JICA報告書PDF版(JICA Report PDF) - THE MASTER …This report compiles the results of the study, which was conducted from June 2002 through July 2004 by the study team organized

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources (MRMEWR) The Sultanate of Oman

THE MASTER PLAN STUDY ON

RESTORATION, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVE

IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

Final Report

Vol. 2 Technical Specification of Afforestation, Conservation and Management

July 2004

Pacific Consultants International Appropriate Agriculture International Co., Ltd

No.

04-035

JR

G E

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources (MRMEWR) The Sultanate of Oman

THE MASTER PLAN STUDY ON

RESTORATION, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVE

IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

Final Report

Vol. 2 Technical Specification of Afforestation, Conservation and Management

July 2004

Pacific Consultants International Appropriate Agriculture International Co., Ltd

The exchange rate applied in this study is R.O.1=JPY275.9 (As of January 2004)

PREFACE

In response to a request from the Government of the Sultanate of Oman, the Government of Japan decided to conduct the study to develop the master plan for restoration, conservation and management of mangrove in the Sultanate of Oman. JICA selected and dispatched the study team headed by Mr. Tadashi Kume of Pacific Consultants International and consisting of Pacific Consultants International and Appropriate Agriculture International Co., Ltd. to Oman between June 2002 and July 2004. It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge the close collaboration between the Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources and the JICA study team, which resulted in the formulation of the master plan. I strongly wish that this master plan, formulated with under the strong initiative of the Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources, will contribute to the restoration, conservation and management of mangroves in the Sultanate of Oman. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to all the officials concerned of the Government of Oman for their cooperation and support extended to the team. July 2004 Etsuo Kitahara Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency

Mr. Etsuo KITAHARA July 2004 Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency Tokyo, Japan

Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir, We are pleased to formally submit herewith the Final Report of “The Master Plan Study on Restoration, Conservation and Management of Mangrove in the Sultanate of Oman.”

This report compiles the results of the study, which was conducted from June 2002 through July 2004 by the study team organized by Pacific Consultants International and Appropriate Agriculture International Co., Ltd. under the contract with JICA.

The study team compiled this report, which proposed the future conservation and management scenario and master plan up to 2024, and short-term, medium-term, and long-tem action plans up to 2006, 2009, and 2014 respectively, through close consultations with officials of the Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources and other authorities concerned.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to the officials of your agency and the JICA advisory committee. We also would like to send our great appreciation to all those who extended their kind assistance and co-operation to the study team, in particular to the Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources and regional officials concerned.

We hope that the master plan will be able to contribute significantly to the development of the mangrove conservation and management system in Oman.

Very truly yours,

Tadashi KUME Team Leader, The Master Plan Study on Restoration, Conservation and Management of Mangrove in the Sultanate of Oman

Abbreviations

CAD Computer-Aided Design COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DG Director General DO Dissolved Oxygen EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GCC Gulf Co-operation Council GIS Geographical Information System GOJ Government of Japan GOO Government of Oman GPS Geographical Positioning System HTML Hypertext Makeup Language IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources (The World Conservation Union) JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries MCI Ministry of Commerce and Industry MD Ministerial Decision MPCZMS Marine Pollution and Coastal Zone Management Section MPEC Mangrove Plantation Experimental Centre MRMEWR Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water

Resources NR Nature Reserve QEIC Qurm Environmental Information Centre RA Recreation Area RD Royal Decree RDA Recreational Development Area ROPME Regional Organisation for the Protection of the Marine EnvironmentRTK Real Time Kinematics of Oman SQU Sultan Qaboos University SR Scenic Reserve UAE United Arab Emirates UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

English Spelling of Place-names in the Report

There were some difficulties in writing in English the Arabic names for the Region/Governorate, Wilayat, Locality and Study Sites. One place was spelled in different ways in official documents and maps in Oman. In order to avoid any misunderstanding, all the names in English have been standardised based on discussion between the JICA Study Team and the Omani Counterpart team. The "Socio-Economic Atlas, Ministry of Development, Information & Documentation Centre, November 1996" provided by the Ministry of National Economy has been used for the names of the Region/Governorate, Wilayat, Locality, while the “Map of the Sultanate of Oman” prepared by NSA (National Survey Authority) has been used for the Study Site names as follows:

Governorate/Region Wilayat Locality Study Site Zone

1. Mutrah Murtafaat Al Qurm 5. Khawr Qurm 5. Muscat Al Khayran 6. Bandar Khayran

1. Governorate of Muscat

6. Qurayyat 7. Qurayyat

Muscat

3. Shinas Tarif Al Makhamrah 1. Khawr Shinas 4. Liwa Harmul 2. Khawr Harmul/Nabr

Al Sawadi As Sahil 3. Khawr Sawadi

2. Al Batinah Region

12. Al Barka Al Haradi 4. Khawr Haradi

Batinah

Sur 8. At Tina 9. Batah

1. Sur

Ras Al Had 10. Khawr Quq 11. Khawr Hajar - East Shore

Sharqiyah 6. Ash Sharqiyah Region

11. Masirah 12. Wadi Muraysis Wusta 7. Al Wusta Region Falam 13. Filim - Eastern Beach

2. Muhut Jazirat Muhut 14. Mahawt Island

18. Khawr Dahariz 19. Khawr Balid 20. Khawr Kabir

1. Salalah

21. Khawr Saghir 3. Taqah Taqah 17. Qurm Taqah

15. Al Demer Beach

8. Governorate of Dhofar

4. Mirbat 16. Khawr Rowri Dhofar

Composition of the Reports

This report presents all results of the studies conducted during the studies in Japan and Oman. The Report consists of the following:

• Volume 1: Main Report • Part 1: Master Plan Study

• Part 2: Appendix

• Volume 2: Technical Specifications of Afforestation, Conservation and Management

THE MASTER PLAN STUDY ON RESTORATION, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVE IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

i

Final Report Vol.2 Technical Specification of

Afforestation, Conservation and Management

Table of Contents

Preface Letter of Transmittal Abbreviations English Spelling of the Place-name in the Reports Composition of the Reports

Page

1. Technical Specifications of Sites ..................................................................... 1-1

2. Technical Guideline for Afforestation ............................................................ 2-1

Chapter 1: Technical Specifications of Sites

THE MASTER PLAN STUDY ON RESTORATION, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVE IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

1-1

1. Technical Specifications of Sites Technical specifications of the following sites are provided in this chapter. Each technical specification is provided in a format prepared by the JICA study team.

• Batinah Zone

• Khawr Shinas

• Khawr Harmul/ Nabr

• Khawr Sawadi

• Khawr Haradi

• Khawr Qurm

• Sharqiyah Zone

• Bandar Khayran

• Qurayyat

• At Tina

• Batah

• Khawr Quq

• Khawr Hajar – East Shore

• Wusta Zone

• Wadi Muraysis

• Filim – Eastern Beach

• Mahawt Island

• Dhofar Zone

• Al Demer Beach

• Khawr Rowri

• Qurm Taqah

• Khawr Dahariz

• Khawr Balid

• Khawr Kabir

• Khawr Saghir

Technical Specification for Khawr Shinas

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR KHAWR SHINAS

Shinas-1

1. SITE DESCRIPTION

1.1 Location Governorate/ Region Al Batinah Wilayat Shinas Distance from the Centre of Wilayat

5 km

Nearest Locality Tarif Al Makhamrah Fame of the Site/ Distinctive Features

None

Facilities in the Site Public park Features of Surrounding Areas South of Shinas town, approximately 2 km east of the National

Highway. Clarke (IUCN, 1986) recommended that this site should be included as one of the country’s National Nature Reserve. The khawr is about 6 km long with a northern and southern arm.

1.2 Natural Conditions Climate Zone Batinah Zone General Terrain Flat plain Soil

Khawr Shinas lies on flat alluvial plain at northern Batinah coastwhere Wadi Fayd and Wadi Bid’ah meet at the sea. Soils in the mouth of khawrs show sandy through soil layers, deep (more than 100cm), soft and aerobic conditions. Groundwater levels are almost 70cm from soil surface. In the midstream of south khawr, soils under vegetation are relatively silty in surface but sandy in subsurface. The depth of fine textured surface is much deeper in upper khawr. The soils under mangroves in these areas are always saturated and under anaerobic condition. The soils in inmost khawr are clayey, deep and soft through the layers. Muddy and cloudy stagnant water covers this area. The mangroves situated on these soils have developed many aspiratory roots. The data of soil Eh shows also anaerobic condition with low mV values (negative values) in the layers of subsurface soil. Salinities of ground water in south khawr were ranging from 4.3 to 5.6%. According to the results of traversed survey for soil depth in north khawr, soils of this khawr are basically deep. Shallow soils are observed in some shore areas with hard rock bed. Subsurface soil near water way shows dark colour with anaerobic condition and always saturated. Soils are much silty and clayey in upper khawr, and sandy near the mouth of khawr. Salinities of ground water in northern khawr were ranging from 5.1 to 7.6%. Details are shown in attached table “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Shinas” and “Attachment 9: Soil Profile of Samples in Khawr Shinas”.

Water The salinities of surface water in both of north and south khawrs were ranging from 3.7 to 4.8% (July 2002). The water was clear in lower water channels and dull in upper water channels. DO in water was ranging from 2.6 to 5.2mg/l. Lower values of DO were basically observed on stagnant water. There was no significant constraint on the values of COD (less than 4mg/l). Details are shown in attached table “Attachment 5: Surface Water Quality in Khawr Shinas”.


Shinas-2

Fauna

Abundant small fish and crustaceans occur in the water channels of the mangroves. The crabs Eurycarcinus and Metopograpsus were recorded as particularly numerous by the channel (Salm & Jensen, 1991). They reported heavy recreational fishing for the mud crab, Scylla serrata; as many as 20 crabs may be caught in a night. During this study, Uca inversa was recorded on muddy sand, bordering the landward edge of the mangroves. Large mud snails, Terebralia palustris, were found in the shade. Other crabs were abundant among the mangroves and on the channel edge (Uca annulipes, Perisesarme guttatum, Metopograpsus thukuhar, Eurycarcinus orientalis, Nasima dotilliforme, Serenella leachii). The small species of mud snail, Cerithidea cingulata and Cerithium scabrida were common. Oysters (Saccostrea cucullata), Nerites (Nerita albicalla) and barnacles (Balanus amphitrite) were found on the mangrove trunks and aerial roots. At the northwest arm of Khawr Shinas, mangroves are smaller and scattered. Animals included Fiddler crabs (Uca inversa), lantern shells (Laternula erythraensis) and Dosinia alta. Hermit crabs (Diogenes sp) were common on the surface. Over 10 years, 99 water bird species have been recorded for this site. Evans (1994) records significant numbers (>1% of world population) of Great Black-headed and Yellow-legged Gulls. The endemic Arabian collared kingfisher is recorded here, which is the closest site in Oman to its breeding site at Khawr Kalba on the border with Fegeira. The rare Sykes’s Warbler is also recorded at this site.

Flora

Khawr Shinas is surrounded by Sabkha, salt tolerant plants of the coastal plain. In an outer zone, furthest from the khawr, Salsola imbricata dominated, with Juncus rigidus growing in dry watercourses. Nearer the khawr on sand and beach rock, Suaeda vermiculata and Cyperus conglomerata form about 10% plant cover. In wet sand nearest to the mangroves, a dense growth (about 50% cover) of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum forms a narrow zone. Along the north west arm of the khawr a zone of Arthrocnemum, Suaeda vermiculata and Zygophyllum qatarense forms a band of vegetation about 5 – 8 m wide along the edge. Dune vegetation included Halopyrum mucronatum.

Impacts from the Surrounding Areas

Pressure of development

1.3 Socio-economic Situation Population of the Wilayat (2001)

53 thousand

Population of the Nearest Locality (1993)

0.6 thousand

Main Economic Activities Fishery and agriculture, potential for apiculture Infrastructure Near Shinas town, access road constructed to the site Main Usage People in the Wilayat uses for recreational activities. Its biological

diversity is distinctive. Community Interference with the Area

Developing the area as a municipal park. Some trees are planted and, a part of bank of watercourse is fixed by rocks and soil.

Cultural Significance None


Shinas-3

1.4 Legal Setup and Development Plans Land Ownership and Land Use Designation

Nature Reserve (NR) and Recreational Development Area (RDA)

Development Plans in the Site and the Surrounding Area

Municipal Park Development Plan

Existing Conservation Proposal

None

2. PROGRAMME AND PROJECT

2.1 Prerequisite Legal Setup for Land Use Control

Set a distinct boundary of NR and RDA (see 4.2 Required Action for Conservation and Management)

Facility Development Control No permanent structure in NR, except hide for bird watching, sign and information boards, and boardwalk or pedestrian bridge. Footpath should be designated but not paved. No permanent commercial buildings such as restaurants, hotels, shops and mechanised amusement facilities in the park development area. Basic activities in this park are relaxation and picnicking. Partial lighting for safety only. Utilities lines (water and electricity should be at a minimum) and setback at 150 m from the edge of Mangrove.

Others None

2.2 Description of Programmes Facility Development Programme

(1) Nursery construction, (2) Visitor service and information facilities development.

Restoration and Afforestation Programme

(3) Mangrove planting project, (4) Watercourse bank restoration project.

Monitoring Programme (5) Mangrove monitoring project (6) Soil and water monitoring project (7) Fauna and flora monitoring project (8) Pollution monitoring project (9) Monitoring project on legal setup and development plans

Public Awareness Programme It will include an educational programme for school children and conservation campaign for residents of the Wilayat. Required materials and facilities are (10) Pamphlets and posters distributed to the residents, (11) Information boards describing significance of the natural environment.

2.3 Implementation Mechanism Projects Responsible

Agencies Implementing

Body/ Agencies Related

Agencies (1) Temporary Nursery construction MRMEWR MRMEWR (2) Visitor service and information facilities development. MRMEWR Wilayat Shinas MCI (3) Mangrove planting project MRMEWR Wilayat Shinas (4) Watercourse bank restoration MRMEWR Wilayat Shinas (5) Mangrove Monitoring Project MRMEWR Wilayat Shinas (6) Soil and Water Monitoring Project MRMEWR Wilayat Shinas (7) Fauna and Flora Monitoring Project MRMEWR MRMEWR/ Omani

Institute for Birds


Shinas-4

Projects Responsible Agencies

Implementing Body/ Agencies

Related Agencies

(8) Pollution Monitoring Project MRMEWR Wilayat Shinas/ MRMEWR

(9) Monitoring Project on Legal Setup and Development Plans

(10) Pamphlets and posters distributed to the residents MRMEWR MRMEWR MOE (11) Information boards MRMEWR MRMEWR MOE

2.4 Implementation Schedule Project No. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6th 7th 8th 9 th 10 th

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

3. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

3.1 Restoration and Afforestation

3.1.1 Existing Mangrove Area Location and Area Bank of southern part of the lagoon is covered by the mangrove. Total

area of mangrove vegetation is 53 ha approximately. (Figure 2 Location Map)

Conditions of Existing Mangrove

Good condition near mouth of lagoon and midstream of southern channel. Some trees stand decayed around upper stream. As elevation and salinity increase at the landward side, the trees become smaller. There is some water stress in crowded smaller trees inland as the upper branches die. Tall trees reached 8m in height. New mangrove seedlings are intruding into narrow backyard of midstream at sea side, backyard of downstream of northern water channel and some extending area of right bank of northern water channel. Trees at parking area have been damaged by the soil of reclamation. There is no area for extending mangrove landward because of surrounding sabkha. Many seeds are observed after flowering season. Some trees are cut for firewood.


Shinas-5

3.1.2 Plantation Area Tidal Condition Normal Wave and Wind Calm in summer, drifted sand damages seaward fringe. Flood Every 5 to 10 years Water Salinity and pH Salinity; 4.1 ~ 4.4 %, pH; 8.3 ~ 8.5 (Attachment 5: Surface Water

Quality in Khawr Shinas) Soil Conditions The areas of sandy and deep soils on the north khawr will be suitable

land for new plantation. Some young mangrove plants exist and potential area will follows on upper shore of this vegetation. The tidal area about 400m long along north khawr from existing mangrove will be high potential area for plantation. In upper area of this khawr, soils are more fine-textured and some firm layers are observed. Shallow beach rocks are observed in some places. Surveyed data is in the “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Shinas” of this technical specification.

Potential Area Both banks along north khawr. See “Figure 3 Planting Map”.

Table 3.1 Location and Areas of Potential Planting Area(s)

Designated Area Area (ha) Area-1 (1) in Figure 3 1.6 Area-2 (2) in Figure 3 0.9

3.1.3 Planting Schedule Total Planting Area 2.5 ha Planting Season and Timing January ~ February Seed/ Seedlings Supply Source and Location

Seed from existing mangrove in Shinas Seedling from temporary nursery to be constructed in Shinas

Planting Method Start from downstream of landward shore. And shift to upper khawr. After finishing on landward shore, move to seaward shore. Start from downstream and move to upper khawr. Detailed technical guidelines should refer to the “Technical Guideline for Afforestation” attached with this technical specification.

Table 3.2 Planting Schedule

Year 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6th 7th 8th 9 th 10 th Total Planting area-1 Planting area-2

Table 3.3 Seeds/ Seedling Supply Schedule

Year 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total Season/ time Jan,

Feb Jan, Feb

Jan, Feb

Jan, Feb

Jan, Feb

Planting area (ha) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) (1)/(2) Number of seed/ seedling (thousands)

5 5 5 5 5 25


Shinas-6

3.1.4 Conservation Area Area of Land Use Park Development Area

3.1.5 Required Action for Conservation and Management Inspection Daily observation by the management body, 2 to 4 times of inspection

by MRMEWR (Mangrove Information Centre) Cleaning Management Body Replantation of Seedlings Growing Bad, Dead or Washed Away

MRMEWR (Mangrove Information Centre) for 5 years after plantation.

Service for Associated Facilities

Regularly by Management Body

Patrol and Enforcement Daily ordinary patrol by a police office of Wilayat is required, and the management body regularly inspects facilities conditions and littering and waste disposal to the ground and water in NR areas.

Restoration and Rehabilitation Work

The mangrove plantation work in the planting area described in the previous section is necessary. The pedestrian bridge is reconstructed to improve the water environment in the existing mangrove area (Figure 4 Proposed Pedestrian Bridge in Khawr Shinas).

Facilities Required for the Conservation and Management Activities

Directional signs along the highway and entrance to the access road(s), guide signs in the reserve, and information boards in the NR area can be seen in the area to explain the significance of the reserve and major flora and fauna. Plant Nursery not only for this site but also for mangrove planting site in the vicinity is required. Footpath and boardwalk for observation of wildlife as well as mangrove are also necessary.

3.2 Monitoring

3.2.1 Mangrove Monitoring Method ・Existing mangrove:

Select and label trees for monitoring. Monitor Mangrove by using the attached “Attachment 1: Field Monitoring Sheet for Mangrove”.

・Planting mangrove: First 4 years: tree height, canopy X:Y After 4 years: follow the monitoring sheet.

Frequency ・Existing mangrove: Every 2 years ・Planting mangrove: First 4 years: annual monitoring After the first 4 years: every 2 years

Monitoring Target ・Existing mangrove: 1) Sh-OT1: Coordinate Easting 446981 /Northing 2734528 2) Sh-OT4: Coordinate Easting 447346 /Northing 2733847 3) Sh-OT5: Coordinate Easting 447300 /Northing 2733405 4) Sh-OT14: Coordinate Easting 446662 /Northing 2733487 5) Sh-OT15: Coordinate Easting 446710 /Northing 2733548


Shinas-7

• Planting mangrove: Select 20 trees at random and monitor them. Trees to be selected

should have distinct characteristics such as (PV) locating at the panoramic view point, (EF) locating at the edge of existing forest stretch, (OT) outstanding tree (size, shape, history, health, etc.) and (RP) a tree stand at remarkable point.

Baseline Data Base line data of tentatively selected trees are listed in “Attachment 2: List of the Observed Points in Khawr Shinas”.

3.2.2 Soil and Water Monitoring Method Monitor soil and water in and around mangrove vegetation by using

attached table “Attachment 3: Field Monitoring Sheet for Soil and Water (Khawr Shinas)”.

Frequency Soil: (New plantation area) Before plantation and Every two years after the new plantation (Existing mangrove area) Every 2 Years Water: Every year (Outflow water at low tide should be measured.)

Monitoring Target Attachment 3 Baseline Data See attached table “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Shinas” and

“Attachment 5: Surface Water Quality in Khawr Shinas”.

3.2.3 Fauna and Flora Monitoring Method Monitor fauna and flora by using the attached “Attachment 6: Field

Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution”. For the observation of birds, an institute that is studying birds in Oman can be the best institute to take a part of the monitoring work by sub-contract basis.

Frequency At least twice a year Monitoring Target Attachment 6 Baseline Data The result of field reconnaissance of fauna and flora is shown in

“Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and Flora and Pollution in Khawr Shinas”.

3.2.4 Pollution (garbage and waste) Monitoring Method Monitor pollution by using the attached “Attachment 6: Field

Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution”. Water Quality and Soil Sample Tests should be carried out by MRMEWR.

Frequency At least twice a year Monitoring Target Attachment 6 Baseline Data See “Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and

Flora and Pollution in Khawr Shinas”.

3.2.5 Change on Legal Setup and Development Plans Frequency At least once a year Monitoring Target Land Ownership, Land Use Designation, Development Plans in the Site

and Surrounding Area


Shinas-8

Figure 1 Key Map


Shinas-9

Figure 2 Location Map


Shinas-10

Attachment 1: Field Monitoring Sheet for Mangrove (Khawr Shinas)

Mangrove Observation Recors

1) Identification No.

2) Location by GPS (WGS 84, UTM)Easting:

Northing:

3) Photograph No.

4) Observation of tree size and shape a) Tree Height (cm)b) Trunk diameter near botto m (cm)C) Live branches at the position about 1.3m off the center of tree bottom (painted)

Branch/ limb diameter measured in cm1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10

5) Obsrevation of tree history, helth and environmenta) History

Tree shape: Sign of cut in the past:

b) Health Nodes with leaves:

Inter-node length:Leaf length:Leaf color:

Looks / die back:

C) EnvironmentSoil depth / texture:

Surface water Salinity:Ground level:

Position:

Note:

Memo:(specific information or data significant for the tree willbe written here)

Records

b) Trunk diameter near bottom (cm) c) Live branches at the position about 1.3m off the centre of tree bottom (painted)

5) Observation of tree history, health and environment

c) Environment

Leaf colour:

Shinas-11


Att

achm

ent 2

: Lis

t of t

he O

bser

ved

Poin

ts in

Kha

wr

Shin

as

12

34

56

78

910

Shin

asSh

-OT1

128

Jul.

'02

4469

8127

3452

8sh

inas

tree1

a &

1b

452

4719

1515

1212

109

99

7Sh

inas

Sh-O

T228

Jul.

'02

4470

0127

3453

154

215

Shin

asSh

-OT3

28 Ju

l. '0

244

7085

2734

442

465

15Sh

inas

Sh-O

T42

28 Ju

l. '0

244

7346

2733

847

shin

astre

e2a

& 2

b68

520

1714

129.

58.

5Sh

inas

Sh-O

T53

28 Ju

l. '0

244

7300

2733

405

shin

astre

e3b

788

1513

99.

58

77

5Sh

inas

Sh-O

T628

Jul.

'02

32Sh

inas

Sh-O

T728

Jul.

'02

4472

7127

3322

678

925

2015

156

Shin

asSh

-OT8

28 Ju

l. '0

244

7128

2733

319

830

3627

17Sh

inas

Sh-O

T928

Jul.

'02

4467

1827

3418

8Sh

inas

Sh-O

T10

29 Ju

l. '0

244

6807

2733

895

575

2117

6Sh

inas

Sh-O

T11

29 Ju

l. '0

244

6818

2733

849

650

2219

1716

1512

Shin

asSh

-OT1

229

Jul.

'02

4467

6527

3380

353

632

Shin

asSh

-OT1

329

Jul.

'02

4466

4927

3373

960

427

199

Shin

asSh

-OT1

44

29 Ju

l. '0

244

6662

2733

487

shin

astre

e4a

& 4

b49

520

1716

1313

1210

9Sh

inas

Sh-O

T15

529

Jul.

'02

4467

1027

3354

8sh

inas

tree5

a &

5b

466

1915

119

98.

58

8Sh

inas

Sh-O

T16

29 Ju

l. '0

244

6674

2733

616

615

Shin

asSh

-OT1

729

Jul.

'02

4470

9227

3345

250

034

3326

Shin

asSh

-OT1

829

Jul.

'02

4470

5527

3344

295

0Sh

inas

Sh-O

T19

18 D

ec. '

0244

6198

2739

037

535

713

1210

167

712

Kha

wr

Tre

eN

umbe

rD

ate

ofO

bser

vatio

nM

onito

ring

Tre

esR

emar

ksEa

stin

gN

orth

ing

Trun

kne

arbo

ttom

Coo

rdin

ate

(UT

M)

Phot

o N

umbe

rH

eigh

t(c

m)

Dia

met

er (c

m)

Live

bra

nche

s at t

he p

ositi

on a

bout

1.3

m o

ff th

ece

nter

of t

ree

botto

m (D

BH

: Dia

met

er B

reat

h H

eigh

t)

Live

bra

nche

s at t

he p

ositi

on a

bout

1.3

m o

ff th

e ce

ntre

of t

ree

botto

m

(DB

H: D

iam

eter

Bre

ast H

eigh

t)


Shinas-12

Attachment 3: Field Monitoring Sheet for Soil & Water (Khawr Shinas)

Location Date / time: / ,200 : Recorder General Condition in plantation area:

(garbage, rubbish, leaf, alga, crab, shell, etc) (1) Soil Condition New planted area

( ) New planted area

( ) Exist. Mangrove①

young seedlings Exist. Mangrove②

Dense bush Easting 446950 446730 Coordinate Northing. 2734510 2733710

Surface condition 0-10cm 30-40cm Soil

Texture 50-60cm 0-10cm 30-40cm Soil

Colour 50-60cm Root development Depth of surface humus

GWL* (cm) pH Free

water Salinity (%) Soil colour by Munsell notation, GPS*:by UTM of WGS84 GWL: Ground water level

(2) Surface Water Quality (Observation time: : ) Khawr mouth

③ Mid khawr ④at bridge

Upstream Khawr⑤

Sea water ⑥

Easting 447365 447172 446710 447510 Coordinate Northing. 2734190 2733227 2733380 2734120 Surface waste pH Salinity (%) Temperature (C) DO (mg/l) Turbidity / Colour

●Soil ○ Water

12

3

5 4

6

Location of monitoring

Shinas-13


Att

achm

ent 4

: Soi

l Pro

file

in K

haw

r Sh

inas

East

ing

Nor

thin

gD

epth

(cm

)pH

Salin

it y(%

)Su

rfac

e(0

-30c

m)

Sub-

surf

ace

(30-

60cm

)D

eep

laye

r(>

90cm

)Su

r fac

e (

0-30

cm)

Sub-

surf

ace

(30-

60cm

)Su

rfac

eSu

b-su

rfac

e

1In

ner e

nd o

f kha

wr i

n so

uth

bran

ch44

6711

2737

018

Cla

yey

Cla

yey

Loam

y to

Sand

Yel

low

ish

gray

-gr

ayG

rayi

sh o

live

tobl

ack

Loos

eLo

ose

2Sa

lt m

arsh

nea

r the

edg

e of

inne

rm

angr

ove

4467

3127

3330

8Lo

amy

Loam

yLo

amy

toSa

ndy

Gra

yish

yel

low

oran

ge-o

live

brow

n

Oliv

e br

own-

dull

yello

wis

hbr

own

Ver

y fir

mFi

rm to

fria

ble

3M

idst

ream

of k

haw

r in

sout

hw

ater

cha

nnel

4467

3227

3371

443

7.1

5.6

Loam

yLo

amy

sand

B

row

nish

bla

ckD

ark

oliv

e gr

ay-

blac

kV

ery

fria

ble

Loos

e

4M

idst

ream

of k

haw

r in

sout

hw

ater

cha

nnel

4471

6927

3321

4C

laye

y to

loam

ysa

ndsa

ndD

ark

oliv

eO

live

blac

k-bl

ack

Ver

yfr

iabl

eV

ery

fria

ble

5M

angr

ove

bush

at t

erra

ce in

mid

stre

am o

f sou

th w

ater

cha

nnel

4475

2427

3361

934

7.1

4.7

Sand

Sand

Sand

Dar

k gr

ayis

h-da

rk g

reen

ish

gray

Dar

k gr

eeni

shgr

ayFi

rm to

fria

ble

Fria

ble

6M

idst

ream

of s

outh

wat

er c

hann

el5m

beh

ind

from

wat

er c

ours

e44

7507

2733

656

Sand

Sand

Sand

Bro

wni

sh b

lack

-da

rk g

reen

ish

gray

Dar

k ol

ive

brow

n-br

owni

shbl

ack

--

7M

outh

of k

haw

r on

sout

h w

ater

chan

nel

4474

7527

3391

460

7.5

4.3

Sand

Sand

Loam

yD

ark

oliv

ebr

own

Dar

k ol

ive

brow

n-ol

ive

blac

kLo

ose

Ver

yfr

iabl

e

8N

ear t

he e

nd o

f man

grov

eve

geta

tion

on n

orth

kha

wr W

ater

cour

se o

n no

rth k

haw

r (1)

4469

5527

3459

970

7.6

5.5

Sand

Sand

Sand

Oliv

e br

own

Oliv

e bl

own-

brow

nish

bla

ckFr

iabl

eFr

iabl

e

9W

ater

cou

rse

on n

orth

wat

erch

anne

l (2)

4468

7227

3493

248

7.5

5.1

Sand

ySa

ndSa

ndD

ark

gray

ish

Dar

k gr

ayis

h-bl

ack

Firm

Firm

tofr

iabl

e

10W

ater

cou

rse

on n

orth

wat

erch

anne

l(3)

4468

7227

3502

446

7.6

7Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndB

row

nish

bla

ckbl

ack

Firm

Firm

11W

ater

cou

rse

on n

orth

wat

erch

anne

l (4)

4467

7227

3533

865

7.3

7.6

Sand

Sand

Loam

yD

ark

oliv

ebr

own

Yel

low

ish

gray

Ver

yfr

iabl

e to

fria

ble

Ver

yfr

iabl

e

12W

ater

cou

rse

on n

orth

wat

erch

anne

l (5)

4466

0427

3556

070

7.5

5.6

Loam

ySa

ndSa

ndG

ray

Gra

yish

oliv

eV

ery

fria

ble

tofr

iabl

e

Ver

yfr

iabl

e

Har

dnes

s

Cor

e sa

mpl

e

Cor

e sa

mpl

e

Soil

Col

or

Satu

rate

d by

surf

ace

wat

er

Satu

rate

d by

surf

ace

wat

er

Coo

rdin

ate

(UTM

)G

roun

d W

ater

Prof

ileN

o.

Text

ure

Loca

tion

Soil

Col

our

Yel

low

ish

grey

-gr

ey

Gre

yish

yel

low

or

ange

-oliv

e br

own

Dar

k gr

eyis

h-da

rk

gree

nish

gre

y

Bro

wni

sh

blac

k-da

rk

gree

nish

gre

y

Dar

k gr

eyis

h

Gre

y

Dar

k ol

ive

grey

- b

lack

Gre

yish

oliv

e to

bl

ack

Dar

k gr

eeni

sh

grey

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Yel

low

ish

grey

Dar

k gr

eyis

h -

blac

k

Shinas-14


Att

achm

ent 5

: Sur

face

Wat

er Q

ualit

y in

Kha

wr

Shin

as

Eas

ting

Nor

thin

g

1K

haw

r be

ach

4475

0927

3411

7C

lear

8.1

3.7

--

--

2K

haw

r E

ntra

nce

4473

6627

3419

0C

lear

8.0

3.8

35.0

5.22

--

3So

uth

khaw

r, I

nner

kha

wr

4474

4127

3393

3C

lear

8.0

3.9

35.0

5.13

--

4So

uth

khaw

r, m

idst

ream

nea

r m

outh

4474

0727

3384

1C

lear

7.8

3.9

35.1

4.41

2<

1

5So

uth

khaw

r, 1

50m

dow

n fr

om b

ridg

e44

7440

2733

785

+8.

03.

935

.05.

25-

-

6So

uth

khaw

r, 5

0m d

own

from

bri

dge

4473

5427

3325

0±

7.9

3.9

34.0

3.36

0-2

-

7So

uth

khaw

r, m

idst

ream

4467

3227

3371

4C

lear

7.9

4.0

3.06

2-4

< 1

8So

uth

khaw

r, s

tagn

ant s

urfa

ce w

ater

at

dive

rsio

n po

int

4466

9827

3356

7++

7.9

4.2

32.8

3.03

--

9So

uth

khaw

r, e

nd o

f kha

wr

4467

1427

3338

2++

8.0

4.1

35.5

4.82

--

10So

uth

khaw

r, m

idst

ream

at t

ribu

tary

4468

0027

3384

3+

8.0

4.0

33.3

2.59

2<

1

11N

orth

kha

wr,

nea

r fo

rk w

ith s

outh

kha

wr

4471

2327

3446

9C

lear

8.4

4.0

34.1

4.20

--

12N

orth

kha

wr,

nea

r m

angr

ove

edge

4470

0527

3465

4C

lear

8.3

4.1

34.6

3.65

--

13N

orth

kha

wr,

mid

stre

am (

1)44

6905

2734

931

Cle

ar8.

54.

133

.54.

27-

-

14N

orth

kha

wr,

mid

stre

am (

2)44

6705

2735

357

+8.

34.

333

.92.

96-

-

15N

orth

kha

wr,

mid

stre

am (

3)44

6555

2735

996

±8.

34.

433

.24.

50-

< 1

16N

orth

kha

wr,

mid

stre

am (

4)44

6305

2736

465

-8.

34.

8-

--

-

17K

haw

r be

ach

--

Cle

ar8.

13.

632

.7-

--

18So

uth

Kha

wr

at b

ridg

e44

7234

2733

194

-8.

03.

633

.710

.50

--

19N

orth

kha

wr

near

man

grov

e ed

ge44

6885

2735

026

Cle

ar8.

94.

036

.29.

25-

-

20N

orth

kha

wr

near

sch

ool

4467

3127

3530

5C

lear

8.7

4.4

36.5

8.7

--

Obs

erva

tion

Dat

e: 2

7 Ju

ly 2

002

for

sam

ple

No.

1-16

, 13

May

200

3 fo

r sa

mpl

e N

o.17

-20

No.

Loc

atio

nC

oord

inat

e (U

TM

)C

olor／

Vis

ibili

tyD

O(m

g/l)

CO

D(m

g/l)

NO

3(m

gNO

3 /l)pH

Salin

ity(%

)T

empe

ra-

ture

(C

)C

olou

r/ V

isib

ility


Shinas-15

Attachment 6: Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution (Khawr Shinas)

Pollution: Evidence of: solid waste (garbage), liquid waste, oil Water quality: clear/muddy/green/salinity Fishing: nets, etc

Domestic/feral animals:

Vegetation: (Species and condition) Mangroves: Arthrocnemum zone: Suaeda vermiculata/Cyperus conglomeratus: Surrounding sandy area: Dune vegetation: Evidence of: grazing, cutting, flowering, seeds:

Animals: Snails: Terebralia, Cerithidea, Cerithium, Nerita, Umbonium Bivalves: Saccostrea, Dosinia, Laternula Crabs: Landward fringe: Uca inversa/annulipes Among trees: Metopograpsus, Perisesarma, Eurycarcinus, Macrophthalmus In channel: Thalamita, Portunus On beach: Ocypode

Other comments:

Location Date Time Tide Recorder

Bird count: species numbers Expected birds: Gulls, Terns, Herons, Waders, Characteristic species: White-collared Kingfisher/Sykes’s Warbler


Shinas-16

Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution Sample (1)

Location Shinas Date 21.9.02 Time 16.00 Tide Low; 1.1m Recorder N V Clarke Bird count: species 18 numbers 173 Gulls 50 on sea beach (Caspian, Slender-billed, Sooty Gulls) Terns 90 on sea beach (Sandwich, Lesser Crested, Swift Terns) Herons 16 (Western Reef, Grey Herons, Great White Egret, Little Egret) Waders 17 (Kentish, Sand, Grey Plover, Curlew, Redshank, Common

Sandpiper, Turnstone) Conspicuous species: Egyptian Vulture Characteristic species: White-collared Kingfisher/Sykes’s Warbler – not seen

Pollution: Evidence of: solid waste (garbage), liquid waste, oil. none Water quality: clear/muddy/green/salinity clear Fishing: nets few

Domestic/feral animals: goats, camels

Vegetation: Outer zone, furthest from the khawr, Salsola imbricata. Dry water courses, Juncus rigidus. Dry edges of khawr, Suaeda vermiculata, Cyperus conglomeratus about 10% cover. Wet sand nearest to the mangroves, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum about 50% cover. Along the north west arm of the khawr, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Suaeda vermiculata and Zygophyllum qatarense. Dune vegetation included Halopyrum mucronatum. Evidence of: grazing, cutting, flowering, seeds: none

Animals: Landward Edge of mangroves: Fiddler crabs (Uca spp) In mangroves: mangrove crabs (Uca lactea annulipes, Perisesarme guttatum, Nasima

dotilliforme, Serenella leachii and Eurycarcinus orientalis), large mudsnails (Terebralia).

Channel Edge of mangroves: mud crabs (Macrophthalmus depressus), mangrove crab (Metopograpsus thukuhar), small mudsnails (Cerithidea cingulata and Cerithium scabrida), oysters (Saccostrea cucullata), nerites (Nerita albicalla) and barnacles (Balanus amphitrite).

Channel: small fish, hermit crabs (Diogenes sp) and shrimps (Palaemon), bivalve shells (Laternula erythraensis, Dosinia alta). Bivalves were abundant in the channel bed of the northern arm (Dosinia alta, Modiolinae, Lanternula erythraensis, Umbonium vestiarium).

Other comments: Local Municipality developed picnic/parking, encroaching on mangrove edge. Footbridge narrows channel and needs repair.

Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and Flora and Pollution in Khawr Shinas


Shinas-17

Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution Sample (2)

Location Shinas Date 12/07/03 Time 12.00 Tide Mid tide Recorder N V Clarke

Bird count: species 9 numbers 55 Herons (Western Reef), Waders (Curlew, Red wattled Plover), Gulls and Terns on sea beach, Characteristic species: White-collared Kingfisher/Sykes’s Warbler – not seen

Pollution: Evidence of: solid waste Old building materials dumped next to khawr Water quality: clear/muddy clear Fishing: nets few

Domestic/feral animals: goats, camels

Vegetation: Outer zone, furthest from the khawr, Salsola imbricata. Dry water courses, Juncus rigidus. Dry edges of khawr, Suaeda vermiculata, Cyperus conglomeratus. Wet sand nearest to the mangroves, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. Along the north west arm of the khawr, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Suaeda vermiculata, Zygophyllum qatarense, Cornulaca monacantha. Dune vegetation included Halopyrum mucronatum. Mangroves with seeds. Young trees colonising the west arm. Large trees follow the eastern channel but further inland they become smaller and die back occurs caused by water stress.

Animals: Landward Edge of mangroves: Fiddler crabs (Uca inversa) In mangroves: crabs (Uca annulipes, Perisesarme guttatum, Nasima dotilliforme,

Serenella leachii and Eurycarcinus orientalis), large mudsnails (Terebralia palustris) common.

Channel Edge of mangroves: crabs (Metopograpsus thukuhar, Macrophthalmus depressus). Small mudsnails (Cerithidea cingulata and Cerithium scabrida), Oysters (Saccostrea cucullata), Nerites (Nerita albicalla) and barnacles (Balanus amphitrite)

Channel: small fish, hermit crabs (Diogenes sp)and shrimps (Palaemon), bivalve shells (Laternula erythraensis, Dosinia alta. Bivalves were abundant in the channel bed of the northern arm (Dosinia alta, Modiolinae, Lanternula erythraensis, Umbonium vestiarium).

Other comments: Potential mangrove planting along western arm. Local Municipality developed picnic/parking, encroaching on mangrove edge. Footbridge too narrow for channel and needs repair/replacement.


Shinas-18

Attachment 8: Site Photos (Khawr Shinas)

General Condition

Mangrove at midstream of south water channel New mangrove vegetation

Mangrove Vegetation

Healthy mangrove trees at channel Standing dead trees on midstream of southern khawr

Soil Condition

Soil beside water channel under mangrove bush (Profile No. 4)

Open tidal zone in on north water channel (Profile No. 9)

Shinas-19


(Kha

wr S

hinas

, Pro

file N

o.4)

Loca

tion

Mids

tream

of kh

awr in

south

wate

r cha

nnel

Co-o

rdina

te (U

TM)

Easti

ng: 4

4717

5

North

ing: 2

7329

48

Phys

iogra

phic

posit

ion

Lowe

r ter

race

To

pogr

aphy

Sl

ope

Soil C

lassif

icatio

n Ty

pic F

luvaq

uents

Pa

rent

mater

ial

Alluv

ial

depo

sits

Depth

of fr

ee

water

No

t dete

rmine

d

Vege

tation

/ ma

ngro

ve

Mang

rove

vege

tation

Ob

serva

tion o

f cor

e sam

ple*1

De

scrip

tion o

f soil

profi

le *2

) A

0-24

cm

Dark

olive

(5Y

4/3),

very

friable

, silty

clay

with

angu

lar

block

y stru

cture

and s

ticky

cons

isten

cy; fe

w fai

nt da

rk oli

ve

(7.5Y

4/3)

mott

le; m

any m

edium

and s

mall r

oots;

clea

r sm

ooth

boun

dary

C 24

-51c

m Da

rk oli

ve (5

Y 4/3

), ve

ry fria

ble, s

ilty lo

am w

ith su

b-an

gular

blo

cky s

tructu

re an

d stic

ky co

nsist

ency

; man

y sma

ll and

fin

e roo

ts; gr

adua

l smo

oth bo

unda

ry

C 51

-80c

m Bl

ack (

5Y 2/

1), fr

iable

coar

se sa

nd w

ith m

assiv

e stru

cture

an

d non

-stick

y con

sisten

cy; m

any m

edium

and s

mall r

oots;

dif

fused

, smo

oth bo

unda

ry C

80-9

0cm

Blac

k (5Y

2/1)

, friab

le co

arse

sand

with

mas

sive s

tructu

re

and n

on-st

icky c

onsis

tency

; few

small

root

*1: D

escri

ption

s of s

tructu

re an

d bou

ndar

y are

estim

ated f

rom

limite

d obs

erva

tion o

f cor

e sam

ple.

*2: T

extur

e was

clas

sified

at fie

ld by

visu

al an

d tou

ching

obse

rvatio

n.

(Kha

wr S

hinas

, Pro

file N

o. 9)

Lo

catio

n W

ater c

ourse

on no

rth w

ater c

hann

el (2

) Co

-ord

inate

(UTM

) Ea

sting

: 446

878

N

orthi

ng: 2

7346

65

Phys

iogra

phic

posit

ion

Lowe

r ter

race

To

pogr

aphy

Fla

t

Soil C

lassif

icatio

n Ty

pic P

samm

aque

nts

Pare

nt ma

terial

Al

luvial

depo

sit

Depth

of fr

ee

water

48

cm

Vege

tation

/ ma

ngro

ve

No ve

getat

ion

Desc

riptio

n of s

oil pr

ofile

*2)

C 0-

11cm

Da

rk gr

eyish

yello

w (2

.5YR

4/2) f

riable

loam

y san

d with

sin

gle gr

ain st

ructu

re an

d non

-stick

y con

sisten

cy; fe

w sh

ell

fragm

ent; g

radu

al sm

ooth

boun

dary

C 11

-26c

m Da

rk gr

eyish

yello

w (2

.5Y 4/

1.5) f

irm lo

amy s

and m

assiv

e sin

gle gr

ain st

ructu

re an

d non

-stick

y con

sisten

cy; g

radu

al sm

ooth

boun

dary

C

26-3

9cm

Dark

grey

ish ye

llow

(2.5Y

4/1.5

) fria

ble lo

amy s

and w

ith

mass

ive st

ructu

re an

d non

-stick

y con

sisten

cy; c

lear w

avy

boun

dary

C 39

-67c

m Bl

ack (

2.5Y

2/1),

friable

, coa

rse sa

nd w

ith m

assiv

e stru

cture

an

d non

-stick

y con

sisten

cy; c

ommo

n she

ll fra

gmen

t *1

: Des

cripti

ons o

f stru

cture

and b

ound

ary a

re es

timate

d fro

m lim

ited o

bser

vatio

n of c

ore s

ample

. *2

: Tex

ture w

as cl

assif

ied at

field

by vi

sual

and t

ouch

ing ob

serva

tion.

Att

achm

ent 9

: Soi

l Pro

file

of S

ampl

es in

Kha

wr

Shin

as

Technical Specification for Khawr Harmul & Nabr

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR KHAWR HARMUL/ NABR

Harmul/ Nabr-1

1. SITE DESCRIPTION

1.1 Location Governorate/ Region Al Batinah Wilayat Liwa Distance from the Centre of Wilayat

This site is located at north of village of Liwa, 30 km north of Sohar (the capital of Northern Al Batinah Region).

Nearest Locality Harmul Fame of the Site/ Distinctive Features

None

Facilities in the Site Some picnic facilities are provided. Features of Surrounding Areas At Liwa there are two khawrs close to each other. Khawr Harmul to the

east is open to the sea, but the western arm is mostly dry and no longer connects to the smaller, now dry Khawr Nabr to the west. On the beach side, the mangroves are partly buried in sand.

1.2 Natural Conditions Climate Zone Batinah Zone General Terrain Flat plain Geological Features From the mouth of Khawr Harmul a channel extends southeastwards,

parallel to the shore, for about 5 km. Mangrove growth follows the main channel and also extends inland where three or four smaller channels connect to the khawr.

History of Geological Change No data Soil Khawr Harmul & Nabr are located on a flat alluvial plain formed at the

mouths of Wadi Fizh on north and Wadi Bani Umar al Gharbi on south. Seawater only flows into southern Khawr Harmul from khawr mouth. In previous times, Harmul khawr was connected to Khawr Nabr, but connecting water channel is dried up at present. This khawr has been strongly affected by the sand sedimentation at beach side due to the shifting sand from beach. Soils at mouth of khawr are sandy. Deep (about 50cm) sand sedimentations are observed on top. No free water was observed at 100cm depth. Along the meandering channel of khawr under dense mangrove bush, loamy soils with dark greyish colour through layers are observed. Also at inner flat areas under scarce mangrove bushes, loamy surface soils and sandy subsurface soils are observed. Salinities of ground water were ranging from 4.2 to 6.7%. Details are shown in attached table “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr” and “Attachment 9: Soil Profile of Samples in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr”.

Water The waters in meandering water channels were murky. Salinities of surface water were ranging from 3.5 to 4.0% (July 2002). DO in water was ranging from 1.9 to 6.0mg/l. Lower values of DO (1.9mg/l) were observed on swamp water. There was no significant constraint on the values of COD (less than 4mg/l). Details are shown in attached table “Attachment 5: Surface Water Quality in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr”.


Harmul/ Nabr-2

Fauna On the landward side of the mangroves in wet sand fiddler crabs (Uca inversa) were found. In the mangroves, the mud snail Terebralia palustris was common, but crabs seemed to be scarce. Three crabs (Perisesarme guttatum, Metapograpsus thukuhar, Eurycarcinus orientalis) were collected. In the khawr channel below the picnic site, small hermit crabs (Diogenes) were common and swimming crabs (Thalamita crenata, Thalamita sp) were seen. The snails, Terebralia, and Cerithidea cingulata were common on the surface, while the bivalves, Dosinia alta and Laternula arseneoides occurred in small numbers buried in the sand. The sand pyramids and burrows of the ghost crab (Ocypode saratan) were abundant on the sea beach. A total of 24 fish species was recorded during the environmental monitoring of the Sohar Port development. Evans (1994) records the significant numbers (>1% of world population) of Black-headed and Yellow-legged Gulls. The Arabian collared kingfisher visits this mangrove site and may be more numerous than at Shinas. The other speciality of the Liwa mangroves is Sykes’s Warbler, which breeds in small numbers (Erikson et al, 2001). Wading birds and seabird species use this inlet and 108 birds were counted belonging to 13 species. Turtle nesting activity was reported by Salm & Jensen (1991) near the mangroves. The deliberate killing and accidental drowning of sea turtles in gill nets reported along the Batinah coast is not sustainable.

Flora The mangroves at Khawr Harmul branch in two main directions from the channel mouth. The main growth follows the permanent water channel to the southeast. To the north west, the water channel is shallow and is only flooded at high tide. Here mangroves have become covered by sand on the beach side and many appear to be dying. On the landward side mangrove trees follow minor watercourses joining the main khawr. In general the mangroves are young trees although the forest has been in existence for a long time. Surrounding sand flats supported salt-tolerant plants, (Cornulaca monacantha, Suaeda vermiculata (= fruticosa, Miller & Cope 1996) and Cyperus conglomeratus). Small depressions behind the mangroves were filled with the grass Aeluropus lagopoides, while a patch of Halocnemum strobilaceum occurred near the road. The central large open areas on the landward side between mangroves channels were either bare sand or supported small succulent shrublets of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, which reached up to 30% plant cover. This plant was in poor condition (winter 2003) becoming smaller the further away from the mangroves with very short branches and appeared very dry.


Deposition of sediment is occurring at the channel mouth, which may be related to the Sohar Port development. Waste material was observed at the site by Salm, and presumably dumped from the nearest village, Sahi Harmul.

1.3 Socio-economic Situation Population of the Wilayat (2001) 108 thousand Population of the Nearest Locality (1993) 2.7 thousand Main Economic Activities Commerce, industry, fishery and agriculture Infrastructure Access road to the picnic area.


Harmul/ Nabr-3

Main Usage Used for recreational activities for people in surrounding areas and visitors interested in mangrove forest and natural environment in Oman. Biological diversification is distinctive.

Community Interference with the Area Housing development at northern part, recreational development in the south.

Cultural Significance There are the historical remains of forts

1.4 Legal Setup and Development Plans Land Ownership and Land Use Designation None Development Plans in the Site and the Surrounding Area Picnic ground. Existing Conservation Proposal None



Designate the Nature Reserve (NR) and Recreational Development Area (RDA) and set a distinct boundary of NR and RDA (see 4.2 Required Action for Conservation and Management)



(1) Visitor service and information facilities development (Figure 4 Proposed Pedestrian Bridge at Khawr Harmul/ Nabr).


(2) Mangrove maintenance project




Harmul/ Nabr-4



Body/ Agencies Related

Agencies (1) Visitor service and information facilities development. MRMEWR Wilayat Liwa MCI (2) Mangrove maintenance project MRMEWR Wilayat Liwa (3) Mangrove Monitoring Project MRMEWR Wilayat Liwa (4) Soil and Water Monitoring Project MRMEWR Wilayat Liwa (5) Fauna and Flora Monitoring Project MRMEWR MRMEWR/ Omani

Institute for Birds

(6) Pollution Monitoring Project MRMEWR Wilayat Liwa/ MRMEWR

(7) Monitoring Project on Legal Setup and Development Plans

MRMEWR MRMEWR

(8) Pamphlets and posters distributed to the residents MRMEWR MRMEWR MOE (9) Information boards MRMEWR MRMEWR MOE

2.4 Implementation Schedule Project

No. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6th 7th 8th 9 th 10 th

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)



3.1.1 Existing Mangrove Area Location and Area Banks of water channel at Khawr Harmul and northern stretch along the coastline

are covered by mangrove. Total area of mangrove vegetation is 56 ha approximately. (Figure 2 Location Map)


Mangrove had been damaged by various activities including cutting of branches and feeding of leaves. But mangroves are now under protection and in good condition along main water channel of southern extending water channel. Many trees are standing decayed at surrounding landward borders of northern channel and beachfront. Heavy sand sedimentation on mangrove vegetation areas at beachfronts. Tallest trees reach a modest 6 to 7 metres height. No more natural regenerations although young trees common. There is no extending for mangrove at landward area because of surrounding Sabkha. Flowerings were observed but the trees along water channel will produce seeds. Trees at parking area have been damaged by the soil of reclamation. The changing of khawr mouth by sand shifting may have an effect on the growing of trees. Some trees are cut for firewood. Much garbage in and around mangrove vegetation at surrounding landward borders.


Harmul/ Nabr-5

3.1.2 Plantation Potential Area Tidal Condition Normal: Disturbed (Deposition of sediment is occurring at the channel

mouth) Wave and Wind Calm in summer, drifted sand will close mouth of site Flood Every 5 to 10 years Water Salinity and pH Salinity; 3.5 ~ 4.3 %, pH; 7.5 ~ 8.2 (“Attachment 5: Surface Water

Quality in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr”) Soil Conditions Heavy sedimentation area in beach, landed mangrove area, sandy soil

along beach, silty surface soil in inner course of site. Surveyed data is in the “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr” of this technical specification.

Potential Area N/A

3.1.3 Conservation Area Area of Land Use Park Development Area

3.1.4 Required Action for Conservation and Management Inspection Daily observation by management body, 2 to 4 times of inspection by

MRMEWR (Mangrove Information Centre) Cleaning Management Body Replantation of Seedlings Growing Bad, Dead or Washed Away


Service for Associated Facilities

Regularly by Management Body

Patrol and Enforcement Daily ordinary patrol by a police office of Wilayat is required, and the management body regularly inspects facilities conditions and littering and waste disposal to the ground and water in NR areas.


The mangrove plantation work in the planting area described in the previous section is necessary. The pedestrian bridge is reconstructed to improve the water environment in the existing mangrove area (Figure 4: Proposed Pedestrian Bridge at Khawr Harmul/ Nabr).


Directional signs along the highway and entrance to the access road(s), guide signs in the reserve, and information boards in the NR area can be seen in the area to explain the significance of the reserve and major flora and fauna. Footpath and boardwalk for observation of wildlife as well as mangrove are also necessary.

3.2 Monitoring

3.2.1 Mangrove Monitoring Method Label trees for monitoring. Monitor mangrove by using the attached

“Attachment 1: Field Monitoring Sheet for Mangrove”. Frequency Existing mangrove:

Every 2 years


Harmul/ Nabr-6

Monitoring Target Existing mangrove: 1) Nb-OT1: Coordinate Easting 457068 /Northing 2716022 2) Hr-OT1: Coordinate Easting 457525 /Northing 2715273 3) Hr-OT7: Coordinate Easting 457796 /Northing 2714669 4) Hr-OT11: Coordinate Easting 458131 /Northing 2713976

Baseline Data Baseline data and monitoring trees are listed in “Attachment 2: List of the Observed Points in Khawr Harmul & Nabr”.

3.2.2 Soil and Water Monitoring Method Monitor soil and water in and around mangrove vegetation by using

attached table “Attachment 3: Field Monitoring Sheet for Soil and Water (Khawr Harmul/ Nabr)”.

Frequency Soil: (Existing mangrove area) Every 2 Years Water; Every year (Outflow water at low tide should be measured.)

Monitoring Target Attachment 3 Baseline Data See attached table “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Harmul/

Nabr” and “Attachment 5: Surface Water Quality in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr”.


Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution.” For the observation of birds, an institute that is studying birds in Oman can be the best institute to take a part of the monitoring work by sub-contract basis.


“Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and Flora and Pollution in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr”.


Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution.” Water Quality and Soil Sample Tests should be carried out by MRMEWR.


Flora and Pollution in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr”.

3.2.5 Change on Legal Setup and Development Plans Frequency Monitoring Target Land Ownership, Land Use Designation, Development Plans in the Site



Harmul/ Nabr-7

Figure 1 Key Map


Harmul/ Nabr-8



Harmul/ Nabr-9

Figure 3 Planting Map


Harmul/ Nabr-10

Attachment 1: Field Monitoring Sheet for Mangrove (Khawr Harmul/ Nabr)




Northing:

3) Photograph No.



5 6 7 8

9 10





Looks / die back:



Position:

Note:


Records



c) Environment

Leaf colour:

Harmul/ Nabr-11


Att

achm

ent 2

: Lis

t of t

he O

bser

ved

Poin

ts in

Kha

wr

Har

mul

/ Nab

r

12

34

56

78

910

Nab

rH

b-O

T11

30 Ju

l.'02

4570

6827

1602

2liw

atre

e1a

& 1

b42

213

1210

76

Nab

rH

b-O

T230

Jul.'

0245

7147

2715

926

411

Nab

rH

b-O

T330

Jul.'

0245

7455

2715

442

313

Har

mul

Hr-O

T12

30 Ju

l.'02

4575

2527

1527

3liw

atre

e2a

& 2

b44

526

258

55

Har

mul

Hr-O

T230

Jul.'

0245

8127

2714

484

350

Har

mul

Hr-O

T330

Jul.'

0245

8045

2714

435

563

35H

arm

ulH

r-OT4

30 Ju

l.'02

57.5

Har

mul

Hr-O

T530

Jul.'

0245

7782

2714

660

622

3522

12H

arm

ulH

r-OT6

30 Ju

l.'02

4577

9327

1470

0H

arm

ulH

r-OT7

330

Jul.'

0245

7796

2714

669

liwat

ree3

b54

322

1610

8H

arm

ulH

r-OT8

30 Ju

l.'02

4583

6127

1382

867

915

Har

mul

Hr-O

T930

Jul.'

0245

8108

2713

718

566

277

Har

mul

Hr-O

T10

30 Ju

l.'02

4581

4527

1396

756

220

1913

11H

arm

ulH

r-OT1

14

30 Ju

l.'02

4581

3127

1397

6liw

atre

e4a

& 4

b66

044

2815

127

66

5.5

Kha

wr

Tre

eN

umbe

rM

onito

ring

Tre

esD

ate

ofO

bser

vatio

nR

emar

ksEa

stin

gN

orth

ing

Trun

kne

arbo

ttom

Live

bra

nche

s at t

he p

ositi

on a

bout

1.3

m o

ff th

ece

nter

of t

ree

botto

m(D

BH

: Dia

met

er B

reat

h H

eigh

t)

Coo

rdin

ate

(UT

M)

Phot

o N

umbe

rH

eigh

t(c

m)

Dia

met

er (c

m)

Live

bra

nche

s at t

he p

ositi

on a

bout

1.3

m o

ff th

e ce

ntre

of t

ree

botto

m

(DB

H: D

iam

eter

Bre

ast H

eigh

t)


Harmul/ Nabr-12

Attachment 3: Field Monitoring Sheet for Soil & Water (Khawr Harmul/ Nabr)

Location Date / time: / ,200

: Recorder

General Condition in plantation area:

(garbage, rubbish, leaf, alga, crab, shell, etc)

(1) Soil Condition Existing

Mangrove ① Existing

Mangrove ② Easting 458300 457500 Coordinate Northing 2714100 2715350

Surface condition 0-10cm

30-40cm Soil Texture 50-60cm

0-10cm 30-40cm Soil

Colour 50-60cm Root development Depth of surface humus

GWL* (cm) pH Free

water Salinity (%) Soil colour by Munsell notation, GPS*:by UTM of WGS84 GWL: Ground water level

(2) Surface Water Quality (Observation time: : ) Upstream Khawr③ Sea water ④ Khawr mouth⑤

Easting 458710 458800 457910 Coordinate Northing 2713540 2713600 2714850 Surface waste pH Salinity (%) Temperature (C) DO (mg/l) Turbidity / Colour

●Soil ○ Water

4 2

3 5

1


Harmul/ Nabr-13


Att

achm

ent 4

: Soi

l Pro

file

in K

haw

r H

arm

ul/ N

abr

East

ing

Nor

thin

gD

epth

(cm

)pH

Salin

it y(%

)Su

rfac

e(0

-30c

m)

Sub-

surf

ace

(30-

60cm

)D

eep

laye

r(>

90cm

)Su

r fac

e (

0-30

cm)

Sub-

surf

ace

(30-

60cm

)Su

rfac

eSu

b-su

rfac

e

1Fo

rest

are

a be

hind

the

sand

dun

ede

posi

tion

4574

8127

1531

575

7.5

4.2

Sand

Sand

Sand

Oliv

e br

own

Bro

wni

sh b

lack

Fria

ble

Fria

ble

2Fr

ont f

ores

t at t

he b

each

4575

1527

1535

211

57.

34.

8Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndy

Dar

k gr

ayis

hD

ark

gray

ish-

gray

ish

yello

wbr

own

Ver

yfr

iabl

eV

ery

fria

ble

3N

ear w

ater

cou

rse

in d

eep

man

grov

e fo

rest

4579

1827

1455

7-

7.5

3.8

Sand

yLo

amy

Loam

yD

ark

oliv

ebr

own

Bro

wni

sh b

lack

Loos

e to

very

fria

ble

Ver

yfr

iabl

e

4Sa

lt m

arsh

are

a w

ith h

alop

hyte

near

in so

uth

of a

rea

4583

7127

1367

0Sa

ndSa

nd-

Oliv

e br

own

Oliv

e br

own

Firm

tove

ry fi

rmFi

rm

5M

angr

ove

bush

bes

ide

salt

mar

shar

ea n

ear s

outh

wes

t wat

er c

hann

el45

8304

2713

744

667.

56.

7Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndO

live

brow

nD

ark

gray

ish

Fria

ble

tove

ry fr

iabl

e

Ver

yfr

iabl

e to

fria

ble

6M

angr

ove

bush

in n

orth

ern

area

4573

4727

1553

776

7.2

5.2

Sand

ySa

ndSa

ndO

live

brow

nB

row

nish

bla

ck-

gree

nish

bla

ckFi

rmFi

rm to

fria

ble

7In

ner m

angr

ove

bush

in n

orth

ern

area

4573

7827

1446

6Lo

amy

Loam

y-

Dul

l yel

low

ish

brow

n- g

rayi

shye

llow

bro

wn

Gra

yish

yel

low

brow

nFi

rm to

fria

ble

Ver

yfr

iabl

e

8Ed

ge o

f man

grov

e ve

geta

tion

inin

ner a

rea

4572

7827

1490

9Lo

amy

Loam

ySa

ndD

ark

gray

ish

yello

w-

yello

wis

h br

own

Gra

yish

oliv

eV

ery

firm

Fria

ble

tove

ry fr

iabl

e

Har

dnes

sPr

ofile

No.

Loca

tion

Coo

rdin

ate

(UTM

)G

roun

d W

ater

Cor

e Sa

mpl

e

No

grou

nd W

ater

Text

ure

Soil

Col

or

-

Soil

Col

our

Dar

k gr

eyis

hD

ark

grey

ish-

gr

eyis

h ye

llow

br

own

Dar

k gr

eyis

h

Dul

l yel

low

ish

brow

n-gr

eyis

h ye

llow

bro

wn

Dar

k gr

eyis

h ye

llow

- ye

llow

ish

brow

n

Gre

yish

yel

low

br

own

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Harmul/ Nabr-14


Att

achm

ent 5

: Sur

face

Wat

er Q

ualit

y in

Kha

wr

Har

mul

/ Nab

r

East

ing

Nor

thin

g

1Sw

amp

wat

er b

ehin

d kh

awr m

outh

4576

4927

1490

8++

7.8

4.3

30.6

1.86

2-4

< 1

2M

id st

ream

of t

ribut

ary

of so

uth

khaw

r45

7935

2714

538

++7.

53.

833

2.38

--

3M

id st

ream

of s

outh

kha

wr n

ear

open

spac

e45

8371

2713

762

++7.

53.

633

.82.

762-

4<

1

4Fr

ant o

f par

king

are

a45

8692

2713

577

+8.

23.

734

.16.

03-

-

5N

ear k

haw

r mou

th45

7919

2714

852

±8.

24.

033

4.91

-<

1

6M

idst

ream

of s

outh

kha

wr (

1)45

8104

2714

593

Cle

ar8.

23.

534

5.06

--

7M

idst

ream

of s

outh

kha

wr (

2)45

8255

2714

279

±8.

23.

533

.85.

03-

-

8M

idst

ream

of s

outh

kha

wr (

3)45

8423

2714

002

±7.

93.

835

.24.

852

-

9Sw

amp

wat

er n

ear s

abkh

a45

7933

2713

837

++7.

84.

033

.54.

932-

4<

1

10In

ner k

haw

r nea

r sou

th w

adi

4580

5127

1399

6++

8.0

4.0

33.9

5.23

2-

11M

outh

of k

haw

r45

7877

2714

975

Cle

ar8.

03.

9-

--

-

12Fr

ont o

f par

ting

area

4587

1027

1353

6+

8.4

3.9

36.6

7.9

--

13B

ack

side

of m

angr

ove

at so

uth

(1)

4579

6427

1380

9+

7.9

3.9

33.6

3.9

--

14B

ack

side

of m

angr

ove

at so

uth

(2)

4581

6727

1408

0+

8.3

3.8

35.7

6.6

--

15St

agan

at w

ater

4574

0827

1488

5+

8.3

4.5

35.0

6.6

--

Obs

erva

tion

Dat

e: 2

July

, 200

2 fo

r Sam

ple

No.

1-10

, 13

May

200

3 fo

r sam

ple

No.

11-1

5

CO

D(m

g/l)

NO

3(m

gNO

3 /l)N

o.Lo

catio

nC

oord

inat

e (U

TM)

Col

or／

Vis

ibili

typH

Salin

ity(%

)Te

mpe

ra-

ture

(C)

DO

(mg/

l)

Fron

t of p

arki

ng a

rea

Col

our/

Vis

ibili

ty


Harmul/ Nabr-15

Attachment 6: Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution (Khawr Harmul/ Nabr)

Location Khawr Harmul & Nabr, Liwa Date Time Tide Recorder Bird counts: species: numbers Expected birds: Gulls, Terns, Herons, Waders, Osprey Characteristic species: White-collared Kingfisher/Sykes’s Warbler Pollution: Evidence of: solid waste (garbage), liquid waste, oil. Water quality: clear/muddy/green/salinity Fishing: Domestic/feral animals: Vegetation: Mangroves: Arthrocnemum zone: Suaeda vermiculata/Cyperus conglomeratus: Surrounding sandy area: Dune vegetation: Evidence of: grazing, cutting, flowering, seeds: Animals: Snails: Terebralia, Cerithidea, Bivalves: Dosinia, Laternula Crabs: Landward fringe: Uca Among trees: Metopograpsus, Perisesarma, Eurycarcinus, In channel: Thalamita, Portunus On beach: Ocypode Other comments:


Harmul/ Nabr-16

Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and Flora and Pollution in Khawr Harmul/ Nabr

Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution Sample (1) Location Khawr Harmul & Nabr, Liwa Date 24/9/2002 Time 16.00 Tide Low tide of 1.1m Recorder N.V. Clarke Bird counts: species: 18 numbers 108 Gulls 6, Terns 80, Herons 5, Waders 16, Osprey 1 Characteristic species: White-collared Kingfisher/Sykes’s Warbler - not seen Pollution: Evidence of: solid waste (garbage), liquid waste, oil none Water quality: clear/muddy/green/salinity clear water but high temperatures recorded Fishing: nets none Domestic/feral animals: dog tracks Vegetation: Surrounding sand flats support salt-tolerant plants typical of coastal plain. Juncus rigidus in watercourses. On drier shelly sand Cornulaca monacantha. On more consolidated ground, often with beach rock, Suaeda vermiculata and Cyperus conglomeratus dominate with a patch of Halocnemum strobilaceum. Depressions behind the main mangrove channel were filled with the grass Aeluropus lagopoides. The central large open areas between mangroves channels were either bare sand or supported small succulent shrublets of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, which reached up to 30% plant cover. This plant was in poor condition becoming smaller the further away from the mangroves with very short branches and appearing dried out. Older mangrove trees had branches cut from previous years but no recent cutting. Invertebrates: The animals living on and in the substrate were sampled. On the landward side of the mangroves in wet sand across from the picnic site, fiddler crabs (Uca inversa) were found. The burrow density was about 15/m2. In the mangroves, the mud snail Terebralia palustris was common, but crabs seemed to be scarce. Two crabs (Metopograpsus thukuhar, Eurycarcinus orientalis) were collected. In the khawr channel below the picnic site, small hermit crabs were common and one Thalamita crenata was seen. The snails, Terebralia, and Cerithidea cingulata were common on the surface, while the bivalves, Dosinia alta and Laternula arseneoides occurred in small numbers in the sand. Towards the mouth, mangrove snails decreased and ghost crabs (Ocypode saratan) were numerous. Other comments: To the north west, the water channel is shallow and is only flooded at high tide. Here mangroves have become covered by sand on the beach side and many appear to be dying. Increased deposits of sand on the beach may be related to Sohar Port development.


Harmul/ Nabr-17

Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution Sample (2) Location Khawr Harmul & Nabr, Liwa Date 12/07/03 Time 13.00 Tide mid tide Recorder N.V. Clarke Bird counts: species: 7 numbers 30 1 Night Heron, Waders (7 Whimbrel), Gulls and Terns on the beach Characteristic species: White-collared Kingfisher - 2 seen

Sykes’s Warbler - not seen Pollution: Evidence of: solid waste (garbage), liquid waste, oil none Water quality: clear/muddy/green/salinity clear water Fishing: nets none Domestic/feral animals: dog tracks Vegetation: Surrounding sand flats support salt-tolerant plants typical of coastal plain. Juncus rigidus in watercourses. Cornulaca monacantha on drier shelly sand. On more consolidated ground, often with beach rock, Suaeda vermiculata and Cyperus conglomeratus dominate. A patch of Halocnemum strobilaceum occurred near the road. Depressions behind the main mangrove channel were filled with the grass Aeluropus lagopoides. The central large open areas between mangroves channels were either bare sand or supported small succulent shrublets of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, which reached up to 30% plant cover. This plant was in poor condition becoming smaller the further away from the mangroves with very short branches and appearing dried out. Evidence of previous cutting of branches. Trees are generally small and ground level is high. Trees are healthy on the east but no new seedlings on the west side of the khawr. Animals: On the landward side of the mangroves in wet sand, fiddler crabs (Uca inversa) were found. In the mangroves, the mud snail Terebralia palustris was common, but crabs seemed to be scarce. Two crabs (Metopograpsus thukuhar, Eurycarcinus orientalis) were collected. Another fiddler crab (Uca annulipes) occurred among the mangroves. In the khawr channel small hermit crabs were common and swimming crabs (Thalamita sp) were seen. The snails, Terebralia, and Cerithidea cingulata were common on the surface, while the bivalves, Dosinia alta and Laternula arseneoides occurred in small numbers in the sand. Towards the mouth, mangrove snails decreased and ghost crabs (Ocypode saratan) were numerous. Other comments: To the north west, the water channel is shallow and is only flooded at high tide. Here mangroves have become covered by sand on the beach side and many appear to be dying. Increased sedimentation may be due to the Sohar Port development.


Harmul/ Nabr-18

Attachment 8: Site Photos (Khawr Harmul/ Nabr)

General Condition

Mangrove along water channel at parking area Mangrove and garbage at landward edge

Mangrove Vegetation

Healthy mangrove along water channel Standing dead trees at landward edge

Soil Condition

Front forest at the beach (Profile No. 2)

Inner mangrove bush in northern area (Profile No. 7)

Harmul/ Nabr -19


(Kha

wr H

armu

l-Nab

r, Pr

ofile

No. 2

) Lo

catio

n Fr

ont fo

rest

at the

beac

h Co

ordin

ate (U

TM)

Easti

ng: 4

5752

1 N

orthi

ng: 2

7150

87

Phys

iogra

phic

posit

ion

Coas

tal du

ne

Topo

grap

hy

Undu

lating

So

il Clas

sifica

tion

Typic

Tor

ripsa

mmen

ts Pa

rent

mater

ial

Marin

e dep

osit

Depth

of fr

ee

water

11

5cm

Vege

tation

/ ma

ngro

ve

Mang

rove

vege

tation

Desc

riptio

n of s

oil pr

ofile

C 0-

55cm

Da

rk gr

eyish

yello

w (2

.5Y 4/

2), v

ery f

riable

, coa

rse sa

nd

with

single

grain

stru

cture

and n

on-st

icky c

onsis

tency

; se

dimen

tation

by si

fting s

and;

grad

ual ir

regu

lar bo

unda

ry (se

dimen

tation

by si

fting s

and)

C

55-7

7cm

Olive

brow

n (2.5

Y 4/3

), fria

ble, c

oarse

sand

with

mas

sive

struc

ture a

nd no

n-sti

cky c

onsis

tency

; few

small

roots

; few

shell

frag

ment;

clea

r, wa

vy bo

unda

ry

C 77

-85c

m Du

ll yell

owish

brow

n (10

YR 4/

2.5),

friable

, coa

rse sa

nd

with

mass

ive st

ructu

re an

d non

-stick

y con

sisten

cy; m

any

dark

olive

brow

n (7.5

YR 3/

2) an

d oliv

e bro

wn (7

.5YR

4/4)

mottle

s; few

small

root;

grad

ual w

avy b

ound

ary

C 85

-103

cm

Grey

ish ol

ive (5

Y 4/2

), fria

ble, lo

amy s

and w

ith m

assiv

e str

uctur

e and

non-

stick

y con

sisten

cy; m

any g

rey (

5Y

3.5/1)

and o

live b

rown

(7.5Y

R 4/4

) mott

les; fe

w sm

all

root;

man

y she

ll fra

gmen

t C

103-

120c

m Bl

ack (

10Y

2/1),

loamy

sand

(by a

uger

) *1

: Des

cripti

ons o

f stru

cture

and b

ound

ary a

re es

timate

d fro

m lim

ited o

bser

vatio

n of c

ore s

ample

. *2

: Tex

ture w

as cl

assif

ied at

field

by vi

sual

and t

ouch

ing ob

serva

tion

(Kha

wr H

armu

l-Nab

r, Pr

ofile

No. 7

) Lo

catio

n Inn

er m

angr

ove b

ush i

n nor

thern

area

Co

ordin

ate (U

TM)

Easti

ng: 4

5738

3 N

orthi

ng: 2

7142

02

Phys

iogra

phic

posit

ion

Lowe

r ter

race

To

pogr

aphy

Fla

t

Soil C

lassif

icatio

n Ty

pic F

ulvaq

uents

Pa

rent

mater

ial

Alluv

ial de

posit

De

pth of

free

wa

ter

77cm

Vege

tation

/ ma

ngro

ve

Mang

rove

vege

tation

Ob

serva

tion o

f cor

e sam

ple *1

De

scrip

tion o

f soil

profi

le A

0-8c

m Gr

eyish

olive

(5Y

5/3),

firm, s

ilty lo

am w

ith w

eak,

sub-

angu

lar

block

y stru

cture

and s

lightl

y stic

ky co

nsist

ency

; gra

dual

boun

dary

C 8-

34cm

Da

rk gr

eyish

yello

w (5

Y 4/2

), fria

ble, s

ilty cl

ay lo

am w

ith

weak

, sub

-ang

ular b

locky

stru

cture

and s

ticky

cons

isten

cy;

grad

ual w

avy b

ound

ary

C

34-5

3cm

Dark

grey

ish ye

llow

(5Y

4/2),

very

friable

, silty

clay

loam

with

ma

ssive

bloc

ky st

ructu

re an

d stic

ky co

nsist

ency

; man

y br

own (

7.5YR

4/6)

mott

le; cl

ear,

wavy

boun

dary

C 53

-65c

m Da

rk gr

eyish

yello

w (5

Y 4/2

), fria

ble, lo

amy s

and w

ith

mass

ive bl

ocky

stru

cture

and s

lightl

y stic

ky co

nsist

ency

; ma

ny bl

ack (

N 2/0

) and

brow

n (7.5

YR 4/

3) m

ottles

; few

shell

fra

gmen

t; clea

r, wa

vy bo

unda

ry C

65-9

4cm

Blac

k (N

2/0),

coar

se sa

nd w

ith fr

iable,

mas

sive s

tructu

re

and n

on-st

icky c

onsis

tency

; man

y she

ll fra

gmen

ts *1

: Des

cripti

ons o

f stru

cture

and b

ound

ary a

re es

timate

d fro

m lim

ited o

bser

vatio

n of c

ore s

ample

. *2

: Tex

ture w

as cl

assif

ied at

field

by vi

sual

and t

ouch

ing ob

serva

tion

Att

achm

ent 9

: Soi

l Pro

file

of S

ampl

es in

Kha

wr

Har

mul

and

Nab

r

Technical Specification for Khawr Sawadi

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR KHAWR SAWADI

Sawadi-1

1. SITE DESCRIPTION

1.1 Location Governorate/ Region Al Batinah Wilayat Sawadi Distance from the Centre of Wilayat

The centre of Wilayat is Barka located 10 km east of the site.

Nearest Locality Al Sawadi As Sahil. A village of Sawadi al Batha is the residential area located at the north-west of the site.

Fame of the Site/ Distinctive Features

Ras as Sawadi is a well known beach resort in Oman because of its proximity to Muscat and its base for one of the most popular diving spots of coral reef in Oman.

Facilities in the Site None Features of Surrounding Areas This site is located north of Al Sawadi town approximately 10 km north

of the National Highway. Ras as Sawadi and an old fort are situated on top of the islet.

1.2 Natural Conditions Climate Zone Batinah Zone General Terrain Flat plain Geological Features This tidal inlet is a site chosen for planting of some mangrove

seedlings. Soil Khawr Sawadi has a wide tidal area along two meandering khawrs.

Halophyte vegetation in surrounding salt marsh area are observed but few halophytes are observed on high elevation areas in the khawr. There is no wadi inflow into this khawr. Soils are deep with aerobic condition. Textures are almost sandy in all layers except on water channel. Some areas on middle and upper water channels show relatively silty surface layers but sandy in subsurface with anaerobic conditions. Accumulations of organic matter in the surface are observed in some places. The eroded banks are relatively high in topography. These soils are deep and very soft, but relatively steep. On the other hand, the soils of deposited banks have soft and deep surface layers and gentle slope. The soils upstream, which is the southern parts of mapping area, have more reddish colour than the areas downstream. Many mottles in the subsurface at these areas were also observed. Salinities of ground water ranged from 3.5 to 8.1%. Salinities of groundwater at terraces and deposited banks of the upper khawr were relatively high. Details are shown in attached table “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Sawadi” and “Attachment 9: Soil Profile of Samples in Khawr Sawadi”.

Water Seawater intrudes frequently into all water channels and circulation of seawater was good. Water was clear. Salinities of surface water were ranging from 4.0 to 4.7%. Values of DO were more than 5mg/l. There was no significant constraint on the values of COD (less than 2mg/l). Details are shown in attached table “Attachment 5: Surface Water Quality in Khawr Sawadi”.


Sawadi-2

Fauna On the wet sandy bank, bordering the khawr channel, the hermit crab (Coenobita scaevola) and the large ghost crab (Ocypode rotundata) were found. On the lower bank, small ocypodid crabs (Scopimera scabricauda) form small burrows surrounded by sand feeding balls. In the khawr channel nearby, small hermit crabs (Diogenes) were very abundant using small horn shells (Cerithidea cingulata) for protection. The small snail, Umbonium vestiarium, was fairly common. Sediment samples from the channel contained revealed burrowing callianassid shrimps, isopods (Eurydice), amphipods, bivalves (Dosinia contracta), nereid worms and several tube-forming annelids. Wading birds and seabird species use this inlet and 51 birds were counted belonging to 12 species. An area near the mouth of the tidal inlet was chosen for experimental planting of mangrove seedlings.

Flora Khawr Sawadi is surrounded by a large sandy plain with salt tolerant plants. Three species were recorded: Halopeplis perfoliata, Limonium stocksii and Cornulaca monacantha. Seagrasses and filamentous algae grew in the channel near the mouth.


If the nearby rocky islands at Ras Sawadi are included in the site, it becomes a good site for guests to see wildlife at the nearby hotel. The breeding birds on the island (Western Reef Heron and Sooty Falcon) and the site need to be protected from any disturbance.


77 thousand


4.0 thousand

Main Economic Activities Fishery, agriculture and tourism Infrastructure Paved access road constructed to the beach and car park at Sawadi cape

for tourists. Main Usage The site is in the proposed A’ Sawadi tourism development zone.

Khawr Sawadi is expected to be a nature conservation and eco-tourism area, which attracts tourists to visit this zone.

Community Interference with the Area

Developing the area as a resort area for tourism. Khawr Sawadi may be included in a part of the tourism development.


1.4 Legal Setup and Development Plans Land Ownership and Land Use Designation

Nature Reserve (NR)

Development Plans in the Site and the Surrounding Area

Sawadi Tourism Development Plan (see figure shown below)

Existing Conservation Proposal

Studies by the IUCN (1986-1992) recommended this popular resort area to be managed as Ras Sawadi National Recreation Area and Scenic Reserve. The reserve boundaries included the khawr, the surrounding sabka and the beaches, as well as the group of 7 rocky offshore islands located just off the main land. The proposed reserve has the greatest concentration of nesting reef herons in the capital area, a major nesting site for sooty falcons and important coral habitat around the islands.


Sawadi-3



Designate NR. Set a distinct boundary of NR (see 4.2 Required Action for Conservation and Management)



(1) Nursery construction (2) Visitor service and information facilities development.


(3) Mangrove planting project



2.3 Implementation Mechanism

Projects Responsible Agencies

Implementing Body/

Agencies Related

Agencies (1) Visitor service and information facilities development MRMEWR Wilayat Sawadi MCI (2) Mangrove maintenance project MRMEWR Wilayat Sawadi (3) Mangrove Monitoring Project MRMEWR MRMEWR (4) Soil and Water Monitoring Project MRMEWR MRMEWR (5) Fauna and Flora Monitoring Project MRMEWR MRMEWR/

Omani Institute for Birds

(6) Pollution Monitoring Project MRMEWR Wilayat Sawadi/ MRMEWR

(7) Monitoring Project on Legal Setup and Development Plans MRMEWR MRMEWR (8) Pamphlets and posters distributed to the residents MRMEWR MRMEWR MOE (9) Information boards MRMEWR MRMEWR MOE


Sawadi-4


No. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6th 7th 8th 9 th 10 th (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)



3.1.1 Existing Mangrove Area Location and Area No natural mangrove vegetation. Halophytes are growing on

surrounding khawr. Seedlings were transplanted at the shore near mouth of khawr in March 2001 and February 2003. The area of new plantation near the mouth of khawr is 1.5 ha. (Figure 2 Location Map)


The mangrove trees are in healthy condition and approximately 70 to 80% of trees are surviving. There are some damages by floating algae. Mangroves at lower intertidal zone are much healthier than those at higher zone. Tallest trees are almost reaching 1.5m and average height is 0.9m. New aerial roots are developing. There are many potential areas for new plantation.

3.1.2 Plantation Area Tidal Condition Normal: Normal tidal condition, flood on a huge tidal flat. Wave and Wind Calm in summer, but drifted green algae spoil seedlings; damages in

seaward fringe. Flood Every 5 to 10 years Water Salinity and pH Salinity; 4.1 ~ 4.7%, pH; 8.2 ~ 8.5 (“Attachment 5: Surface Water

Quality in Khawr Sawadi”) Soil Conditions Sandy soil with aerobic condition at whole area. The soils in this khawr

are deep and sandy in texture at almost all of areas. Surveyed data is in the “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Sawadi” of this technical specification.

Potential Area Many places on shores. See “Figure 3 Planting Map”. There are many places suitable for plantation. Particularly the areas on deposited banks along the water channels have high potential areas. These areas have very gentle slope and coarse sand texture.


Sawadi-5

Table 3.1 Location and Areas of Potential Planting Area(s)

Designated Area Area (ha) Area-1 (1) in Figure 3 3.1 Area-2 (2) in Figure 3 1.0 Area-3 (3) in Figure 3 1.5 Area-4 (4) in Figure 3 1.4 Area-5 (5) in Figure 3 1.8 Area-6 (6) in Figure 3 1.6

Note: see Figure 3.2

3.1.3 Planting Schedule Total Planting Area 10.4 ha Planting Season and Timing January ~ February Seed/ Seedlings Supply Source and Location

Plant Nursery will be constructed in the site by a private investor of the tourism development. At the initial stage it is supplied from the Nursery of MRMEWR at Qurm and Shinas

Planting Method Start from area (1) near present plantation area along west water channel. After the area is completed (1), move to area (4) along east water channel. Then move to area (2) along west water channel. Area (1), area (5), area (6) and area (3) will follow. Detailed technical guidelines should refer to the “Technical Guideline for Afforestation” attached with this technical specification.

Table 3.2 Planting Schedule

Year 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6th 7th 8th 9 th 10 th Total Planting area-1 Planting area-2 Planting area-3 Planting area-4 Planting area-5 Planting area-6

Table 3.3 Seeds/ Seedling Supply Schedule

Year 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6th 7th 8th 9 th 10 th Total Season/ time Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Jan, Feb Planting area (ha) 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 Number of seeds/ seedlings (thousands)

10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4

3.1.4 Conservation Area Area of Land Use Resort development area


Sawadi-6

3.1.5 Required Action for Conservation and Management Inspection Daily observation by management body, 2 to 4 times of inspection by

MRMEWR (Mangrove Information Centre) Cleaning Wilayat or Private sector Replantation of Seedlings Growing Bad, Dead or Washed Away

MRMEWR (Mangrove Information/ Management Centre) and/or private investor for 5 years after plantation.

Service for Associated Facilities Regularly by Wilayat or private sector Patrol and Enforcement Daily ordinary patrol by a police office of Wilayat is required, and the

management body regularly inspects facilities conditions and littering and waste disposal to the ground and water in NR areas.


The mangrove plantation work in the planting area described in the previous section is necessary.


Directional signs along the highway and entrance to the access road(s), guide signs in the reserve, and information boards in the NR area can be seen in the area to explain the significance of the reserve and major flora and fauna. Footpath and boardwalk for observation of wildlife as well as mangrove are also necessary.

3.2 Monitoring

3.2.1 Mangrove Monitoring Method Select and label trees for monitoring. Monitor mangrove by using the

attached “Attachment 1: Field Monitoring Sheet for Mangrove”. Frequency Planting mangrove:

First 4 years: annual monitoring After 4 years: every 2 years

Monitoring Target Planting mangrove: Select 20 trees at random and monitor them.

Baseline Data No natural mangrove in the khawr

3.2.2 Soil and Water Monitoring Method Monitor soil and water in and around mangrove plantation by using

attached table “Attachment 3: Field Monitoring Sheet for Soil and Water (Khawr Sawadi)”

Frequency Soil: (New plantation area) Before plantation and Every two years after plantation Water; Every year (Outflow water at low tide should be measured.)

Monitoring Target Attachment 3 Baseline Data See attached table “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Sawadi”

and “Attachment 5: Surface Water Quality in Khawr Sawadi”


Sawadi-7


Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution”. For the observation of birds, an institute that is studying birds in Oman can be the best institute to take a part of the monitoring work by sub-contract base.


“Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and Flora and Pollution in Khawr Sawadi”.




Flora and Pollution in Khawr Sawadi”

3.2.5 Change on Legal Setup and Development Plans Frequency At least once a year Monitoring Target Land Ownership, Land Use Designation, Development Plans in the

Site and Surrounding Area


Sawadi-8

Figure 1 Key Map


Sawadi-9



Sawadi-10

Figure 3 Planting Map (Aerial Photo)

Figure Potential Area for Mangrove Plantation in Khawr Sawadi (On Aerial Photo)

Sawadi-11


Figu

re

Pote

ntia

l Are

a fo

r M

angr

ove

Plan

tatio

n

in K

haw

r Sa

wad

i


Sawadi-12

Figure 4 Proposed Tourism Development Plan

Figure 5 Proposed Ras Sawadi National Recreation Area and Scenic Reserve


Sawadi-13

Attachment 1: Field Monitoring Sheet for Mangrove (Khawr Sawadi)




Northing:

3) Photograph No.



5 6 7 8

9 10





Looks / die back:



Position:

Note:


Records



c) Environment

Leaf colour:


Sawadi-14

Attachment 3: Field Monitoring Sheet for Soil & Water (Khawr Sawadi)

Location Date / time: / ,200 : Recorder

General Condition in plantation area:

(garbage, rubbish, leaf, alga, crab, shell, etc)

(1) Soil Condition Present planted area

① New planted area

( ) New planted area

( ) Easting 580580 Coordinate Northing 2628480

Surface condition 0-10cm 30-40cm

Soil Texture 50-60cm

0-10cm 30-40cm

Soil Colour 50-60cm Root development Depth of surface humus

GWL* (cm) pH

Free water Salinity (%) Soil colour by Munsell notation, GPS*:by UTM of WGS84 GWL: Ground water level

(2) Surface Water Quality (Observation time: : ) Sea water

② Khawr mouth

③ Mid khawr

④ Inner Khawr

⑤ Easting 580660 580600 580130 580880 Coordinate Northing 2629700 2628800 2627600 262840

Surface waste pH Salinity (%) Temperature (C) DO (mg/l) Turbidity / Colour

●Soil ○ Water

2 3

4 5

1


Sawadi-15


Att

achm

ent 4

: Soi

l Pro

file

in K

haw

r Sa

wad

i

East

ing

Nor

thin

gD

epth

(cm

)pH

Salin

ity(%

)Su

rfac

e(0

-30c

m)

Sub-

surf

ace

(30-

60cm

)D

eep

laye

r(>

90cm

)Su

rfac

e (

0-30

cm)

Sub-

surf

ace

(30-

60cm

)Su

rfac

eSu

b-su

rfac

e

1D

epos

ited

bank

at m

idst

ream

on

wes

t wat

er c

hann

el58

0508

2628

057

16-

-Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndD

ark

oliv

eO

live

blac

kFr

iabl

eFr

iabl

e

3M

idst

ream

bet

wee

n w

est a

nd e

ast

wat

er c

hann

el58

0571

2627

972

-7.

46.

5Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndD

ark

oliv

eD

ark

oliv

eV

ery

fria

ble

Ver

yfr

iabl

e

4Lo

wer

kha

wr b

ed a

t mid

stre

am o

nw

est w

ater

cha

nnel

5805

4326

2801

4-

8.5

3.5

Sand

Sand

Sand

Oliv

e bl

ack

Oliv

e bl

ack-

blac

kV

ery

fria

ble

Firm

tove

ry fi

rm

5Er

oded

ban

k at

mid

stre

am o

n ea

stw

ater

cha

nnel

5808

6926

2782

028

7.5

6.4

Sand

Sand

Sand

Dar

k ol

ive

-V

ery

fria

ble

-

6Lo

wer

kha

wr b

ed a

t mid

stre

am o

nea

st w

ater

cha

nnel

5808

8226

2784

5Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndO

live

blac

k-bl

ack

Oliv

e bl

ack

--

7D

epos

ited

band

at m

idst

ream

on

east

wat

er c

hann

el58

0995

2627

890

-7.

55

Sand

Sand

Sand

Dar

k gr

ayis

hye

llow

Gra

yFr

iabl

eV

ery

fria

ble

8D

epos

ited

bank

at u

pper

stre

am o

nea

st w

ater

cha

nnel

5810

1626

2796

353

7.5

5.8

Sand

Sand

Sand

Gra

yish

oliv

eO

live

gray

Fria

ble

Ver

yfr

iabl

e

9Er

oded

ban

k at

dow

ner s

tream

of

east

wat

er c

hann

el58

1031

2627

819

307.

25.

5Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndG

rayi

sh o

live

Oliv

e bl

ack

Fria

ble

-

10K

haw

r bas

in a

t bra

nch

lago

on o

nea

st w

ater

cha

nnel

5810

4826

2766

021

7.3

5.9

Sand

Sand

Sand

Gra

yish

oliv

e-ol

ive

blac

kO

live

blac

kFr

iabl

e to

very

fria

ble

-

11Er

oded

ban

k at

the

fork

to b

ranc

hla

goon

on

east

wat

er c

hann

el58

1014

2627

792

Sand

ySa

ndSa

ndO

live

blac

k-bl

ack

Gra

yish

oliv

eLo

ose

tove

ry fr

iabl

eFr

iabl

e

12Te

rrac

e at

mid

stre

am o

n ea

st w

ater

chan

nel

5808

8026

2774

157

7.6

7.2

Sand

Sand

Sand

Gra

yish

oliv

eD

ark

oliv

eLo

ose

Ver

yfr

iabl

e

13D

epos

ited

bank

at i

nner

mid

stre

amon

eas

t wat

er c

hann

el58

0660

2627

617

-7.

18.

1Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndG

ray

Gra

yFr

iabl

e-

14Te

rrac

e at

mid

stre

am b

etw

een

wes

tan

d ea

st w

ater

cha

nnel

5805

3426

2766

466

7.5

6.5

Sand

Sand

Sand

Dar

k ol

ive

Dar

k ol

ive

Ver

yfr

iabl

eV

ery

fria

ble

15Er

oded

ban

k at

inne

r mid

stre

am o

nw

est w

ater

cha

nnel

5803

2026

2768

474

7.6

6.6

Sand

Sand

Sand

Oliv

e br

own

Dar

k gr

ayis

hye

llow

Loos

eLo

ose

16D

epos

ited

bank

at i

nner

mid

stre

amon

wes

t wat

er c

hann

el58

0254

2627

717

497.

56.

5Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndO

live

brow

nO

live

blac

kFr

iabl

eV

ery

fria

ble

20K

haw

r bed

at d

eepe

st e

nd o

n w

est

wat

er c

hann

el58

1114

2627

605

567.

65.

6Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndG

rayi

sh o

live

Bro

wn

Ver

yfr

iabl

eV

ery

fria

ble

21N

ear t

he fo

rk to

upp

er st

ream

on

east

wat

er c

hann

el58

0419

2627

398

637.

56.

5Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndO

live

brow

nO

live

brow

n-br

own

Fria

ble

Fria

ble

22R

iver

ban

k ne

ar c

onflu

ence

of

wes

t and

eas

t wat

er c

hann

el a

tup

per b

ranc

h57

9809

2627

229

627.

76.

8Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndB

row

nB

row

nFr

iabl

eV

ery

fria

ble

23D

eep

end

bank

at u

pstre

am o

nw

est w

ater

cha

nnel

5809

6226

2756

890

7.5

5.3

Sand

Sand

Sand

Bro

wn

Bro

wn

Fria

ble

Fria

ble

Prof

ileN

o.

Coo

rdin

ate

(UTM

)G

roun

d W

ater

Text

ure

Loca

tion

- -

Har

dnes

sSo

il C

olor

Soil

Col

our

Dar

k gr

eyis

h ye

llow

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Gre

yish

oliv

e-ol

ive

blac

k

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Gre

y

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Dep

osite

d ba

nk a

t mid

stre

am o

n ea

st w

ater

cha

nnel

G

rey

Oliv

e gr

ey

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Gre

y

Dar

k gr

eyis

h ye

llow

Sawadi-16


Att

achm

ent 5

: Sur

face

Wat

er Q

ualit

y in

Kha

wr

Saw

adi

East

ing

Nor

thin

g

1So

uth-

wes

t edg

e of

kha

wr

5794

5126

2746

7C

lear

8.2

4.5

--

0-2

-

257

9808

2627

377

Cle

ar8.

44.

7-

-0-2

-

3

fro

m u

pstre

am o

f wes

t57

9892

2627

432

Cle

ar8.

54.

4-

-0-2

-4

kha

wr t

o do

wns

tream

5799

9426

2745

1C

lear

8.3

4.4

--

0-2

-

558

0062

2627

489

Cle

ar8.

44.

5-

-0

-

658

0129

2627

600

Cle

ar8.

54.

4-

--

-

7

M

outh

of k

haw

r58

0598

2628

802

Cle

ar8.

23.

9-

-0

-

8N

orth

edg

e of

new

pla

ntat

ion

5805

8326

2848

8C

lear

8.2

4.0

-5.

20-

-

9B

esid

e of

pan

el o

f new

pla

ntat

ion

5807

3626

2839

7C

lear

8.4

4.0

36.1

5.12

--

1058

0805

2628

194

Cle

ar8.

44.

136

.25.

42-

-

11

fro

m d

owns

tream

of w

est

5805

5126

2813

7C

lear

8.5

4.1

36.3

6.71

--

12

k

haw

r to

upst

ream

5801

2926

2760

0C

lear

8.5

4.2

35.8

5.15

--

1358

0062

2627

470

Cle

ar8.

54.

235

.75.

35-

-

1457

9825

2627

377

Cle

ar8.

54.

335

.15.

90-

-

1557

9586

2627

468

Cle

ar8.

54.

334

.75.

26-

-

1657

9400

2627

467

Cle

ar8.

54.

135

.75.

70-

-17

Sout

h-w

est e

dge

of k

haw

r57

9246

2627

577

Cle

ar8.

44.

135

.95.

59-

-

18Se

a w

ater

5806

6126

2968

8C

lear

8.3

3.9

--

--

19M

outh

of k

haw

r58

0734

2628

877

Cle

ar8.

44.

035

.95.

20-

-

20N

ear p

lant

atio

n58

0711

2628

410

Cle

ar7.

93.

929

.27.

72-

-

21Ea

st k

haw

r dow

nstre

am58

0731

2627

810

Cle

ar7.

94.

430

.47.

78-

-

22M

outh

of k

haw

r58

0625

2628

819

Cle

ar8.

13.

829

.77.

40-

-O

bser

vatio

n D

ate:

23

July

200

2 fo

r sam

ple

No.

1-7,

25

July

200

2 fo

r sam

ple

No.

8-19

, 13

May

for s

ampl

e 20

-22

No.

Loca

tion

Coo

rdin

ate

(UTM

)C

olor／

Vis

ibili

tyC

OD

(mg/

l)N

O3

(mgN

O3 /l)

pHSa

linity

(%)

Tem

pera

-tu

re (C

)D

O(m

g/l)

Col

our/

Vis

ibili

ty


Sawadi-17

Attachment 6: Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution (Khawr Sawadi)

Location: Khawr Sawadi Date: Time: Tide: Recorder: Pollution: Evidence of: solid waste (garbage), liquid waste, oil. Water colour: clear/muddy/green Fishing: Domestic/feral animals: Bird Count: (excluding sea beach and rocky point):

Species numbers Expected winter birds: Caspian, Black-headed Gulls; Swift, Sandwich, Lesser Crested Terns; Western Reef Heron, Grey Heron, Greater & Lesser Sand Plovers; Kentish Plover, Curlew, Godwit, Redshank, Greenshank, dunlin, Terek Sandpiper Expected summer birds: Gulls and Terns, herons, waders Vegetation: Coastal sands: Halopeplis perfoliata, Limonium stocksii, Cornulaca monacantha Beach: Halopyrum mucronatum Invertebrates: Sand bank: Intertidal zone: Channel: Other comments


Sawadi-18

Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and Flora and Pollution in Khawr Sawadi

Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution Sample (1) Location: Khawr Sawadi Date: 07/09/02 Time: 16.00-18.00 Tide: 1.1 m at 16.00 Recorder: N V Clarke Pollution: Evidence of: solid waste (garbage), liquid waste, oil. - none Water quality: clear/muddy/green - clear Fishing: - none Domestic/feral animals: - none seen but village nearby Bird Count: (excluding sea beach and rocky point): Species 14 numbers 51 Caspian Gulls 12, Sandwich Terns 15, Western reef and Grey Herons 9, Waders 15, Vegetation: Dry shelly sand around the Khawr supported Halopeplis perfoliata, Limonium stocksii, and Cornulaca monacantha. Nearer the water, Halopeplis became dominant. Invertebrates: Sand bank with large ghost crab (Ocypode rotundata), and hermit crab (Coenobita scaevola). Small burrowing crab lower down on sand bank (Scopimera crabricauda). Channel with hermit crabs (Diogenes sp) and burrowing shrimps (Callianassid), isopods, amphipods, bivalve (Dosinia contracta), snails (Cerithidea cingulata, Umbonium vestiarium), nereid and tube-building annelids. Other comments Mangrove seedlings planted near the mouth. As the mangroves grow the crab fauna is expected to increase.


Sawadi-19

Attachment 8: Site Photos (Khawr Sawadi)

General Condition

Shore of west khawr Shore of east khawr

Mangrove Vegetation

Transplantation area (November 2003) Transplantation area (July 2002)

Soil Condition

Deposited bank at midstream on west water channel (Profile No. 1)

Midstream between west and east water channel (Profile No. 3)

Sawadi-20


(K

hawr

Saw

adi, P

rofile

No.

1)

Loca

tion

Depo

sited

bank

at m

idstre

am on

wes

t wate

r cha

nnel

Coor

dinate

(UTM

) Ea

sting

: 580

508

No

rthing

: 262

8057

Ph

ysiog

raph

ic po

sition

Lo

wer t

erra

ce

Topo

grap

hy

Flat

Soil C

lassif

icatio

n Ty

pic P

samm

aque

nts

Pare

nt ma

terial

Al

luvial

depo

sit

Depth

of fr

ee

water

16

cm

Vege

tation

/ ma

ngro

ve

No ve

getat

ion

Obse

rvatio

n of c

ore s

ample

*1

Desc

riptio

n of s

oil pr

ofile

*2)

C 0-

37cm

Da

rk oli

ve (5

Y 4/4

), fria

ble, c

oarse

sand

with

sing

le gr

ain

struc

ture a

nd no

n-sti

cky c

onsis

tency

; few

shell

frag

ment;

cle

ar, s

mooth

boun

dary

C 37

-77c

m Ol

ive bl

ack (

5Y 3/

1), fr

iable,

coar

se sa

nd w

ith m

assiv

e str

uctur

e and

non-

stick

y con

sisten

cy; fe

w sh

ell fr

agme

nt;

abru

pt sm

ooth

boun

dary

C 77

-81c

m Gr

eyish

olive

(5Y

4/2),

firm, c

oarse

sand

with

mas

sive

struc

ture a

nd no

n-sti

cky c

onsis

tency

; man

y she

ll fra

gmen

ts; ab

rupt

smoo

th bo

unda

ry C

81-9

0cm

Dark

olive

(5Y

4/3),

friable

, coa

rse sa

nd w

ith m

assiv

e str

uctur

e and

non-

stick

y con

sisten

cy; m

any s

hell f

ragm

ents

*1

: Des

cripti

ons o

f stru

cture

and b

ound

ary a

re es

timate

d fro

m lim

ited o

bser

vatio

n of c

ore s

ample

. *2

: Tex

ture w

as cl

assif

ied at

field

by vi

sual

and t

ouch

ing ob

serva

tion

(Kha

wr S

awad

i, Pro

file N

o.3)

Loca

tion

Mids

tream

betw

een w

est a

nd ea

st wa

ter ch

anne

l Co

ordin

ate (U

TM)

Long

itude

: 580

571

Nor

thing

: 262

7972

Ph

ysiog

raph

ic po

sition

Lo

wer t

erra

ce

Topo

grap

hy

Flat

Soil C

lassif

icatio

n Ty

pic P

samm

aque

nts

Pare

nt ma

terial

Al

luvial

depo

sit

Depth

of fr

ee

water

Su

rface

wate

r

Vege

tation

/ ma

ngro

ve

No ve

getat

ion

Desc

riptio

n of s

oil pr

ofile

*2)

C 0-

26cm

Da

rk oli

ve (5

Y 4/4

), ve

ry fria

ble, c

oarse

sand

with

sing

le gr

ain st

ructu

re an

d non

-stick

y con

sisten

cy; fe

w sh

ell

fragm

ent; d

iffuse

d, sm

ooth

boun

dary

C 26

-42c

m Da

rk oli

ve (5

Y 4/4

), fria

ble, c

oarse

sand

with

mas

sive

struc

ture a

nd no

n-sti

cky c

onsis

tency

; man

y she

ll fra

gmen

t; cle

ar, s

mooth

boun

dary

C 42

-75c

m Da

rk oli

ve (5

Y 4/3

), ve

ry fria

ble, c

oarse

sand

with

mas

sive

struc

ture a

nd no

n-sti

cky c

onsis

tency

; man

y lar

ge sh

ell

fragm

ents

*1

: Des

cripti

ons o

f stru

cture

and b

ound

ary a

re es

timate

d fro

m lim

ited o

bser

vatio

n of c

ore s

ample

. *2

: Tex

ture w

as cl

assif

ied at

field

by vi

sual

and t

ouch

ing ob

serva

tion

Att

achm

ent 9

: Soi

l Pro

file

of S

ampl

es in

Kha

wr

Saw

adi

Technical Specification for Khawr Haradi

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR KHAWR HARADI

Haradi-1

1. SITE DESCRIPTION

1.1 Location Governorate/ Region Al Batinah Wilayat Barka Distance from the Centre of Wilayat

5 km

Nearest Locality This site is located at the west end of Haradi village. Fame of the Site/ Distinctive Features

None

Facilities in the Site Sports ground Features of Surrounding Areas Surrounding areas are residential and public facilities. No mangrove

tree exists.

1.2 Natural Conditions Climate Zone Batinah Zone General Terrain Flat plain Geological Features Near Barka, this khawr is closed by a sandbar and only opens to the sea

after flood events from the wadi. The khawr receives seawater from very high tides over the sand bar.

History of Geological Change No data Soil Khawr Haradi is located on the mouth of Wadi Haradi but no flooding

has occurred for decades. Soils on the wadi bed have a relatively firm structure and loamy texture in the upper khawr, and change to sandy in the lower khawr. Soils of the wadi bed near the mouth are always saturated and under anaerobic conditions with stagnant water. Soils on upper terrace of embankment are relatively silty with aerobic conditions. Khawr mouth is closed by beach sand deposition but seawater flows into khawr occasionally during spring tide. Details are shown in attached table “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Haradi” and “Attachment 9: Soil Profile Samples in Khawr Haradi”.

Water Stagnant water had extremely high salinity (more than 10%). Groundwater is not observed in soil profile except the area of khawr mouth.

Fauna A few fiddler crabs (Uca inversa) occupy the small area of wet sand along the edges of the water. A band of wet sand about 5 m width contained about 15 burrows/m2. Birds numbered 73 belonging to 10 species, (Gulls 40, herons 3, and waders 30) were seen in small numbers. Goats are numerous in the area.

Flora The khawr is very sparsely vegetated with salt tolerant shrubs at the edges (Suaeda vermiculata, Halopeplis perfoliata). The sea beach supports limited dune grass, Halopyrum mucronatum. There is no mangrove and may not have adequate freshwater inflow to allow planting to take place.


The houses, roads and gardens around the khawr may have changed freshwater drainage patterns. A recharge dam has reduced water flow and the sediments are saline. There is no mangrove and there may not be adequate freshwater inflow to allow planting to take place


Haradi-2


78 thousand


2.8 thousand

Main Economic Activities Fishery, agriculture and livestock firming Infrastructure Housing, sports ground and school are located near the site. Main Usage Used for public open space for communities. No permanent structures

should be built. Football field and playground to be utilized. Community Interference with the Area

To use as a municipality park/ open space


1.4 Legal Setup and Development Plans Land Ownership and Land Use Designation Open space Development Plans in the Site and the Surrounding Area Municipal Park Existing Conservation Proposal None



Municipal park. Set a distinct boundary for the park (see 4.2 Required Action for Conservation and Management)

Stakeholder Coordination None Facility Development Control No permanent structure in the site. No permanent commercial

buildings such as restaurants, hotels, shops and mechanised amusement facilities in the park development area. Basic activities in this park are relaxation and sports. Partial lighting for safety only.


(1) Visitor service and information facilities development.


None

Monitoring Programme (2) Pollution monitoring project (3) Monitoring project on legal setup and development plans

Public Awareness Programme It will include an educational programme for school children and conservation campaign for residents of the Wilayat. Required materials and facilities are (4) Pamphlets and posters distributed to the residents.


Haradi-3



Body/ Agencies

Related Agencies

(1) Visitor service and information facilities development. MRMEWR Wilayat Barka MCI (2) Pollution Monitoring Project MRMEWR Wilayat Barka/

MRMEWR

(3) Monitoring Project on legal setup and development plans MRMEWR MRMEWR (4) Pamphlets and posters distributed to the residents MRMEWR MRMEWR MOE


No. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6th 7th 8th 9 th 10 th

(1) (2) (3) (4)



3.1.1 Existing Mangrove Area Location and Area There are no mangrove trees in this site (Figure 2 Location Map). Conditions of Existing Mangrove

N/A

3.1.2 Potential Plantation Area Tidal Condition Normal: closed saline swamp with limited inflow at High Tide Wave and Wind Protected by sandbar Flood Every 5 to 10 years Water Salinity and pH Salinity; 3.8 %, pH 7.9; (“Attachment 5: Surface Water

Quality in Khawr Haradi”) Soil Conditions Black and silty surface soil near surface stagnant water, sandy soil near

beach and along the site, and silty soil at banked area, humic stagnant water on the surface. The surveyed data is in “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Haradi” of this technical specification.

Potential Area N/A

3.1.3 Conservation Area Area of Land Use None


Haradi-4

3.1.4 Required Action for Conservation and Management Inspection Daily observation by the Park management body, 2 to 4 times

of inspection by MRMEWR (Mangrove Information Centre) Cleaning Park Management Body Replantation of Seedlings Growing Bad, Dead or Washed Away


Service for Associated Facilities Regularly by the Park Management Body Patrol and Enforcement Daily ordinary patrol by a police office of Wilayat is required,

and the park management body regularly inspects facilities conditions and littering and waste disposal to the ground and water in both NR and Park areas.

Restoration and Rehabilitation Work N/A Facilities Required for the Conservation and Management Activities

N/A

3.2 Monitoring

3.2.1 Soil and Water Monitoring Method Monitor soil and water by using attached table “Attachment 3: Field

Monitoring Sheet for Soil and Water (Khawr Haradi)”. Frequency Every year Monitoring Target Attachment 3 Baseline Data See attached table “Attachment 4: Soil Profile in Khawr Haradi”

and “Attachment 5: Surface Water Quality in Khawr Haradi”.


Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution.” For the observation of birds, an institute that is studying birds in Oman can be the best institute to take a part of the monitoring work by sub-contract base.


“Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and Flora and Pollution in Khawr Haradi”.




Flora and Pollution in Haradi”


Haradi-5

3.2.4 Change on Legal Setup and Development Plans Frequency At least once a year Monitoring Target Land Ownership, Land Use Designation, Development Plans in the Site



Haradi-6

Figure 1 Key Map


Haradi-7


Haradi-8


Figu

re 3

Pl

antin

g M

ap

1680

-06

EP

EP

EPE

P

2xE

P

1680

-06FR

OM16

80-05

PITC

H

POND

STAR

TPO

NDEN

D

POND

STAR

TPO

NDEN

D

MO

VE2

M2X

EP

TRA

NS

MO

VE

B2M

1XE

P1

XEP

PITC

H

BAR

KASC

ALE

1:20

00

262

2000

N

262

2200

N

262

200

0N

262

220

0N

4

1 23

56

7

Wat

eran

alys

isSo

ilpr

ofile

Figu

rePo

tent

ialA

rea

for

man

grov

epl

anta

tion

inK

haw

rH

arad

i

No

pote

ntia

lare

afo

rman

grov

epl

anta

tion


Haradi-9

Attachment 1: Field Monitoring Sheet for Mangrove (Khawr Haradi)




Northing:

3) Photograph No.



5 6 7 8

9 10





Looks / die back:



Position:

Note:


Records



c) Environment

Leaf colour:

Haradi-10


Att

achm

ent 2

: Soi

l Pro

file

in K

haw

r H

arad

i

Easti

ngN

orth

ing

Dep

th(c

m)

pHSa

linit y

(%)

Surfa

ce(0

-30c

m)

Sub-

surfa

ce(3

0-60

cm)

Dee

p la

yer

(>90

cm)

Sur fa

ce (

0-30

cm)

Sub-

surfa

ce (3

0-60

cm)

Surfa

ceSu

b-su

rface

1N

ear m

outh

of k

haw

r, be

side

ofsta

gnan

t wat

er a

t low

er k

haw

r59

3872

2622

146

2-

>10

Sand

yLo

amy

Sand

Blui

sh b

lack

Oliv

e bla

ckLo

ose

Loos

e to

very

friab

le2

Low

er te

rrace

at l

eft b

ank

of lo

wer

khaw

r59

3872

2622

109

Sand

ySa

ndy

tolo

amy

Sand

Yel

low

ishbr

own

- oliv

ebr

own

Yel

low

ishbr

own

--

3Be

ach

sand

at t

he b

each

5938

7126

2218

3Sa

ndSa

ndSa

ndO

live

gray

Gra

yish

oliv

e-

-

4In

ner k

haw

r nea

r bea

ch59

3923

2622

073

50Sa

ndy

toLo

amy

Sand

Sand

Oliv

e br

own-

blac

kO

live

blac

kLo

ose

Fria

ble

5Lo

wer

terra

ce a

t lef

t ban

k of

uppe

r kha

wr

5937

9026

2168

4Sa

ndy

Loam

yLo

amy

Dul

l yel

low

ishbr

own-

oliv

ebr

own

Oliv

e bro

wn-

oliv

e ye

llow

Firm

Firm

6W

adi b

ed a

t ups

tream

nea

r brid

geat

pav

ed ro

ad59

4079

2621

594

Loam

yLo

amy

Loam

yY

ello

wish

brow

n-ol

ive

blac

kG

rayi

sh o

live

Fria

ble

tove

ry fi

rmV

ery

firm

7W

adi b

ed a

t dow

nstre

am n

ear

brid

ge a

t un-

pave

d ro

ad59

4027

2621

852

Sand

Sand

Sand

Dar

k gr

ayish

yello

wD

ark

gray

ishye

llow

-bro

wn

Ver

y fir

m(-8

cm)

Loos

e

No

grou

nd w

ater

No

grou

nd w

ater

No

grou

nd w

ater

No

grou

nd w

ater

Core

sam

ple

no m

easu

rem

ent

No

grou

nd w

ater

Har

dnes

sSo

il Co

lor

Prof

ileN

o.

Coor

dina

te (U

TM)

Gro

und

Wat

erTe

xtur

eLo

catio

nSo

il C

olou

r

Yel

low

ish b

row

n - o

live

brow

n

Oliv

e gr

ey

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Gre

yish

oliv

e

Dar

k gr

eyish

ye

llow

-bro

wn

Dar

k gr

eyish

ye

llow


Haradi-11

Attachment 7: Result of Field Reconnaissance of Fauna and Flora and Pollution in Khawr Haradi

Field Monitoring Sheet for Fauna and Flora and Pollution Sample (1) Location Khawr Haradi, Barka Date 24/9/2002 Time 08.30 Tide non-tidal Recorder N.V. Clarke Bird counts: Gulls (40), reef herons (3) and waders (30) were seen in small numbers. Pollution: Evidence of: Solid waste (garbage), liquid waste, oil

Disturbance due to development and urban fringe effects Water quality: clear/muddy/green/salinity dry Fishing: none but boats nearby Domestic/feral animals: Goats are numerous in the area. Vegetation: The khawr is very sparsely vegetated with salt tolerant shrubs at the edges (Suaeda vermiculata, Halopeplis perfoliata). The sea beach supports small areas of the dune grass, Halopyrum mucronatum. Evidence of: grazing, cutting, flowering, seeds none Invertebrates: A few fiddler crabs (Uca inversa) occupy the limited wet sand areas along the edges of the water. A band of wet sand about 5 m width contained about 15 burrows/m2. Ghost crabs on the beach.


Haradi-12

Attachment 8: Site Photos (Khawr Haradi)

General Condition

Upper khawr Khawr near beach

Soil Condition

Lower terrace at left bank of upper khawr (Profile No. 5)

Wadi bed at upstream near bridge at paved road (Profile No. 6)

Haradi-13


(K

hawr

Har

adi, P

rofile

No.5

) Lo

catio

n Lo

wer t

erra

ce at

left b

ank o

f upp

er kh

awr

Coor

dinate

(UTM

) Ea

sting

: 594

034

No

rthing

: 262

1431

Ph

ysiol

ogic

posit

ion

Uppe

r ter

race

To

pogr

aphy

Un

dulat

ing sl

ope

Soil C

lassif

icatio

n Ty

pic U

stiflu

vents

Pa

rent

mater

ial

Alluv

ial de

posit

De

pth of

free

wa

ter

No w

ater in

profi

le

Vege

tation

/ ma

ngro

ve

Bush

(un-

identi

fied p

lants)

Desc

riptio

n of s

oil pr

ofile

*2)

AC

0-24

cm

Dull y

ellow

ish br

own (

10YR

5/4)

, com

pact,

loam

y san

d wi

th we

ak, s

ub-a

ngula

r bloc

ky st

ructu

re an

d non

-stick

y co

nsist

ency

; few

mediu

m siz

e roo

ts; gr

adua

l smo

oth

boun

dary

C 24

-35c

m Ol

ive br

own (

2.5Y

4/3) s

and w

ith m

assiv

e stru

cture

and

non-

stick

y con

sisten

cy; c

lear,

smoo

th bo

unda

ry C

35-4

2cm

Olive

brow

n (2.5

Y 4/4

), mo

dera

tely c

ompa

ct, co

arse

sand

wi

th ma

ssive

stru

cture

and n

on-st

icky c

onsis

tency

; clea

r, sm

ooth

boun

dary

C 42

-69c

m Ol

ive ye

llow

(5Y

6/3),

silty

loam

with

sub-

angu

lar bl

ocky

str

uctur

e and

sligh

tly st

icky c

onsis

tency

; com

mon o

live

yello

w (5

Y 6/3

) mott

le; gr

adua

l wav

y bou

ndar

y C

69-8

5cm

Grey

ish ye

llow

(5Y

5/3),

comp

act, s

ilty lo

am w

ith

sub-

angu

lar bl

ocky

stru

cture

and s

ticky

cons

isten

cy;

comm

on ye

llowi

sh br

own (

10YR

5/6)

mott

le *1

: Des

cripti

ons o

f stru

cture

and b

ound

ary a

re es

timate

d fro

m lim

ited o

bser

vatio

n of c

ore s

ample

. *2

: Tex

ture w

as cl

assif

ied at

field

by vi

sual

and t

ouch

ing ob

serva

tion

(Kha

wr H

arad

i, Pro

file N

o. 6)

Lo

catio

n W

adi b

ed at

upstr

eam

near

bridg

e at p

aved

road

Co

ordin

ate (U

TM)

Easti

ng: 5

9406

9

Nor

thing

: 262

1339

Ph

ysiol

ogic

posit

ion

Wad

i bed

To

pogr

aphy

Fla

t So

il Clas

sifica

tion

Ustic

Tor

rifluv

ents

Pare

nt ma

terial

Al

luvial

depo

sit

Depth

of fr

ee

water

No

wate

r in pr

ofile

Vege

tation

/ man

grov

e No

vege

tation

De

scrip

tion o

f soil

profi

le *2

) A

0-8c

m Ye

llowi

sh br

own (

2.5Y

5/3),

loamy

sand

with

wea

k, su

b-an

gular

stru

cture

and s

lightl

y stic

ky co

nsist

ency

; clea

r, sm

ooth

boun

dary

C 8-

21cm

Ol

ive bl

ack (

5Y 3/

2), c

ompa

ct, si

lty lo

am w

ith su

b-an

gular

blo

cky s

tructu

re an

d stic

ky co

nsist

ency

; clea

r, sm

ooth

boun

dary

C 21

-38c

m Da

rk oli

ve (5

Y 4/3

), co

mpac

t, silty

loam

with

sub-

angu

lar

block

y stru

cture

and s

ticky

cons

isten

cy; g

radu

al sm

ooth

boun

dary

C 38

-60c

m Gr

eyish

olive

(5Y

4/2),

comp

act, s

ilty lo

am w

ith su

b-an

gular

blo

cky s

tructu

re an

d stic

ky co

nsist

ency

; gra

dual

smoo

th bo

unda

ry C

60-8

2cm

Grey

ish ol

ive (5

Y 5/2

), mo

dera

tely c

ompa

ct, si

lty lo

am w

ith

sub-

angu

lar bl

ocky

stru

cture

and s

ticky

cons

isten

cy;

comm

on fa

int br

own (

7.5YR

4/4)

mott

le; cl

ear,

wavy

bo

unda

ry C

82-1

00cm

Gr

eyish

olive

(5Y

5/2),

comp

act, s

andy

loam

with

wea

k, su

b-an

gular

bloc

ky st

ructu

re an

d slig

htly s

ticky

cons

isten

cy;

comm

on fa

int du

ll bro

wn (7

.5YR

5/4) m

ottle

*1: D

escri

ption

s of s

tructu

re an

d bou

ndar

y are

estim

ated f

rom

limite

d obs

erva

tion o

f cor

e sam

ple.

*2: T

extur

e was

clas

sified

at fie

ld by

visu

al an

d tou

ching

obse

rvatio

n

Att

achm

ent 9

: Soi

l Pro

file

of S

ampl

es in

Kha

wr

Har

adi

Documents

JICA報告書PDF版(JICA Report PDF) - THE MASTER …This report compiles the results of the study, which was conducted from June 2002 through July 2004 by the study team organized