jpg;Nghl;lhs;. Vkhj;Jf;fhwp. tpl;bl;L Xbj; JiyQ;R
Nghdhs;. tUj;jnkz;L nrhy;yp vd;id nlh|f;w;wupl;il mDg;gpdJ
vd;dj;Jf;nfz;L vdf;F mg;g tpsq;Nfy;iy. ,g;g tpsq;FJ> vy;yhk;
gQ;rhl;ruj;jhNdhil Xbg; NghwJf;fhfj;jhd;. vd;id mDg;gpdts;>
nlh|f;w;wupl;il. (fe;jg;GTf;Ff; fpl;lg; Ngha; vd;idf; iftpl;bl;lhs;. Xbg;
Nghl;lhs;. Vkhj;jpg; Nghl;lhs;. Vd; vb cdf;F ,e;jg; ngha;? Vd; ,e;jg;
grg;Gk; ghrhq;Fk;? Vd; ,e;jr; #Jk; rjpAk; if....jdKk;? vd;d jPikag;gh>
ehd; cdf;Fr; nra;jpUg;ngd;? xU JNuhfk; epidr;rpUg;ngdh? Vdg;gh eP...
,e;j khjpupr; nra;jha;? (fe;jg;Gtplk;) mts; Xbg; Nghapl;lhs; nlh|f;w;w(u;).
vd;id tpl;bl;L Xbapl;lhs;> nlh|f;w;w(u;).
(fz;zPu; Kl;LfpwJ. kNdhfuDf;F Mj;jpuKk; JauKk; Nghl;b NghLfpd;wd.)
fe;jg;G: m ... m ... tUj;jf;fhwp vq;if?
kNdhfud;: tUj;jf;fhwp> tUj;jf;fhwp. mts; tUj;jf;fhwp ,y;iy. vq;ifNah fple;j
%Njrp. vd;d Nftyk;. vd;d vspajdk;. nfhLk;ghtp. ,ijg;Nghiy xU
#o;r;rp nra;apw Gj;jp Nga; gprhRf;F$l tuhJ. vd;id cq;fspl;il
mDg;gpdts; ... tUj;jnkz;L nrhy;yp> cz;ikahd Nehf;fk;> me;j
eha;g;gay; gQ;rhl;ruj;Njhil> mtspd;w;iw fs;sg; GupaNdhil XLwJf;F.
ma;Nah> flTNs> ,jpYk; ghu;f ;f> ehd; nrj;jpUf;fyhk;. ,e;j
mjpu;r;rpapiyapUe;J vdf;F kPl;rp ,y;iy. xU fhyKk; ,y;iy.
fe;jg;G: kd;dpf;f NtZk;> kp];w;w(u;) kNdhfud;. ,njy;yhk; vd;d? vd;w;iw gps;is
nrj;Jg; Nghr;R. vd;w;iw kdprp tPl;biy Jf;fKk; Jd;gKkha; mOjgbNa
,Uf;FJ. vdf;F... vdf;F... epf;fNt Kbahjgb fisg;ghAk; Nrhu;thAk;
,Uf;F. %z;L ehsha; ,uT gfyha; vdf;F epj;jpiu ,y;iy. ,g;gpb
121
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vy;yhk; ,Uf;f> ePu;... ePu;... ePu; vd;d nra;apwpu;? Ntbf;if fhl;bwpu;. VNjh
xU gLNkhrkhd ck;kil Nfhkhspf; $j;Jf;Fg; gf;fthj;jpak; thrpf;fr;
nrhy;yp vd;idf; Nf|f;fpwpu;. gf;fthj;jpak; thrpf;fpwJ vz;lhy;f; $bg;
guthapy;iy. ck;kil $j;J Nkilf;Fg; ge;jy;fhyha; epz;L Rkf;fr;
nrhy;ypwpu;. vdf;F ... ... vdf;F xz;LNk tpsq;Nfy;iy.
(kNdhfud; ifapy; itj;jpUe;j fbjk; Nghd;w xU fljhrpia ntWg;Gld;
fPNo tPrp vwpe;J VNjh> Xu; mUtUg;ghd g+r;rpia kpjpg;gJ Nghy
cof;Ffpwhd;.)
kNdhfud;: vy;yhk; fz;Zf;F Kd;idNa elf;fpJ. ehd;jhd; xz;ilAk; ftdpf;Nfy;iy.
mtd; xt;nthU ehSk; Vd; te;J Nghdhd;. vz;lijf;$b ehd;
ftdpf;Nfy;iy. ,z;ilf;F ,e;jg; gQ;rhl;ruk; Vd; fhu; gpbr;Rf;nfhz;L
te;jtd;? mijf;$l ehd; Nahrpr;Rg; ghf;Nfy;iy. Vd; fhu;? ehd; xU
FUl;L kilad;. fz;zpUe;Jk; ghf;fj; njupahjtd;. rP... ehd; xU Kl;lhs;.
fe;jg;G: vdf;F ... vdf;F ... xz;LNk tpsq;Nfy;iy. ,Jf;nfy;yhk; vd;d fUj;J?
nrUg;ghiy mbr;rJ Nghiy... fhwpj; Jg;gpdJ Nghiy ,Uf;F> ck;kil
Ntiy. kdprd;w;iw Jf;fj;ijg; gfpb gz;zpwJ Nghiy ,Uf;F. xU
kdprd; nra;akhl;lhd;> ,g;gpbahd fhupaj;ij. ,g;gpb xU tpru;j;jdkhd
Ntiyia ehd; ,J tiu Nfs;tpg;gl;lNj fpilahJ.
(jdf;F mtkhdk; Neu;e;Jtpl;lJ vd;Dk; czu;T rpwpJ rpwpjhf nlh|f;w;wupd;
neQ;rpNy tpbe;J nfhz;L tu> nrhy;tnjd;d> nra;t njd;d vd;W
mwpahjtuhf kdk; GOq;Ffpwhu;.)
kNdhfud;: mg;g cdf;F vd;dpiy md;gpy;iy. Ntiw xU Mspiy jhd; cdf;F
tpUg;gk;. rupag;gh. Mdhy;> Vd; ,e;j Vkhj;J? fPo;j;jukhd JNuhfk; Vd;?
vspajdkhd je;jpuj;jhiy vd;dg;gh ed;ik cdf;F? vd;d yhgk;? Vdg;gh
,e;j Ntiyia eP nra;jha;? ehd; cdf;F vd;d nfLjp nra;njd;?
(nlh|f;w;wiu Nehf;fp) nlh|f;w;wu;> vd;w;iw Ju;g;ghf;fpaj;ij ePq;fNs Neupiy
fz;bUf;fpwPq;fs;. ePq;fs; tpUk;ghkNy> re;ju;g;g trj;jhiy ,q;if te;J
Nru;e;jpUf;fpwPq;fs;. cz;ik KOtijAk; cq;fSf;F ehd; nrhy;Ynwd;.
xz;ilAk; xspf;fhky;> kdk; jpwe;J vy;yhj;ijAk; nrhy;Ynwd;... NfSq;f...
nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ,e;j mepahaj;ij. rj;jpakha;r; nrhy;Ynwd;. ehd; xU
nrhy;Yf;$lg; ngha; NgNry;iy. vy;yhk; ntspntspahar; nrhy;ypnwd;>
cq;fSf;F> me;j kdprpia vd;w;iw capiug;Nghiy tpUk;gpndd;. ,y;iy.
capu; Nghiy vz;L nrhd;dhYk; NghjhJ. capiutpl Nkyha; tpUk;gpndd;.
md;G nrYj;jpndd;. MjuT fhl;bndd;. mtisf; Fk;gplf;$lj; jahuha;
,Ue;njd;. mtSf;fha; vy;yhj;ijAk; gypapl;nld;. jpahfk; nra;njd;.
vd;w;iw nrhe;jf;fhuu; vy;yhNuhilAk; rz;il gpbr;nrd;> nlh|f;w;w(u;).
vj;jpid gpioa nsy;yhk; nra;jpUg;gs;? mJfs; vy;yhj;ijAk; kd;dpr;nrd;.
vd;w;iw nrhe;j mk;khNth mf;fhNth me;jj; jtWfisr; nra;jpUe;jhy;f;
$l ehd; nghWj;jpUf;f khl;nld;. Vd;> mtis ehd; xU fLfLg;ghd
Kfj;Njhil$lg; ghj;jjpy;iy. xU tpjkhd FiwAk; itf;Nfy;iy. mg;gpb
vy;yhk; ,Uf;f> Vd; ,e;jg; ngha; ,tSf;F? ,e;jf; fglKk; je;jpuKk;
122
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Fs;sGj;jpAk; Vd;? cd;w;iw md;G NtZk; vz;L ehd; gpbthjk; gpbf;Nfy;iy.
gpd;id> Vd; ,e;j vspajdk;? vd;dpiy cdf;F md;gpy;iy vz;lhy;...
rup. cd;id ehd; tpUk;Ngy;iy. ,d;dhNuhil jhd; ehd; Xlg;Nghnwd;>
vz;L nrhy;ypapUf;fyhNk! ntspntspaha;f; fijr;rpUf;fyhNk. ,ijg;gw;wp
vy;yhk; vd;w;iw nfhs;if vd;d vz;L cdf;F ey;yha;j; njupAk;. gpwNfd;
mg;gh> ,e;j %Lke;jpuk;? (ePs; NkirapypUe;j ghkhtpd; glj;ij vLj;J
Kd;dhw; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L) ghUq;Nfh> nlh|f;w;w(u;)@ ,g;gpbr; rhe;jkhd
xUj;jp> ,g;gpbahd Nftykhd xU fhupaj;ijr; nra;jpUf;f KbAkh? ePq;fNs
nrhy;Yq;Nfh> nlh|f;w;w(u;). ghUq;Nfh ,e;jg; glj;ij.
(nlh|f;fw;wupd; Kfj;Jf;F NeNu glj;ij ePl;Lfpwhd;. nlh|f;w;wupd; Mj;jpuk;
mjpfupf;fpwJ. kpUf ntwp xd;W gsPupLfpwJ> mtu; tpopfspy;. xt;nthU
nrhy;yhf mOj;jp mOj;jp mtu; NgRfpwhu;.)
fe;jg;G: Vd; fhZk;> ,ij vy;yhk; vdf;Fr; nrhy;Ywpu;? ,ijg; gw;wp vy;yhk;
vdf;F mf;fiwAk; ,y;iy. ftiyAk; ,y;iy. vdf;Fj; Njitapy;iyf;
fhZk; ck;kil Ntiyf;fhwd; vz;L epidr;rpuh> ck;kil FswiyAk;
$r;riyAk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJf;F... ck;kil mtkhdq;fisg;
nghWj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJf;F? fhZk;> ,njy;yhk;.
(kNdhfud; fe;jg;GtplkpUe;J rpwpJ gpd;thq;fp Mr;rupaj;NjhL mtiug;
ghu;f;fpwhd;.)
fe;jg;G: Vd; fhZk; vd;id ,q;if $l;b te;j ePu;> ,g;g? ePu; fy;ahzk; gz;zpdpu;>
Ntiy ,y;yhky;. ePu; ck;kil czu;r;rpkakhd ehlfj;ij Mlyhk;.
my;yJ Nfhkhspf;$j;ij MbdhYk; rup jhd;. ckf;F Ntiw Ntiy
,y;iy vz;lhy; mJfisr; nra;J nfhz;L ,Uk;. Mdhy;> vd;id Vd;
fhZk; ,JfSf;if ,Of;fpwpu;? vdf;Fk; cJfSf;Fk; vd;d mYty;?
ck;kil fhjy;f; fijaSf;ifAk; ry;yhgq;fSf;ifAk; vd;id Vd; nfhz;L
te;J kpidf;nfLj;Jwpu;? vd;id vd; ghl;biy tpl;bLk;. MNud; ck;
jutop cy;yhrpaNshil Ngha; ck;kil kdprj;jd;ik> jpahf rpe;ij>
gz;G> gzpahuk;... ,Jfisg; gw;wpg; NgRk;. gpurq;fk; gz;Zk;. my;yJ
GWGWj;Jf; nfhz;L Grj;Jk;. NtZnkz;lhy; ck;kil tPizia vLj;J>
fUzhurk; jJk;g xU fPu;j;jidiag; gpLq;fp vwpAk;. ePu; fhk;Nghjpia
thrpr;rhy; vd;d> Kfhupapiy mOJ tbQ;rhy; vd;d? vdf;nfd;d fhZk;
mijg;gw;wp? kdpru ; kf;fNshil ck;kil Nrl;ilia itr;Rf;
nfhs;shijAk;. kw;witf;F kupahij FLf;fpwJ vg;gpb vz;L ckf;Fj;
njupahl;lhy;> mitf;Ff; fpl;lg; NghfhijAk; mtsT jhd; ehd;
nrhy;yf;$baJ.
kNdhfud;: kd;dpf;f NtZk;. ,Jf;nfy;yhk; vd;d fUj;J?
fe;jg;G: fUj;jh Nf|f;fpwpu; kp];w;w(u;) kNdhfud;? kdpriu tpisahl;Lr; rhkhd;
Nghiy kjpf;fpwJ rupapy;iy vz;lJ jhd; ,Jf;Ff; fUj;J. ehd; xU
nlh|f;w;w(u;). mj;ju; thridAk; guj;jik kzKk; ,y;yhjitAk;>
nlh|f;w;wu;khUk; kw;wj; njhopy;fhwu; vy;yhUk; ck;kil tPl;L tpsf;F
khWfs; Jilg;gf;fl;ilas; - vz;lh epidr;rpu;? tpUg;gnkz;lhy; ePu; me;j
Ntiyiar; nra;Ak;. Mdhy;> Jd;gg;gLw xU kdpridg; gpbr;R> $j;J
Nkilf;Ff; Fj;Jf;fy;yha; itr;Rg; ghf;fpwJf;F ckf;F cupik ,y;iy.
123
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kNdhfud;: vd;d Jzpr;rNyhil ePu; vdf;F cijr; nrhy;ypwpu;?
fe;jg;G: vd;w;iw Jd;g epiyiaj; njupQ;r gpwFk; vd;id ,q;if nfhz;L te;J>
ck;kil myk;gy;fisf; Nf|f;f itf;fpwJf;F ckf;Fj;jhd; vtsT Jzpr;ry;?
kw;wtd;w;iw kdf;ftiyia ieahz;b gz;zpwJf;F vd;d cupik fhZk;
,Uf;F ckf;F?
kNdhfud;: ckf;nfd;d tpruh? vd;d fUiz ,y;yhj fy;Yj; J}z; ePu;? ehNdh
ftiyapiy KOfp ,Uf;fpnwd;. ... ... ePu; ...
fe;jg;G: ftiy. (cuj;J) ftiy. me;jr; nrhy;iy cr;rupahijAk;. ckf;Fk;
mJf;Fk; ntF J}uk;. filr; nryTf;Ff; fhR Nghjhjtq;fSk;
ftiyg;gLwjha;j; jhd; nrhy;ypwhq;fs;. milg;gd; tpahjp gpbr;r Nfhopr;
rhtYk; ftiy jhd; gLfpJ.
kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePu; ck;ik kwe;J NgRwpu;. cg;gpbg;gl;l Ngr;Rf;Ff; iffhyhyiy
jhd; kWnkhop FLf;fpwJ tof;fk;. tpsq;Fjh> ehd; nrhy;ypwJ? (jd;
rl;ilg; igapypUe;J ,uz;L fhRj;jhs;fis vLj;J mtw;iw Nkir kPJ
mbj;J itj;J) ,e;jhUk;. ,J ePu; te;jJf;fhf ehd; ju Ntz;ba fhR.
fe;jg;G: vdf;Ff; fhR juj; njz;bf;f Ntz;lhk; (fhRj; jhs;fis vLj;Jf;
fpopj;njwpfpwhu;.) mtkhdj;Jf;F <lha;f; fhR FLj;Jr; rkhspf;f VyhJ.
kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;)> msNthil epWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;.
fe;jg;G: msT vd;d fhZk; msT? nra;apwijAk; nra;JNghl;L> gpwF vr;rupf;if
gz;zpwpuh> vr;rupf;if?
kNdhfud;: X> ePu; ngupa nlh|f;w;w(u;) jhd;. Mdhy; vd;w;iw epiyikiaAk; nfhQ;rk;
Nahrpr;Rg; ghUk;.
fe;jg;G: vdf;nfd;d> Ntiw Ntiy ,y;iyah? ck;ikg; Nghiy nghOJ Nghfhj
Gspr;ry; Vtiwf;fhwd; vz;lh epidr;rpu; vd;idAk;?
kNdhfud;: kupahijf;fha;g; ghf;fpnwd;.
fe;jg;G: kupahijiag; gw;wp vd;d fhZk; njupAk; ckf;F?
kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePq;fs; ,dpg; Nghfyhk;.
fe;jg;G: Nghfj;jhd; Nghnwd;. gpd;id vd;d> ck;Nkhil tpUe;J rhg;gplth te;jehd;?
vd;idf; nfhz;L Ngha; tpLwJf;F xOq;F gz;Zk;.
kNdhfud;: X... xOq;F> nfhz;L Ngha; tpLwJf;F xOq;F. fl;lhak; nra;aj;jhd;
NtZk;.
(Nkiy kzpiaf; fpL fpL vd mbf;fpwhd;. xUtUk; tutpy;iy. kPz;Lk;
mbf;fpwhd;. ahUk; ,y;iy. NfhghNtrj;Jld; kzpia epyj;jpy; tPRfpwhd;.
mg;NghJ xU Ntiyahs; tUfpwhd;.)
kNdhfud;: vq;if Ngha;j; JiyQ;rpl;bas; vy;yhUk;? Ngha; l;w;a;tupl;ilr; nrhy;Y...
fhiuf; nfhz;L tul;lhk; vz;L> ,tu; Nghf NtZk;. (Ntiyahs; Nghfj;
124
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpUk;Gk;NghJ) ,e;jh> vy;yh Ntiyf;fhwiuAk; ntspapiy Nghfr; nrhy;Y.
eP kl;Lk; epy;. mtq;fs; xUj;jUf;Fk; ,dp ,e;j tPl;biy Ntiy ,y;iy.
JNuhfpas;. xz;Lk; njupahjJ khjpup ebg;G. ed;wpapy;yhj ehas;. vy;yhUk;
Ngha;j; JiyAq;Nfh. k; ... ... ePq;fs; Nghfyhk;.
(Ntiyahs; nlh|f;w;wupd; ngl;biaj; J}f;fpagb mtiu mioj;Jr;
nry;fpwhd;. nlh|f;w;w(u;) ntWg;NghLk; mUtUg;NghLk; rpdj;NjhLk;
ntspNaWfpwhu;. kNdhfud; epiynfhs;shky; ,uz;nlhU juk; mq;Fkpq;Fk;
miye;jgpd;> tpWtpnwd;W khbg;gbfspy; Vwp> cs;siwf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;.
rpwpJ Neuj;jpw; ifj;Jg;ghf;fpAld; ,wq;fpatd;> eL Nkilf;F te;J> ghkhtpd;
glj;ij ntwpj;Jg; ghu;f;fpwhd;. rQ;ry ,ir tYf;fpwJ. newpahsu; gf;fg;
gbf;fl;lhy; Vwp> fPo; Nkil eLg;gFjpf;F tUfpwhu;.)
newpahsu;: vd;d ele;jJ vz;lij vy;yhk; ePq;fs; ghj;jPq;fs;. kdrhu nlh|f;w;wUf;Ff;
Nfhgk; thwJ epahak; jhd;. Foe;ijiag; gypFLj;j Jf;fk; mtUf;F.
vtsNth njz;br;Rj;jhNd> kNdhfuDk; $l;b te;jtd;> mtiu!
ngz;rhjp tpl;bl;L Xbapl;lhs; vz;l Jauk; kNdhfuDf;F. Jauk; kl;Lky;y.
Vkhw;wKk; jhd;. mtd;w;iw Jauk; mtDf;F.
xUj;ju; Jauj;ij kw;wtUf;Fr; nrhy;ypg; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhz;lhy;> ,uz;L
NgUf;Fk; Jauk; FiwAk; vz;nlhU jj;Jtj;ijr; rpy Ngu; mbf;fb
nrhy;ypwij ePq;fs; Nfl;bUg;gPu;fs;. Mdhy;> ,g;g ePq;fNs NeUf;F Neiu
ghj;jPq;fs;. Jaug;gLw kdq;fSf;F> ePjp> epahak;> jUkk; - ,Jfnshz;Lk;
njupahJ. jq;fil Jauk; jhd;> kw;w vy;yhj;ijAk; %b kiwr;Rg; NghLk;.
Mdgbahiy jhd; ,it ,uz;L NgUila Jauq;fSk; ,uz;L Kidaspiy
epz;L jj;jspr;RJfs;.
vz;lhYk;> nlh|f;w;wUila ntWg;Gk; rpdKk; mt;tsT epahakhdit
my;y vz;L nrhy;yTk; ,lkpUf;F. nlh|f;w;w(u;) ,g;g tPl;il Ngha;f;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. xU Ntis ePq;fs; epidg;gPq;fs;> mtu; jd;Dila tPl;biy
,Uf;fpw ngz;rhjpiag; gw;wpj;jhd; Nahrpr;Rf;nfhz;L Nghwhu; vz;L. Nkhrk;
Nghd mtUila gps;isiag; gw;wpj;jhd; kdtUj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;L Nghwhu;
vz;Lk; rpy Ntis epidg;gPq;fs;. Mdhy; cz;ikapiy ,g;g mtUila
kdj;jpiy epiwQ;rpUf;fpwJ> kNdhfuDila tPL@ mtDila ngz;rhjp
ghkhitf; $l;bf;nfhz;L Xbd Nrhuehafd; gQ;rhl;ruk;> mtidg;Nghiy
Mf;fspd;w;iw ~Nrhf;F|> nrhFR> cy;yhrk;> yPyhtpNdhjq;fs;. ,Jfisg;
gw;wp vy;yhk; nlh|f;w;wUf;Fj; jPuhj frg;G> ntWg;G. ,e;jf; frg;Gk; ntWg;Gk;
mtUf;Fr; rhFkl;Lk; jPuhJ. ,uz;L Jauq;fSk; jdpj;jdp epz;L
Nkhjpdjhiy cz;lhdJfs; ,uz;L ntWg;Gfs;. ,e;j ,uz;L ntWg;GfSf;
Fs;isAk; nlh|f;w;wUila ntWg;Gj;jhd; fLikahdJ> frg;ghdJ.
rup Nkil mLf;fzpas; vy;yhk; rpjWg;gl;Lg; Ngha;f; fplf;FJfs;.
mnjy;yhj;ijAk; xOq;F nra;a NtZk;. ePq;fs; ghj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;ff;
$bajha; me;j Ntiyia ehd; njhlq;ff; FlhJ. Mdgbahiy> cq;fSf;F
tzf;fk; $wp tpilngWfpnwd;. (gf;fj;Nj ghu;j;J) jk;gp> ,dpj; jpiuia
%b tpLk;.
(jpiu. ~,U Jauq;fs;| Kw;Wk;.)
125
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ehlf Mrpupau; : ,.KUifad; (23.04.1935 - 27.06.2009)
aho;g;ghzk; fy;taiyg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;. tpQ;Qhdkhzp> fiykhzp> KJkhzpg;
gl;lq;fisg; ngw;wtu;. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,tUf;F nfsut ,yf;fpaf;; fyhepjpg;
gl;lk; toq;fpaJ.
1950 fspy; ftpij vOjj; njhlq;fpa ,tu; ftpijfs;> gh ehlfq;fs;> Nkil ehlfq;fs;>
jpwdha;Tfs;> fl;Liufs;> nkhopngau;g;Gf;fs; vdg; gy tifahd gilg;Gf;fisj;
je;Js;shu;. Mrpupau;> Mrpupau; fyhrhiy tpupTiuahsu;> gy;fiyf;fofg; gjpthsu;
Mfpa gjtpfspy; gzpGupe;Js;shu;.
vOjpa E}y;fs;
1) ftpij E}y;fs;
- xUtuk; (nkhopngau;g;Gf; ftpij - 1966)
- neLk;gfy; (fhtpak; - 1967)
- Mjpgftd; (1978)
- khL fapW mWf;Fk; (1990)
- ehq;fs; kdpju; (1992)
- xt;nthU Gy;Yk; g+Tk; gps;isAk; (2001)
2) gh ehlf E}y;fs;
- te;J Nru;e;jd juprdk; (1965)
- NfhGuthry; (1969)
- ntwpahl;L
- Nkw;g+r;rp (1995)
- rq;flq;fs; (2000)
- cz;ik (nkhopngau;g;G 2002)
3) Nkil ehlfq;fs;
- f^opak;
- mg;gUk; Rg;gUk;
ehlf mwpKfk;
,e;ehlfk; U\pa vOj;jhsuhd md;ud; nrf;Nfht; vd;gtuJ rpWfijnahd;W> vkJ
#oYf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; ghj;jpuq;fSk; nghUj;jkhd fijf;fUTk; nfhz;ljhf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. aho;g;ghzg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; ciuahly; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
NgRnghUs;; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;
,U Jauq;fs; - fe;jg;Gtpd; gps;isapd; mfhy kuzk;> kNdhfudpd; kidtp
fs;sf;fhjyDld; Xbg; Nghd Jauk; Mfpa ,uz;L Jauq;fSk; ,U ghj;jpuq;fspd;
%ykhfr; rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
xt;nthUtu; JauKk; mtutu;f;F typjhdJ. ,J FiwthdJ mJ NkyhdJ vd
thjhl KbahJ. xUtu; Jauj;ij kw;wtu; gupTld; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Skplj;J> mjd;
jhf;fk; Fiwayhk;. rpdk; nfhz;l kdk; tPz; tpthjq;fisNa tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
126
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fijf;fU
fe;jg;Gtpw;F kfspd; kuzj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l Jauk;. kNdhfudpw;F kidtpapd; ek;gpf;ifj;
JNuhfj;jhy; Vw;gl;l Mj;jpuKk; JauKk;. ,U ghj;jpuq;fSk; Jauj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
epiyapy; Vw;gLk; thf;Fthjj;jpd; %yk; xU KbitNah MWjiyNah vl;lKbatpy;iy.
ehlfk; - rhuhk;rk;
fe;jg;G nlhf;lUf;F ePz;l fhyj;jpd; gpd; gpwe;j kfs;> tapw;Nwhl;l tpahjp te;jjhy;
,we;Jtpl;lJ. me;jj; Jf;fj;jpy; mtu; ,Ue;jNtisapy;> kNdhfud; vd;gtu; jdJ
kidtp mdpw;wprk; vd;w Neha; te;J Mgj;jhd epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhfTk; mtSf;F
itj;jpak; nra;a tUk;gbAk; fe;jg;Git tw;GWj;jpf; Nfl;fpd;whu;. Muk;gj;jpy; kWj;j
fe;jg;G nlhf;lu; xUthW rk;kjpj;Jr; nry;fpwhu;. mq;Nf kNdhfudJ kidtp jdJ
fs;sf;fhjyd; gQ;rhl;ruj;Jld; Xbtpl;lijawpe;J> Mj;jpuKk; Jf;fKk; mile;j kNdhfud;>
jd;Dila kdf;FKwiyf; fe;jg;Gtplk; nfhl;bj; jPu;f;f vj;jdpj;jNghJ Njhd;wpa
Kuz;ghLfs;.
mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd tpsf;fk;
gLtd; - tapw;Nwhl;lk;
ngz;rhjp / rk;rhuk; - kidtp
FWf;if - ,ilapy;
nehb - tpehb
me;jupr;Rg; NghNdd; - jtpj;Jg; NghNdd;
nrj;jtuhk; - ,we;jtuhk;
tpahjp - Neha;
nkhj;jk; - jbg;G
rPtj;jWtha; - capu;gpupAk; jUzk;
rq;flk; - f\;lk;
cof;Fjy; - gykhf kpjpj;jy;
fl;il - iky;
127
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
rq;f fhyk;
mwpKfk;
fp.gp. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjp
Kjy;> ,il> filr;rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L jkpo;g; gzpahw;wg;gl;l fhyk;
KbAil %Nte;ju;fSk; FWepy kd;du;fSk; jkpo;ehl;il Ml;rpGupe;jdu;
muru;fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;FkpilNa rpwe;j cwT fhzg;gl;lJ. muru;fshy;
Gytu;fs; Mjupf;fg;gl;ldu;
FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy Mfpa ,aw;ifahd epy mikg;gpd;
mbg;gilapy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw mike;jpUe;jJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
Nghw;wg;gl;l mf> Gw xOf;fq;fs; ,t;tbg;gilapNyNa rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
epy mikg;gpw;Nfw;wthW kf;fs; njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;. Gfhu;> Krpwp>
nfhw;if Kjyhd JiwKfq;fs; ,Ue;jikf;Fk; may; ehLfSldhd tzpfk;
rpwe;J tpsq;fpaikf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd
,aw;iff;F ,iaghd topghl;L Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. KUfd; (FwpQ;rp)>
jpUkhy; (Ky;iy)> ,e;jpud; (kUjk;)> tUzd; (nea;jy;)> nfhw;wit (ghiy)
Mfpa nja;tq;fs; kf;fshy; topglg;gl;ld
,yf;fpaq;fs;
m) vl;Lj;njhif
Gytu;fs; gyuhy; ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; ,aw;wg;gl;l nra;As;;fspd; njhFg;G E}y;fs;.
1. ew;wpiz
2. FWe;njhif
3. mfehD}W (neLe;njhif) mfj;jpiz
4. Iq;FWE}W
5. fypj;njhif
6. GwehD}W
7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
8. gupghly;
M. gj;Jg;ghl;L
1. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
2. Ky;iyg;ghl;L
3. gl;bdg;ghiy
4. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
5. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
6. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
7. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
8. $j;juhw;Wg;gil
(kiygLflhmk;)
9. kJiuf;fhQ;rp
10. neLey;thil (,J mfkh> Gwkh vd;w ru;r;irf;Fupa E}y;)
Gwj;jpiz
mfj;jpiz
Gwj;jpiz
1. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhWgFjp - 2
128
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fgpyu;> guzu;> ef;fPuu; Kjypa Mz;ghw; Gytu;fSk; fhf;ifghbdpahu;> xsitahu;>
Mjpke;jpahu;> ghupkfspu; Kjypa ngz;ghw; Gytu;fSk; nra;As;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdu;.
rpy muru;fSk; nra;As;;fs; ,aw;wpAs;sdu;.
,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
nghUs; kuG
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> kf;fs; tho;f;if Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz
vd;w gpujhd nghUs; kuGfis cs;slf;fpAs;sd.
mfk;
kdnkhj;j jiytDk; jiytpAk; jk;Ks; $ba $l;lj;J Ja;j;j ,d;gj;ij
,j;jd;ikahdnjd ntspg;gLj;j Kbahj czu;T mfk; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ
fhjnyhOf;fk;. mfj;jpizr; nra;As;fspy; jiytd;> jiytp KjyhNdhupd;
ngau; Rl;lg;glkhl;lhJ
md;gpide;jpiz J}a fhjnyhOf;fkhFk;. Gzu;jy; (FwpQ;rp)> ,Uj;jy;
(Ky;iy)> Cly; (kUjk;)> ,uq;fy; (nea;jy;)> gpupjy; (ghiy) Mfpad
md;gpide;jpiz vdg;gLk;
iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz vd;gd J}a fhjnyhOf;fq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy
iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf;fhkkhFk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;
- gUtnka;jhj Ngijaplk; MltndhUtd; fhjy;nfhz;L mtisg; gw;wpg;
gythW nrhy;yp ,d;GWjy;
- xj;j md;gpduha jiytDk; jiytpAk; vjpu;g;gl;Lf;$Lk; $l;lj;jpd;
Kd; ngUk;ghYk; jiytdplk; epfOk; fhl;rp> Iak;> njspT> Njwy; vd;Dk;
epiyfs;
- nfhy;NyW jOTjy; Kjypait fhuzkhf epfOk; kzKiwfs;
ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ nghUe;jhf; fhkkhFk;. xUtd; xUj;jpaplk; kpf;f fhkj;jdhfp
mtis milag;ngwhj epiyapy; klNyWjy;> tiugha;jy; vd;gd %yk; mtis
miltjw;fhd Kaw;rpahFk;
mfg;ghly;fspy; Kjy; (epyKk; nghOJk;)> fU (Itif epyk; - xt;nthd;Wf;Fk;
cupj;jhd nja;tk;> kf;fs;> czT> g+> kuk;> tpyq;F> aho;> njhopy; Kjyhdit)
(xOf;fk;) vd;gd rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,aw;ifNahL xl;ba xOf;fq;fs;> ,aw;if tu;zidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
mzpfs; rpwg;ghff; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd. cs;Siw ctkk;> ,iwr;rpg; nghUs;
vd;gdTk; rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sd.
cs;Siw ctkk;
ctikia ntspg;gilahf vLj;Jf; $whky; (mjhtJ ‘Nghy’> ‘md;d’> ‘xj;j’ vd;w
mikg;gpw; $wg;glhJ.) nra;Aspy; tUk; xU tptupg;G %yk;> nrhy;y tpUk;Gtijr;
#l;Rkkhf czu;j;Jk; Kiwik cs;Siw ctkk; vdg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ xU ctik
nra;ASf;Fs;Ns cs;Siwe;J ,Uj;jy; cs;Siw ctkk; MFk;.
129
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
c - k; : FWe;njhifg; ghly;: 226
“jaq;F jpiu nghUj jhio ntz;g+f;
FUF vd kyUk;.......”vd;Dk; njhliu cjhuzj;jpw;F vLj;J Nehf;FNthk;. flw;fiuapy; kyu;fNshL
fhl;rp jUk; jhio kuk; gw;wp tpgupg;gjhf ,j;njhlu; mike;Js;sJ. jhioapdJ
ntz;zpwg; g+ ehiuiag; Nghy ngUe;Jiwapy; g+j;Js;sJ vd;gJ ,jd; ntspg;gilg;
nghUs;. jhok;g+it FUF vd kaq;fp xUtUk; vLf;fhJ tpl> mjd; tho;T ntWkNd
foptJNghy jiytdhy; Ja;f;fg;glhj jiytpapdJ epiy ,q;F cs;Siwahf
czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,iwr;rp
,J cs;Siw ctkj;ijg; NghyNt fUg;nghUspy; ,Ue;J ca;j;Jzug;gLk;. vdpDk;
,uz;bw;Fk; NtWghL vd;dntdpy;> cs;Siwapy; $wg;gl;l nghUSk; ca;j;JzUk;
nghUSk; xj;JKbAk;. ,iwr;rpapy; $wg;gl;l nghUSk; ca;j;JzUk; nghUSk;
xj;J Kbe;J> mjdpd;W kw;nwhU njhdpg;nghUs; mthtg;gl;L epw;Fk;. mjhtJ
xd;iwr; nrhy;Yk;nghOJ ,d;ndhd;W epidTf;F tUk;. ,jidr; rpyu; rk];fpUjj;jpy;
Ngrg;gLk; ‘j;tdp’ vd;gjDs; mlf;Ftu;.
cjhuzk; : FWe;njhifr; nra;As;: 225
“fd;W jd; gaKiy khe;j> Kd;wpy;
jpid gpb cz;Zk;.......”
vd;Dk; njhliu Nehf;Ff.
ngz;ahid jd; fd;Wf;Fg; ghY}l;bagbNa jd; grpf;F Kw;wj;Jj; jpidiaj; jpd;DfpwJ.
mq;qdNk ePAk; nghUs; NjLk; cd; flikia epiwNtw;Wk; mNjNtisapy; (ahid
fd;wpw;Fg; gae;jJ / nfhLj;jJ Nghy) ,tsJ eyidAk; Ngz KbAk; vd;Dk;
Fwpg;Gj; Njhd;w mikjypd; ,/J ,iwr;rpg; nghUshk;.
Gwk;
Gwj;jpiz vd;gJ fhjy; jtpu;e;j Vidatw;iwg; ghLtjhFk;. rpwg;ghf
NghnuhOf;fKk; tPuk;> nfhil> epiyahik KjypadTk; Gwj;jpizapd; ghw;gLk;.
ngau; Rl;ba fhjy;fSk; Gwj;jpizapDs;NsNa tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Itifg; NghnuhOf;fq;fSk; fhQ;rpj;jpizAk; ghlhz;jpizAk; Gwj;jpizAs;
mlq;Fk;.
ntl;rp (FwpQ;rp)> tQ;rp (Ky;iy)> copiQ (kUjk;)> Jk;ig (nea;jy;)> thif
(ghiy) Mfpad NghnuhOf;fq;fshFk;.
- fhQ;rpj;jpiz vd;gJ ahf;if> nry;tk;> ,sik Kjyhdtw;wpd; epiyahikiag;
ghLtjhFk;.
- ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ xUtuJ tPuk;> nfhil> Gfo; vd;gtw;iw tpje;J $WjYk;
mwTiu $wp tho;j;JjYkhFk;.
mwf;fUj;Jf;fSk; rq;fr; nra;As;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
130
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nra;As; kuG
jdpepiyr; nra;As;fshfr; rq;fr; nra;As;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mftw;gh (Mrpupag;gh) ngUkstpy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
c- k;;:
mfehD}W> GwehD}W
tQ;rpg;gh (kJiuf; fhQ;rp)> fypg;gh (fypj;njhif)> gupghl;L (gupghly;) Kjyhd
gh tiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
rpwpa nrhw;fs; nra;As;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
mfr;nra;As;fs; ghj;jpuf; $w;Wf;fshf mike;Js;sd.
Gwr;nra;As;fs; Gytu; $w;Wf;fshf mike;jpUf;Fk;.
rq;f mfr;nra;As;fs; ehlfj;jd;ik nfhz;litahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cs;sij cs;sthNw $Wgitahf ,f;fhyr; nra;As;fs; mikfpd;wd.
xg;gPl;lstpy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; J}a jkpo; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. tlnkhopr;
nrhw;fs; Fiwe;jstpNyNa gapd;Ws;sd.
gapw;rp :
gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf tpgupf;Ff.
1. rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;JtjpYs;s ,lu;ghLfs;.
2. rq;ffhy ,yf;fpag; nghUs; kuG.
3. rq;f mfr;nra;Al; gz;Gfs;.
4. rq;f Gwr;nra;Al; gz;Gfs;.
5. rq;f fhyk; ,aw;if newpf;fhyk;.
6. Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpaq;fspd;; gz;Gfs;.
7. rq;fr; rhd;Nwhupd; rpwg;Gfs;.
8. rq;fr; nra;As;fspy; mwf;fUj;Jf;fs;.
131
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mwpKfk;
rq;f fhyj;ij mLj;J fp.gp. 3 – fp.gp 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd
fhyg;gFjp rq;fkUtpa fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp eilngw;wJ.
rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; rkz> ngsj;j kjq;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd.
,f;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; irt> itzt rkaq;fs; vOr;rp ngwj; njhlq;fp;d.
kf;fspilNa gpwg;gpdbg;gilapyhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; tYtile;jd.
xOf;fg; gpwo;Tfs; fhuzkhf> rlq;F Kiwfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
rkz> ngsj;j kjq;fisg; gug;Gk; Kaw;rpfs; ngUkstpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
r%f tho;f;ifia xOq;FgLj;Jk; vj;jdq;fSk;> mwnthOf;fq;fisg; NgZk;
Kaw;rpfSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wij ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;.
,f;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tlnkhopf; fUj;Jf;fSk; fijfSk; ,lk;ngwj;
njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> ahfq;fs; r%fj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l mNjfhyj;jpy;
rkzUk; ngsj;jUk; xOf;frPyq;fisAk; mwnewpfisAk; rKjhaj;jpy;
Kjd;ik ngwitf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspy; jk;ik <LgLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
mwnthOf;fq;fspd; Njit r%fj;jhy; czug;glyhapw;W.
,f;fhyj;jpnyOe;j ngUk;ghyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; kf;fs; vt;thW tho Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij typAWj;Jtdthf mike;Js;sd.
njhlu;epiyr; nra;As;fs;> fhg;gpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd (rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
kzpNkfiy).
mwE}y;fs; ngUkstpy; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.
rq;fkUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis mf> Gw> mw ,yf;fpaq;fs;> fhg;gpaq;fs;>
gpuge;jq;fs;> ghRuq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
,yf;fpaq;fs;
mwE}y;fs; mfj;jpiz ,yf;fpaq;fs; Gwj;jpiz ,yf;fpaq;fs;
jpUf;Fws; fhu;ehw;gJ fstop ehw;gJ
ehybahu; Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
ehd;kzpf;fbif jpiznkhop Ik;gJ
,d;dh ehw;gJ Ie;jpiz vOgJ
,dpait ehw;gJ jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ
jpupfLfk; ife;epiy
Mrhuf;Nfhit
gonkhop ehD}W
rpWgQ;r %yk;
KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp
Vyhjp
rq;fkUtpa fhyk;
132
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fhg;gpaq;fs; gpuge;jq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; mw;Gjj;jpUte;jhjp
kzpNkfiy jpUtpul;ilkzpkhiy
jpUthyq;fhl;Lj; jpUg;gjpfq;fs;
Kjyho;thu; ghba me;jhjpfs;
rq;fkUtpafhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghJg; gz;Gfs;
mwf;fUj;Jf;;fs; NeubahfTk; fijfs; %yKk; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mwf;fUj;ij typAWj;jg; nghUj;jkhd ntz;gh ahg;G ,f;fhyj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fg; ngWfpd;wJ.
cyfpay; tho;tpid epuhfupf;Fk; mstpw;F rkz> ngsj;ju;fspd; Nghjidfs;
mike;j epiyapy;> mjdhy; rypj;Jg;Nghd kf;fSf;F tho;f;ifapy; gpbg;gpidAk;
cw;rhfj;jpidAk; Cl;Ltdthfr; irt> itzt gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk;
ngWfpd;wd. mit mLj;JtUk; fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;jd.
czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;jg; nghUj;jkhd tpUj;jg;gh> fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw
Kjyhd Gjpa ahg;Gf;fSk; me;jhjp> gjpfk; Kjyhd Gjpa ,yf;fpa
tbtq;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.
gapw;rp :
gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf tpgupf;Ff.
1. rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; ngUkstpy; Njhd;wpa mwE}y;fs;.
2. rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpnyOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfs;.
3. rq;f ,yf;fpa kugpd; nry;thf;F> rq;fkUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspw;
fhzg;gLjy;.
4. gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpapd; Njhw;Wthahf> rq;fkUtpa fhy
,yf;fpaq;fs; mikjy;.
5. mwE}y;fs; $Ljyhfj; Njhd;wpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
133
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gy;ytu; fhyk;;
mwpKfk;
fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd
fhyg;gFjpahFk;.
fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp eyptila> gy;ytuhl;rp Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.
rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; mj;jpghukplg;gl;l gf;jpnewpapd; tsu;r;rp> gy;ytu;
fhyj;jpy;; cr;rk; ngWfpwJ.
irt> itzt rkaq;fs; vOr;rpAw;;wd.
irt ehad;khUk; itzt Mo;thu;fSk; itjpf rkaq;fis tsu;g;gjpy;
Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;.
gf;jprhu; E}y;fs; $Ljyhfj; Njhd;wpd.
gf;jpg; ghRuq;fs; $Ljyhf mfj;Jiwrhu; ghly;fshfj; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.
gf;jp ,af;fk;> kf;fs; ,af;fkhfg; gupzkpf;fpwJ.
Mya topghl;L Kiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yf;fpaq;fs;
gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Ljyhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
mf;fhy ehad;khUk;> Mo;thu;fSk; jkJ gf;jpaDgtq;fisg; gjpfq;fshfTk;
gpuge;jq;fshfTk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
,iwtid cwTKiwapy; ghtidnra;J ghLk; gz;G tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.
“mg;gd; eP mk;ik eP.........”
“thuzkhapuk; #o tyQ;nra;J.....” czu;TG+u;tkhd ghRuq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; nefpo;thd> vspikahd nkhopeiliaf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
cyh> Nfhit> fyk;gfk; Mfpa gpuge;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwj;
njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; fdpT> njspT> gf;jpr;Rit> Xirg;ngUf;F Kjypa
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; cilaitaha; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
I. gf;jprhu; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
- rk;ge;ju;> mg;gu;> Re;juu;> khzpf;fthrfu; ghly;fs;
- Kjyho;thu; %tu; jtpu;e;j Vida Mo;thu;fspd; ghRuq;fs;;
- Nrukhd;ngUkhs;> jpU%yu; MfpNahupd; gilg;Gf;fs;
II. cyfpay;rhu; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
- ghuj ntz;gh
- ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;
- ghz;bf;Nfhit
- ngUq;fij
- Kj;njhs;shapuk;
- = Guhzk;
- farpe;jhkzp
134
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
,iwtDila Njhw;wg; nghypT> mUl;rpwg;G> ngUik vd;gd
czu;Tg+u;tkhf tptupf;fg;gly;.
jdpj;jdpg; gjpfq;fshfTk; gpuge;jq;fshfTk; ghLjy;. mbahu;fs;
NeubahfTk; ghtid nra;Jk; ghLjy;.
flTis tho;j;Jk; gf;jpg; ghRuq;fs; Kd;dpiyg; gutyhfTk; glu;f;ifg;
gutyhfTk; mike;Js;sd.
,f;fhyg; ghly;fspy; jhopir> Jiw> tpUj;jk; Mfpad ngUfpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,f;fhyg; ghly;fspy; tlnkhopg; Guhzf; fijfs;> fUj;Jfs; vLj;jhsg;gL
fpd;wd.
nghJkf;fisf; ftUk; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
gapw;rp :
gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf tpgupf;Ff.
1. rq;fkUtpa fhy gf;jp newpapd; tsu;r;rp gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gly;.
2. gy;ytu; fhyg; ghly;fspy; gf;jpr; Rit tpQ;rp epw;wy;.
3. gy;ytu; fhyg; gf;jpg; ghRuq;fspy; ,aw;if tu;zidfs; tpQ;rp epw;wy;.
4. gy;ytu; fhyg; gf;jp ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;.
5. rq;f fhy mfj;jpiz kuG> gy;ytu;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspw; fhzg;gly;.
135
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Nrhou; fhyk;
mwpKfk;
fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp.14 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpahFk;.
fpU\;zh ejpf;Fj; njw;NfAs;s gpuNjrq;fs; KOtJk; Kjd;Kjyhf
typanjhU kj;jpa murpd;fPo;f; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
NguuR ];jhgpf;fg;gl;likahy; vy;yhtifapYk; tskpf;f rKjhakhf> Nrhou;;
fhyr; rKjhak; fhzg;gl;lJ.
rkaq;fs; Rje;jpukhf tsuf;$ba #oy; epytpaJ.
Nrho kd;du;fs; vy;yh rkaq;fisAk; Mjupj;jdu;. cyfpaYk; rkaKk;
Kuz;glhj tifapy; mike;jpUe;jd. Nfhapy;fs; Nrhou;fhyr; rKjhaj;jpy;
Kf;fpa epWtdq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd.
tskpf;f mikjpahd #oy; epytpaikapdhy;> jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; xUikg;-
ghl;Lzu;Tk; r%fj;jpy; vd;Wkpy;yhj mstpy; fhzg;gl;ld.
vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; ngupjhfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;w czu;T
NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ. ngUq;Nfhapy;fSk; Ngupyf;fpaq;fSk; cUthdikf;F
,JNt mbg;gilahapw;W.
vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> mzp> ahg;G njhlu;ghd ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ngUkstpy;
vOe;jik> mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop tsu;r;rp ngw;wikf;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;f;fy;tpAk; tlnkhopf; fy;tpAk; tsu;r;rpaile;jd.
,yf;fpaq;fs;
fk;guhkhazk;
rPtf rpe;jhkzp> Fz;lyNfrp> tisahgjp
ePyNfrp> #shkzp> aNrhju fhtpak;> ehfFkhu fhtpak;> cjazFkhu fhtpak;
ngupaGuhzk;> fe;jGuhzk; Kjypa Guhzq;fs;
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> %tUyh> FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; gps;isj;jkpo; Mfpa
gpuge;jq;fs;
,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
cyfpay; tho;itr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ngUkstpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
tpupthd tUzidfisAk; myq;fhuq;fisAk; nfhz;l Ngupyf;fpaq;fs;
mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUkstpy; Njhd;wpd.
muru;fspd; Gfio epiyehl;Ltijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;l guzp> cyh>
gps;isj;jkpo; Kjypa gpuge;jq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
136
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ctik> cUtfk;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> cau;T etpw;rp vdg; gy;tif mzpfSk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpUj;jg;gh Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ngUtof;fhapUe;j ghtifahFk;.
tlnkhopr; nry;thf;F mf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
gy;tif ,yf;fz E}y;fSk; ciuE}y;fSk; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpd.
gapw;rp :
gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf tpgupf;Ff.
1. Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpa tiffs;.
2. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Ngupyf;fpaq;fs; mjpfstpy; Njhd;wpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
3. Nrhou; fhy gy;Jiw ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpAk; gpd;dzpAk;.
4. Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;.
5. Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jhf;fk;.
6. gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
NtWghLfs;.
7. Nrhou; fhyk; xU fhg;gpa fhyk;.
8. Nrhou; fhyr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; gz;GfSk;.
9. Nrhou; fhyk; xU nghw;fhyk;.
137
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mwpKfk;
fp.gp. 14 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpahFk;.
Nrhouhl;rp epiyFiya jkpo;ehl;by; Vw;gl;l FWfpafhy ghz;bauhl;rpia
mLj;J ,];yhkpau; Ml;rpf;Fj; jkpofk; Ml;gl;lJ. njd;dhLfspy; ,];yhkpag;
guTifiaj; jLf;f Kide;j tp[a efu kd;du;fs; jkpo;ehL cs;spl;l
njd;dhLfspy; jkJ Ml;rpia epWtpdu;. mtu;fshy; jkpofk; Rkhu; Ke;E}W
Mz;Lfs; NeubahfTk; gpujpepjpfs; %yKk; Msg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; mtu;fspd;
gpujpepjpfshf ,Ue;j ehaf;f kd;du;fs; jdpahl;rpia epWtp fp.gp. 18 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp tiu Ml;rpGupe;jdu;.
me;epauhl;rp epytpaikahYk; mbf;fb Nghu;fs;> gilnaLg;Gfs;
epfo;e;jikahYk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; jkpo;ehl;by; ctg;ghd murpaw; #oy;
epyttpy;iy.
NguuR epiyFiye;jikahYk; ctg;gw;w murpaw; #oy; epytpaikahYk;
nghUshjhu tsq;Fd;wpa fhykhfNt ,f;fhyk; tpsq;fpaJ.
irtKk; itztKk; rkag; nghiwAld; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. ghRgjk;>
irtk;> rpj;jhe;j irtk;> tlfiy itztk;> njd;fiy itztk; Mfpa
kjg; gpupTfSk; Nftyhj;Jtpjk;> tprpl;lhj;Jtpjk; Kjypa jj;Jt rhj;jpuf;
nfhs;iffSk; gutyile;jd. MjPdq;fSk; klq;fSk; njhz;L Gupe;jd.
fpwp];jtk;> ,];yhk; Mfpa rkaq;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; mwpKfkhfpg; gutpd.
,yf;fpaq;fs;
jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; Kjypa Guhzq;fs;
tpy;ypghujk;> gpuGypq;fyPiy Kjypa fhtpaq;fs;
Nkhftijg;guzp> jpUth&Uyh> jpy;iyf; fyk;gfk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik
gps;isj;jkpo;> ehy;tu; ehd;kzp khiy> ek;ngUkhs; Kk;kzpf;Nfhit
Kjypa gpuge;jq;fs;
jpUg;Gfo;> fe;juyq;fhuk;> jhAkhd Rthkpfs; ghly;fs; Kjypa gf;jp
,yf;fpaq;fs;
Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> ey;top Kjyhd mw ,yf;fpaq;fs;
fhsNkfk;> ,ul;ilau; KjypNahupd; jdpg;ghly;fs;
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp> Kf;$lw;gs;S> nehz;b ehlfk; Kjypa nghJkf;fs;
rhu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs;
tpraefu ehaf;fu;fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
rkar; rhu;G> jj;Jtr; rhu;G> mwr; rhu;G> gioikNghw;Wk; gz;G> tpj;Jtr;
nrUf;F> nghJkf;fs; rhu;G ntspg;gLk; gy;tif ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
Nfhapy;fs; / jyq;fspd; ngUikiag; ghLk; Guhzq;fs; ngUkstpy; Njhd;wpd.
tpraefu ehaf;fu; fhyk;
138
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tlnkhopr; nry;thf;F mjpfstpw; fhzg;gl;lJ.
cyfpaiyg; ghlg; gad;gl;l rpw;wpyf;fpa tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rka>
jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fs;; ghlg;gl;ld.
akfk;> jpupG> rpj;jpuf;ftp Kjypa nrhy;yyq;fhuk; epiwe;j ghly;fs;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
Xir eaq;nfhz;l re;jr; rpwg;Gkpf;f ghly;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
rpNyil> ieahz;b> tir> tpflk; epiwe;j ghly;fspd; Njhw;wj;ij
mf;fhyj;jpy; fhz KbAk;.
gapw;rp :
gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf tpgupf;Ff.
1. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSk; tifg;ghLk;.
2. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mf;fhy murpay;> r%f>
nghUshjhu epiyfspd; nry;thf;F.
3. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy nghJkf;fs;rhu; ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
4. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;.
5. Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSk; tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSk;.
6. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhyk; xU jj;Jtnewpf; fhyk;.
7. tpraefu – ehaf;fu; fhyk; xU gpuge;j fhyk;.
Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}w;gl;bay;
01. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW fyhepjp R. tpj;jpahde;jd;
02. ,yf;fpaj; njd;wy; tp. nry;tehafk;
03. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhyKk; fUj;Jk; lhf;lu; M. NtYg;gps;is
04. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW lhf;lu; K. tujuhrd;
139
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; KjyhfNt> ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo;r; rKjhak;
epiyngw;Wtpl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfs; fhzg;gly;.
fp.K. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;iff;F te;j tp[aDk; mtdJ ez;gu;fs; 700
NgUk; jkpo;ehl;ilr; rhu;e;j ngz;fis kzk; Kbj;jjhfTk; 1000 jkpo;f;
FLk;gq;fs; njhopy;epkpj;jk; te;J Fbaku;e;jjhfTk; ghsp nkhopapyhd ,yq;if
tuyhw;W E}y;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wik.
fpwp];J rfhg;jj;Jf;F Kd;Ng vy;yhsd; Kjyhd jkpo; kd;du; gyu;> gy
Mz;Lfshf mEuhjGuj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;jjhfTk; me;E}y;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wik.
fpwp];J rfhg;jj;Jf;F Kw;gl;litahff; nfhs;sg;gLk; jkpo;g; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;
fshyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kjyhd njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfs; gy ,yq;ifapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
,yq;iff;Fk; jkpofj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUq;fpa cwT epytpaJ rq;f
,yf;;fpaq;fs; %yKk; njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfs; %yKk; Gydhfpd;wik.
jkpofj;jpy; neLq;fhyj;Jf;F Kd;Ng tof;nfhope;J Nghd nrhw;fs; gy> ,d;Wk;
,yq;ifapy; toq;fp tUtjid nkhopapayhsu;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wik.
jkpo;nkhopapd; nry;thf;F rpq;fsnkhopapy; Jyf;fkhff; fhzg;gly;.
<oj;J vd;w milnkhopNahL $ba g+je;Njtdhu; vd;w Gytu; ghba ghly;fs;
rq;fj;njhif E}y;fspw; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
fpwp];J rfhg;jj;Jf;Fk; Mupa rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
fhyg;gFjpapy;> ,yf;fpag; ghq;NfhL vOjg;gl;l jkpo;r; rhrdq;fs; gy ,yq;ifapd;
gpuhe;jpaq;fs; gytw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
fp.K. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;by; rk;ge;ju;> Re;juu; KjyhNdhu;> <oj;Jj; jyq;fs; kPJ
gjpfk; ghbaik.
njd;dpyq;ifapy; rpq;fs muRfs; rpwg;Gw> tlghfk; jkpo; muRf;F cl;gl;lJ.
1044 ,y; ,yq;if KOtJk; Nrhouhl;rpf;F cl;gl;lJ.
nghydWit ,uhrjhdpahf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyk;
mwpKfk;
fp.gp. 1215 ,y; fypq;f kd;ddhfpa “khfd;” gilnaLg;gpdhy; nghyeWit
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
fp.gp. 1216 ,y; khfdpd; jk;gp f[ghF tl ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJld;
jdpauR cUthfpaJ.
1236 ,y; jk;gnjdpahitf; ifg;gw;wpa guhf;fpukghF ghz;baUila cjtpAld;
nghyeWitiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;.
1284 ,y; ghz;ba Nridj; jsgjp> “Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp” vd;w ngaUld; aho;g;ghz
muirf; ifg;gw;wp jdpauR mikj;jhd;.
mtDf;Fg; gpd; Mz;l kd;du;fs; Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp vd;w ngaUld; Ml;rp
nra;jdu;.
Vwf;Fiwa 400 Mz;Lfs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ifg;gw;Wk;tiu aho;g;ghz muR
epiyngw;wpUe;jJ.
Mupar; rf;futj;jpfSf;F Kw;gl;lfhyk;
2. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW
140
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jdpj;Jtkhd ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; Njhw;wk; ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ.
ghz;bau; epu;thfj;jpy; Nrdhjpgjp Nghd;w cau; gjtpfisg; ngw;wpUe;j
gpuhkz mjpfhupfs; aho;g;ghz muru;fshfp> rf;futu;j;jpfs; vd;w gl;lj;jpidg;
ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
khwtu;kd; FyNrfu Njtupd; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j fy;ntl;Lfs; Mupar;
rf;futu;j;jpfs; vd;gJ jdp mjpfhup xUtupd; ngauhftd;wp xU Fyj;jpd;
rpwg;Gg; ngauhf toq;fp te;jikiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
,yf;fpaq;fs;
,yf;fpag; gz;G
tuyhw;Wzu;T jyGuhz kuG (tlnkhop jOtpaJk; cs;Su; rhu;e;jJk;) rkar; rhu;G rhjhuz kf;fs; tho;f;if ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wik. ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpa Kiwikapd; nry;thf;F tpj;Jtr; rpwg;G fhzg;gl;lik nkhopngau;g;G Kaw;rp - ,uFtk;rk;
gapw;rp :
gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf tpgupf;Ff.
1. aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpa fhy (Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyk;) E}y;fistifg;gLj;Jf.
2. gpd;tUtd gw;wp Fwpg;Giu vOJf.i. ,uFtk;rk;ii. fjpiu kiyg;gs;Siii. fz;zfp tof;Fiu
3. Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jyGuhzq;fs; gw;wptpgupf;Ff.
4. aho;g;ghzj;J muru; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghJg;gz;GfisAk; rpwg;Gg;gz;GfisAk; tpgupf;Ff.
Nrhjpl
E}y;fs;
itj;jpa
E}y;fs;
tuyhw;W
E}y;fs; jyGuhzq;fs;nkhop
ngau;g;G
nghJkf;fs;
rhu;G
,yf;fpaq;fs;
1. ruNrhjp
khiy
2. nrfuhr
Nrfu khiy
1. nrfuhr
Nrfuk;
2. guuhr
Nrfuk;
1. itah
ghly;
2. ifyha
khiy
3. NfhNzru;
fy;ntl;L
1. jl;rz
ifyhr
Guhzk;
2. jpUf;fuirg;
Guhzk;
,uFtk;rk; 1. fjpiukiyg;
gs;S
2. fz;zfp
tof;Fiu
141
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mwpKfk;
<oj;J tuyhw;wpy; me;epau; Mjpf;fk;; Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; 1505 ,y; ,yq;ifia mile;jjhf tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij mtu;fs; 1621 ,y; ifg;gw;wpdu;.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; 1658 tiu epytpaJ.
,f;fhyg; gFjpia ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyk;
vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ kughfptpl;lJ.
fj;Njhypf;f kjk; type;J gug;gg;gl;l #o;epiyapy;;> fhyq;fhykhfg; Ngzp
te;j irt rkag; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; Gwe;js;sg;gl;ld.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; rka uPjpapyhd mlf;FKiw fhzg;gl;l epiyapy;
kpfr; rpy ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfNs ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wd.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpYk; (1505 - 1658) xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpYk; (1658-1796)
Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfNs ,lk;ngw;wikahy;; ,t;tpU fhyq;fisAk;
,izj;J Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa> xy;yhe;ju; fhyk; vd ,yf;fpa tuyhw;whrpupau;
Fwpg;gpLtu;.
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; epytp te;j fy;tp kuG eyptilaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz> rkaf;fy;tp kiwKfkhfg; gapw;wg;gl;L te;jJ.
Gjpjhf epWtg;gl;l RNjrnkhopf; fy;tpf;$lq;fspy; Ntjhfkf; fy;tp
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyk;
1. Qhdg;gs;S
2. mu;r; ahfg;gu; mk;khid / re;jpahFikNahu; mk;khid
xy;;;yhe;;ju;; fhyk;
fhtpak; - jpUr; nry;tu; fhtpak;
Guhzk; - rptuhj;jpup Guhzk;Vfhjrpg; Guhzk;gps;isahu; fij
J}J - fz;zpatis FUehj Rthkp J}Jfps;is tpL J}JgQ;rtd;dj; J}J
mk;khid - jpUr;nry;tu; mk;khid
fhjy; - ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; fhjy;
me;jhjp - fy;tis me;jhjpkiwirae;jhjpGypA+ue;jhjp
mfg;nghUl;Nfhit - fuit Ntyd; Nfhit
,yf;fpaq;fs;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; fhyk;
142
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gs;S - gwhis tpehafu; gs;S
jz;biff; fdfuhad; gs;S
gjpfk; - ,Ztpy; rptfhkp mk;ik gjpfk;
CQ;ry; - tl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpl;bak;gjp gj;jpufhsp CQ;ry;
Jjp - ,Ztpy; rptfhkp mk;ik Jjp
gps;isj;jkpo;- ,Ztpy; rptfhkp mk;ik gps;isj;jkpo;
ehlfq;fs; - myq;fhu &gd; ehlfk;
mjp&ghtjp ehlfk;
thsgpkd; ehlfk;
nehz;b ehlfk;
mDUj;jd; ehlfk;
Vida E}y;fs; - mKjhfuk; (tpr itj;jpa E}y;)
re;jhd jPgpif (Nrhjplk;)
fhrpahj;jpiu tpsf;fk;
,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
rkar; rhu;G (irtk; / fpwp];jtk;)
Gjpa mDgtq;fis ntspapl> gioa jkpo; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; ifahsg;gl;lik
gytifahd rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpaik
cjhuzk; : J}J> Nfhit> gs;S> FwtQ;rp> gps;isj;jkpo;> me;jhjp.
nghJkf;fs; rhu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd
cjhuzk;: gs;S> mk;khid> FwtQ;rp
jkpo; ciueil tsu;r;rpf;fhd Muk;g Kaw;rpfs; fhzg;gl;lik
cjhuzk; : khjfy; kapy;thfdg; Gytupd; ciueil
nkhopngau;g;G ,lk;ngw;wik
tpUj;jk;> mfty;> fypg;gh> jhopir> rpe;J> fz;zp Kjyhd ahg;Gf;fs; Njitf;Nfw;g
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld
gapw;rp :
gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf tpgupf;Ff.
1. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa> xy;yhe;ju; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
2. gpd;tUtd gw;wp> Fwpg;Giu vOJf.
i. Qhdg;gs;S ii. gwhis tpehafu; gs;S iii. jpUr;nry;tu; fhtpak;3. ‘fj;Njhypf;fkjf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;Gtjw;F jkpo; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs;
ifahsg;gl;ld’ - myRf.
4. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa> xy;yhe;ju; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfis tpgupf;Ff.
Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}w;gl;bay;
<oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpar; nry;newp Nguhrpupau; rp. jpy;iyehjd;
<oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tsu;r;rp fyhepjp rp. rptypq;fuh[h
<oj;J ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp fyhepjp Nf. v];. eluhrh
<oj;Jj; jkpo;E}y; tuyhW F.X.C. eluhrh
143
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
mwpKfk;
,yf;fzk; vd;gJ nkhopapd; mikg;igAk; gad;ghl;L KiwfisAk; Kiwahf
tpsf;FtjhFk;. jkpo; ,yf;fzk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; vOj;jjpfhuk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;>
nghUsjpfhuk; vd %d;W gpupTfshfNt tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy;
ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk; vd;gdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,ilf;fhyj; jkpo;
,yf;fzj;jpy; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> mzp> ahg;G vd Ie;J gpupTfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngw;wpUe;jd. nkhopapyf;fzk; vd;w tifapy; vOj;jpay;> nrhy;ypay;> njhlupay;
vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. khztdpd; Njit> nkhopapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf;
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> etPd ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J nra;Al;gFjpfs; rpytw;iwAk; ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iwAk;
khztu;fSf;Ff; fw;gpg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mt;thwhd ,yf;fpaq;fs;
khztu;f;Fj; njspthf tpsq;fNtz;Lkhapd;> mtw;NwhL njhlu;Gila ,yf;fzf;
$WfisAk; mt;tf;fhy nkhop tof;FfisAk; mtw;NwhL njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fw;gpg;gjw;F
Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkpLtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
,yf;fpaf; fy;tpf;F kl;Lkd;wp nkhopawpT tpUj;jpf;Fk; cjTk; tifapy; jw;fhy
nkhop tof;Ffs;> mUfpa tof;Ffs;> kiwe;j tof;Ffs; Kjyhd tptuq;fisAk;
khztu;f;Ff; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlg;gug;Gfis mbnahw;wp ,yf;fzk;
njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fis tpdtp> khztu;fspd; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Ffis mt;tg;NghJ
kl;bLtJk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
juk; 12 ,w;fhd Mrpupau; ts E}ypy;;>
1. vOj;jpay;
2. gjtpay;
4. nrhy;ypay;
nrhw;ghFghL
ngau;r;nrhy;
tpidr;nrhy;
vd;Dk; myFfSf;fhd topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
kuG uPjpahd ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gNjhL> Njitg;gLkplq;fspy; jw;fhy tof;FfisAk;
nkhopapay; El;gq ;fisAk; khztu;f ;Fj ; njspTgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
3. ,yf;fzk;
144
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vOj;J vd;gJ> mbg ;gilapy; nkhopf ;F Kjw;fhuzkhfpa xypfisAk;
mt;nthypfSf;fhd tuptbtj;ijAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
1.1 vOj;jpd; tiffs;
jkpo;nkhopapy; toq;Fk; mbg;gil xypfis Kjy; vOj;J vd;Wk;> mbg;gil xypfshf
mikahJ mtw;iwr; rhu;e;J mikAk; xypfisr; rhu;ngOj;J vd;Wk; $Wtu;.
1.1.1. KjnyOj;J
KjnyOj;Jf;fs; capnuOj;J> nka;naOj;J vd ,Utifg;gLk;. jkpopy; 12
capnuOj;Jf;fSk; 18 nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd.
capnuOj;Jf;fs; : m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs
nka;naOj;Jf;fs; : f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;
capnuOj;Jf;fs;
mfuk; Kjypa gd;dpuz;Lk; capu;Nghyj; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; ty;yik cilaitahifahy;
capnuOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gl;ld. ,it Mtp vdTk; ngau;ngWk;.
nka;naOj;Jf;fs;
ffuk; Kjypa gjpndl;Lk;> capupd;wp ,aq;fhj cly;Nghyj; jhkhf ,aq;Fk; td;ik
mw;wdthifahy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gl;ld. ,it cly;> clk;G> xw;W> Gs;sp
vdTk; ngau;ngWk;. nka;naOj;Jf;fis mtw;wpd; xypg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; %d;W
gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;Jtu;.
1. ty;ypdk; (typa xypg;Gilait)
f;> r;> l;> j; g;> w;
,it td;fzk; vd;Wk; typ vd;Wk; ngau;ngWk;.
2. nky;ypdk; (nky;ypa xypg;Gilait)
q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;
,it nkd;fzk; vd;Wk; nkyp vd;Wk; ngau;ngWk;.
3. ,ilapdk; (,ilg;gl;l xypg;Gilait)
a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;
,it ,ilf;fzk; vd;Wk; ngau;ngWk;.
1.0 vOj;jpay;
145
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
1.1.2. rhu;ngOj;J
KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhu;e;J epd;W ,aq;Fgit rhu;ngOj;Jf;fshFk;.
capUk; nka;Ak; Nru;e;j xypg;Gepiyf;fhd milahskhf mike;j
capu;nka;fSk;>
capnud;Nwh nka;nad;Nwh nfhs;sKbahj Ma;jKk;>
KjnyOj;Jf;fSs; rpy> nrhw;fspy; mikAk;NghJ> jkf;Fupa xypg;G mstpy;
xypf;fhJ rpwpJ NtWgl;L (ePz;L / FWfp) xypg;gdthf mike;jitAk;
rhu;ngOj;Jf;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
rhu;ngOj;Jf;fs; gj;J tifg;gLk;.
i. capu;nka; ii. Ma;jk;
iii. capusngil iv. xw;wsngil
v. Fw;wpaYfuk; vi. Fw;wpaypfuk;
vii. Ifhuf; FWf;fk; viii. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
ix. kfuf; FWf;fk; x. Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
I. capu;nka;
nka;naOj;Jld; capnuOj;Jr; Nru;e;J xypg;gij capu;nka;naOj;J vd;fpNwhk;.
18 nka;AlDk; 12 capu;fSk; NrUk;. mt;ttw;Wf;Fj; jdpahd tuptbtk; cz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : f; + m = f f; + M = fh
18 nka; x 12 capu; = 216 capu;nka;naOj;Jf;fs;.
capu;nka; vOj;jpy; cs;s capnuOj;jpd; khj;jpiuNa nfhs;sg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : f; + m = f - 1 khj;jpiu (capu;nka;f; Fw;nwOj;J)f; + M = fh - 2 khj;jpiu (capu;nka; nel;nlOj;J)
khj;jpiu:
vOj;Jf;fis cr;rupg;gjw;F vLf;Fk; fhy mstpid mstpLk; myfpid
khj;jpiu vd;gu;. fz;zpikg;nghOJ my;yJ ife;nehbg;nghOJ> xU
khj;jpiu msT vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. capnuOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk;>
xypf;Fk; fhy mstpd; mbg;gilapNy Fw;nwOj;J vd;Wk; nel;nlOj;J
vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; xU khj;jpiu msthfTk;
nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; ,U khj;jpiu msthfTk; xypf;fpd;wd. nka;naOj;Jf;fs;
miukhj;jpiu xypg;Gilad.
capu;f;Fwpy; - m> ,> c> v> x
capu;neby; - M> <> C> V> I> X> xs
Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fs; Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; vd;Wk; neby; vOj;Jf;fs;
nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
146
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
II. Ma;jk;
%d;W Gs;spfisAila (/) vOj;J tbtk; Ma;jk; vdg;gLfpwJ. Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw;Gs;sp
jdpepiy vOj;J vd;gd ,jd; NtW ngau;fshFk;. ,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu ½. ,Jnrhy;ypy; ,lk;ngWk;NghJ jdpf; Fw;nwOj;Jf;Fk; ty;ypd capu;nka; vOj;Jf;Fk;
,ilapy; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : m/J> v/J> m/wpiz.
Fw;nwOj;Jf;Fk; xU ty;ypd nka;f;Fk; ,ilapNyNa tUnkd;w ,lr;rhu;G fhuzkhf
rhu;ngOj;J vdg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhy tof;fpy; Nkw;$wpa tpjpf;Fs; mikahkYk;
(Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhy; fhuzkhf) tUfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : E/khd;
III. capusngil
msngil vd;gJ msG vLj;jyhFk;. mjhtJ vOj;J ePz;nlhypj;jy; vd;gjhFk;.
capnuOj;Jf;fspy; nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk msngLf;Fk;. nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; VOk;
jkf;Fupa khj;jpiuapdpd;W ePz;nlhypj;jy;> capusngil vdg;gLk;. nrhy;ypd; Kjy;>
,il> ,Wjp epiyfspy; ,it ePz;nlhypg;gJz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Xxjy; Ntz;Lk; - nrhy;ypd; Kjy;
nja;tk; njhohms; - nrhy;ypd; ,il
eir, - nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp
nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; msngLj;jw;F mwpFwpahf mjdjd; ,df;Fw;nwOj;J mUfpy;
vOjg;gLk;. ,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu 3 MFk;.
IV. xw;wsngil
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkplj;J> nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; MWk;> u;> o; jtpu;e;j ehd;F,ilapd vOj;Jf;fSk; Ma;j vOj;Jkhf gjpndhU vOj;Jf;fSk; jkf;Fupamiukhj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;nlhypj;jy; xw;wsngil vdg;gLk;. ePz;L xypj;jw;Fmilahskhf mNj vOj;J mjd; gf;fj;jpy; vOjg;gLk;. (Ma;jKk; xw;wsngilf;Fs;Ns
nfhs;sg;gLtijf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f.)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ,yq;;q;F ntz;gpiw
jpus;s; Nrid
v//fpyq;fpa ifauha;
nrhy;ypd; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYNk nka;naOj;J msngLf;Fk;. nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; kl;Lk; Ma;jk; msngLf;Fk;. xw;wsngilf;Fupa khj;jpiu 1 MFk;.
V. Fw;wpaYfuk;
cfuk; jd;khj;jpiuiatplf; Fiwe;njhypg;gpd; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. mJjdpf;Fw;nwOj;J my;yhj kw;iwa vOj;Jf;fspd; gpd;Nd nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; ty;ypd
nka;apd; Nky; VwptUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ML> ghf;F> fapW.
147
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Fw;wpaYfuj;Jf;F cupa khj;jpiu ½. Fw;wpaYfuj;ij mjd; may; vOj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Mwhf tifg;gLj;Jtu;.
Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; tiffs;
1. td;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - ehf;F> Ngr;R> jl;L
2. nkd;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - jq;F> neQ;R> tz;L
3. ,ilj;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - nea;J> khu;G> rhy;G
4. nebw;n;whlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - ghF> J}R> ehL
5. capu;j;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - tuF> gaW> glF
6. Ma;jj;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - m/J> ,/J> v/F
VI. Fw;wpaypfuk;
,fuk; jd; khj;jpiuapd;Wk; FWfp xypg;gJ Fw;wpaypfuk; vdg;gLk;. Fw;wpaYfuj;ijf;nfhz;l nrhy;NyhL afuj;ijf; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;Fk; nrhy; te;J GzUkhapd;
cfuk; ,fukhfj; jpupe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jw;Fk; khj;jpiu ½ MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : tz;L+ ahJ = tz;bahJ
ehF + ahJ = ehfpahJ
fhL + ahJ = fhbahJ
VII. Ifhuf; FWf;fk;
nrhy;ypd; KjypNyh ,ilapNyh <w;wpNyh tUk; Ifhuk; jdf;Fupa khj;jpiuapypUe;JFiwe;njhypg;gJ Ifhuf; FWf;fk; MFk;. ,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu 1 MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Kjypy; tUjy; - Iau;> Ig;grp
,ilapy; tUjy; - fiyQu;> mikr;ru;
<w;wpy; tUjy; - thio> gid
Ifhuk; jdp vOj;jhfNth XnuOj;njhU nkhopahfNth tUk;NghJ FWfhJ.
VIII. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk; xsfhuk; jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;njhypg;gJ xsfhuf;FWf;fk; MFk;. ,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu 1 MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : xsitahu;> ntsthy;> nrsfupak;
nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk;NghJ FWFk; xsfhuk;> jdpj;J xypf;Fk;NghJ FWfhJ.
IX. kfuf; FWf;fk;
kfuk; jdf;Fupa ½ khj;jpiuapypUe;J FWfp xypg;gJ kfuf; FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu ¼ .
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nghd;k;> kUz;k;> jUk;tstd;
148
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
X. Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
Ma;jk; jdf;Fupa khj;jpiuapypUe;J FWfp xypg;gJ Ma;jf; FWf;fkhFk;. ,jw;Fupa
khj;jpiu ¼. nrhw;Gzu;r;rpapd;NghJ yfu> sfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Kd; jfuk; tupd;
yfu> sfu <Wfs; Ma;jkhfj; jpupe;J FWfp xypf;Fk;.
fy; + jPJ f/wPJ
Ks; + jPJ K/BJ
my; + jpiz m/wpiz
1.1.3. $l;nlOj;J / re;jpaf;fuk;
capnuOj;Jf;fspy; I> xs vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; $l;nlOj;J my;yJ re;jpaf;fuk;
vdg;gLk;. ,it ma;> mt; vd;Wk; vOjg;gLfpd;wd. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,it m,>
mc vd;Wk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jw;fhyj;jpy; mt;thW vOjg;gLtjpy;iy.
I xs
ma; mt;
m, mc
1.1.4. fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;
jw;fhyj; jkpopy; rpy fpue;j vOj;Jf;fSk; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd.
[> ]> \> `> => Ñ
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
[ - [yk;> gq;f[k;
] - ru];tjp
\ - G\;gk;
` - `ud;
= - =epth];
Ñ - NÑkk;
149
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
1.1.5. Rl;nlOj;Jf;fSk; tpdhntOj;Jf;fSk; ,dntOj;Jf;fSk;
I. Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs;
m> ,> c vd;Dk; %d;Wk; Rl;Lg;nghUspy; tUk;NghJ Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
nrhy;ypypUe;J gpupf;f Kbahj tifapy; ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; mikAk;NghJ mfr;Rl;L
vd;Wk; gpupf;ff;$ba tifapy; mikAk;NghJ Gwr;Rl;L vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;ngWk;.
NgRNthDf;Fk; Nfl;NghDf;Fk; Nra;ikapYs;s nghUis mfuk; Rl;b epw;Fk;.
NgRNthDf;F mz;ikapYs;s nghUis ,fuk; Rl;b epw;Fk;.
Nfl;NghDf;F mz;ikapYs;s nghUis cfuk; Rl;b epw;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
(m) mtd;> mts;> mtu;fs;
mJ> mit
,td;> ,ts;> ,tu;fs; mfr;Rl;Lfs;
,J> ,it
cJ> cit
(M) mk;kdpjd;
mt;tjpfhupfs;
mg;gps;is
,k;khztd;> ,g;ghlfp Gwr;Rl;Lfs;
,j;jiytu;fs;
,k;khL> ,t;tplaq;fs;
ck;kdpjd;
ct;tPL
jw;fhyj;jpy; cfuk; Rl;Lg;nghUspy; tUtJ mupjhf cs;sJ.
II. tpdhntOj;Jf;fs;
jkpopy; rpy vOj;Jf;fs; tpdhg;nghUisj; jUfpd;wd. mitahtd v> V> ah> M>
X vd;Dk; Ie;Jkhk;. mtw;Ws; v> ah vd;gd nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tpdhg;nghUspy;
tUk;. MfhuKk; XfhuKk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tpdhg;nghUspy; tUk;. Vfhuk;
nrhy;ypd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; tpdhg;nghUspy; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : v - vtd;? vJ? vtu;?
M> X - je;ijah? nrd;wdNuh?
V - Vd;? VJ?
ghk;Ng?
ah - ahJ? ahit? ahtu;? ahq;qdk; ?
jw;fhyj;jpy; M nkhop KjypYk; tpdhg;nghUspy; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Mu;?
tpdhntOj;Jf;fs; mftpdh> Gwtpdh vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : vd;d? - mftpdh
vg;nghUs;? - Gwtpdh
150
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
III. ,dntOj;Jf;fs;
capnuOj;Jf;fSs; Fwpy; Ie;Jf;Fk; xj;j neby; Ie;Jk;> Ifhuj;Jf;F ,fuKk;>
xsfhuj;Jf;F cfuKk; ,dk;.
m - M, - <
c - C
v - V
x - X
I - ,
xs - c
nka;naOj;Jf;fSs; ty;ypdk; MWf;Fk; KiwNa nky;ypdk; MWk; ,dk;.
me;j ,dKiw tUkhW:
f; - q;
r; - Q;
l; - z;
j; - e;
g; - k;
w; - d;
,ilapdk; MWk; ,dntOj;Jf;fs; ,y;yhjit.
kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;
FWtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. KjnyOj;J> rhu;ngOj;J vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff.
2. khj;jpiu vd;why; vd;d?
3. rhu;ngOj;jpd; tiffs; gj;Jk; vit?
4. ‘msngil’ vd;why; vd;d?
5. ‘re;jpaf;fuk;’ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
6. jkpopy; fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLjiy vLj;Jf;fhl;LfspD}lhf tpsf;Ff.
7. Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; tiffis cjhuze; je;J tpsf;Ff.
8. mfr;Rl;L> Gwr;Rl;L vd;gtw;wpw;F cjhuzk; jUf.
9. tpdhntOj;Jf;fs; Ie;jpidAk; Fwpg;gpl;L xt;Nthu; cjhuzk; jUf.
10. ty;ypd nka;fs; vit? mtw;wpd; ,dntOj;Jf;fs; vit?
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
1. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhif gw;wp tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Giu jUf.
2. jkpopYs;s rhu;ngOj;Jf;fs; gw;wp tpsf;fkhd Fwpg;G vOJf.
151
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vOj;Jf;fspd; tif
vOj;J
KjnyOj;J rhu;ngOj;J
capu; nka;
Fwpy; neby; ty;ypdk; nky;ypdk; ,ilapdk;
m M f; q; a;
, < r; Q; u;
c C l; z; y;
v V j; e; t;
I g; k; o;
w; d; s;
x X
xs
Rl;nlOj;J
capu;
nka;
Ma;jk; capusngil xw;wsngil Ifhuf;
FWf;fk;xsfhuf;
FWf;fk;
kfuf;
FWf;fk;
Ma;jf;;
FWf;fk;
Fw;wpa-
Yfuk;;
Fw;wpa-
ypfuk;;
,d vOj;Jf;fs;
m - M, - <c - Cv - VI - ,x - Xxs - c
f; - q;r; - Q;l; - z;j; - e;g; - k;w; - d;
jkpopy; ,lk;ngWk; fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;
$l;L
capu;
vz;zf;fU tiuglk;
[ ] \ ` = Ñ
152
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
1.2 vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;GKiw
vOj;Jf;fs; gpwg;Gf;Fupa ,lq;fs;
1. capu; vOj;Jf;fs; -2. ,ilapd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; -3. ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - khu;G4. nky;ypd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - %f;F5. Ma;jk;; - jiy
xypg;gpwg;Gf;F Kaw;rp nra;Ak; cWg;Gf;fs;
,jo;> gy;> eh> mz;zk; (Nky;tha;)
i. Kaw;rp capu; vOj;Jf;fs;
mq;fhj;jy; - m> M ,jo; Ftpjy; - c> C> x> X> xs mq;fhg;Gld; mbehtpd; XukhdJ
mz;;zg;gy;iyg; nghUe;Jjy; - ,> <> v> V> I
ii.
Nky;thia ehtpdb nghUe;Jjy; - a;
Nky;tha;g; gy;ybia ehEdp nghUe;Jjy; - u;
Nky;tha;g; gy;ybia ehEdp mOj;Jjy; - y;
Nky;tha;g;gy; fPOjl;ilg; nghUe;Jjy; - t;
Nky;tha; eLg;gFjpia ehEdp nghUe;Jjy; - o;
Nky;tha; Kd;gFjpia ehEdp mOj;Jjy; - s;
ehf;fpdb> Nky;thapdbiag; nghUe;Jjy;. - q;
ehf;fpd; eLg;gFjp> Nky;tha; eLg;gFjpia nghUe;Jjy; - Q;
ehf;fpd; Edpg;gFjp tise;J Nky;tha; Kd;gFjpiag; nghUe;Jjy; - z;
Nky;tha;g; gy;ypdJ mbia ehf;F Edp nghUe;Jjy; - e;
NkypjOk; fPopjOk; nghUe;Jjy; - k;
Nky;thia ehEdp nghUe;Jjy; - d;
ehf;fpdb> Nky; thapdbiag; nghUe;Jjy; - f;
ehf;fpd; eLg;gFjp> Nky;tha; eLg;gFjpiag; nghUe;Jjy; - r;
ehf;fpd; Edpg;gFjp tise;J Nky;tha;f; filg;gFjpiag; nghUe;Jjy; - l;
Nky;tha;g; gy;ypdJ mbia eh Edp nghUe;Jjy; - j;
NkypjOk; fPopjOk; nghUe;Jjy; - g;
Nky;thapy; ehEdp kpfg; nghUe;Jjy; - w;
gpwg;Gf;F Kaw;rp nra;Ak; cWg;Gf;fSs; ,jo;> eh vDk; ,uz;ilAk; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L nkhopapayhsu;fs; ntt;NtW epiyapy; tifg;gLj;JtijAk; ehk; fhzyhk;.
1 . ,jo ;
,jo; Ftpahj capu; : m> M> ,> <> v> V> I
,jo; Ftpe;j capu; : c> C> x> X> xs
njhz;il
I.
II.
III.
153
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2 . eh
Kd;Dapu; : ,> <> v> V
,ilAapu; : m> M
gpd;Dapu; : c> C> x> X
3 . eh
Nky; capu; : ,> <> c> C
eL capu; : v> V> x> X
fPo; capu; : m> M
ehthdJ Nky;> eL> fPo; ,lq;fspy; epw;wy;> Kd;> ,il gpd; ,lq;fspy; epw;wy;
vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;L gpd;tUkhWk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
e h Fwpy ; neby; ,jo ;
Nky; Kd; capu; , < FtpT ,y;iy
eL Kd; capu; v V FtpT ,y;iy
Nky; gpd; capu; c C FtpT cz;L
eL gpd; capu; x X FtpT cz;L
fPo; ,il capu; m M FtpT ,y;iy
,tw;Ws;Ns Kd;Dapu;fshfpa ,> <> v> V vDk; ehd;Fk; jk;ik mLj;J l;> z;>
s;> o; (nka;ahf / capu;nka;ahf) tUk;NghJk; w; jtpu;e;j (w> wh ....) %y
xypapypUe;J rpwpJ NtWgl;L xypf;fpd;wd.
l;> z;> s;> o; jtpu;e;j l;> z;> s;> o; Mfpatw;wpd;
,lj;J tUk;NghJ Kd;tUk;NghJ
, ,J> gpid> jpid> tpiy> ,iy ,L> gpiz> jpiz> tpis> ,io
< <J> kPd;> rPy;> <if <L> tPz;> rPs;> <io
v vJ> vd;> nty;yk;> vU vL> vz;> nts;sk;> vO
V VJ> Ngd;> Ntiy> Vy; VL> Ngz;> Ntis> Vo;
capnuOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; gjpndl;Lk; nghUs; NtWgLj;Jk;
nrhw;fis Mf;Fk; xypfsha; mikfpd;wd. mtw;iw xypad;fs; vd
nkhopapayhsu;fs; $Wtu;.
capu; vOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; capu; xypad;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.
,t ;nthypad ;fs; r py re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fspy ; ntt;NtW cr;ru pg ;Gf ;fis
ciladthaikAk;. mt;NtWgl;l cr;rupg;Gfis khw;nwhypfs; vd;gu;.
cjhuzkhf ‘,’ vd;Dk; xypad; ,dp vd;gjpy; Kd;Dapuhf xypf;Fk;. ,b
vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; eh rpwpJ gpd; nry;y xypf;Fk;.
154
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nka; xypfs; gpwg;G
gpwf;Fk; ,lq;fs; gpwf;Fk; Kiwfs;
miu Mnlhyp tUnlhyp kUq; %f;nfhyp ntbg;
capu; nfhyp nghyp
mz;zk; a; - - - Q; r;
filaz;zk; - - - - q; f;
Edpaz;zk; - - u; y; d; w;
tiseh - - - s;> o; z; l;
gy; - - - - e; j;
cjl;Lg;gy; t; - - - - -
<upjo; - - - - k; g;
eLeh> mz;zj;ijj; njhLk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - mz;z xypfs;.
fileh> filaz;zj;ijj; njhLk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - filaz;z xypfs;.
ehEdp> Edpaz;zj;ijg; nghUe;Jk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - Edpaz;z xypfs;.
ehEdp> Nky;Nehf;fp tise;J eLmz;zj;ijj; njhLk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - tiseh
xyp
ehEdp> Nkw;gy;ypd; cl;Gwj;ijg; nghUe;Jk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - gy; xyp cjl;by; Nkw;gy; nghUe;Jk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - cjl;Lg; gy; xyp.
,jo;fs; ,uz;Lk; nghUe;Jk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - <upjo; xyp. tha;f;Fs; fhw;iwj; jilnra;J jpBnud;W fhw;iw thapdhy; ntsptpLk;NghJ
gpwg;gJ - ntbg;nghyp.
‘r’ vd;gJ ntbg;nghyp vOj;J> ,Ug;gpDk; fileh filaz;zj;ijj; njhl;L>
gpupAk;NghJ fhw;whdJ rw;W curpr; nry;y xypf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,e;j vOj;J
kl;Lk; ntbg;nghypf;Fs;Ns ntbg;Gunrhypahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
tha;f;Fs; fhw;iwj; jilnra;ahky; fhw;iw %f;fpdhy; ntsptpLk;NghJ gpwg;gJ
- %f;nfhyp.
i. ehEdp> Ezpaz;zj;ijj; njhl> fhw;W ehtpd; ,U tpspk;GfspdhYk;
ntspNaWk;NghJk;.
ii. eh> Nky;Nehf;fp tise;J eL mz;zj;ijj; njhl fhw;W ,U tpspk;GfspdhYk;
ntspNaWk;NghJk; gpwg;gJ – kUq;nfhyp. capnuhy pf ;Fu pa jd ;ikiaAk; nka ;nahypf ;Fu pa jd ;ikiaAk;
nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; miuAapu; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.
nka;naOj;Jf;fs; gjpndl;Lk; nka;nahypad;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.
,tw;Wf;Fk; khw;nwhypfs; cs.
nka;nahypad;fSs;Ns f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w; vDk; nka;nahypad;fSf;Fg;
gpd;tUk; khw;nwhypfs; tUfpd;wd.
155
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fuk; vd;gjpy; ‘f’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (k) xypad; f ghfy; vd;gjpy; ‘f’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (h)
gq;fk; vd;gjpy; ‘f’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (g)
rj;jk; vd;gjpy; ‘r’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (s) xypad; r Ml;rp vd;gjpy; ‘r’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (ch)
kQ;R vd;gjpy; ‘r’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (j)
jlk; vd;gjpy; ‘l’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (d) xypad; l jz;lk; vd;gjpy; ‘l’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (d)
Ml;rp vd;gjpy; ‘l’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (t)
jiy vd;gjpy; ‘j’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (t) xypad; j re;jk; vd;gjpy; ‘j’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (d)
gjk; vd;gjpy; ‘j’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (th)
gl;L vd;gjpy; ‘g’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (p) xypad; g Mk;gy; vd;gjpy; ‘g’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (b)
rgyk; vd;gjpy; ‘g’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (bh)
mwk; vd;gjpy; ‘w’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (r)tw;wy; vd;gjpy; ‘w’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (tr)
‘e;’ nka;ahfr; nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; kl;LNk gy; %f;nfhypahf cr;rupf;fg;gLk;. (ge;J>
re;jk;) nrhy;ypd; Kjdpiyapy; ‘e;’ nka; Edpaz;z %f;nfhypahfpa ‘d;’ MfNt
cr;rupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. (ehd;> eP> ney;...)
1.3 vOj;Jf;fspd; guk;gy;
nrhy;yhf;fj;jpy; vOj;Jf;fs; gapd;WtUk; KiwikNa vOj;jpd; guk;gy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
jkpopNy nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; ,d;d ,d;d vOj;Jf;fs;jhk; tUk; vd;Wk;> nrhy;ypd;
,Wjpapy; ,d;d ,d;d vOj;Jf;fs;jhk; epw;Fk; vd;Wk;> nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; ,d;d
,d;d nka;naOj;Jf;fs;jhk; Nru;e;J epw;Fk; (kaq;Fk;) vd;Wk; tiuaWf;Fk; tpjpfs;
,yf;fz E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jkpo; xyp kugpd; mbg;gilapNy
mike;jit. ,t;tifahd tpjpfs; gpwnkhopfspd; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ik
nflhjthW fhg;gitahFk;.
1. nrhy;ypy; Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs; - Kjdpiy / nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;
2. nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs; - ,Wjpepiy / <w;W epiy vOj;Jf;fs;
3. nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; kaq;fptUjy; - ,ilepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;
1.3.1. Kjdpiy vOj;Jf;fs;
(m) 12 capu; vOj;Jf;fSk; nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; epw;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mzp> Mil Kjypad.
xypad; w
Fwpg;G capnuOj;Jf;fs;> nka;naOj;Jf;fs; vd;gd xypf;fg;gLk; Kiwfis
cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
khw;nwhypfs; gw;wp> nghUj;jkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; %yk; mwpKfQ; nra;f.
156
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(M) ty;ypd nka;fspy; f;> r;> j;> g; vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; 12 capUld; Nru;e;J
nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fdp> fhL> fpsp> fPup> Fb> $L> nfL>
NfL> ifjp> NfhL> nfskhuk;
(,) nky;ypd nka;fspy; e;> k; ,uz;Lk; 12 capu;fSlDk; Nru;e;J nrhy;Yf;F
Kjypy; tUk; Qfunka; m> M> v> x vd;Dk; ehd;F capNuhLk; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : e; - ez;L> eha; Kjypad
k; - kyu;> khJ Kjypad
Q; - Qkyp> Qhyk;> nQfpop> nQhs;Fjy;
q; - qdk; (,lk;)> mq;qdk;> ,q;qdk;
(<) ,ilapd nka;fspy; afunka; m> M> c> C> X> xs vd;Dk; MW
capUld; Nru;e;J nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : atdu;> ahJ> Afk;> A+fk;> Nahfk;> nastdk;
jw;fhy tof;F
1. nkhopf;F Kjypy; tuhjit vdf;Fwpg;gpLk;; vOj;Jf;fspy; rpy gpwnkhopj;
njhlu;G fhuzkhf Kjdpiyaahf tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : l;; - ll;yp> lhf;lu;
w; - NwbNah> whf;if> wk;Gl;lhd;
u; - uau;> upa+g;> uPq;fhuk;
y; - yl;L> nyhj;ju;> Nyfpak;
1.3.2. ,Wjpepiy vOj;Jf;fs;
(m) capu; vOj;Jf;fSs; vfuk; jtpu;e;j 11 vOj;Jf;fSk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gy> gyh> fpsp> NjdP> VL> G+> Nr (vUJ)>
if> neh (tUj;J)> Ngh> nts
(M) nka;naOj;Jf;fSs; Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s; vd;Dk; gjpndhd;Wk;
nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : cupQ;> kz;> ntupe; (KJF)> kuk;> nghd;> nka;>
Ntu;> Nty;> njt; (gif)> aho;> jhs;.
jw;fhy tof;F
1. V> x> xs vd;gd ,d;iwa tof;fpy; mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
2. Q;> e;> t; vd;gd nkhopapd; ,Wjpapy; tUtJ mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. “t;”
vd;gJ nrf;Nfht;> Fwp];Nrt;> uhkuht; Kjypa gpwnkhopg; ngau;r; nrhw;fspy;
tUtJ cz;L.
3. nkhop ,Wjpapy; tuh vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l ty;ypd nka;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; gpwnkhopapy;
mike;j ngau;r;nrhw;fspy; tUtJz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : f; - <uhf;
r; - #upr;
l; - Nltpl;
j; - ghf;jhj;;
g; - N[hrg;
w; - n[dw;
157
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
1.3.3. ,ilepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;
nrhw;fspd; ,ilapy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ,zq;fp tUk; Kiwik gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. f;> r;> j;> g; vd;Dk; ehd;F nka;fSk; jk;NkhL jhk; kaq;fp (Nru;e;J) epw;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gf;fk; - (f; + f;) kr;rk; - (r; + r;)
Rj;jk; - (j; + j;) mg;gk; - (g; + g;)
,t;thW xNu nka; ,ul;bj;J tUtJ cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
f;> r;> j;> g; vd;w ehd;Fk; cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fkhfNt tUk;.
2. u;> o; vd;Dk; ,U nka;fSk; jk;nkhL gpwnka; kaq;fp (Nru;e;J) epw;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Nrhu;T - (u; + t;)
tho;T - (o; + t;)
,t;thW jk;nkhL gpwnka;fs; kaq;FtJ Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. u;>
o; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fkhfNt tUk;.
3. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l MW nka;fSk; jtpu;e;j Vida gd;dpU nka;fSk; cldpiy
nka;k;kaf;fkhfTk; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fkhfTk; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : el;lk; - el;G
fw;G - fw;wy;
4. %d;W nka;fs; kaq;fp (Nru;e;J) tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; a;> u;> o; vd;Dk; nka;fSs;
xd;W Kjypy; epw;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : a; - tha;f;fhy;
fha;r;ry;
rha;e;jJ
u; - ghu;g;ghd;
cau;r;rp
Nru;e;jhu;
o; - tho;f;if
fho;g;G
gho;q;fpzW
jw;fhy tof;F
f> j> g Mfpa ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fkhf
gy ,lq;fspy; vOjg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gf;jp> mf;dp
Mj;kh
rg;jk;
kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;
1. ,ilepiy nka;k;kaf;fj;jpd; ,UtiffisAk; cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
2. nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; 12 capnuOj;Jf;fSlDk; Nru;e;J tUk; nka;naOj;Jf;fs;
vit?
3. nrhw;fspd; ,ilapy; %d;W nka;fs; kaq;fp tUtjw;F ,uz;L
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; jUf.
158
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2.0 gjtpay;
vOj;J jdpj;Njh njhlu;e;Njh nghUs; jUtJ gjk;.
XnuOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nfh (murd;)
G+ (kyu;)
M (gR)
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fshyhd nrhw;fs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jha;> je;ij> flTs;
nrhy;> gjk;> fpstp> nkhop vd;gd xU nghUis czu;j;Jtd. nrhy;iy
Mf;ff; $Wfshfg; gFj;jhAk; ,yf;fzg; gFjp gjtpay; vdg;gLk;.
nrhw;fs; gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
gfhg;gjk; :
gFjp> tpFjp Kjyhd cWg;Gf;fshfg; gFf;f Kbahj nrhy;> gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;.
ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup vd;Dk; ehy;tifr; nrhw;fspYk; gfhg;gjq;fs; cs;sd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
ngau;g; gfhg;gjk; : ,yq;if> epyk;> kuk;
tpidg; gfhg;gjk; : rpup> th> Ngh
,ilg; gfhg;gjk; : kw;W> nfhy;> V
cupg; gfhg;gjk; : cW> jt> edp
gFgjk;
gFjp tpFjp Kjypa nrhy;yhf;ff; $Wfis ,dq;fhzj;jf;f nrhy;> gFgjk;
vdg;gLk;. ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; vDk; ,Utifr; nrhw;fspYk; gFgjq;fs;
mikAk;. mt;tifapy; ngau;g;gFgjk;> tpid;g;gFgjk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
gFgjr; nrhy;nyhd;wpy;; ,lk;ngWk; $Wfis mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
MW gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. mit gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> rhupia>
re;jp> tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;. gFgjk; xd;wpy; ,e;j MW cWg;Gf;fSk; fl;lhak;
mikAk; vd;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; gFjp> tpFjp vd;Dk; ,U cWg;Gf;fSk;
mikAk;.
159
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2.3.1 ngau;g;gFgjk;
vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:
Cuhu; = Cu; + Mu;
gFjp tpFjp
mwpQd; = mwp + Q; + md;
gFjp ngau; tpFjp
,ilepiy
2.3.2 tpidg;gFgjk;
vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:
$Lk; = $L + ck; (,uz;L cWg;Gf;fs;)
gFjp tpFjp
cz;lhd; = cz; + l; + Md; (%d;W cWg;Gf;fs;)
gFjp ,ilepiy tpFjp
cz;ldd; = cz; + l; + md; + md; (ehd;F cWg;Gf;fs;)
gFjp ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp
gpbj;jdd; = gpb + j; + j; + md; + md;
gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp
(Ie;J cWg;Gf;fs;)
ele;jdd; = el + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
gFjp re;jp tpfhuk; ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp
(MW cWg;Gf;fs;)
2.3.3. gFgj cWg;Gf;fs;
gFjp : xU gFgjj;jpd; mbr;nrhy;Ny gFjpahFk;. ,J nrhy;ypd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; mikAk;.
tpFjp : nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk; cWg;G. jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;
czu;j;JtJ. rpy tpFjpfs; fhyj;ijAk; czu;j;Jtd.
,ilepiy : nrhy;ypd; ,ilNa epw;Fk; cWg;G. njupepiy tpidr;nrhw;fspy;
fhyj;ij ,J czu;j;Jk;. ngau; ,ilepiyfSk; cs. ,it
fhyk; czu;j;jh.
re;jp : gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk; cWg;G. gFjpNahL
,ilepiy GzUk;NghJ> mtw;wpw;fpilapy; Njhd;WtJ re;jp.
160
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
5. rhupia : gFgj cWg;Gf;fSf;fpilNa ,iae;J tUtJ rhupia
vdg;gLfpwJ.
6. tpfhuk; : gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilNa te;j re;jp jpupe;J
tpfhug;gLtJ tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gFjpAk;
tpfhuk; milAk;.
gFjp (Kjdpiy)
njupepiyg; gFgjq;fSf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; el> th Kjypa tpidr;nrhw;fSk;> rpWghd;ik
ngau;r;nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhw;fSk; gFjpfshf tUk;. njupepiy tpidg;gFjpfs;
ngUk;ghYk; Vty; tbtpNyNa mikAk;.
ele;jhd; - gFjp = el (tpidab)
rpj;jpupj;jhd; - gFjp = rpj;jpuk; (ngaub)
Nghd;whd; - gFjp = Nghy; (,ilab)
rhd;whd; - gFjp = rhy; (cupab)
njupepiy tpidg;gFjpfs; tp> gp Kjypa tpFjp ngw;NwDk; tpfhug;gl;NlDk; gpwtpidg;
gFjpfsha; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
nra;tpj;jhd; - gFjp = nra;tp (nra; + tp)
elg;gpj;jhd; - gFjp = elg;gp (el + gp)
jpUj;jpdhd; - gFjp = jpUj;J (jpUj;J)
Njw;wpdhd; - gFjp = Njw;W (NjW)
nra;tpid tbtk;> nrag;ghl;L tpid tbtj;ijg; ngw;Wk; njupepiy tpidr;nrhy;ypd;
gFjpahf tUtJz;L.
Njlg;gl;lhd; - Njlg;gL
Kbf;fg;gl;lJ - Kbf;fg;gL
jw;fhyj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; njupepiy tpidr;nrhw;fs; gytw;wpd; gFjpfs; $l;Ltpidg;
gFjpfs; vd;W nfhs;sj ;jf ;f tifapy; mike;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:
Xbf;nfhz;bUg;ghd; vd;w tpidr; nrhy;ypd; gFjp> Xbf;nfhz;bU vd;gjhFk;.
,f;$l;Ltpidg;gFjpapy; XL vd;w mbg;gil tpidabNahL NkYk; gy xl;Lf;fs;
mike;Js;sd. (XL + nfhs; + ,U)
tpFjp
tpFjp vd;gJ gFgjq;fspd; ,WjpapNy te;J jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gdtw;iwNah
Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs; Kjyhd nghUs;fisNah czu;j;jp epw;Fk; xU nrhy;yhf;ff;$W
MFk;.
ngau; tpFjpfs; : Fioad; (md;) Nfhkhd; (khd;)
thdj;jhd; (Md;) gpwd; (d;)
Fioau; (mu;) Fioas; (ms;)
Njhd;wy; (my;) thdj;jhu; (Mu;)
161
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
njhopw;ngau; tpFjpfs;
(jy;) elj;jy;
(my;) Mly;
nra;jik nra;jJ
nra;fpd;wik nra;fpd;wJ J
nra;tJ
gz;Gg;ngau; tpFjpfs;
(ik) ed;ik (I) njhy;iy (rp) khl;rp (G) khz;G
(mk;) eyk; (wp) ed;wp
njupepiy tpidKw;W tpFjpfs;
ele;jdd; (md;)
ele;jhd; (Md;)
ele;jds; (ms;)
ele;jhs; (Ms;)
ele;jdu; (mu;) - gyu;ghy;
ele;jhu; (Mu;) - kupahij xUik
ele;jJ (J) - m/wpiz
ele;jd (m) - m/wpiz
ele;Njd; (Vd;) - jd;ik xUik ele;jid (I) - Kd;dpiy xUik
ele;jha; (Ma;) - Kd;dpiy xUik ele;jPu; (<u;) - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik
elg;Nghk; (Xk;) - jd;ik gd;ik
elj;jp (,) - Vty; xUik
elkpd; (kpd;) - Vty; gd;ik
ele;jdu; (mu;) glu;f;if gd;ik
Fwpg;G tpidKw;W tpFjpfs;
fupad; (md;) fupad (m)
fupas; (ms;) fupJ (J)
fupau; (mu; tpy;yp (,)
ik
Mz;ghy; tpFjpfs;
ngz;ghy; tpFjpfs;
162
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
njupepiytpidg; nganur;r tpFjpfs;
nra;j (m) nra;fpd;w (m) nra;Ak; (ck;)
Fwpg;Gtpidg; nganur;r tpFjp
fupa (m)
njupepiytpidnar;r tpFjpfs;
ele;J (c) Xb (,) cz;zh (M)
cz;z (m) cz;lhy; (My;) cz;zhky; (ky;)
Ngha; (a;)
gpwtpid tpFjpfs;
nra;tp (tp) cUl;L (L) Nghf;F (F) gha;r;R (R)
elg;gp (gp) elj;J (J) vOg;G (G) gapw;W (W)
nrag;ghl;Ltpid tpFjp
fl;lg;gl;lhd; (gL)
tpaq;Nfhs;tpid tpFjp
tho;f (f) thopa (,a) thopau; (,au;)
163
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,ilepiy
gFgjq;fspy; gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; eLtpy; epw;Fk; ,ilr; nrhw;fs; ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.
mit ngaupilepiy> tpidapilepiy vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
(m) ngaupil epiyfs;: ,it fhyq;fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
fiyQd; (fiy+ Q; + md;)
XJthd; (XJ + t; + Md;)
tiyr;rp (tiy + r; + ,)
(M) tpid ,ilepiyfs;: njupepiy tpidg; gFgjq;fspy; tUk; ,ilepiyfs;
fhyq;fhl;Ltdtha; mikAk;. me;j tifapy; mit ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
epfo;fhy ,ilepiy> vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.
,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs; : j;> l;> w;> ,d;> d;> ,
nra;jhd; = nra; + j; + Md;cz;lhd; = cz; + l; + Md;jpd;whd; = jpd; + w; + Md;Xbdhd; = XL + ,d; + Md;Nghdhd; = Ngh + d; + Md;$baJ = $L + , + m + J
epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs; : Mepd;W> fpd;W> fpW
elthepd;whd; = el + Mepd;W + Md;elf;fpd;whd; = el + fpd;W + Md;elf;fpwhd; = el + fpW + Md;
- Mepd;W vd;Dk; ,ilepiy jw;fhy tof;fpy; ,y;iy.
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs;cz;ghd; = cz; + g; + Md;nra;thd; = nra; + t; + Md;
vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; : ,y;> my; M
ele;jpyd; = el+ j;j + ,y; + md;elf;fpd;wpyd; = el + fpd;W + ,y; + md;fz;lhdy;yd; = fz;lhd; + my; + md;elthd; = el + t; + M + d;
njupepiy tpidfspy; ,ilepiyfNs ngUk;ghYk; fhyq;fhl;Lk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
tpFjpfSk; gFjpfSk; fhyq;fhl;LtJz;L.
re;jpgFjp> ,ilepiy vd;gdtw;iw xypkugpd; mbg;gilapy; ,iaGgLj;Jtjw;Fr;
rpyNtisfspy; re;jp vDk; gFgj cWg;G cjTfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 1. gbj;jhd;
gb + j; + j; + Md; (j;)
gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy tpFjp
2. ghu;g;ghs;
ghu; + g; + g; + Ms; (g;)
gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy tpFjp
164
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
rhupia
gFgj cWg;Gfs; nghUj;jkhfr; rhu;e;J ,iaa tUtJ rhupia MFk;. md;> mj;J>
m Kjypa gy rhupiafs; cs;sd.
vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:
1. cz;ldd;cz; + l; + md; + md; (md;)
gFjp ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp
2. Gj;jsj;jhd;Gj;jsk; + mj;J + Md; (mj;J)
gFjp rhupia tpFjp
3. XbaJXL + , + m + J (m)
gFjp ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp
tpfhuk;
nky;ypd nka;> ty;ypd nka;ahfYk; ty;ypd nka; nky;ypd nka;ahfYk;
Fw;nwOj;J nel;nlOj;jhfYk;> nel;nlOj;J Fw;nwOj;jhfYk; ,y;yhj vOj;J
Njhd;wYk; cs;s vOj;J nfLjYk; (njhFjYk;) XnuOj;J ,d;NdhnuOj;jhfj;
jpupjYk; tpfhuq;fs; MFk;.vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:
1. tpOe;jhd;tpO + j; (e;) + j; + Md; (ty;ypd nka; nky;ypdkhjy;)
gFjp re;jp tpfhuk; ,ilepiy tpFjp
2. nrj;jhd;rh + j; + j; + Md; (XnuOj;J ,d;NdhnuOj;jhf jpupe;jJ)
(nr)
gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy tpFjp (r; + M r; + v)
3. fz;lhs;fhz; + l; + Ms; (nel;nlOj;J Fw;nwOj;jhjy;)
(fz;)
kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;
khztu;fSf;Fupa ,yf;fzr; nraw;ghLfs; ahTk; mtu;fSf;Fupa Fwpj;j
ghlg;gug;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J nfhLf;fg;gly; cfe;jJ vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. Nky;tUk; ghlybfspy; mike;Js;s XnuOj;Jr; nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L vOJf.
“Nfhtyd; nrd;W> nfhs;ifapd; ,Ue;j
fTe;jp Iiaiaf; ifnjhONjj;jp ...”(rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Cu; fhz; fhij)
2. nrd;W> njhONjj;jp vd;gtw;iwr; re;jp gpupj;njOJf.
165
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2. ge;jpapy; jbj;j vOj;jpYs;s nrhw;fis ngau;> tpid> ,il vd NtWgLj;jpg;
gl;baypLf.
“jkpo; tsu;j;j Kbkd;duhfpa Nru> Nrho> ghz;baUq; fope;JNghapdu;.
mfj;jpadhiu Kjyhff; nfhz;l Gytu; ngUkf;fs; FOkpapUe;J jkpohuha;e;j
Kr;rq;fq;fSk; mope;JNghapd. nry;tj;jpy; tsu;e;j rPkhl;b my;yYw;wiyfpd;w
jd;ik Nghy; jkpo;khJ nghyptpoe;J Njhd;Wfpd;whs;.
‘jkpo;j;njhz;L’ (fl;Liu - Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;)
3. (m) gpd;tUk; mbfspy; jbj;j vOj;Jf;fspYs;s nrhw;fisg; gFgjk; -
gfhgjk; vd NtWgLj;jpg; gl;baypLf.
(M) gFgjq;fshf mike;jtw;iwg; gFj;J> gFjp> tpFjp Kjypa
cWg;Gf;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
(,) gFgjk; vd ,dq;fz;ltw;iwg; ngau;g;gFgjk;> tpidg;gFgjk; vd
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
jkpiog; gbf;fg; gbf;f ,d;gk; jUfpwJ.
myq;fhuk; nra;ahky; mts; ntspapy; nry;ykhl;lhs;.
“ehd; Vd; gpwe;Njd;?” vd;W xt;nthUtUk; NfSq;fs;.
4. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; gFgj cWg;Gf;fshfg; gFj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
(i) mOjhd; (ii) tPo;j;jpdhd; (iii) milthd; (iv) $dp
(v) Nfhopfs; (vi) ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; (vii) epkpu;j;jpdhd;
5. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupTnra;f.
(m) ‘%o;fpdhd;’ vd;gjd; rupahd gpupg;G
(i) %o;F + fpdh +d; (ii) %o; + fp +Md;
(iii) %o;fp + fpd; +Md; (iv) %o;fpd; + Md;
(v) %oF + fpd; +Md;
(M) ‘nehe;jJ’ vd;gjd; rupahd gFjp
(i) neh (ii) Neh (iii) nehe;J (iv) Nehjy; (v) NehFjy;
(,) ‘ntl;fg;gl;lhd;’ vd;gjd; rupahd re;jpgpupg;G
(i) ntl;fk; + gL + Md;
(ii) ntl;fg;gl;L +Md;
(iii) ntl;fg;gL + Md; (iv) ntl;fg;gL + l; + Md;
(v) ntl;fk; + gl;L +Md;
166
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
3.1. nrhy;ypd; ,ay;Gk; tifAk;
(m) nrhy;ypd; ,ay;G
xUtu; jk; fUj;jpidg; gpwu;f;F mwptpg;gjw;Fk; gpwu; fUj;jpidj; jhk;
mwptjw;Fk; fUtpahf miktJ nrhy;yhFk;. XnuOj;jhyhapDk; xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l vOj;JfshyhapDk; mike;J nghUis czu;j;jp epw;gJ mjd;
,ay;ghFk;.
(M) nrhy;ypd; tiffs;
nrhw;fisj; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup vd ehd;F
tiffshff; $Wk;.
ehy;tifr; nrhw;fSs;Ns> ngau;r;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;Yk; jdpj;J epd;W
nghUSzu;j;jty;yd. ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; cupr;nrhw;fSk; jdpj;jpaq;Fk;
Mw;wy; ,y;yhjdtha;g; ngaiuAk; tpidiaAk; rhu;e;J epd;Nw nghUs;
czu;j;j ty;yd.
3.2. nrhy;ypd; gz;Gfs;
I. nghUSzu;j;Jk; gz;G
nghUSzu;j;Jk; mbg;gilapy; %tif nkhopfs; cs;sd. mitahtd
xUnkhop> njhlu;nkhop> nghJnkhop vd;gdthFk;.
(M) njhlu;nkhop
gFgjkhapDk; gfhg;gjkhapDk; xU nrhy; jdpahf epd;W xU nghUis
czu;j;Jkplj;J> mJ xUnkhop vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : jP> epyk;> el> ele;jhd;
(M) xUnkhop
xU nrhy;iyj; njhlu;e;J ,d;ndhd;Nwh> gyNth tUkplj;J> mj;njhlu; gy
nghUisj; jUtjhf mikAk;. mJNt njhlu;nkhop vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nghd;Kb> ,uhg;gfy;> epyj;ijf; fle;jhd;
(,) nghJnkhop
xU nrhy;yha; epd;W xU nghUisj; je;Jk; mJNt njhlu;nkhopaha;
epd;W NtW nghUisj; jUtjhAk; rpy nrhw;fs; mikayhk;. mit
nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : jhkiu> Ntq;if
jhkiu vd;gJ mg;ngaUs;s nfhbiaf; Fwpf;Fkplj;J mJ xUnkhopahFk;.
mJ jh + kiu vdj; njhlu;nkhopahf mike;J jhTk; kiuiaf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
Ntq;if vd;gJ Gypiaf; Fwpf;Fk;nghOJ xU nkhopahFk;. mJ NtFq;
ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nghOJ njhlu;nkhopahFk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; nghJnkhop mUfpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.0 nrhy;ypay;
167
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
II. ,U tiffshf toq;Fk; gz;G
nrhw;fs; ,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;F vd;Dk; ,uz;L tiffspy; toq;fptUk;.
(m) ,ay;G tof;F
vg;nghUSf;F vr;nrhy; mike;jNjh mg;nghUis mr;nrhy;yhw; $Wjy;
,ay;G tof;F vdg;gLk;.
,ay;G tof;fpy; %d;W tiffs; cs;sd. mitahtd :
1. ,yf;fzKilaJ
2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp
3. k&c
1. ,yf;fzKilaJ
,yf;fz newpKiwahf toq;fptUk; nrhw;fs; ,yf;fzKilaJ vd;w
tifapy; mlq;Fk;. (,t;tifapy; cs;s nrhw;fNs mjpfk;.)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : epyk;> ePu;> ed;dpyk;
2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp
,yf;fz newpKiw ,y;iyahapDk; ,yf;fzKilaJ Nghy;> rhd;Nwhuhy;
njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fptUk; nrhw;fs; rpy ,yf;fzg; Nghyp vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ,y;Kd; vd;gij Kd;wpy; (Kw;wk;) vd;Wk;
efu;g;Gwk; vd;gij Gwefu; vd;Wk;
Nfhtpy; vd;gij Nfhapy; vd;Wk;
nghJtpy; vd;gij nghjpapy; vd;Wk; toq;Fjy;.
3. k&c
,yf;fzKila nrhw;fs; rpy ,ilapNy rpy vOj;Jfs; nfl;Lk;> rpy
vOj;Jj; jpupe;Jk; rpy vOj;Jj; Njhd;wpAk; kUtp toq;fp tUfpd;wd. mit
k&c vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
,yf;fzKilaJ k&c
mUkUe;jd;d - mUke;j
tho;ehs; - thzhs;
NrhoehL - NrhzhL
ghz;baehL - ghz;behL
(M) jFjp tof;F
xU nghUis czu;j;Jtjw;F cupa ,ay;ghd nrhy;yhw; nrhy;tJ
jFjpad;nwd;W fUjp> NtW thu;j;ijfshy; toq;FtJ jFjp tof;F MFk;.
,JTk; %tifg;gLk;. mitahtd:
1. ,lf;fulf;fy;
2. kq;fyk;
3. F*cf;Fwp
168
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
1. ,lf;fulf;fy;
ed;kf;fsplj;Nj nrhy;yj; jfhj nrhy;iy (,lf;fiu) kiwj;J NtW
thu;j;ijfshw; nrhy;YtJ ,lf;fulf;fy; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kyq;fOtp te;Njd; vd;gijf; fhy;fOtp te;Njd; vd;W $Wjy;.
kyq;fopj;jy; vd;gijf; nfhy;iyf;Fg; Nghjy; vd;W $Wjy;.
2. kq;fyk;
kq;fykpy;yhj thu;j;ijfisj; jtpu;j;J kq;fykhfr; nrhy;YtJ kq;fyk;
MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kq;fykpy;yhjJ kq;fy tof;F
nrj;jhu; JQ;rpdhu;> fhykhdhu;> ,iwab Nru;e;jhu;
,LfhL ed;fhL
er;Rg;ghk;G (ehfk;) ey;y ghk;G
3. F*cf;Fwp
xU FOtpdu; ahjhapDk; xU fhuzk; gw;wp xU nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk;
nrhy;iyj; jtpu;j;J NtW thu;j;ijahy; Fwpg;gJ F*cf;Fwp MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nrhy;tpsk;gp (Ntlu;> fs;isf; Fwpg;gJ)
gwp (nghw;nfhy;yu;> nghd;idf; Fwpg;gJ)
III. jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gtw;iw czu;j;Jk; gz;G
nrhw;fs; (ngau;> tpid) nghJthf jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gdtw;iw
czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
(m) ,Ujpiz
capUs;sdTk; capupy;yhjdTkhfpa nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; vy;yhk;
cau;jpiz> m/wpiz vd;Dk; ,uz;L njhFjpfSs; mlf;fg;gLk;.
jpiz vd;gJ rhjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. cau;thfpa rhjp cau;jpiz. cau;ty;yhj
rhjp (my; + jpiz) m/wpiz. gFj;jwptpd; mbg;gilapNyNa cau;jpiz>
m/wpiz vd;gd gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gFj;jwpTs;s kf;fs;> Njtu;> eufu;
MfpNahiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; cau;jpiz vd;w njhFjpAs; mlf;fg;gLtu;.
tpyq;F> gwit Kjypa capUs;s nghUs;fisAk; epyk;> ePu; Kjypa
capuw;w nghUs;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; m/wpiz vd;w njhFjpAs;
mlf;fg;gLk;. gps;is> Foe;ij vd;gd gFj;jwptpy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; mr;nrhw;fs;
m/wpizapy; mlf;fg;gLk;.
(M) Ik;ghy;
jpiz vd;Dk; njhFjp> ghy; vd;Dk; gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ghy; vDk;
gFjp> Mz; - ngz; vd;w Ngjj;ijAk;> xUik - gd;ik vd;w vz;
Ngjj;ijAk; fhl;Lk; tifapy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
169
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
cau;jpizapy; %d;W ghy;fs; cs;sd. Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy; vd;gd
mitahFk;. Mz;ghy; Mz;fspd; xUikiaf; Fwpg;gjhAk; ngz;ghy; ngz;fspd;
xUikiaf; Fwpg;gjhAk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. gyu;ghy; vd;gJ Mltu;> fhisau;
vd;gd Nghd;w Mz; gd;ikiaAk; kq;ifau; kfspu; vd;gd Nghd;w ngz;
gd;ikiaAk; kf;fs;> mtu; vd;gd Nghd;w mt;tpUtu; gd;ikiaAk; Fwpj;J
epw;Fk;.
m/wpizapy; ,uz;L ghy;fs; cs;sd. xd;wd; ghy;> gytpd; ghy; vd;gd
mitahFk;. m/wpizapy; Mz; - ngz; Ngjk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glhky;
vz;Nz mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
cau;jpiz
1. mtd; / te;jhd; - Mz;ghy;
2. mts; / te;jhs; - ngz;ghy;
3. mtu; / te;jhu; - gyu;ghy; (,f;fhy tof;fpy; kupahij xUik)
m/wpiz
1. mJ / te;jJ - xd;wd;ghy;
2. mit / te;jd - gytpd;ghy;
jw;fhy tof;F
,d;W ‘fs;’ vDk; tpFjp ngw;W tUtdNt gyu;ghiy czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Mrpupau;fs;
khztu;fs;
njhopyhsu;fs;
‘Mu;’,‘u;’ vDk; tpFjp ‘fs;’ ngw;W tUtd ,d;W kupahijahf xUtiuf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd. mtu;
Mrpupau;
mjpgu;
Gytu;
(,) %tplk;
,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; czu;j;Jk; nrhw;fs; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if vd;Wk;
%tplq;fSs; xd;iw czu;j;Jk;.
NgRNthd; jd;idf; Fwpg;gpLk; nrhy; jd;ik ,lj;ij czu;j;Jk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehd;> ehk;
NgRNthu; Kd;dpiyapy; cs;stiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; nrhy; Kd;dpiy ,lj;ij
czu;j;Jk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : eP> ePq;fs;
Ngrg;gLk; nghUs; glu;f;if ,lkhFk;. mjhtJ> jd;ik> Kd;dpiyr; nrhw;fs;
jtpu;e;j Vidait ahTk; glu;f;if ,lj;ij czu;j;Jk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mtd;> mtu;fs;
gwit> tpyq;F
170
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;3.1.3 nrhw;ghFghL
nrhw;fis ,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> tlnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy; vd ehd;fhf ,yf;fz
E}yhu; ghFgLj;jpAs;shu;. (nghUz;ik gw;wp te;j ghFghL ,yf;fpa tof;F)
(m) ,aw;nrhy; ,ay;ghfg; nghUswpaj;jf;f tifapy; toq;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ,aw;nrhw;fs;
vdg;gLk;. ,yf;fzj;njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup
vd ehd;fhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. ngaupaw; nrhy; - kz;> nghd;
2. tpidapaw; nrhy;- ele;jhd;> cz;fpwhd;
3. ,ilapaw; nrhy; - I - mtid
My; - kz;zhy;
4. cupapaw; nrhy; - moF> md;G
(moF> md;G Kjypad gz;ig czu;j;Jkstpy; cupapaw;
nrhw;fs; MFk;. mit Ntw;Wik Vw;Fkplj;J> ngau;r;
nrhw;fs; MFk;.) “md;Gj; njhy;iy” vd;Dk; njhlupy;
“md;G” milahfg; gz;ig czu;j;Jk; cupapaw; nrhy;yhf
mikfpd;wJ. “md;Gf;Fg; gzpe;jhd;” vd;Dk; njhlupy; md;G
Ntw;Wik cUNgw;w ngau;r; nrhy;yhf mikfpd;wJ.
(M) jpupnrhy; nra;AspNy kl;Lk; toq;FtdthAk; ,lk;Nehf;fpg; nghUs; mwpe;Jnfhs;s
Ntz;baitahAk; cs;s nrhw;fs; jpupnrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,r;nrhw;fs; xU
nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fshAk;> gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;yhAk; toq;Fk;.
jpupnrhy;Yk; ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup vd;Dk; ehd;F tiffspYk; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. ngau;j;jpupnrhy;:kiy vDk; ,aw;nrhy;Yf;F ntw;G> tpyq;fy;> tiu vd;gd
nra;As; tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;. ,it xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs;.
Mop vDk; nra;As; tof;Fr; nrhy; fly;> rf;fuk;> tl;lk;> rpy;Y
Kjypa gy nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU
nrhy;.
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; Kjypad
jpiz
cau;jpiz m/wpiz
xUik gd;ik xUik gd;ik
Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; gyu;ghy; xd;wd;ghy; gytpd;ghy;
171
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2. tpidj;jpupnrhy;: nrg;gpdhd;> fowpdhd;> fpse;jhd;> nkhope;jhd; vd;gd nrhd;dhd;
vDk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;J toq;Fk;.
tiue;jhd; vDk; xU nrhy; ePq;fpdhd;> nfhz;lhd;> epUzapj;jhd;
vDk; gy nghUs; Fwpj;J toq;Fk;.
3. ,ilj;jpupnrhy;: nfhy; vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; nra;AspNy xypf;Fwpg;G> Iag;nghUs;>
mirepiy vdg; gy nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk;. V> vd vd;gd
vz;Zg;nghUs; jUtd.
4. cupj;jpupnrhy;: fb vDk; cupr;nrhy; fhg;G> $u;ik> mr;rk;> tpsf;fk; vdg; gy
nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk;.
rhy> cW> jt> edp> $u;> fop vd;Dk; cupr;nrhw;fs; kpFjpg;
nghUisj; jUtd.
(,) tlnrhy;
jkpo; eilngw;W> jkpNohL fye;J toq;Fk; Mupa nkhopr; nrhw;fNs
tlnrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;. tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,Utiffshfj; jkpopNy fye;jd.
1. jw;rkk;
xyp khWghbd;wpj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; Mupar; nrhy; jw;rkk; vdg;gLk;. Mupa
nkhopf;Fk; jkpo;nkhopf;Fk; nghJthd xypfshyhd nrhw;fs; ,t;tifapy;
mlq;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fkyk;> Fq;Fkk;> fhuzk;> mkyk; Kjypad.
2. jw;gtk;
jkpopNy jpupnga;jp toq;Fk; Mupar;nrhw;fs; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. Mupa
nkhopf;Fr; rpwg;ghd vOj;Jf;fisAila nrhw;fs;> jkpo; xypkuGf;F Vw;wthW
tpfhuk; ngw;W toq;Fkplj;J> jw;gtk; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: murd;> mikr;rd;> muq;fk;> Mrhuk;> Mjp> fzk;> #J> jtk;> J}J>
ehfupfk;> ehtha; ghf;fpak;> ghtk;> ke;jpup
(<) jpirr;nrhy;
Mupaky;yhj may;nkhopfspypUe;J te;J jkpopy; toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;
,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. gpw jpirfspypUe;J jkpopw; fye;j nrhw;fshjyhy;>
,it jpirr; nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;.
1 . fpNuf;f nkhopr;nrhw;fs;:
Xiu (Neuk;)> fd;dy; (fbfhuk;)> RUq;if> atdu; Kjypad.
2 . muG nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:
,khk; (,];yhkpa rkaj; jiytu;) ,yhfh> jfty;> t#y; Kjypad.
3 . ghurPf nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:
rpg;ge;jp> Rkhu;> Jg;ghf;fp> rhy;it Kjypad.
172
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4. cUJ nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:
mry;> mj;ju;> mz;lh> Mrhkp> ,whj;jy;> ,dhk;> CJtj;jp> frhg;G> nfLgpb> fg;gp>
fhyp> Fj;jif> re;jh> ruhrup> rhkhd;.
5 . njYq;F nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:
,lhg;G> ,utpf;if> ,uhZtk;> ,yQ;rk;> xapy;> fNghjp> re;jb> tpUJ.
6 . fd;dl nkhopr; nrhw;fs;: ml;bif> rkhspj;jy;> nrhj;J.
7 . kiyahs nkhopr; nrhw;fs;: nfhr;rp> jsthlk;
8 . kuhj;jp nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:
ml;ltiz> mghz;lk;> ifyhF> Fz;lhd;> rhk;ghu;.
9 . Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:
mykhup> mythq;F> md;dhrp> fLjhrp> fjpiu> Nfhg;ig.
10. xy;yhe;j nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:cyhe;jh> rhf;F> Jl;L> Njhk;G.
11. gpnuQ;R nkhopr; nrhw;fs;: Frpdp> JUg;G> gl;lhsk;> yhe;ju;.
12 .Mq;fpy nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:
fhu;> g];> njhd;> Nfhg;gp> rPnke;J> irf;fps;> tq;fp.
13. rpq;fs nkhopr; nrhw;fs;: Njhil> tj;jhis> nfhWf;fhg;Gsp.
jw;fhy tof;F
jkpopNy md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu gy nkhopfspypUe;Jk; nrhw;fs; te;J
fye;Js;sd. ,t;thW fye;j gy nrhw;fs; md;whlg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; kl;Lkd;wp
vOj;J tof;fpYk; epd;W epyTfpd;wd.
jkpopy; te;J fye;Js;s jpirr; nrhw;fSs; Mq;fpy nkhopapd; nry;thf;F
ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. Ml;rpapay;> nghUspay;> tzpftpay;> mwptpay;>
kUj;Jttpay;> nghwpapay;> njhopDl;gtpay;> fzpdpj;Jiw vd;gd Nghd;w
GJg;GJj; JiwfspNy jkpo; E}y;fSk; rQ;rpiffSk; ntsptUfpd;wd. ,jdhy;
GJg;GJr; nrhw;fSk; GJg;GJ nkhopkuGfSk; jkpopw; GFe;J tUfpd;wd.
gy E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; fiyr; nrhw;fshfg; ghlE}y;fspNy
gapd;W tUfpd;wd. nghJkf;fSila md;whlg; Ngr;rpy; kl;Lkd;wp>
,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fshd njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp epfo;r;rpfspYk; gy
Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wd.
173
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vz;zf;fU tpsf;fg;glk;
nrhw;ghFghL
,yf;fpa tof;fpw; gapYQ; nrhw;fisr; rpwg;G Nehf;fp ,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr;
nrhy;> tlnrhy; vdg; gz;il ,yf;fzfhuu; ehd;fhfg; ghFgLj;jpAs;sdu;.
nrhy;
,aw;nrhy; jpupnrhy; jpirr;nrhy;
tlnrhy;
ngau;
,aw;nrhy;
c+k;:kz;
nghd;
tpid
,aw;nrhy;
c+k;:ghbdhd;
Mbdhd;,il
,aw;nrhy;
c+k;:mtid
mtdhy;
(I> My;
vd;gd)
cup
,aw;nrhy;
c+k;:moF*
md;G*
ngau;j;
jpupnrhy;
c-k;:ntw;G
tiu
tpidj;
jpupnrhy;
c-k;:Vfpdhd;
nkhope;jhd;
,ilj;
jpupnrhy;
c-k;:V> vd
(vz;Zg;
nghUs;
jUtd)
cupj;
jpupnrhy;
c- k;:cW> jt>
edp
jw;rkk;
c+k;:fkyk;
Fq;Fkk;
jw;gtk;
c+k;:ghf;fpak;
Mrhuk;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfankhopc-k; mYkhup fLjhrp
xy;yhe;jnkhopc-k; ,yhr;rp fe;Njhu;
muGnkhopc-k; jfty; t#y;
gpnuhQ;Rnkhopc-k; Frpdp ,yhe;ju;
cUJnkhopc-k; mj;ju; mz;lh
njYq;Fnkhopc-k; ,lhg;G ,utpf;if
fd;dlnkhopc-k; nrhj;J rkhspj;jy;
kiyahsnkhopc-k; nfhr;rp jsghlk;
Mq;fpynkhopc-k; ngd;rpy;
mTd;];
* moF> md;G Kjypad gz;ig czu;j;JkstpNy
cupr;nrhw;fshFk;. mit Nt;w;WikNaw;Fkplj;Jg;
ngau;r;nrhw;fshFk;.
174
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
3.2 ngau;r;nrhy;
3.2.1 ngau;r;nrhy; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;
ngau;r;nrhy;yhtJ nghwpfl;Fk; kdj;Jf;Fk; tplakhfpa nghUis czu;j;JQ;
nrhy;yhFk;.
,LFwpahAk;> fhuzf;FwpahAk; kuGKiwahfTk; GjpJGjpjha; Mf;fg;gl;Lk;
ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gapd;W tUfpd;wd.
ngUk;ghyhd ngau;r;nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
Ntw;Wik Vw;gJ ngau;r;nrhw;fSf;Fupa rpwg;gpay;G MFk;.
,U jpizfspYk; (cau;jpiz> m/wpiz) Ik;ghypYk; (Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;>
gyu;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy;) %tplj;jpYk; (jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if)
xd;wpid Vw;gdthAk; nghJthf miktdthAk; ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gapd;WtUfpd;wd.
3.2.2 ngau;r;nrhy;ypd; tiffs;
I. ngauplg;gLk; mbg;gilapyhd tifaPL
,LFwpg;ngau;;> fhuzg;ngau;> fhuztpLFwpg;ngau; vdg; ngauplg;gLk;
mbg;gilapy; ngau;r;nrhw;fis %d;W tiffSs; mlf;fyhk;.
(m) ,LFwpg;ngau;
xU fhuzq; fUjhJ> nghUis czu;j;jp epw;Fk; ngau; ,LFwpg;ngau;
MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kuk;> kiy
(M) fhuzg;ngau;
ahjhapDk; xU fhuzk; gw;wpg; nghUis czu;j;jp epw;Fk; ngau;
fhuzg;ngau; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gwit> mzp
(gwg;gjdhy; gwit vdTk;> mzpag;gLtjhy; mzp vdTk; te;jikahy;> mit
fhuzg; ngau;fs; MFk;.)
(,) fhuz ,LFwpg; ngau;
fhuz ,LFwpg; ngauhtJ> fhuzq; fUjpanghOJ fhuzg; ngauhfTk;
mf;fhuzq; fUjhjnghOJ ,LFwpg;ngauhfTk; epd;W nghUis czu;j;Jk;
ngauhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Ks;sp> fwq;F> ehw;fhyp.
(Ks;sp vd;gJ fhuzq; fUjp> Ks;isAila nrbfs;> kuq;fs; gytw;iw
czu;j;JkhapDk; fhuzq; fUjhjnghOJ ,LFwpastha; Ks;sp vd;Dk; xU
nrbiaNa czu;j;JfpwJ.
fwq;F vd;gJ fhuzq; fUjpanghOJ> RoYjiyAila gy nghUs;fs;
czu;j;JkhapDk; fhuzq; fUjhjnghOJ fhw;whb vd;Dk; xU nghUisNa
czu;j;JfpwJ.
ehw;fhyp vd;gJ fhuzq; fUjpanghOJ ehY fhy;fis cila ML> khL> Kjypa
gy nghUs;fis czu;j;JkhapDk; fhuzq; fUjhjnghOJ fjpiu vd;Dk; xU
nghUisNa czu;j;JfpwJ.)
175
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,LFwpg; ngau;fs;> fhuzg; ngau;fs; vd;gd nghJg;ngau;> rpwg;Gg; ngau;
vd ,U tifg;gLk;. nghJg;ngauhtJ gy nghUs;fSf;Fk; nghJthf
mikAk; ngauhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kuk; - ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngau; tpyq;F
gwit
rpwg;Gg; ngauhtJ xt;nthU nghUSf;Nf rpwg;ghfp tUk; ngauhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl ;L: My;
kh
gyh
fup ;
fhup
kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs; :
gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa Muha;e;J> mit ,LFwpg; ngau;;fsh>
fhuzg;; ngau;;fsh> fhuz ,LFwpg;; ngau;;fsh vd;W njspthf;Ff.
thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> kpd;> njhiygd;dp> fiury;> Nru;it> kpd;fhl;b>
#op> njhil> mstp> Fohap> Kf;fhyp> Njw;wk;> epWty;> fUJNfhs;.
II. czu;j;jg;gLk; nghUs; mbg;gilapyhd tifaPL
ngau;r;nrhw;fis> mit czu;j;Jk; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
(m) nghUl;ngau;
nghUis czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; nghUl; ngau;fs; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kf;fs;> khL> kuk;
(M) ,lg;ngau;
,lj;ij czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; ,lg;ngau;fs; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: cyfk;> ehL> Cu;
(,) fhyg;ngau;
fhyj;ij czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; fhyg;ngau;fs; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Afk;> Mz;L> Nfhil
(<) rpidg;ngau;
VjhtJ Xu; cWg;ig (rpidia) czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; rpidg;ngau;fs; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jiy> fz;> nfhk;G> ,iy
(c) Fzg;ngau; / gz;Gg;ngau;
VjhtJ gz;gpid (Fzj;jpid) czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; Fzg;ngau;fs; (gz;Gg;
ngau;fs;) MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ntz;ik> moF> md;G> tl;lk; Kjypad.
fhuzg; nghJg;ngau;
,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;
fUik epwq;nfhz;ltw;wpw;Fupa fhuzr; rpwg;Gg;
ngau;fs;.
(fup - ahid@ fhup - fupf;FUtp)
176
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(C) njhopw;ngau;
njhopiy czu;j;Jk; ngau; njhopw;ngau; MFk;. mJ tpidabahfg; gpwe;J>
tpid epfo;tpid my;yJ epfohikia czu;j;Jk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : cz;zy;> cLj;jy;> cwq;fy; Kjypad.
(v) tpidahyizAk; ngau;fs;
tpidabahfg; gpwe;J> nraiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; fUj;ijAk; czu;j;Jk;
ngau; tpidahyizAk; ngau; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tpOe;jtd; vOe;J XLfpwhd;. ,q;F ‘tpOe;jtd;’ vd;gJtpidahyizAk; ngau;. ,J tpOjy; vd;w nraiyAk; ,we;j
fhyj;ijAk; ‘mtd;’ vd;w fUj;jhitAk; czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
Xd; / Xu; tpFjp ngw;Wk; tpidahyizAk; ngau; tUk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: te;Njhd;> te;Njhu;
goe;jkpopy; tpidKw;Wfs; rpyNtisfspy; ngau;j;jd;ikg;gl;L> (Ntw;WikcUGfs; Vw;f ,lkspj;J) ngau;fshf ,aq;Fkplj;J> mit tpidahyizAk;ngau;fs; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ele;jhidf; (ele;jtid) fz;Nld;.ngw;whiug; Nghw;wp tho;.te;Njhuhy; ,g;guprpy;fs; jug;gl;ld.flTisf; fz;ltu; vtUk; ,yu;.
III. ,l NtWghl;lbg;gilapyhd tifaPL
ngau;fs; ,lNtWghl;lbg;gilapy; jd;ikg; ngau;fs;> Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs;> glu;f;ifg;ngau;fs; vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.
NgRNthd; jd;idg; gw;wpg; NgRtJ jd;ik ,lk;> NgRNthdhy; vjpu;Kfkhf;fg;gl;Lf;Nfl;Fk; nghUs; Kd;dpiy ,lk;> Ngrg;gLk; nghUs; glu;f;if ,lk;.
(m) jd;ikg; ngau;fs;
xUik - ehd;> ahd;gd;ik - ehk;> ahk;> ehq;fs;> ahq;fs;
(M) Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs;
xUik - ePgd;ik - ePu;> ePapu;> ePtpu;> vy;yPu;> ePq;fs;
(,) glu;f;ifg; ngau;fs;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs; my;yhj kw;iwa ngau;fs; ahTk; glu;f;ifg; ngau;fs;MFk;. glu;f;ifg; ngau;fspNyNa jpiz> ghw;ghFghL cs;sJ.
1. Mz;ghw; ngau; :md;> Md;> kd;> khd;> d; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;WtUk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fz;zd; - ‘md;’ tpFjp
Cuhd; - ‘Md;’ tpFjptlkd; - ‘kd;’ tpFjpNfhkhd; - ‘khd;’ tpFjpgpwd; - ‘d;’ tpFjp
177
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2. ngz;ghw; ngau;ms;> Ms;> ,> s; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;WtUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ,isas; - ‘ms;’ tpFjp,isahs; - ‘Ms; tpFjp
nghd;dp - ‘,’ tpFjpgpws; - ‘s;’ tpFjp
3. gyu;ghw; ngau;
mu;> Mu;> fs;> khu;> u; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;WtUk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ftpQu; - ‘mu;’ tpFjp
Cuhu; - ‘Mu; tpFjp
FUf;fs; - ‘fs;’ tpFjpNjtpkhu; - ‘khu;’ tpFjpgpwu; - ‘u;’ tpFjp
cau;jpizapy; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy; vd;w %d;W gpupTfNs cs;sd.
Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd gd;ikia cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; gyu;ghw;
ngau;fs; mike;Js;sik gioa ,yf;fz kuG.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: khztd; - Mz;ghy;
khztp - ngz;ghy;
khztu; - gyu;ghy;
kfd; - Mz;ghy;
kfs; - ngz;ghy;
kf;fs; - gyu;ghy;
4. xd;wd;ghw; ngau;
J vd;;Dk; tpFjp ngw;WtUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mJ> gpwpJ.
5. gytpd;ghw; ngau;
it> m> fs; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;W tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mit> gy> khLfs;
m/wpizapy; xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vd;w ,uz;L gpupTfNs cs;sd.
m/wpizapy; Mz;> ngz; NtWghL ,y;iy. vz; NtWghL (xUik> gd;ik)
kl;LNk cs;sJ.
IV. rpwg;Gg; ngau;fSk; nghJg; ngau;fSk;
rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;
,g;ngau;fs; Vidait Nghy; tpFjp ngwhJ cau;jpizapYk; m/wpizapYk;
Mz;> ngz; ghy;fis czu;j;jp epw;Fk; ngau;fshFk;. tpFjp ngwhky; ghy;
fhl;LtjhNyNa ,it rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs; Mfpd;wd.
(m) cau;jpiz Mz;ghw; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs; :Nfh> Nts;> Fuprpy;> Njhd;wy;
(M) cau;jpiz ngz;ghw; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs; :
kq;if> kle;ij> ijay;
(,) m/wpizg; ngz; ngau; :
gpb> gpiz> ke;jp
178
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nghJg; ngau;fs;
jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gdtw;Wf;Fg; nghJthf mikAk; tifapw; rpy ngau;r;
nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;ntt; tiffspy; mg;ngau;fs; nghJthf cs;sd
vd;gijg; gpd;tUkhW Nehf;fyhk; :
(m) ,Ujpizg; glu;f;ifg; nghJg;ngau; :
je;ij> jha;> Mz;> ngz;> jhd;> jhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: cau;jpiz m/wpiz
je;ij ,td; je;ij ,t;ntUJ
jha; ,ts; jha; ,g;gR
mtu;fSs; xUtu; kl;LNk Mz;.
Mz; Foe;ij gpwe;jJ.
ciuahba ngz; NfhgKw;whs;.
ngz; kapy; MbaJ.
jhd; vd;Dk; glu;f;ifg; ngau; ,U jpizf;Fk; nghJtha; xUikapy; tUk;.
mtd;jhd; $wpdhd; - cau;jpiz Mz;ghy;
mts;jhd; $wpdhs; - cau;jpizg; ngz;ghy;
mJjhd; epiyikahFk; - m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy;
jhk; vd;Dk; glu;f;ifg; ngau; ,Wjpizf;Fk; nghJtha; gd;ikapy; tUk;.
Gytu;jhk; ,t;thW $wpdu;- cau;jpiz gyu;ghy;
mitjhk; ,jd; tpilfs; - m/wpiz gytpd;ghy;
(M) ,Ujpiz %tplg; nghJg;ngau;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
‘vy;yhk;’ vd;Dk; nrhy; nghJg;ngauhf miktijg; gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspw;fhz;f.
ehnky;yhk; KbT $wptpl;Nlhk; - jd;ik
ePq;fnsy;yhk; vd;d KbT vLj;jPu;fs;? - Kd;dpiy
mtu;fnsy;yhk; nrd;Wtpl;ldu; - cau;jpizg; glu;f;if
mitnay;yhk; Kbe;JNghd fijfs; - m/wpizg; gytpd;ghy;
(,) cau;jpiz Mz;> ngz; ,Ughw; nghJg;ngau; :xUtu;> Ngij> Cik Kjypad.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: MltUs; xUtu; Ngrpdhu;
kfspUs; xUtu; ghbdhu;
Cik Xb te;jhd;
Cik mOjhs;
,Ujpizf;Fk;
nghJ - xUik
,Ujpizf;Fk;
jhk; nghJ - gd;ik
179
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(<) m/wpiz ,Ughw; nghJg;ngau; / ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngau;
m/wpiz xd;wd;ghYf;FupaJ vd;Dk; tpFjpiaNah> m/wpizg; gytpd;ghYf;Fupa
it> fs;> m vd;Dk; tpFjpfisNah ngwhJ tUk; m/wpizg; ngau;fs; xd;wd;ghYf;Fk;
gytpd;ghYf;Fk; nghJg;ngau;fshFk;. mg;ngau;fs; nfhz;L KbAk; tpidfisg;
nghWj;Nj mtw;wpd; ghy; vJntdf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mit ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngau;fs;
vdTk; ngau;ngWk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Fapy; $tpaJ@ Fapy; $tpd
fz; rpte;jJ@ fz; rpte;jd
jw;fhy tof;F
jd;ikg; ngau;fshf ehd;> ehk;> ehq;fs; vd;gdNt ,d;W ngUtof;fpy; cs;sd.
ahd;> ahk;> ahq;fs; vd;gd mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; ngau;fshf cs;s ePapu;> ePtpu;> vy;yPu; vd;gd nra;As;
tof;fpNyNa cs;sd. ePu;> ePq;fs; vd;gdNt ,d;iwa tof;fpy; cs;sd.
glu;f;if Mz;ghYf;Fupa tpFjpfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l md;> Md;> kd;> khd;> d;
vd;gdtw;Ws; ,Wjp %d;Wk; ,d;iwa tof;fpy; mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gyu;ghYf;Fupa ngau; tpFjpfs; ngUk;ghd;ik ‘fs;’ tpFjpiag; ngw;W tUfpd;wd.
gz;ila ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; m/wpizf;F cupajhff; $wg;gl;l “fs;” tpFjp>
,d;W tpFjp Nky; tpFjpaha; cau;jpizg; gyu;ghiy czu;j;jp tUfpd;wJ.
xUtiuf; Fwpf;Fkplj;jpYk; kupahijf;fhf “fs;” tpFjp Nru;f;fg;gLtJz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
Mrpupau; Mrpupau;fs;
mtu; mtu;fs;
Cuhu; Cuhu;fs;
rpwhu; rpwhu;fs;
gyu;ghy; czu;j;Jk; ‘Mu;’ tpFjp ‘Xu;’ vdj; jpupe;Jk; tUtJz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
ey;yhu; - ey;Nyhu;
,isahu; - ,isNahu;
tpidahyizAk; ngau;fs; gy ,d;W ‘Xu;’ vDk; tpFjpiag; ngWfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
fhakile;Njhu;
rpj;jpngwhNjhu;
cau;jpiz ,Ughw; nghJg;ngau;fshf ,f;fhy tof;fpy; Vuhskhd nrhw;fs;
gapd;W tUfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
mfjp> mwpthsp> Mizahsu;> cNyhgp> Vio> rdhjpgjp> Fw;wthsp> rl;lj;juzp>
nrayhsu;> Nrhk;Ngwp> Qhdp> ijuparhyp> ePjpgjp> Nehahsp> gpujpthjp> Gj;jprhyp>
Gytu;> Kjyhsp> Nkij.
180
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
3.2.3 ngau;r;nrhy;yhf;fk;
ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kf;fpakhf mikAk; Kiwfs;tUkhW :
i. rpy ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gFjp> tpFjp Kjypa gFgj cWg;Gfshfg; gpupf;fKbahjitahf cs;sd.vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nghUs;> Fil> Kjy;
ii. ngau;g;gFjpfs; gy;NtW tpFjpfisg; ngw;W ntt;NtW ngau;r;nrhw;fshfmike;Js;sd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
nghd;dd;> Kbad;> rilad; (‘md;’ tpFjp)
aho;g;ghzj;jhd;> kl;lf;fsg;ghd; (‘Md;’ tpFjp)
nghd;dp> Cop (‘,’ tpFjp)
jiytu;> fiyQu;> kPdtu;> Cutu;> ehl;ltu; (‘mu;’ tpFjp)
efuj;jhu;> Cuhu;> mbahu;> mfj;jhu; (‘Mu;’ tpFjp)
cilNahu;> kiwNahu; (‘Xu;’ tpFjp)
jiyik> Kiwik> epiyik (‘ik’ tpFjp)
iii. tpid tbtq;fspypUe;J cz;lhFk; ngau;fs;.
1. rpy tpidabfs; ngau;r;nrhw;fshfTk; toq;Ffpd;wd. ,it Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngau;fs; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
G+> fl;L> jspu;> Kb> ,iz> gzp> vjpu;> gpb> miz> nghup> Gfo; Kjypad.
2. Kjdpiy jpupe;j njhopw;ngau;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(m) tpidabapd; KjYapu; ePsy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ngW - NgW
nghU - Nghu;
fU - fhu;
tpL - tPL
(M) tpidg;gFjpapd; <w;W capu;nka; ,ul;bj;jy;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vOJ - vOj;J
xOF - xOf;F
khW - khw;W
$L - $l;L
G+R - G+r;R
(,) tpidg;gFjpapd; <w;W ty;ypd nka; nky;ypd nka;iag; ngWjy;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gF - gq;F
3. tpidg;gFjpfSf;Fg; gy;NtW njhopw;ngau; tpFjpfisr; Nru;g;gjdhy; njhopw;ngau;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ‘jy;’ tpFjp - nfhLj;jy;
‘my;’ tpFjp - Xly;
181
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4. vjpu;kiwj; njhopw;ngau;fs;> fhyq;fhl;Le; njhopw;ngau;fs; vd;gdTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
elthik
nra;ahik
fpilj;jik
$wpaJ
fpilf;fpd;wik
$Wfpd;wJ
elg;gJ
tUtd
5. ,we;j fhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjpu;fhyk;> vjpu;kiw vd;gdtw;iw czu;j;Jk;
tpidahyizAk; ngau;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
,we;Njhu; - ,we;j fhy tpidahyizAk; ngau;
tUfpd;wtu;fs; - epfo;fhy tpidahyizAk; ngau;
NghNthu; - vjpu;fhy tpidahyizAk; ngau;
rKfkspahNjhu; - vjpu;kiw tpidahyizAk; ngau;
v. ,ilr; nrhw;fis mbahff; nfhz;Lk; ngau;r;nrhw;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
gpwd;> kw;wtd;> Nghd;whd;- gpw> kw;W> Nghy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
mbahfg; gpwe;jd.
mtd;> ,td; - m> , vd;Dk; Rl;bil mbahfg; gpwe;jd.
vtd;> ahtd; - v> ah vd;Dk; tpdhtpilr; nrhy;
mbahfg; gpwe;jd.
vi. cupr;nrhw;fis mbahff; nfhz;Lk; ngau;r;nrhw;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
rhd;Nwhd; - rhy; vd;Dk; cupr; nrhy;ybahfg; gpwe;jJ.
vii. $l;Lg;ngau;fs;
1. ngau; + ngau;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Nfhapy;> tha;f;fhy;> ,ilA+W.
2. ikaPw;Wg; gz;Gg;ngau; + ngau;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ntz;gh> ntw;wpiy
vjpu;kiwj; njhopw;ngau;
,we;jfhyj; njhopw;ngau;
epfo;fhyj; njhopw;ngau;
vjpu;fhyj; njhopw;ngau;
182
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
viii. khw;Wg;ngau;
xU ngau;r;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ngau;r;nrhy; khw;Wg; ngau;;
vdg;gLk;. ,J gjpyPl;Lg; ngau;> gpujpaPl;Lg; ngau; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
jhd;> jhk;> jd;> mtd;> ahuhtJ> vitNaDk;> vd;id> cd;id.
1. fz;zd; ghbdhd;. jhd; ,dpg;ghLtjpy;iy vdf; $wpdhd;.
2. khyjp jd; Gj;jfj;ijj; Njbdhs;.
3. khztu;fs;> jhq;fs; tpisahlg; Nghtjhff; $wpdhu;fs;.
4. kjp ghlk; gbj;jhd;. Mdhy; mtDf;F mJ tpsq;ftpy;iy.
5. khztu;fSs;> ahuhtJ ,jw;F kWnkhop $wyhk;.
6. Ie;J tpdhf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. vitNaDk; ,uz;Lf;F tpil vOJf.
7. ehd; tPl;by; ,Ug;Ngd;. vd;idg; ghu;f;f mq;F tuyhk;.
8. eP vq;Nf Nghfpwha;? cd;id vq;Nf fhzyhk;.
jw;fhy tof;F
fhud;> fhup vd;w Jizr; nrhw;fSld; $ba gy ngau;r;nrhw;fs; ,d;W tof;fpYs;sd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ntiyf;fhud; Ntiyf;fhup
tPl;Lf;fhud; tPl;Lf;fhup
gzf;fhud; gzf;fhup
fPiuf;fhud; fPiuf;fhup
rhyp> thd;> khd;> te;ju; vd;Dk; Jizr; nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J ngau;r;nrhw;fs;
toq;fptUfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nghWikrhyp> gyrhyp> ghf;fpathd;>
Gj;jpkhd;> jdte;ju;> nry;te;ju;.
3.2.4 MFngau;
xU nghUspd; ,aw;ngau;> mg;nghUNshL rk;ge;jKila gpwpnjhU nghUspw;Fj;njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fptupd;> mJ MFngau; vdg;gLk;. Fwpg;ghw; nghUSzu;j;Jjy;MFngaupd; Kf;fpakhd gz;ghFk;. MFngau; gjpdhW tifg;gLk;.
1. nghUshFngau; - ky;ypif #bdhs;.
,q;F nghUspd; ngau; mjd; cWg;ghfpa kyUf;F Mfp tUjyhy;> nghUshFngau; Mapw;W.
2. ,lthFngau; - Cu; mlq;fpaJ.
Cu; vd;Dk; ,lg;ngau; mq;Fs;s kf;fSf;F MfptUjyhy;> ,J ,lthFngau; MFk;.
3. fhythFngau; - fhu;j;jpif G+j;jJ
,q;Nf fhu;j;jpif vd;Dk; fhyg;ngau; mf;fhyj;jpw; G+f;Fk; xU nfhbf;F Mtjhy; mJ
fhythFngau; MFk;.
4. rpidahFngau; - ntw;wpiy el;lhd;
,q;Nf ntw;wpiy vd;Dk; rpidg;ngau; mjd; nfhbf;F Mtjhy;> mJ rpidahFngau;MFk;.
Fwpg;G
ngau;r;nrhy;yhf;f Kiwfis tpsq;fpajd; gpd;du;> xt;nthU KiwapYk;
Mf;fg;gLk; ngau;fis khztu;fs; jdpahfNth FOthfNth Njlr;
nra;aTk;> mtw;iwr; nrt;it ghu;f;fTk; Mtd nra;f.
183
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
5. FzthFngau; - nts;is Fiuj;jJ
,q;Nf nts;is vd;Dk; Fzj;jpd; (epwk;) ngau; me;epwk; nghUe;jpa eha;f;F Mfpte;jJ.
6. njhopyhFngau; - nghupay; cz;lhd;
,q;Nf nghupay; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngau; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila cztpw;F Mtjhy;>mJ njhopyhFngau; Mapw;W.
7. vz;zysitahFngau; - fd;dj;jpy; ,uz;L nfhLj;jhd;
,q;Nf ,uz;L vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngau; mt;tsitf; nfhz;l jhf;FjYf;F (mbf;F)Mfp tUjyhy; mJ vz;zysitahFngau; MFk;.
8. vLj;jysitahFngau; - xU fpNyh thq;fpNdd;
,q;Nf fpNyh vd;Dk; vLj;jysitg; ngau; mt;tsitf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F Mfpte;jJ.
9. Kfj;jysitahFngau; - Nrhw;Wf;F xU nfhj;Jg; NghJk;
,q;Nf nfhj;J vd;Dk; Kfj;jysitg;ngau; mt;tsitAila jhdpaj;Jf;F Mtjhy;mJ Kfj;jysitahFngau; MFk;.
10. ePl;lysit MFngau; - vdf;F %d;W kPw;wu; NghJk;
,q;Nf kPw;wu; vd;Dk; ePl;lysitg;ngau; mt;tsitAila (nghUSf;F) Mtjhy;>mJ ePl;lysit MFngau; Mapw;W.
11. nrhy;yhFngau; - ,e;E}Yf;F ciu nra;jhd;.
,q;Nf ciu vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; ngau;> mjd; nghUSf;F Mfp tUjyhy; mJnrhy;yhFngau;.
12. jhdpahFngau; - tpsf;F Kupe;jJ.
,q;Nf tpsf;F vd;Dk; jhdpapd; (jhdj;jpy; cs;sjd;) ngau; mjw;Fj; jhdkhfpajz;bw;F Mjyhy;> mJ jdpahFngau; Mapw;W.
13. fUtpahFngau; - jpUthrfk; Xjpdhd;.
,q;Nf thrfk; vd;Dk; fUtpg;ngau; mjd; fhupakhfpa xU E}ypw;F Mfp te;jJ.
14. fhupathFngau; - myq;fhuk; fw;whd;
,q;Nf myq;fhuk; vd;Dk; fhupaj;jpd; ngau; mjid czu;j;Jtjw;Ff; fUtpahfpaE}ypw;F Mtjhw; fhupathFngau;.
15. fUj;jhthFngau; - jpUts;Stu; gbj;jhd;
,q;Nf jpUts;Stu; vDk; fUj;jhtpd; ngau;> mtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l E}Yf;F Mtjhy;mJ fUj;jhthFngau;.
16. ctikahFngau; - fhis te;jhd;
,q;Nf fhis vd;Dk; ctikapd; ngau; mjid ctikahff; nfhz;l MltDf;FMjyhy; mJ ctikahFngau; Mapw;W.
184
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nghUshF ngau;
,lthF ngau;
fhythF ngau;
rpidahF ngau;
FzthF ngau;
njhopyhF ngau;
vz;zysit MFngau;
vOj;jysit MFngau;
Kfj;jysit MFngau;
ePl;lysit MFngau;
nrhy;yhF ngau;
jhdpahF ngau;
fUtpahF ngau;
fhupathF ngau;
fUj;jhthF ngau;
ctikahF ngau;
nrhy;
ngau;r;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy; cupr;nrhy;
1.
mWtifg;ngau;
nghUl;ngau; ,lg;ngau; fhyg;ngau; rpidg;ngau; Fzg;ngau; njhopw;ngau;
2.
%tplg;ngau;
jd;ikg;ngau; Kd;dpiyg;ngau; glu;f;ifg;ngau;
3.
,LFwpg;ngau; fhuzg;ngau; fhuz ,LFwpg;ngau;
4.
khw;Wg;ngau; Mf;fg;ngau; $l;Lg;ngau; njhopw;ngau; tpidahyizAk; ngau;
5
MFngau;
185
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.2.5 Ntw;Wik
4.2.5.1 Ntw;Wik vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;
ngau;r; nrhy;Yf;Fupa rpwg;Gg; gz;G Ntw;Wik Vw;gjhFk;. nrhw;fs; xd;NwhL
xd;W njhlu;e;J nghUs; czu;j;Jk;NghJ ngau;r;nrhw;fs; thf;fpaq;fspy; jk;
,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghl;by; NtWgLfpd;wd. ,t;thW ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghL
NtWgLjy; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ngau;r;nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghL
NtWgLtij ngau;r;nrhy;ypd; cUt NtWghLfs; ntspg;gLj;jp epw;Fk;. ,t;thwhd
cUt NtWghLfis Ntw;Wik cUGfs; %yk; ,dq;fhzyhk;. ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghL
xt;nthd;Wk; gpujhdkhf xt;nthU nghUis czu;j;Jtjhf mikAk;. mt;thW
czu;j;jg;gLk; nghUs; Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; vdg;gLk;.
fkyd; vd;w ngau;r;nrhy; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ,yf;fz uPjpahd khw;wq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.
1. fkyd; ghbdhd;.
,t;thW xt;nthU Ntw;Wikf;Fk; jdpj;jdp cUGk; nghUSk; cz;L.
thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; xt;nthU ngau;r;nrhy;Yk; ,j;jifa ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghLfSs;
xd;wpidg; GuptjdhNyjhd; thf;fpaj;jpd; nghUs; ,iaGgl;Lj; njspthfg;
Gyg;gLfpwJ.
gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz xt;nthU Ntw;Wikf;Fk; cupa cUG> nghUs;> nrhy;YUG
vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;LfpwJ.
Ntw ;Wik cUG
......
I
My;
F
,lkpUe;J
mJ
,y;
.........
2. ghyd; fkyidf; fz;lhd;
3. fkydhy; ,f;ftpij vOjg;gl;lJ.
4. fkyDf;Fg; guprpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
5. fkydplkpUe;J ghyd; NtWgl;ltd;.
6. fkydJ Xtpak; mofhdJ.
7. fkydpy; xU Fw;wKk; ,y;iy.
8. fkyNd> ,q;Nf th.
Ntw;Wik
1 Mk;
Ntw;Wik
2 Mk;
Ntw;Wik
3 Mk;
Ntw;Wik
4 Mk;
Ntw;Wik
5 Mk;
Ntw;Wik
6 Mk;
Ntw;Wik
7 Mk;
Ntw;Wik
8 Mk;
Ntw;Wik
Ntw;Wikg;
nghUs;
vOtha;
nrag;gL
nghUs;
fUj;jh
nfhil
xg;G
cilik
,lk;
tpsp
186
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
-----
nfhz
;L
cld;
Mf - cz
tpw;fhf
cioj;jhd;
nghUl;L - $ypapd;
nghU
l;L Ntiy
nra;jhd;.
epkpj;jk; - $ypapd;
nghU
l;L Ntiy
nra;jhd;.
epd;W
,Ue;J
epd;Wk;
,Ue;Jk;
fhl;bYk;
ghu;f;fpYk;
tpl
-------
-
-------
khy
jp kyu;fs; nfhz
;L khiy
njhLj;jhs;.
ghfDld; ahi
d nrd;wJ.
kiyapdpd;W ,wq;fpdhd;.
vs;spypUe;J vz;nz
a;
vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tPl;bdpd;Wk; Gwg;gl;lhd
;.tPl;bypUe;Jk; Gwg;gl;lhd;.
mtidf;fhl;bYk; ,td; ey;yd;.
mtidg; ghu;f;fpYk; ,td; rpwpatd;.
fz
;zid tpl khy
d; cau;e;jtd;.
vOtha;
nrag;gLnghUs;
- Mf;fy;
- mopj;jy;
- miljy;
- ePj;jy;
- xj;jy;
- cilik
fUtp
fUj;jh
cldpfo;r;rp
nfhil
gif
el;G
jFjp
Kiw
Kjw; fhuz
k;
epkpj;j fhuzk
; ePq;fy;
xg;G
vy;iy
VJ
kfpod; te;jhd
;
tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd
;.
fz
;zhbia cilj;jhd;.
khiyapy; nfhO
k;ig mile;jhd
;.
jNghjdu;fs; ehl;ilj; Jwe;jhu;fs;.
mts; khid xj;jhs
;.
tjdp nry;tj;ij cilats;.
J}upifahy
; tiue;jhd
;cotdhy; tpistpf;fg;gl;lJ.
MrpupaNuhL khz
tu;fs; nrd;wdu;.
MrpupanuhL khz
tu;fs; nrd;wdu;.
twpatUf;F cz
T nfhL
j;jhd;.
nfsut
u;f;Fg; gif ghz;ltu;.
FkuDf;F ez;gd; ,d;gd;.
muru;f;FupaJ nrq;Nfhd;ik
esDf;F kidtp jkae;jp
jhy
pf;Fg; nghd
; cUf;fpdhd
;.
tpUe;Jf;F mioj;jhd;.
ghlrhiyapd; ePq;fpdhd
;.
Njdpd; ,dpa nrhy;.
,yq;ifapd; tlf;F fly;.
fy;tpapy; ngupad; fk;gd;.
cUG
nghUs;
cjhuz
k; nrhy;YUG cjhuz
k;
vOtha
; Ntw;
;Wik (1Mk;
Nt.)
nrag;gL
nghUs;
Ntw;Wik
(2Mk; Nt.)
fUtp
Ntw;Wik>
cldpfo;r;rp
Ntw;Wik
(3 Mk; Nt.)
nfhil
Ntw;Wik
(4 Mk; Nt.)
ePq;fy;
Ntw;Wik
(5 Mk; Nt.)
----
I My;
Md;
XL
XL
F ,d;
,y;
Ntw;Wik
187
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
cUG
nghUs; cjhuz
k; nrhy;YUG cjhuz
k;
mJ
,y;
fz;
,lk;
..........
,lk;
jw;fpoik
gpwpjpd; fpoik
tpsp
jw;fpoik
cWg;G - kuj;jpdJ fpis
gz
;G - thd
pdJ ePyk;
njho
py; - Foe;ijapdJ eil
xd;wd; $l;lk; - ney;ypdJ Ftpay;
gytpd; $l;lk; - tPuu;fsJ tupir
xd;W jpupe;J xd;whjy; - vs;spdJ
vz;nza;
nghUs; - mUr;RddJ tpy;
,lk; - khztuJ
E}yfk;
fhy
k; - KUfdJ Ntdpy;
tpz
;zpy;cs;s el;rj;jpuq;fs;.
kuj;jpd;fz
; kyu;fs; epiwe;Js;sd.
jha
pdplk; Ngud
;G nfhz
;lts;.
ez
;gNd tUf. jk;gP th
md;dha
; ghuha
;.
gps;isfhs
; NfsPu;.
cila
,lk;
,dpaDila Xtpak;.
,dpatDila Gj;jfk;.
FkuDila ghly;.
mg;ght
plk; gzk; ,Uf;fpwJ
cilik
Ntw;Wik
(6 Mk; Nt.)
,l
Ntw;Wik
(7Mk; Nt)
tpsp
Ntw;Wik
(8Mk; Nt)
188
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Ntw;Wikia ,f;fhy nkhopapayhsu; gpd;tUkhW ghFgLj;Jtu;.
Ntw;Wik cjhuzk;
01. vOtha; khyh ghbdhs;
02. nrag;gLnghUs; jha; khyhitj; Njbdhs;
03. fUtp thshy; ntl;bdhs;
04. cldpiy khyh (jhAld;) nrd;whs;
khyh (jhNahL) nrd;whs;
khyh (jhnahL) nrd;whs;
05. miljy; mtd; fz;bf;Fr; nrd;whd;
06. Gwg;ghL mtd; nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;bf;Fr; nrd;whd;.
07. xg;Gik fhf;ifapy; fUikahdJ ehtw;gok;
08. cilik vdJ Gj;jfk;
vd;Dila tPL
09. ,lk; $l;by; thOk; gwit
10. tpsp kfNd> ,q;F th.
kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;
1. gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fspYs;s cUGfis ,dq;fz;L mit vj;jidahk;
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vd vOJf. mit czu;j;Jk; nghUisAk; vOJf.
i. rpw;gp cspahy; nrJf;fpdhd;.
ii. Kdptu;fs; ,t;Tyf tho;itj; Jwe;jhu;fs;.
iii. fz;zpd; ,ik Jbj;jJ.
iv. khztUf;F Ntz;baJ ey;nyhOf;fk;.
v. kfNs> ed;wha; tho;.
vi. Cupd; tlf;Nf G+q;fh cs;sJ.
vii. gujDld; rj;JUf;fd; nrd;whd;.
2. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUgpid vLj;Jf;$wp mt;Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nghUis
cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
3. 5Mk; Ntw;WikAUgpd; nghUs; vd;d? ePq;fy; nghUspYk;> vy;iyg;
nghUspYk; vit nrhy;YUGfshf tUk;? cjhuzk; $Wf.
4. 6Mk; Ntw;WikapDila cUGfs; ahit? ,t;Ntw;Wikapd; nghUs;
vd;d? jw;fpoikg; nghUs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? cjhuzk; jUf.
189
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.2.5.2 ngau;fs; Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;Fk;NghJ rhupia ngWjy; ;
(m) rpy ngau;fs; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk;NghJ rhupia ngw;Nw tUk;.
i. ‘k;’ vd;Dk; nka;ia ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l ngau;fs; Ntw;WikAUG Vw;Fk;NghJ
‘mj;J’ vd;Dk; rhupia ngw;WtUk;.
cjhuzk; : (Fsk; + I) = Fsk; + mj;J + I = Fsj;ij vdTk;
Fsj;jhy;> Fsj;Jf;F vdTk; tUk;.
Mdhy; %tplg; nghJg; ngauhd vy;yhk; vd;gJ khj;jpuk; ‘mw;W’ rhupia ngw;W
,Wjpapy; Kw;Wk;ikAk; ngw;WtUk;.
cjhuzk; : (vy;yhk; + I) = vy;yhk; + mw;W + I + ck; vy;yhtw;iwAk;.
ii. I <w;Wr; Rl;Lg; ngau;fSk; tpdhg; ngau;fSk; gz;Gg; ngau;fSk; mw;W
rhupia ngw;WtUk;.
Mdhy; 4 Mk; Ntw;Wik F cUGk; 7 Mk; Ntw;Wikapd; ‘fz;’ cUGk; ngWk;NghJ
mw;W rhupiaAld; ‘,d;’ rhupiaAk; ngw;W tUk;.
mit + F mit + mw;W + ,d; + F = mtw;wpw;F
mit + fz; mit + mw;W + ,d; + fz; = mtw;wpd;fz;
iii. mfu <w;W m/wpizg; ngau;fs; ‘mw;W’ rhupia ngw;W tUk;.
cjhuzk;: gy + mw;W + I = gytw;iw
MapDk; 4 Mk; Ntw;WikAUGk; 7 Mk; Ntw;Wikapd; ‘fz;’ cUGk; ngWk;NghJ
‘mw;Wr;’ rhupiaNahL ,d; rhupiaAk; ngw;W tUk;.
cjhuzk;: (gy + F) gy + mw;W + ,d; + F = gytw;wpw;F
(gy + fz;) gy + mw;W + ,d; + fz; = gytw;wpd; fz;
vdTk; tUk;.
iv. y;> s;> u;> z;> d; vd;gtw;iw <whff; nfhz;l ngau;fNshL 4Mk; Ntw;Wik
cUG NrUk;NghJ cfur; rhupia ngw;W tUk;.
cjhuzk;: (gy; + F) gy; + c + F = gy;Yf;F
(ths;+ F) ths;; + c + F = thSf;F
(Cu; + F) Cu; + c + F = CUf;F
(tpz;+ F) tpz; + c + F = tpz;Zf;F
(khd;+ F) khd; + c + F = khDf;F
v. 7 Mk; Ntw;Wik ‘fz;’ cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ ngau;fs; ‘,d;’ rhupia ngw;W tUk;.
cjhuzk; : thd; + fz; = thd; + ,d; + fz; = thdpd;fz;
fly; + fz; = fly; + ,d; + fz; = flypd;fz;
mJ> ,J> cJ vd tUk; Rl;Lg; ngau;fSk; vJ vDk; tpdhg; ngaUk; 3 Mk;> 4
Mk;> 6 Mk; Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; 7 Mk; Ntw;Wikapd; fz; cUGk; Vw;Fk;NghJ
md; rhupia ngw;W tUk;.
cjhuzk; : mJ + My; = mJ + md; + My; = mjdhy;
mJ + F = mJ + md; + F = mjw;F
mJ + mJ = mJ + md; + mJ = mjdJ
mJ + fz; = mJ + md; + fz; = mjd;fz;
vJ + My; = vJ + md; + My; = vjdhy;
190
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
(M) rpy ngau;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ rhupia ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; tuyhk;.
mr;rhupiafs; xypeaq; fUjp tUtjhy; ePf;fg;glf;$bait.
i. 5 Mk; Ntw;Wik jtpu;e;j Vida Ntw;Wik cUGfs; NrUk;NghJ ngUk;ghYk;
‘,d;’ rhupia ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; tUk;.
cjhuzk; : gwitia - gwitapid
fy;yhy; - fy;ypdhy;
Gy;Yf;F - Gy;ypDf;F
rpytw;wJ - rpytw;wpdJFsj;jpy; - Fsj;jpdpy;
ii. mJ> ,J> cJ vd tUk; Rl;Lg;ngau;fSk; vJ vDk; tpdhg;ngaUk; 2 Mk;>
5 Mk; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk;NghJ ‘md;” rhupia ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; tuyhk;.
mij - mjid
,jpy; - ,jdpy; (5Mk; Ntw;Wik)
vjpy; - vjdpy; (5Mk; Ntw;Wik)
iii. M (gR)> kh (tpyq;F) Nfh (,iwtd;) vDk; ngau;fs; 4 Mk; Ntw;Wik jtpu;e;j
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; NrUk;NghJ ‘d;’ rhupiaNaDk; ‘,d;’ rhupiaNaDk; ngw;Wk;
ngwhkYk; tUk;.
Mit – Mid – Mdpid
khit – khid – khdpid
Nfhit – Nfhid – Nfhdpid
4 Mk; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk;NghJ cfur; rhupia ngWk;. ‘,d;’ rhupiaNahL
cfur; rhupia ngWjYKz;L.
MTf;F – MtpDf;F
khTf;F – khtpDf;F
NfhTf;F – NfhtpDf;F
kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;.
1. mit> ,it> vit vDk; ngau;r;nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ milAk;
khw;wj;ij tpsf;Ff.
2. ‘k;’ vd;Dk; nka;ia ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l ngau;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ
milAk; khw;wj;ij tpgupf;Ff.
3. ‘,d;’ rhupia ngw;W Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;W tUk; Ie;J ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
4. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; jw;fhyj;jpy; czu;j;jg;gLk; Kiwapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
je;J tpsf;Ff.
191
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.2.5.3 Ntw;Wik kaf;fk;
Ntw;Wik kaf;fk; ,Utifg;gLk;. mitahtd:i. cUG kaf;fk; ii. nghUs; kaf;fk;
cUG kaf;fk;xU Ntw;Wik cUG epw;gjw;Fupa ,lj;jpy; ,d;ndhU Ntw;Wik cUG epw;gJ cUGkaf;fk; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :i. fhyj;jpdhy; nra;j cjtp ii. njUthy; Nghdhd;
(fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp> njUtpy; Nghdhd; vd;Nw tuNtz;Lk;. mjhtJ ‘,y;’ cUGtuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; ‘My;’ cUG te;Js;sJ.)
nghUs; kaf;fk;xU Ntw;Wik cUG jdf;Fupa Ntw;Wikg; nghUisAk; mNjNtis ,d;ndhUNtw;Wikapd; nghUisAk; jUtJ> nghUs; kaf;fk; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :i. muprpiar; NrhW Mf;fpdhd;.
(,q;F ‘My;’ Ntw;Wik cUG jdf;Fupa fUtpg; nghUisAk; czu;j;jpf;nfhz;L> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa Mf;fw; nghUisAk; czu;j;JfpwJ.)
ii. J}zpw; rhu;e;jhd;(,q;F ‘,y;’ Ntw;Wik cUG jdf;Fupa ,lg;nghUisAk; czu;j;jpf;nfhz;L>,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa miljw; nghUisAk; czu;j;JfpwJ.)
iii. J}izr; rhu;e;jhd;(,q;F ‘I’ Ntw;Wik cUG jdf;Fupa miljw; nghUisAk; czu;j;jpf;nfhz;L Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa ,lg;nghUisAk; czu;j;JfpwJ.)
4.3 tpidr;nrhy;
4.3.1 tpidr;nrhy; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;
tpidr;nrhy; vd;gJ nraiy czu;j;JtjhFk;. xU ngau;r;nrhy; vt;thWnghUis czu;j;Jfpd;wNjh> mt;thNw tpidr;nrhy; mg;nghUspd;Gilg;ngau;r;rpia - ,lefu;it - nraiy czu;j;JfpwJ. thf;fpa mikg;gpy;tpidr;nrhy;Yf;F Kf;fpa ,lKz;L. thf;fpak; czu;j;Jk; nghUs; Kf;fpakhft pidr ; nrhy ;y pdhNyNa czu ;j ;jg ;gLf pwJ. t pidr ;nrhw ;fs ;ngau;r;nrhw;fisg;Nghy ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;gjpy;iy. tpidr;nrhw;fspd;Kf;fpa ,ay;G fhyj;ij czu;j;JtjhFk;.
I. Kw;Wtpid / tpidKw;W
gFjp> ,ilepiy> tpFjp Mfpa cWg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;ljha; xU fUj;ij Kbf;Fk;
nrhy;yha; miktJ Kw;Wtpid MFk;.
II. vr;rtpid
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gFjpAld; vr;r tpFjp Nru;e;Jk; vr;rtpid mikAk;. vdNt
,t;ntr;rq;fs; ghiy czu;j;Jtjpy;iy. ,r;nrhw;fs; tpidKw;Wf;fs; Nghyj;
jdpj;jpaq;fhky; NtnwhU ngau;r;nrhy;YlNdh tpidr;nrhy;YlNdh Nru;e;J nghUs;
jUfpd;wd.
192
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
te;jhd; - cau;jpiz Mz;ghy;
te;jhs; - cau;jpiz ngz;ghy;
te;jhu; - cau;jpiz gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
te;jJ - cau;jpiz xd;wd;ghy;
te;jd - m/wpiz gytpd;ghy;
te;j
te;J
vr;rq;fs; vtw;iwf; nfhz;L Kbfpd;wdNth mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.mitahtd:
1. nganur;rk; 2. tpidnar;rk;
1. nganur;rk;ngau;r;nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L Kbfpd;w vr;rk; nganur;rk; MFk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L:(gbj;j ~m| tpFjp) gbj;j khztd;
gbj;j ghlk;
(Fbj;j ~ck;| tpFjp) Fbf;Fk; Foe;ijFbf;Fk; ghy;
2. tpidnar;rk;tpidr;nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L Kbfpd;w vr;rk; tpidnar;rk; MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :rpupj;J - kfpo;e;jhd;
- tho;Nthk; ‘c’ tpFjp
Xb - tpOe;jhd;- Kbe;jJ ‘,’ tpFjp
Ngha; - cwq;fpdu;- jpUk;gpdhd; ‘a;’ tpFjp
Nghf - epidj;jhd;- Nahrpf;fpwhd;; ‘m’ tpFjp
je;jhy; - nfhLg;Ngd;- tUNtd; ‘My;’ tpFjp
kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;
I. m.gpd;tUk; nra;Aspy; jbj;j vOj;jpYs;s vr;rq;fs; nganur;rq;fsh>
tpidnar;rq;fsh vd ,dq;fhzr; nra;f. M. mt;ntr;rq;fspd; tpFjpfs; vitnad vLj;Jf; $wr; nra;f.
ciuj;j $dpia cte;jdd;. capu; cwj; jOtp>epiuj;j kh kzp MuKk; epjpaKk; ePl;b>,iuj;j Ntiy #o; cyfk; vd; kfw;F <e;jha;>jiuf;F ehafd; jha; ,dp eP vdj; jzpah.
vr;rk;
193
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
II. m. gpd;tUk; ciug;gFjpfis thrpj;J mjpNy jbj;j vOj;jpYs;s
vr;rq;fs; nganur;rq;fsh> tpidnar;rq;fsh vd ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.
M. mt;ntr;rq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tpFjpfs; vitnad vLj;Jf; $wr;nra;f.
1. Kd;Nd fhl;ba E}y;fistpl Nky;tUk; kUj;Jt E}y;fSk; fpwPd;
,lhf;Fj;juhYk; mtu; khztuhYk; nkhopngau;j;J ntspaplg;gl;ld.
2. ahk; gz;L kzy; epiwe;j njUtpy; rpw;wpy; Gide;Jk; rpW Nrhwl;Lk;
tpisahLq;fhy;> mtw;iwf; fhyhy; rpijj;Jk;> ahq; $e;jypw; Gide;j
ge;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;NlhbAk; kdk; Nehtj;jf;f mstpwe;j FWk;Gfisr;
nra;Ak; me;jr; rpWtdhfpa gl;bia eP mwpthad;Nw.
3. Nghfr; nrhd;dtidg; ghu;j;jhd;.
194
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.3.2 njupepiytpidAk; Fwpg;GtpidAk;
tpidr;nrhy;ypy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; cWg;G xd;W ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fkhdhy; mJ
ntspg;gilahfNt fhyk; fhl;Lk;. mt;thW ntspg;gilahff; fhyk; fhl;Lk; tpidfs;
njupepiy tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.
tpidr;nrhy;ypy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; cWg;G xd;W ,lk;ngwhjpUg;gpd; mJ thf;fpaj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;ijg; nghWj;Nj fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. mt;thW ntspg;gilahff;
fhyj;ijf; fhl;lhJ Fwpg;ghff; fhl;LtJ Fwpg;Gtpid vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. Fkud; goj;ij cz;lhd;.
cz;lhd; : cz; + l; + Md; (l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy)
2. khyjp iftpidg; nghUs;fisr; nra;fpd;whs;.
nra;fpd;whs; : nra; + fpd;W + Ms; (fpd;W - epfo; fhy ,ilepiy)
3. eprhk; fijg;Gj;jfq;fis <Lghl;Lld; gbg;ghd;.
gbg;ghd; : gb + g; + Md; (g; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy)
4. mtd; rikay; Ntiyapy; rku;j;jd;. (Fwpg;G tpid)
5. fk;gd; fy;tpapw; ngupad;. (Fwpg;G tpid)
njupepiy tpidfs; ,ilepiyfshy; kl;Lkd;wpr; rpyNtisfspy; gFjp ,ul;bj;Jk;
rpyNtisfspy; tpFjpfisf; nfhz;Lk; fhyj;ij czu;j;Jk;.
rku;j;jd;> ngupad; vd te;Js;s tpidr; nrhw;fs;> njupepiytpidfs; Nghy
ntspg;gilahff; fhyj;ijf; fhl;lhky;> fhyj;ij ca;j;J czu itf;fpd;wd.
Kd;G rku;j;jdha; ,Ue;jhd;.
,g;NghJ rku;j;jdha; ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
,dp rku;j;jdha; ,Ug;ghd;.
vdf; Fwpg;ghff; fhyj;ij czu;j;jp epw;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,it Fwpg;Gtpid
Kw;Wf;fshFk;.
Fwpg;Gtpidfs; ngUk;ghYk; ngaubfisf; nfhz;L Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpyNtisfspy;
Rl;L> tpdh Kjypa ,ilr;nrhy;ybahfTk; gpwf;fpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
1. mNahj;jpia Mz;l ,uhkd; Fbkf;fSf;F ,dpad;.
2. tpkyhTf;F fkyh cwtpds;.
3. ,uhkd;> fpU\;zd; Mfpa ,UtUk; fupau;.
4. fLF rpwpjhdhYk; fhuk; ngupJ.
5. kugpyf;fpaq;fs; thrpg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;jd.
6. Fsj;jpy; ePe;Jk; md;dq;fs; mofhdit.
(,q;F Fwpg;G tpid ngaubahfg; gpwe;jJ.)
1. md;dk; ghiy ePupypUe;J gpupj;J cz;zf;$baJ. ed; khzhf;fu; epiyAk;
mj;jd;ikaJ. (m – Rl;L ,ilr;nrhy;)
2. gztPf;fj;jpdhy; cau;tu;f;fj;jpdupd; nghUshjhu epiy ghjpg;Gw;wjhapd; Vio
vspatu;fspd; epiy vj;jd;ikaJ. (v – tpdh ,ilr;nrhy;)
njupepiytpidKw;Wf;fspy; ghy; fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; ,Ug;gJNghyNt Fwpg;Gtpid
Kw;Wf;fspYk; ghy; fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
195
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplq;fSf;Fg; nghJthd Fwpg;G tpidfSk; jkpopy;
gapd;W tUfpd;wd.
NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L vd;Dk; %d;W tpidf;Fwpg;GKw;Wr; nrhw;fSk; ,Ujpiz
Ik;ghy; %tplq;fSf;Fk; nghJthfp tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
mtd; ehd; eP
mts; ahd; ePu; / ePq;fs;mtu;fs; ehk; / ehq;fs;mJ ahk;
mit
(a hu; vd ;gJ ‘Mu;’ vd tpfhug;gl;Lk; tUk;.)
Kw;W> vr;rk; vd;w ghFghL njupepiytpid> Fwpg;Gtpid vd;w ,uz;L
tiffSf;Fk; cz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Kw;W vr;rk;
njupepiy tpid ghu;j;Njd; ghu;j;j> ghu;f;fpd;w> ghu;f;Fk;
ghu;j;J> ghu;f;f> ghu;j;jhy;
XLfpd;wd Xba> XLfpd;w> XLk;
Xb> Xl> Xbdhy;
Fwpg;G tpid fupad; fupa
jPJ (jPaJ) jPa
jw;fhy tof;fpy; Fwpg;Gtpidfs; mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jw;fhyj;jpy; ~my;y| vd;gJk; ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplq;fSf;Fg; nghJthd Fwpg;G
tpidKw;whfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
ehd; mtDf;Fg; giftd; my;y.
ehk; mtUf;Fg; giftu;fs; my;y.
eP mtUf;Fg; giftd; my;y.
ePq;fs; mtUf;Fg; giftu;fs; my;y.
mtd; ekf;F vjpup my;y.
mts; ekf;F vjpup my;y.
mtu;fs; ekf;Fg; giftu;fs; my;y.
mJ rupay;y.
mit rupay;y.
NtW
,y;iy
cz;L
ahu;
196
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.3.3. cld;ghl;L tpidAk; vjpu;kiw tpidAk;
tpid (nray;) epfo;tpid czu;j;Jk; tpidfs; cld;ghl;L tpidfs; vdTk;> tpid
(nray;) epfohikia czu;j;Jk; tpidfs; vjpu;kiw tpidfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
vy;yh tpidfSNk cld;ghlhfTk; mikAk;. vjpu;kiwahfTk; mikAk;. cld;ghl;L
tpidNahL vjpu;kiwAzu;j;Jk; my;> ,y;> M Mfpa vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; Nru>
vjpu;kiwtpid cz;lhfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :-
jw;fhy tof;F
1. jw;fhy nkhoptof;fpy; my;> ,y; vd;Wk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; mUfpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ‘M’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy ngUtof;fpy; cs;sJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :-
te;jhu; - thuhu;
je;jhd; - juhd;
Nghthd; - Nghfhd;
rpupg;ghd; - rpupahd;
2. ‘,y;iy’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw Kw;W Nru;e;J vjpu;kiwfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :-
gbj;jdu;
gbf;fpd;wdu;
grpf;fpwJ - grpf;ftpy;iy
ele;jJ - elf;ftpy;iy
XbaJ
Xbdu;
- gbf;ftpy;iy
vjpu ;kiw
cz;zw;f - cz; + my; + f
nra;aw;f - nra; + my; + f
ghu;j;jpyd; - ghu; + j; + j; + ,y; + md;
(,q;F ‘j;’ vDk; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyAld;
,y; vd;w vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy Nru;e;J
te;Js;sJ.)
gpupe;jpyd; - gpup + j;(e;) + j; + ,y; + md;
(,q;F ‘j;’ vDk; ,we;jfhy
,ilepiyAld; ,y; vd;w vjpu;kiw
,ilepiy Nru;e;J te;Js;sJ.)
cld;ghL
cz;f - cz; + f
nra;f - nra; + f
ghu;j;jhd; - ghu; + j; + j; + Md;
gpupe;jhd; - gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
- Xltpy;iy
197
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
3. ‘khl;L’ vd;Dk; Jiztpid Nru;j;J vjpu;kiwfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nty;Ythd; - nty;ykhl;lhd;
NghNtd; - Nghfkhl;Nld;
nra;tha; - nra;akhl;lha;
4. Vty; tpidfspy; xUikapy; ‘M’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyAld; Vfhug;
gpd;ndhl;L Nru;e;J vjpu;kiwfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : eP ftpijia thrp - cld;ghL
eP jtwhdtw;iw thrpahNj - vjpu;kiw
eP ey;y tplaq;fisg; ghu; - cld;ghL
eP jPa tplaq;fisg; ghuhNj - vjpu;kiw
5. Vty; tpidfspy; gd;ikapy; ‘M’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyAld; gy;NtW
tpfhuq;fSld; vjpu;kiwfs; Mf;fg;gLtJz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ,Uq;fs; - ,Uf;fhjPu;
- ,uhjPu;
- ,Uf;fhjPu;fs;
- ,uhjPu;fs;
gbAq;fs; - gbahjPu;
- gbf;fhjPu;
- gbahjPu;fs;
- gbf;fhjPu;fs;
6. Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs; tpidfSld; ‘Ntz;lhk;’ vd;fpd;w vjpu;kiwj; Jiztpid
Nrue;J vjpu;kiw tpidfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gb
gbAq;fs; gbf;fNtz;lhk;
gbf;fTk;
epy;
epy;Yq;fs;
epw;f
epw;fTk;
7. jw;fhy tof;fpYk; vr;rq;fs; cld;ghlhfTk; vjpu;kiwahfTk; ,lk;ngWtJz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
#upad; vOe;j nghOJ ,Us; fiue;jJ.epyh vohj Ntisapy; ,Us; ftpAk;.
mts; gzj;ij vlhJ Nghdhs;.mts; gzj;ijf; nfhLf;fhkw; Nghdhs;.
8. ,d;W gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; vjpu;kiwj; njupepiy tpidnar;rq;fs;gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : rpupahky; - rpup + (a;) + M + ky;
rpupahJ - rpup + (a;) + M + J
rpupf;fhky; - rpup + (f;) + M + ky;
rpupf;fhJ - rpup + (f;) + M + J
epw;f Ntz;lhk;
198
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.3.4. nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpatpidAk;
nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;whtpidAk;
jkpopYs;s vy;yh tpidfSk; nrag;gLnghUSld; ,aq;Ftjpy;iy. rpy
thf;fpaq;fspy; tUk; tpidfs; nrag;gLnghUs; cilait. rpy nrag;gLnghUs;
,y;yhjit.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
njhFjp I
khztu;fs; ghlk; gbf;fpd;wdu;. (gb)
cotd; taiy cOjhd;. (cO)
khzt kd;wj;jpdu; ehlfk; ebj;jdu;. (eb)
fpsp goj;ij cz;lJ. (cz;)
njhFjp II
fkyh fij gbf;fpd;whs;. (gb)
tre;jd; epyj;ij cOjhd;. (cO)
rpWtu; jhk; fw;w fijia ebj;jdu;. (eb)
Viof;fpotp goQ;NrhW cz;lhs;. (cz;)
njhFjp III
khztu;fs; ftdkhfg; gbj;jdu;. (gb)
tre;jd; khLfs; nfhz;L cOjhd;. (cO)
khztu;fs; rpwg;ghf ebj;jdu;. (eb)
Foe;ij Ritj;J cz;lJ. (cz;)
%d;W njhFjpfspYk; gb> cO> eb> cz; vd;Dk; tpidfisf; nfhz;l
thf;fpaq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
%d;whtJ njhFjpapy; nrag;gLnghUs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. MapDk;
mt;thf;fpaq;fspy; nrag;gLnghUs;fs; kiwe;J epw;fpd;wd.
,jdhy; nrag;gLnghUs;fs; thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;whYk; ,lk;ngwhtpl;lhYk;gb> cO> eb> cz; vd;Dk; tpidfs; nrag;gLnghUs; nfhz;l tpidfs;MFk;. ,it nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wh tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.vy;yh tpidfSk; nrag;gLnghUSld; ,aq;Ftjpy;iy.
njhFjp IV
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
kujd; Xl;lg;ge;jaj;jpy; gy khztu;fs; Xbdhu;fs;. (XL)
vl;lhk; tFg;G khztu;fs; fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhr; nrd;wdu;. (nry;)
tFg;G khztu;fs; midtUk; nfhy; vd;W rpupj;jdu;. (rpup)
rq;fPjf; fr;Nrup Nfl;gjw;F vy;NyhUk; te;jdu;. (th)
Fwpj;j Neuj;jpw;Fr; r%fkspg;gjw;fhf tpiuthf ele;jdu;. (el)
njhFjp IV ,y; jug;gl;l thf;fpaq;fs; nrag;gLnghUs;fis mthtp epw;gd
my;y. ,t;tpidfs; nrag;gLnghUs;fs; Fd;wpa tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.
199
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.3.5 jd;tpidAk; gpwtpidAk;
tpidabahy; czu;j;jg;gLk; nraiyj; jhNd nra;tJ jd;tpid vdg;gLk;. xU
tpidapd; gad; gpwiu my;yJ gpwpnjhd;iwr; NrUkhapd; mJ gpwtpid vdg;gLk;.
mjhtJ tpid epfo;j;Jgtd; jhNd mt;tpidapd; gaid milahky; gpwpnjhUtu;
my;yJ gpwpnjhd;W mg;gaid miljy; gpwtpid vdg;gLk;.
I. tp> gp vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;W tUk; tpidfs; gpwtpidfshFnkd ,yf;fz
E}y;fs; $Wk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. ehd; fk;guhkhazk; gbj;Njd;. (gb) - jd;tpid
khztu;fSf;F ghlk; gbg;gpj;Njd;. (gbg;gp) - gpwtpid
2. fbdkhd fzf;if ,yFthfr; nra;jha;. (nra;) - jd;tpid
khztu;fisf; nfhz;L xg;gilfisr; nra;tpAq;fs; (nra;tp) – gpwtpid
3. mts; fhyhy; ele;jhs;. (el) - jd;tpid
gps;isia nky;y nky;y elg;gpj;jdu;. (elg;gp) - gpwtpid
II. rpyNtisfspy; tp> gp Mfpa ,uz;L tpFjpfSk; Nru;e;J gpwtpidfshf
miktJz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
vy;yh clw;gapw;rpfisAk; nra;tpg;gp vd;W Mrpupau; tFg;Gj;jiytdplk;
$wpdhu;. (nra;tpg;gp) - gpwtpid
III. rpy ,lq;fspy; tpidabfspYs;s <w;Wapu; nka;naOj;jpYs;s nka; ,ul;bg;gjd;%yk; jd;tpidfs; gpwtpidfshfpd;wd.
1. fkyh eldk; Mbdhs;. (ML) - jd;tpidfkyh gk;guk; Ml;bdhs;. (Ml;L) - gpwtpid
2. epyj;jpy; ePu; CwpaJ. (CW)kuj;Jf;F ePiu Cw;wpdhd;. (Cw;W)
3. kioapd;wpg; gapu; tbaJ. (thL) - jd;tpidntl;fKk; Jf;fKk; tpkyhit thl;bd. (thl;L) - gpwtpid
4. gps;isg;ghrj;jpdhy; jha; cUfpdhs;. (cUF) - jd;tpidgl;liwapy; njhopyhsp ,Uk;ig cUf;fpdhd;. (cUf;F) - gpwtpid
IV. tpidabfspy; cs;s nky;nyhw;W (nky;ypd nka;fs;) ty;nyhw;whfp (ty;ypdnka;fs;) gpwtpidfshtJk; cz;L.
1. jd; jtiw czu;e;J mtd; kdk; tUe;jpdhd;. (tUe;J) - jd;tpidru;thjpfhup Fbkf;fis tUj;jpdhd;. (tUj;J) - gpwtpid
2. mtu;fs; te;jTlNdNa tPL jpUk;gpdhu;fs;. (jpUk;G) - jd;tpidnfhs;isau; topNghf;fu;fis jpir jpUg;gpdhu;fs;. (jpUg;G) - gpwtpid
3. Nkirapd; ePsj;jpw;F gyifapd; ePsk; nghUe;jpaJ. (nghUe;J) - jd;tpidgps;is tpisahl;Lj; Jz;lq;fisr; rupahfg; nghUj;jpaJ.(nghUj;J) - gpwtpid
200
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
V. F> R> L> J> G> W vd;gd rpy jd;tpidabfSld; NrUk;NghJ gpwtpidfs;
Mfpd;wd.
1. ,uhkNdhL rPij fhl;Lf;Fg; Nghdhs;. (Ngh) - jd;tpid
ifNfap ,uhk ,yl;Rkziu fhl;Lf;Fg; Nghf;fpdhs;. (Nghf;F) - gpwtpid
2. tha;f;fhypy; jz;zPu; Ntfkhfg; gha;fpwJ. (gha;) - jd;tpid
thba gapu;fSf;F Njhl;lf;fhud; ePu; gha;r;rpdhd;. (gha;r;R) - gpwtpid
3. flw;fiuapy; cuy; cUSfpwJ. (cUs;) - jd;tpid
tPjp mikg;Nghu; cUisia cUl;bdu;. (cUl;L) - gpwtpid
4. Gj;jhil mzpe;jgps;is CQ;rypy; ,Ue;jJ. (,U) - jd;tpid
Neha;tha;g;gl;bUe;j jhia Fkzd; fl;bypy; ,Uj;jpdhd;.
(,Uj;J) – gpwtpid
5. mjpfhiy Ie;J kzpf;F mtd; epj;jpiu tpl;nlOe;jhd;. (vO) - jd;tpid
ghupa rj;jk; midtiuAk; vOg;gpaJ. (vOg;G) - gpwtpid
6. khztu;fs; nkhopia Mu;tkhfg; gapd;wdu;. (gapy;) - jd;tpid
nrayku;tpd;NghJ tsthsu;fs; rpwg;ghfg; gapw;wpdu;. (gapw;W) - gpwtpid
VI. rpy njhopw;nganur;rq;fSk; Ml;L> Cl;L vd;Dk; gpd;ndhl;Lf;fisg; ngw;W
gpwtpidfshtJKz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
rpup rpupg;G rpupg;G+l;L - (gpwtpid)
Fsp Fspg;G Fspg;ghl;L - (gpwtpid)
VII. VyNt gpwtpidg; gFjpfshf cs;sit rpyNtisfspy; ‘tp;’ tpFjpngw;Wk;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
ML Ml;L Ml;Ltp
Njhd;W Njhw;W Njhw;Wtp
VIII. jw;fhy tof;fpy; nra;> gz;Z> it Kjypad Nru;e;J jd;tpidfs;
gpwtpidfshfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
ghL ghlr;nra; nra;; ghlr; nra;
cz; cz;zg;gz;Z gz;Z cz;zg;gz;Z
gb gbf;fit it gbf;fit
201
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.3.6 nra;tpidAk; nra;ghl;LtpidAk;
nra;tpid
vOtha; Ntw;WikahfTs;s ngau;r;nrhy; xU thf;fpaj;jpd; tpidr; nrhy;Yf;Fupa
fUj;jhthf mikAkplj;J mt;thf;fpaj;jpd; tpid nra;tpid vdg;gLk;. ,J
jdpthf;fpaq;fSf;Nf rhyg; nghUe;JtjhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. vd; md;idapd; Kfj;jpy; Jd;gKk; ,d;gKk; xUq;F Njhd;wpd.2. tpQ;Qhd rh];jpuq;fisj; jkpopy; vOJk; gzpapy; kprdupkhUk; ,r;
nrkpdupapy; fw;Wj; Nju;e;j khztUk; ,wq;fpdu;.3. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaAk; jkpo;f;fy;tpiaAk; ,f;fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; cau;e;j
Kiwapy; khztUf;Ff; fw;gpj;Jte;jdu;.4. ahd; nky;y nky;yj; jz;zPu; thu;f;fj; njhlq;fpNdd;.5. fpwpd; ,lhf;Fj;ju; kl;Lk; ,e;E}y;fis nkhopngau;f;Fk; Ntiyapy;
<lgl;lhnud vz;Zjy;$lhJ.
,it Nghd;w thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fs; nra;tpid thf;fpaq;fs; vd
,dq;fhz;gjw;F ifahsf;$ba topKiwfs; tUkhW:
(m) thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;J mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w tpidKw;Wf;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
KjyhtJ thf;fpak; - Njhd;wpd
,uz;lhtJ thf;fpak; - ,wq;fpdu;
%d;whtJ thf;fpak; - fw;gpj;Jte;jdu;
ehd;fhtJ thf;fpak; - thu;f;fj; njhlq;fpNdd;
Ie;jhtJ thf;fpak; - vz;Zjy;$lhJ.
(M) tpidKw;Wf;fisr; rupahf ,dq;fz;ljd; gpd;du; mt;tpidfSf;Fk;
vOtha;f;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G vj;jifaJ vdf; fz;lwpf. (thf;fpaj;jpd;
tpidKw;wpdhy; czu;j;jg;gLk; nray; mt;thf;fpa vOthahy; czu;j;jg;gl;lJ
vd;gijg; ghu;j;jy;.)
tpidKw;wpd; nraiy epfo;j;jpatu; vOtha;f; fUj;jhthapd; mt;thf;fpak;
nra;tpid thf;fpak; vd;w KbTf;F khztu;fs; tUtjw;F topelj;Jjy;.
(,t;topKiwfis khztu; FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J Nkw;nfhs;s Mtd nra;f.)
nrag;ghl;Ltpid
xU thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; vOthAk; mt;thf;fpaj;jpd; tpidKw;why; czu;j;jg;gLk;
nraypd; fUj;jhTk; NtWNtwhf mikapd; mt;tpid nrag;ghl;L tpidahFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. Kjd;Kjy; jkpo;nkhopapy; tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwapy; E}y; aho;g;ghzj;jpNyNavOjg;gl;lJ.
2. ,g;GJr; nrhw;fs; ahTk; cLf;Fwpapdhy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjpnahd;W aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s ehtyu; mr;rpae;jpu
rhiyapy; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. mUk;Geif> nkhl;Leif> NghJeif> G+eif vd;W gy eiffs; me;j
eifAl; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
5. $l;lj;jpypUe;J gpupe;J te;j kjahid Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifapyPLgl;l
tptrhapfshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lJ.
202
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nra;tpid thf;fpaq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F (m> M) Fwpg;gplg;gl;l topKiwfs;
nrag;ghl;Ltpid thf;fpaq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
tpidKw;wpd; nraiy epfo;j;jpatu; NtwhfTk; vOtha; NtwhfTk; mikAkhapd;
mt;thf;fpak; nrag;ghl;Ltpid thf;fpak; vd;w KbTf;F khztu; tUtjw;F
topelj;Jf.
(,t;topKiwfis khztu; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J Nkw;nfhs;s Mtd nra;f.)
4.3.7 Vty;tpidAk; tpaq;Nfhs;tpidAk;
Vty; tpid
Kd;dpiyapYs;Nshiu xU nraiyr; nra;AkhW VTtjw;F (cld;ghlhfNthvjpu;kiwahfNth) gad;gLk; tpid Vty; tpidahFk;. ,t; Vty; tpidKw;WVty; xUik> Vtw;gd;ik vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
Vty; tpidfs; ,ilepiyfspd;wpj; jhNk vjpu;fhyk; fhl;LtdthFk;.
,it cld;ghl;Lg; nghUspYk; vjpu;kiwg;; nghUspYk; tUk;.
I. cld;ghl;L Vty; xUik
1. Ma;> ,> my;> Vy;> My; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;W Kd;dpiy cld;ghl;LVty; xUik tpidKw;W mikAnkdg; goe;jkpo; ,yf;fzfhuu; $Wtu;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
i. cz;zha;ii. cz;Zjpiii. cz;zy;iv. cz;Nzy;v. kwhy; (kWf;fhNj)
(,it goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fpy; fhzg;gLtd.)
2. tpidabfs; ngUk;ghYk; Vty; xUik tpidfshf tUtJ ,d;iwankhoptof;fhfTs;sJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : th> ,U> el> Ngh> elj;J> cUl;L> Gul;L>iftpL> vLj;Jf;nfhs;> nra;Jfhl;L Kjypad.
II. vjpu;kiw Vty; xUik
tpidabfSld; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyiaAk; ‘V’ fhu tpFjpiaAk; ngw;WtUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nra;ahNjepy;yhNjNghfhNjiftplhNj
III. cld;ghl;L Vtw;gd;ik
tpidabfSld; <u;> ck;> kpd; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; Nru;e;J Vtw;gd;ik tpidfs;Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : cz;zPu;cz;Zk;cz;kpd;
203
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jw;fhyj;jpy; Vtw;gd;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
elTq;fs;> epy;Yq;fs;> thUq;fs;> elj;Jq;fs;.
,it jd;ikia czu;j ;JtJ kl;Lkd;wp kupahijia czu;j ;jTk;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
IV. vjpu;kiw Vtw;gd;ik
tpidabfSld; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyAk; / <u; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg;gd;ik tpFjpAk;‘fs;’ tpFjpAk; ngw;W ,t;tpidKw;Wf;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
nra;ahjPu;fs;
NghfhjPu;fs;
xlhjPu;fs;
tpaq;Nfhs; tpid
tpaq;Nfhs; vd;gJ kupahijiaf; nfhs;Sjy; (tpak; - kupahij)
f> ,a> ,au;> m> my; vd;Dk; tpFjpfis ,Wjpapy; cila tpidr;nrhw;fs;tpaq;Nfhs; tpid Kw;Wf;fshk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
nty;f - ‘f’ tpFjpthopa - ‘,a’ tpFjpthopau; - ‘,au;’ tpFjptu - ‘m’ tpFjpXk;gy;> vdy; - ‘my;’ tpFjp
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidfs; ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplaq;fSf;Fk; nghJthfpa Vty;
tpidfSkhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
Ik;ghy; - mtd; tsu;f> mts; tsu;f> mtu;fs; tsu;f>
mJ tsu;f> mit tsu;f.
%tplk; - ehd; nry;f> eP nry;f> mtu;fs; nry;f.
,Uvz; - eP ghLf> ePq;fs; ghLf.
,Ujpiz - mtd; Ms;f> mit Ms;f.
tpaq;Nfhs; tpid gpd;tUk; nghUs;fspy; czu;j;jg;gLk;.
tho;j;Jjy; nghUs; : tho;f> tsu;f> Xq;Ff.
itjy; nghUs; : tPo;f> mopf> njhiyf.(ntWg;ig> vjpu;g;ig> Nfhgj;ijj; njuptpj;jy;.)
tpjpj;jy; nghUs; : nra;f> jUf> vOJf.
Ntz;Ljy; nghUs; : mUs;f> fiyf> nghopf.
204
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vjpu;kiw tpaq;Nfhs; tpid
gFjpf;Fk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; ‘my;’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy
ngw;WtUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vjpu;kiw tpaq;Nfhs; nghUs; czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
kwtw;f – kw + my; + fcz;zw;f – cz; + my; + f
jw;fhy tof;F
1. ,a> ,au;> m> my; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ,d;iwa tof;fpy; ,y;iy. ‘f’ tpFjpkl;LNk ngUtof;fhf cs;sJ.
2. ,d;W ‘ml;Lk;’ vd;gJk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpid tpFjpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
kio nghopal;Lk;mwpahik ,Us; mfyl;Lk;itafk; nropf;fl;Lk;mepahaf;fhuu; xopal;Lk;
3. ,f;fhyj;jpy; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpfs; ghy; ,lq;fSs; xd;wpw;F cupadthf
mikjYKz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
elf;ff;fltd;
elf;ff;flts;
elf;ff;fltu;
elg;ghdhf.
elg;ghshf.
elg;ghuhf.
elg;gjhf.
elg;gdthf.
tho;j;Jjy;> itjy;> Ntz;ly;> tpjpj;jy;
Mfpa ehd;F nghUspy; tUk;.
xUik> gd;ik NtWghlw;wJ.
,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;
nghJthf tUk;.
Vty; nghUspy; kl;Lk; tUk;
xUik gd;ik NtWghLilaJ
Kd;dpiyapy; kl;Lk; tUk;
Vty; tpidf;Fk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghL
Vty;tpid tpaq;Nfhs;tpid
4.3.8 jdptpidAk; $l;LtpidAk;
jdptpid
mbr; nrhy; xd;wpidg; gFjpahff; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLk; tpid jdptpid (my;yJ
Kjy; tpid vdg;gLk;.)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
jdptpidabfs; : th> ,U> el> vOJ Kjypad.
te;jhd;
,Ug;ghd;
ele;jd
vOJths;
205
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jdpg;ngaubfs; : fij> Nfhgk;> rpj;jpuk;> gak; Kjypad.
fijj;jhd;
Nfhgpg;ghd;
rpj;jpupj;jhs;
gae;jdu;
jdp ,ilabfs; : Nghy;> kw;W Kjypad.
Nghd;whd;
kw;wJ
jdp cupabfs; : rhy;> khz; Kjypad.
rhYk;
khz;lJ
$l;Ltpid
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l mbr;nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J mikf;fg;gLk; tpid $l;Ltpid
vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fz;Lgpb (fhz; + gpb)
ntl;fg;gL (ntl;fk; + gL)
,uz;L mbfSk; gpize;J epw;gjhy; cr;rupg;gpYk; nghUspYk; $l;Ltpid
xUikj;jd;ik ngWfpwJ.
ngUk;ghyhd nkhoptof;fpid Nehf;fpdhy; $l;Ltpidfs; tpid topf;$l;Ltpid>
ngau; topf;$l;Ltpid vd ,uz;lhf tFf;fyhk;. Kjypy; epw;Fk; mb
tpidabahAk; mijj; njhlu;e;J Vida mb ,lk;ngWk; ,lj;J mJ
tpidtopf;$l;Ltpid vdg;gLk;.
Kjypy; epw;Fk; mb ngaubahAk; mijj; njhlu;e;J Vida mb ,lk; ngWkplj;J
ngau;topf; $l;Ltpid vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
gw;witj;jhd;
tug;gz;zpdhd; tpidtopf;$l;Ltpid
cz;zr;nra;jdu;
Nfhgg;gl;ldu;
mr;RWj;jpdhd; ngau;topf;$l;Ltpid
Nghupl;lhd;
$l;LtpidKw;wpd; Mf;fk;
1. nra;J vd;Dk; tpid vr;rKk; tpidAk; Nru;e;J Mf;fg;gLjy;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
kfpo;e;jpUe;jhs; - kfpo;e;J + ,U (,U - Jiztpid)Ngha;tpl;ldu; - Ngha; + tpL (tpL - Jiztpid)te;jpUe;jhd; - te;J + ,U (,U - Jiztpid)
206
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2. ‘nra’ / nra;a vd;Dk; vr;rj;Jld; tpid Nru;e;J Mf;fg;gLjy;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
nra;ag;ghu;j;Njd; - nra;a + ghu; (ghu; - Jiztpid)$wg;NghfpNwd; - $w + Ngh (Ngh - Jiztpid)tug;gz;zpdhu; - tu + gz;Z (gz;Z - Jiztpid)
3. jw;fhy tof;fpy; rpyNtisfspy; Kjy; tpidAld; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpidfSk;Nru;e;J $l;Ltpidfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ghu; + nfhs; + ,U
(nfhs;> ,U vd;gd Jiztpidfs;)cz;zg;gz;zptpl;lhd; - cz; + gz;Z + tpL
(gz;Z + tpL vd;gd Jiztpidfs;)
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd - gad; + gL + gL(gL + gL vd;gd Jiztpid)
4. ngaUk; tpidAk; Nru;e;J Mf;fg;gLjy;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
,d;Gw;whd; - ,d;gk; + cW (cW - Jiztpid)fhag;gl;lhd; - fhak; + gL (gL - Jiztpid)Nfs;tpAw;whd; - Nfs;tp + cW (cW - Jiztpid)
vjpu;kiw tpidnar;rq;fSlDk; tpidabfs; Nru;e;J epge;jidg; nghUspy;
$l;Ltpidfs; Mf;fg;gLtJz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
nra;ahtpl;lhy; (nra;ah + tpL)gbf;fhtpl;lhy; (gbf;fh + tpL)elf;fhtpl;lhy; (elf;fh + tpL)fhzhtpl;lhy; (fhzh + tpL)fw;fhtpl;lhy; (fw;fh + tpL) tpL - Jiztpid
5. ,ilabAld; tpidfs; Nru;e;Jk; $l;L tpidfs; Mf;fg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
Nkw;nfhz;lhu; - Nky; + nfhs; (nfhs; - Jiztpid)
fPo;g;gbe;jdu; - fPo; + gb (gb - Jiztpid)
Kd;Ndwpdhd; - Kd; + VW (VW - Jiztpid)
207
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Fwpg;G :
1. jdptpid> $l;Ltpid vd;gd ,uz;Lk; tpFjp> ,ilepiy Kjyhd
xl ;Lf ;fisg ; ngw ;W t pidKw ;WfshfTk ; vr ;rq ;fshfTk ;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; %yk; tpsf;Ff.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
jdptpid $l;Ltpid
gbj;jhd; J}q;fptpl;lhd;
gbj;jdu; Nfs;tpAw;w
gbj;j Kd;Ndwpa
gbj;J
2. $l;Ltpidfspy; ngau;> tpid> ,il vd;gd Kjypy; epw;Fk; mbfshfTk;
Nru;e;J tUk; tpidfs; jkf;Fupa nghUis ,oe;J tpidahf;fj;jpw;F
Jizahf mikAk; tpidfs; Jiztpidfs; vd;gij khztu;f;F
njspTgLj;Jf.
3. vr;rj;njhlu;fSf;Fk; $l;LtpidfSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s NtWghl;il
khztu;f;Fj; njspTgLj;Jf.
vr;rj;njhlu;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; vr;rq;fSf;Fk; Kbf;Fk; nrhw;fSf;Fk;
NtWNtW nghUs; cz;L. Mdhy; $l;Ltpidfspy; Kjy; mbAk;
JiztpidAk; Nru;e;J xU nrhy;yha; epd;W xNu nghUisj; jUfpd;wd.
vr;rj;njhlu; - gbj;JKbj;jhd; (,q;F gbj;jy;> Kbj;jy; Mfpa
,U NtW nray;fs; epfo;e;Js;sd.)
$l;Ltpid - J}q;fptpl;lhd; (,q;F J}q;Fjy; vd;w nray; xd;Nw
epfo;e;Js;sJ.)
208
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
4.3.9. tpidr;nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;
tpidr;nrhy;ypd; Kf;fpakhd gz;G fhyq;fhl;LjyhFk;. tpidnraiy czu;j;JtJ:nray; epfo;e;J Kbe;jjhf mikayhk;. epfo;e;J nfhz;L ,Ug;gjhf mikayhk;.epfotpUg;gjhfTk; mikayhk;.
epfo;e;J Kbe;jJ - ,we;jfhyk; - te;jhd;
epfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ - epfo;fhyk; - tUfpwhd;
epfo ,Ug;gJ - vjpu;fhyk; - tUthd;
vdNt tpidfs; xt;nthd;Wk; VNjh xU fhyj;ij czu;j;JfpwJ.
tpidKw;Wf;fs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;
tpidKw;Wf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; %d;Wtiffspy; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
1. ,ilepiyfs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;.2. tpFjpfs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;.3. gFjp ,ul;bj;Jf; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;.
1. ,ilepiyfs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;
jkpopYs;s ngUk;ghyhd tpidKw;Wf;fs; ,ilepiyfshNyNa fhyj;ij
czu;j;Jfpd;wd. ,ilepiyfs; tpidKw;Wf;fspy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; cWg;Gf;fshf
mike;J njupepiy tpidKw;Wf;fspy; fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs;
j;> l;> w;> ,d;> ,> d; vd;gd ,we;jfhyj;ij czu;j;Jtd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. gbj;Njd; - gb + j; + j; + Vd; (j; - ,ilepiy)2. cz;lhd; - cz; + l; + Md; (l; - ,ilepiy)3. jpd;whd; - jpd; + w; + Md; (w; - ,ilepiy)4. ghbdhd; - ghL + ,d; + Ms; (,d; - ,ilepiy)5. NgrpaJ - NgR + , + m + J (, - ,ilepiy)6. Nghdhu; - Ngh + d; + Mu; (d; - ,ilepiy)
epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs;
Mepd;W> fpd;W> fpW vd;gd epfo;fhyj;ij czu;j;Jtd:
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
elthepd;whd;- el + Mepd;W + Md; (Mepd;W - ,ilepiy)gha;fpd;whd; - gha; + fpd;W + Md; (fpd;W - ,ilepiy)elf;fpwhd; - el + fpW + Md; (fpW - ,ilepiy)
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs;
g;> t; vd;gd vjpu;fhyj;ij czu;j;Jk; ,ilepiyfs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
fhz;ghu; - fhz; + g; + Mu; (g; - ,ilepiy)
nry;thd; - nry; + t; + Md; (t; - ,ilepiy)
209
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2. tpFjpfs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;
njupepiytpidKw;Wfspy; rpyNtisfspy; ,ilepiyfspd;wp rpytpFjpfSk;
fhyq;fhl;Lk;.
nra;As;fspy; J> Jk;> W> Wk; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ,we;jfhyKk; vjpu;fhyKk;
fhl;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
nra;Ak; = nra; + ck;
$Lk; = $L + ck;
3. gFjp fhyq;fhl;Ljy;
rpyNtisfspy; gFjp ,ul;bj;J fhyq;fhl;LtJk; cz;L.
F> L> W vd;Dk; %d;W capu;nka;fis ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l <nuOj;Jg; gFjpfs;rpy ,ul;bj;J ,we;jfhyq;fhl;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
GF Gf;F + Md; - Gf;fhd;eF ef;F + Md; - ef;fhd;njhL njhl;L + Md; - njhl;lhd;tpL tpl;L + Md; - tpl;lhd;ngW ngw;W + Md; - ngw;whd;cW cw;W + Md; - cw;whd;
jw;fhy tof;F
,d;iwa tpidr;nrhw;fs; Jiztpidfisg; ngw;W fPNo fhl;bathW fhyEl;gq;fis czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
,we;jfhyk;
1. jdp ,wg;G – eP vOjpdha;(rhjhuz tof;F)
2. ,wg;Gj; njhlu;r;rp – eP vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jha;3. ,wg;G epiwT – eP vOjpapUe;jha;
epfo;fhyk;
1. jdp epfo;T – eP vOJfpd;wha;2. epfo;Tj; njhlu;r;rp – eP vOjpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wha;3. epfo;T epiwT – eP vOjpapUf;fpd;wha;
vjpu ;fhyk;
1. jdp vjpu;T – eP vOJtha;(rhjhuz tof;F)
2. vjpu;T njhlu;r;rp – eP vOjpf;nfhz;bUg;gha;3. vjpu;T epiwT – eP vOjpapUg;gha;
210
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Fwpg;Gtpid fhyq;fhl;Ljy;
jw;fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;Gtpidfs; fhyq;fhl;Lk; tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;nghJthdit.
L> W vd;Dk; tpFjpfis <w;wpYila Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; nra;As;tof;fpy;,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.nghUl;L - nghUSilaJmw;W - mj;jd;ikaJ,w;W - ,j;jd;ikaJvw;W - vj;jd;ikaJ
,itAk; ,we;jfhyj;ijNa czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
vr;rq;fs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;
nganur;rk;
nganur;rk; ,ilepiyfs; %yKk; tpFjp %yKk; fhyj;ij czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
gbj;j - ,we;jfhy nganur;rk; (j; - ,ilepiy)
gbf;fpd;w - epfo;fhy nganur;rk; (fpd;W - ,ilepiy)
tUk; - vjpu;fhy nganur;rk; (ck; - tpFjp)
tpidnar;rk;
,yf;fzfhuu; tpidnar;rq;fis %d;W tiffSs; mlf;fp tpsf;Ftu;.
1. c> ,> a; Kjypa tpFjpfisf; nfhz;l tpidnar;rq;fs; fhuzg;nghUspy;
te;J ,we;jfhyj;ij czu;j;Jfpd;wd. (nra;J vd;Dk; tha;ghL)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gbj;J Kbj;jhd;
ghb kfpo;e;jhd;
Ngha; te;jhd;
2. ‘m’ vd;Dk; tpFjp nfhz;L KbAk; tpidnar;rq;fs; cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUspy;
te;J epfo;fhyj;ij czu;j;Jfpd;wd. (nra vd;Dk; tha;ghL)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : kio nga;a tay; epiwAk;
Mrpupau; tu khztu; vOe;jdu;
3. ‘,d;’>~My;| vd;Dk; tpFjpfSld; nfhz;L KbAk; tpidnar;rq;fs;> fhupag;
nghUspNyh epge;jidg; nghUspNyh te;J vjpu;fhyj;ij czu;j;Jtd.
(nra;jhy; vd;Dk; tha;ghL)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : kio nga;apd; epyk; eidAk; (fhupag;nghUs;)
Mrpupau; te;jhy; ghlk; elf;Fk; (epge;jid)
211
jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}w;gl;bay;
,yf;fzk;
,yf;fzr; RUf;fk; MWKfehtyu;
ed;D}y; fhz;bifAiu MWKfehtyu;
Nkyjpf thrpg ;G
,yf;fzj; njspT gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp
mbg;gilj; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; f. nrhf;fypq;fk;
mbg;gilj; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; R. NtYg;gps;is
nkhopAk; jkpo; ,yf;fzKk; Nguhrpupau; vk;. v. E/khd;
m. rz;Kfjh]; kw;Wk; kNdhd;kzp rz;Kfjh];
jkpo;nkhop tuyhW lhf;lu; rp. rf;jpNty;
,f;fhy nkhopapay; Kj;Jr; rz;Kfd;
vz;zf;fU tpsf;fg; glk;
tpidr;nrhy;
njupepiytpid Fwpg;Gtpid
Kw;Wtpid vr;rtpid
Kw;Wtpid vr;rtpid
njupepiy Vty;tpid tpaq;Nfhs;
tpidKw;W
cld;ghL vjpu;kiw
jd;tpid gpwtpid
nra;tpid nrag;ghl;Ltpid
jpizghy;>
vz;> ,lk;
czu;j;Jtd
,Ujpiz
Ik;ghy;
%tplj;Jf;Fk;
nghJthdit
nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk;
cld;ghL vjpu;kiw cld;ghL vjpu;kiw
nrag;gLnghUs;
Fd;wpatpid
nrag;gLnghUs;
Fd;whtpid