JiTCA: An Accounting Framework for Just in Time Clouds

Centro de InformáticaUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco

Francisco Airton Pereira da Silvafaps@cin.ufpe.brMarch, 2012

Agenda

• Contextualization• Mapping Study

– Mapping Study Process– Mapping Results– Results Analysis– Conclusions of Mapping

• Framework Implementation– The Idea– The Proposed Architecture– The Functionalities– Actual Release Demonstration

• Framework Experiments– Planned tasks

• Conclusions

2

Accounting

3

“The art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions

and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and

interpreting the results thereof."

[2]

JIT CLOUD PROJECTMapping

Study

Framework

Implementation

Framework Evaluation

Monitoringand

Billing

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

4

Accounting Models for Cloud Computing: A Systematic Mapping Study

5

Mapping Study Process

Research Questions

• RQ1: Is there any taxonomy for concepts related to accounting process in cloud computing?

• RQ2: Which are the existing accounting models for cloud computing?

• RQ3: Which are the existing pricing schemes for cloud/grid computing?

• RQ4: Which are the aspects taken into account to compose a SLA in cloud/grid computing scenario?

6

• IEEE+ACM+SCOPUS+SCIENCEDIRECT+Manual Search

• 580 papers (total)

SLA OR “Service Level Agreement” OR billing OR pricing OR payment OR accounting

AND

“Cloud computing” OR “Grid computing” OR “Infraestructure as a Service” OR “Plataform as a Service” OR “Software as a Service”

Mapping Study Process

7

First Filter

98 papers

Second Filter

23 papers

Mapping Study Process

8

Inclusion CriteriaPapers related to accountingprocess taxonomy, accontingmodels, pricing schemes andSLA composition.Exclusion Criteria•Papers that just mentionedthe studied research issue.•Studies only available as abstracts or presentations•Duplicate studies

Category Types

Contribution Type Method, Process, Technique,

Model and Framework

Research type Validation Research,

Evaluation Research, Solution

Proposal, Philosophical

Papers, Opinion Papers,

Experience Papers

Accounting Model Features Pricing, Metering, Mediation,

Accounting, Roaming, Billing,

Charging, Financial Clearing,

Cloud Federation, Just in

Time Clouds, User Interface,

Security Support, SLA Support

and Variable Payment

Models;

Mapping Study Process

9

The full paper was read and the following information was extracted from each study:

Contribution Type

Research Type

Information required to answer some research question

Mapping Study Process

10

Mapping Results

11

RQ1 - Is there any taxonomy for concepts related to accounting process in cloud computing?

[1]

Mapping Results

12

RQ2: Which are the existing accounting models for cloud computing?

• Flexible Accounting Model [2]

– Based on existing accounting process previous defined

– IPDR (Internet Protocol Detail Record)

• A Model for Federated Clouds [3]

– Used in federated cloud environments like the RESERVOIR project (funded by European Union)

– Organized in layers

• ABS for SOA [4]

– authentication of the clients and billing of services used by client is carried out

• THEMIS [5]

– Mutually erifiable billing system

– has as main requirements the transparency, security and low latency in billing transactions

– introduces the concept of a Cloud Notary Authority to supervise billing transactions

• Cloud Supply Chain [6]

– proposes the Cloud Supply Chain concept

– represents a network of interconnected businesses

– Includes the idea of Information Model that encompass a plenty of record languages

Mapping Results

• 23 different pricing schemes found

13

RQ3: Which are the existing pricing schemes for cloud/grid computing?

Time-based

Flat-rate

Content-based

Real-Time Pricing (RTP)

Edge pricing Cumulus pricingPriority pricing

Usage-based

Session-oriented

Mapping Results

• A framework for sla-based cloud services verification and composition [7]– SLA-Description based on XML specification which defines the main Quality of Services (QoS)

– It also defines the period of service provision, the cost of using the service, and the possible actionsthat should be taken

• Conceptual SLA framework for cloud computing [8]– presented a framework which the SLA pa-rameters are specified by metrics for different types of

services

• Sla-driven elastic cloud hosting provider [9]– They designed an SLA-aware web servers management system

– defining important economic variables to this kind of technology

• Specifying and monitoring guarantees in commercial grids through sla [10]

– proposed an unambiguous and flexible language for formalizing SLAs

– Includes the components: Purpose, Parties, Validity Period, Scope, Restrictions, Service-Level Objectives, Service-Level Indicators, Penalties, Optional Services, Exclusions and Administration.

14

RQ4: Which are the aspects taken into account to compose a SLA in cloud/grid computing scenario?

Results Analysis

15

Research Type Classification

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Validation Research

Evaluation Research

Solution Proposal

Philosophical Paper

Opinion Paper

Experience Paper

Results Analysis

16

Contribution Type Classification

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Method

Process

Technique

Model

Framework

Results Analysis

17

Research Types X Research Questions

RQ1 :“taxonomy”RQ2: “accounting models”RQ3: “pricing schemes”RQ4: “SLA composition”

Results Analysis

18

Accounting Models Analysis

Conclusions of Mapping

• As major contribution, this mapping provides an overview ofthe area and specific findings related to i) taxonomy foraccounting process, ii) accounting models, iii) pricing schemesand iv) SLA composition.

– i) The terms pricing, accounting and billing are themost used terms.

– ii) Few studies related to industry environment.

– iii) The need for expose how pricing schemes areapplied in a detailed way.

– iv) Related to SLA composition, its missing a studythat gather all the aspects here exposed.

19

JiTCA - Implementation

20

JiTCA - The Idea

21

Build a billing framework with the following aspects:• Based on a previousstablished taxonomy,• Combining a suitable set ofpricing schemes,• Design an architecture thatfit Cloud Federation and Just in Time Clouds concepts,• Encompass UserInterface/SLA Support andVariable Payment Models

JiTCA - The Proposed Architecture

22

JiTBillingService

JiTCA - The Proposed Architecture

23

JiTCA - The Functionalities

• Capture resource usage records.• Send resource usage records to

JiTBillingService.• Set client credentials and start

automatically with virtual machine.

• SLA Monitoring• Variable Payment Models

Support• Security Support• User Interface Support• Multiple Charging Policy Support• Multiple Virtual Machine Profile

Charging• Charging Simulation• Reports

24

Not started

Partial done

Done

JiTCA – JiTBillingService (web service interface)

25

JiTCA - Evaluation

26

JiTCA - Evaluation

• Tasks to be performed in future:

– Study Formal Experiment Processes

– Choose the appropriate criteria to validate theframework quality

– Run the experiments at C.E.S.A.R’s computationalenvironment

27

References1) Agundez, I. et al. (2010). A taxonomy of the future internet accounting

process. In Int. Conference on Advanced Engineering Computing andApplications in Sciences (ADVCOMP 10), pages 111–117.

2) I. R. Agundez et al., “A flexible accounting model for cloud computing,” in Proc. Global Conference (SRII 11). IEEE ComputerSociety, Washington, DC, USA, Jul. 2011, pp. 277–284.

3) E. Elmroth et al., “Accounting and billing for federated cloud infrastructures,” in Proc. Int. Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing (GCC 09), Aug. 2009, pp. 27–29.

4) T. Pandey et al., “Authentication and billing framework for service oriented architecture,” in Proc. Int. Conference on Systems, (ICONS 09), Mar. 2009, pp. 91–95.

5) K. W. Park et al., “Themis: Towards mutually verifiable billing transactions in the cloud computing environment,” in Proc.Int. Conference on CloudComputing (CLOUD 10), Jul. 2010, pp. 139–147.

6) M. Lindner et al., “The cloud supply chain : A framework for information, monitoring, accounting and billing,” in 2nd International ICST Conference on Cloud Computing (CloudComp 11), 2011.

28

References (...)7) A. A. Falasi and M. A. Serhani, “A framework for sla-based cloud services

verification and composition,” in Proc. Int. Conference on Innovations inInformation Technology (IIT), Apr. 2011, pp. 287–292.

8) M. Alhamad et al., “Conceptual SLA framework for cloud computing,” in Proc.International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), Apr.2010, pp. 606–610.

9) J. O. Fito et al., “Sla-driven elastic cloud hosting provider,” in Proc. 18th EuromicroInt. Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing (PDP10), Feb. 2010, pp. 111–118.

10) A. Sahai et al., “Specifying and monitoring guarantees in commercial gridsthrough sla,” in Proc. Int. Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGrid2003), May 2003, pp. 292–299.

29

More information including our latest research results can be found at framework’s site:

– http://cin.ufpe.br/~faps/cloudbilling/

30

Thanks!!