A Study of the extent of the "Good faith"principle in

agreement with the legal approach

By

Reza Rahimi dehsori

PhD Candidate in Jurisprudence and Law, University of Qom

*Seyed Mahdi Entezari

Postgraduate level 3 of the Qom Seminary and a Master of Divinity of Tehran University

Hossein Asad zadeh

PhD Candidate in Jurisprudence and Law, University of Motahari, Tehran

Abstract

Good faith in contract law means to fulfill the obligation as faithfully, fair,

reasonable and avoid any malice and fraud and rooted in moral concepts such as loyalty,

honesty, justice, fairness, honesty and trust. The arrival of this principle to the rights

and laws of some countries like France is one of the symbols of moral influence on the

civil law rights. Although the jurisprudence of goodwill to its legal concept is not

mentioned explicitly, laws and titles such as E. rule, required to deliver judgments

related to holy Makasib and ethical principles in the form of customs, trade, and Astyad

this concept is understood, the goodwill plays a role as a connection point between

science.

Key words: goodwill, contracts, ethics and jurisprudence.

  *Corresponding author 

1

1.Introduction:

Islam is a comprehensive school, and a combination of beliefs, laws and ethics,

Jurisprudence tells opinions about should and should not and ethics of perhaps and

nonperhaps, Viewpoint of individual religious beliefs and moral precepts together and

form complement each other and behavior and personality. There is no doubt that each

of these are different in terms of subject, predicate and target encapsulation and there's

no denying the boundaries between science. But the question is whether moral

principles such as good faith can play a role in jurisprudence and be a basis for the

practical rules? It is necessary to study this issue in today's changing attitude to legal

issues, particularly in the law of contracts. A trend toward the adoption of ethical

principles, including goodwill shown by the legal systems Including goodwill of the legal

system is perceived, a tendency that also affected the legislator so that Article 3 of the e-

commerce has made in good faith. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce goodwill, its

effects on the legal origin of the Jurisprudence trace. Goodwill as a bridge between law

and morality, is the subject of this article.

This article the issue will be considered from two perspectives: In the first part,

studied the goodwill and its effects and regarding I that the origin of this debate is

foreign rights ,the first image is presented in good faith in the system. The second

section deals with this issue that where is the place of good faith in law? Is this concept

can be found in the system, and if so, where it should be searched.

1.1.The first – Acquiring principle of good faith

Goodwill essentially is a moral value after the development and came into law in

order to expanse the social communication and business communities and the

emergence of complex legal disputes.

To the realization of justice and equity in the legal relations of the drought eased

regulations and seeking rights to be moral. One of its applications is contract law.

"Goodwill is constant and independent concept and it can be determined in any

contract according to the rules and conditions not merely in the abstract situation

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"(Jafarzadeh and maybe that's why, as far as we review the rules, none of the legal

systems do not provide a definition of good faith and many lawyers have described that

it is conceptually simple and impossible have tried to identify and explain the legal

ethical principles and foundations.

1.2.The concept of good faith

Goodwill is known as synonymous with ignorance of legal flaw that the person

doing it with ignorance. Also in the contract is used in the sense of speech and honest.

(Katoozian, N, Abbas Zadeh, Mohammad Hadi, 2013: 167-86) and it is said two

common means due to its wide applications in various legal fields,misconception and

integrity. (Fakhr al-Din Asghari Qmashhady and Hamid Reza Aboueye, 2008: p.29-49).

The concept of good faith observes two directions in the contracts governing aspects of

the support that comes from ignorance.

a. Supportive Goodwill (comes from ignorance)

A person who is out of ignorance or take mistake in legal action and think that his

action is in accordance with the law or get the rig in Legal action.So,the legislators

supporting him against its harmful consequences in certain amount

This type of goodwill that can be referred to excusableness aspects does not count

as moral virtue. Because if the subject is in a state of ignorance, mistakes in

implementation, faults, forgetfulness, or ignorance, or done good or bad work isnt

worthy to praise and condemnation,i.e, good and evil are not arise on this subject. But

because the action of this person isnt protected by law, such as 'seizing someone's

property, the obligation of good faith in denying him the right to demand compensation

and maintenance costs, and so it's not fair. "(See Katoozian , N, Abbas Zadeh,

Mohammad Hadi, 2013: 167-86)

÷

B. Goodwill obligation (lead from manner)

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The duty of good faith is: "proper behavior, tree planting and respect for self and

other interests; As a rule of conduct in good faith done or not done demand the

following things from someone else. "(Hajypvr, M., 2011: 83-100)

In this sense ,good faith means having loyalty and avoiding deception and betrayal

at all stages of contract to the conclusion of the negotiation, execution, interpretation

and the liquidation of the flow. Behavioral aspect of good faith divided into positive

and negative intentions to have. (Faruqi, 1988)

1.3.Ethics is the legal principle of good faith

Goodwill associated with the ethical implications of the factors that led to the

acceptance or rejection of it is as a matter of principle difference in rights contracts.

«About Foundations of analysis required to comply in good faith in the contracts of

three ethical theory express the necessity and expediency of the parties" (Habibi, p.

298) .Among these three ethnic is the proportionality issue that is investigated . There

are two major perspectives in the root of the debate between ethics and jurisprudence

in this area:

1.4.Transformation of ethics to legal

The first position is that the border between law and morality should be picked.

The dignity that separates ethics and law are fictitious because the law is ignored ethical

issues. Discussion about the absence of holy Makasib raised but why envy and avarice

and worldliness, and so has not been raised. "(Hedayati, p. 63) This theory explains and

justifies what is that "law enforcement without regard to personal characteristics and

psychological which leads to unfair results. Moral rejects this process and recommends

moderate drought legal norms. However, it should recognize nuclear, alter or

reject,existenss should be imposed on its nuclear and change them. "(Katoozian and

Abbas Zadeh, 2013: 167-86)

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In the words of the martyr Motahhari also seen content that can be corroborated

this view since said by critical tone: "The denial of the principle of justice and influence,

more or less hinder to grow the social philosophy of Islam in the minds.

And based on rational and scientific and to be guide for law and creates

jurisprudence opposite with other principles of Islamic and without principles and

without social philosophy, if liberty and freedom of thought remained and the issue of

supremacy companions and came from the Shiite tradition .We had social philosophy

and jurisprudence that compiled based on the principle of justice and not have a

conflict and the current stalemate "(Motahari, p. 26 and 27) Or on the other part,

Islamic law considers a spiritual body, the soul and the body is variable and fixed it

"principle of justice" that is the spirit of Islamic law.(Motahari, p. 271)

The second view holds that moral and religious propositions are contradictory in

terms of subject and predicate"The issue of the ethical issues and cases within the

human soul is spiritual attributes, but it must act in jurisprudence and his personal and

social behavior.

Predicates in ethics, good or ugly, while the predicate in the jurisprudence of the

commands is the five obligatory and forbidden and abominable and recommended and

is permissible. "(Hedayati, p. 61.)

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About which of these two views is accurate,we can say that morality and law are

two independent sciences. They differ in terms of subject and predicate proposition can

not be denied But the point is whether the law can enter in ethical virtues and put them

in orders? It seems the answer is positive.

To quote the philosopher,the best reason for happening something is possibility of it

and we see that in many cases have occurred. For example, truth, lies, infidelity and

practice his pledge are ethical issues that it is a matter of law but ethics says

Honesty is good and lying is not worthy . About other moral values like "bona

fide" is true It can be owned and respect for fact and what is required in the field of

contracts?

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And there are reasons that make necessary the observance of good faith in the

contract, such as the verse (Al-Ma'idah verse: 1) Which seems to clearly indicate this fact.

According to this article the purpose of good faith here is not only an internal

characteristics,but also think the jurisprudence issued to the inner traits of behavior

that is not a legal ruling on it and we believe Although the term "bona fide" in

jurisprudence applied, but in many instances have been raised that the trading rules

that are in accordance with this principle.

1.5. Producer moral virtue in legal principle of good faith

In legal sources and validity, Barbie in particular devoted to customs and

tradein.For example, Jaber Sahiheh by Imam Baqir (AS) has written in the book which

Allameh Helli wrote on the topic of business etiquette as follows: Imam Ali (AS) in

Kufa, used every morning, while the shoulders if he were carrying a whip,

They had come out of the palace and in the markets. Then stood up and yelled to

every market: O merchants : fear Allah. (From the market) when he heard screams (of

awesomeness them)throw what in their hands and realized his heart and soul to him

and listen..

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He looked at the market and then to settle all the people, instead of returning. "(Koleini,

p. 383) version of the document is correct. For all those who are in the chain of Emami

and are trustworthy.

Section II : The effects of acting "Good faith " in the legal

"Good faith"is an internal state which has both positive and negative intentions .It

means going to believe its positive, the concept of right and good and negative aspects

related to avoidance of deceit, deception, concealing the fact and abstain from

attending any privileges absurd than the other. (Farooq, 1988: 87, 88; Black, following

"Bad faith" and "Good faith")

Of course, as mentioned in the first part of this division is the supervisor on duty

aspect of goodwill and in this section we introduce examples of it in jurisprudence but

then take over comes and issues related to protection of the mistake and the wrong

impression of it in one more chance .

-Positive effects of goodwill

1. Loyality in word means complete and perfect: it is the right business to one

that is based on Vafi .The term "Ghadir" is used to mean the opposite of faith.

Means to deliver on its commitment to its protection and various definitions

have been proposed such as:

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"Accompanied by the promises of equality and protect and preserve the tradition

of love in secretly and publicly and in the presence and absence " .loyality in debt means

paying and act sth ans sale of loyality is to sell the product to the customer and when

paid the loan back the goods to the seller. (See Khalil ibn Ahmad, vol. 8, p. 409. 5. Ibn

Manzur, vol. 15, p. 398. 1731).

Applications of "loyalty" in term of jurisprudence are: to fulfill that promise,

contract, or meet obligations to deliver jurists often means carrying out contracts.The

meaning of "loyality" in contract is to practice appropriate and customary " (Ansari,

vol. 2, p. 133. and purpose of the obligation to fulfill the contract are as follows:

"Against the contract, acting in accordance with the implied meaning that a verbal

contract, then the contract is owned obligation to acquire appropriate action, So the

material sold from the buyer, without his consent, is prohibited and fulfill the will of not

covering the contract of sale "(ibid, vol. 5, p. 18.

Accuratelythe By considering to mentioned contents of the above ,it can be concluded

that: Fulfill the covenant is essentially a moral value and is owned as can be seen in

many verses of the Qur'an, aAnd there is also has been interpreted Tlqgrfth to contract

marriage covenant to contract has been interpreted and qualification in law and in good

faith are two different aspects.

: با ارزش یک اصل در وفا که گرفت نتیجه چنین می‌توان شده یاد مطالب در تامل و دقت

و می‌شود، مالحظه قرآن متعدد آیات در که همان‌طوری است عهد آن متعلق و است اخالقیدو نیت حسن و فقه در آن راه‌یابی و شده، تفسیر عهد به عقد تعلق‌گرفته، عقد به که نیز آنجا

دارد متفاوت ،جنبه

One essential aspect in the jurisprudence as a matter of Rumi and is manifesting

itself in the form of the obligation to fulfill that contrac t, And .the term "Avfva" The

9

positive cases such as honesty and loyalty and includes a And negative examples in the

holy Makasib crystallization becomes, in a sense.

عقد به وفای وجوب قالب در و مولوی امری صورت به فقه علم در که الزامی جنبه یکی ... » شامل » را و وفاداری و صداقت قبیل از ایجابی موارد هم اوفوا لفظ و می‌کند، گری جلوه

می‌گیرد بر در می‌کند، پیدا تبلور محرمه مکاسب در که را سلبی مصادیق هم و .می‌شود

And other aspects that most observers to ethical aspects and form of business

practice is emphasized; Although the legal means to fulfill that contract and contract

enforcement action is appropriate a, And such rights that, some countries have made it

clear that good faith implementation of the agreement .But if we accept the principle of

this in the contracts applicable to other cases such as interpretation and the liquidation

of the contract will be.

قرارگرفته و تأکید مورد تجارت آداب قالب و است اخالقی جهات به ناظر بیشتر آن دیگر جنبه

و است، آن به‌مقتضای عمل و قرارداد اجرای معنای به عقد به وفای فقها ازنظر هرچند است؛ولی نموده‌اند تصریح قرارداد اجرای زمینه در را نیت حسن که کشورها از بعضی حقوق همانند

انحالل و تفسیر قبیل از موارد سایر به تسری قابل بپذیریم عقود باب در را مطلب این اصل اگربود خواهد نیز .قرارداد

-

Negative effects of goodwill

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Islam stands for strengthening the economic vigor of their economies, but is not

only as a goal But but also as the Islamic targets is not possible without a healthy

economy and an independent economic force But and Islam considers the economy as

the pillars of social life.Therefore,don’t hit to other organs because of the economic

impact and compromise, to other organs.

يا است، هدف خود اقتصاد اينكه به‌عنوان نه اما است اقتصادي بنيه تقويت طرفدار اسالمهدف اينكه به‌عنوان بلكه است، هدف مستقل تنها نيروي و سالم اقتصاد بدون اسالمي هاي

به بنابراين ميداند، اجتماعي حيات اركان از ركن يك را اقتصاد اسالم اما نيست، ميسر اقتصادينميزند لطمه و ضربه اركان ساير به اقتصاد .خاطر

Islam doesn’t advocates the theory that the source of revenue, demand and desire

is, Bell.It is believed to be willing to do to adapt to the interests of humanity excellent and

comprehensive Islam and it is therefore important chapter part in the name of holy

Makasib (Motahari, vol. 3, p. 250) .The jurists divide trade with the provisions of the

five obligatory, recommended, permitted, abomination, and forbidden to divide And and

assigned in this section independent and comprehensive discussion as holy to swear fifth

Makasib assigned in this section forbidden to speak business And the purpose of the

prohibition of unlawful acquisition of transfers intended to relate the effect of the transaction

is considered unlawful. (Ansari, J1, S14,)

بلكه نيست، است تمايالت و تقاضاها درآمد، سرچشمه كه نظريه اين طرفدار اسالمازاین‌ بكند، تطبيق بشريت جانبه همه و عالي مصالح با تمايالت بايد است مهمي معتقد فصل رو

) ج مطهری، محرمه مكاسب نام به هست اسالم ص 3در احکام) 250، به را تجارت فقیهان

مبسوطی و مستقل مبحث و می‌کنند تقسیم حرام و ، مکروه ، مباح ، مستحب ، واجب پنج‌گانهرا حرام کسب انواع بخش این در و داده اختصاص پنجم قسم به محرمه مکاسب عنوان با را

اثر شدن مترتب به‌قصد انتقال و نقل بودن حرام را اکتساب حرمت از مقصود و می‌کنند بیان ). ج انصاری، می‌دانند معامله بر ص 1 حرام ،14 ،

According to Sheikh Ansari ,is unlawful acquisition of hase five types of cases that

are not directly correlated with our discussion:

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- Transaction unclean objects 2. Buy something that is lawful and substantial

benefits in terms of not rationally3. revenue from the duties. But the other two have

been linked with intent Party and in other words, the origin of the prohibition in the

case of is bad faith on the transaction .They are included 1. What are the The purpose of

the transaction that is prohibited.

با مستقیم رابطه آن مورد سه که است نوع پنج انصاری شیخ نظر از حرام کسب انواع : از عبارت‌اند که ندارند ما نجس- 1بحث اعیان و- 2معامله حالل منفعت که چیزی فروش خرید

ندارد عقال ازنظر توجه . 3قابل قصد- با که دیگر نوع دو آن اما واجبات انجام راه از درآمد کسب

در سوءنیت وجود موارد این در حرمت منشاء به‌عبارت‌دیگر و می‌باشند مرتبط عاقد نیت و

. از عبارت‌اند است باشد- 1معامله حرام آن از مقصود که چیزی معامله .

The jurisprudents of this type contains all forbidden acts that are against the

property Although some of the things mentioned in this chapter are not conventional

acquisition of absenteeism. The late Sheikh Ansari following entioned this case as twenty-

eight states in this case and a few examples that can cause ill Party is boycotting them

are: Fainting, misrepresentation, as Rkban, false and evaluation, and othersetc.

می‌شود باشند مال با مقابله قابل که حرامی اعمال تمام شامل نوع این فقیهان ازنظرمانند نیست متعارف آن‌ها به اکتساب می‌کنند ذکر باب این در که مواردی از بعضی هرچند

که. نمونه چند و می‌کند بیان مصداق هشت و بیست عنوان این ذیل انصاری شیخ مرحوم غیبت

: از عبارتند باشد می عاقد سوءنیت می‌تواند آن‌ها تحریم کذب علت رکبان، تلقی تدلیس، غش،

موارد سایر نجشو .و

Another manifestation of the moral issues of is jurisprudence that represents Vjlvh

of positive and negative goodwill is represents the custom practices. More chapters in the

books of fiqh and hadith in areas as customs, such as: : Customs, trade, sale, judiciary,

travel, mosques, prayers, qasamah sacrifice, Jihad, stoning, ablution, rent, dying, and

this is clear evidence The for deep bond between law and morality .Ghazali considered

goodwill ais considered one of the sales customs practices and says:

مبا از دیگر حسن یکی سلبی و ایجابی های وجلوه است فقه بودن اخالقی مظهر که حثی

. تحت بخشهایی ابواب بیشتر در روایی و فقهی کتابهای در است آداب کند می نمایان را نیت

12

: جهاد، ذبح، قسامه، نماز، مساجد، سفر، قضاء، بیع، تجارت، آداب مانند دارد وجود آداب عنوان

اخالق و فقه بین عمیق پیوند بر است آشکاری گواه مطلب این و احتضار، اجاره، وضوء، رجم،

می‌گوید و شمرده بر بیع آداب از یکی را نیت حسن :غزالي

"One of the business customs practices of good faith and believed at the start of

trading, the intention of avoiding the question of trade And and keep the greed of the

people who need them with solvent And and the use of religion and subsistence income

for the family to be placed among the Mujahideen And and benevolence Muslims is

what he loves for himself and for others to love what is good Follow the path of

righteousness and charity and the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of vice at all are

what he sees in the market.

» از نیتش باید تجارت، آغاز در اعتقاد و نیت حسن از است عبارت تجارت آداب از یکیکار به و حالل کسب با آنان از نیازی بی مردم از حرص و آز داشتن نگه و سوال از پرهیز تجارتخیر و گیرد جای مجاهدین میان در تا خانواده معاش تامین و دینداری راه در درآمد گرفتن

و دارد دوست خود برای را آنچه بدارد دوست بقیه برای و باشد او مقصود مسلمانان خواهی

تمام در منکرات از پیشگیری و ارزشها ترویج و را نیکوکاری و عدالت مسیر روی دنبال کند نیتبیند می بازار در که را .آنچه

If these beliefs and intentions to bring your agent will be in the afterlife ... "(Al-

Ghazali, blue Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, vol. 2, p. 84). It is also

usable traditions, Imam Sadiq (AS) is taken into account goodwill as one of increased

from toys sustenance is taken into account. (Hurr Ameli, J1, p. 53)

»... بود خواهد مرگ پساز زندگی راه در عامل آورد بوجود خود در را نیات و باورها این اگرج( أحمد، بن محمد بن محمد حامد أبي استفاده) 84،ص 2غزالي، قابل مطلب این نیز روایات از

. ( است ( آورده حساب به روزی و رزق شدن زیاد اسباب از را نیت حسن ع صادق امام است،ج( عاملي، ص 1 حر ،53(

Examples of sales practices customs are: "the observance of equality between the

customers and the other for fairness in bargaining between individuals who are noble

and humble Ngdard different." (Second Martyr, vol. 3, p 0.289) "Defect in the product is

mentioned, both obvious and hidden defects because of the story and that is a sign of

faith and good will." (Ibid., Vol. 3, p. 290)

13

« : بین انصاف جهت از مشتریان بین مساوات رعایت از عبارتند بیع آداب از هایی نمونه». نگدارد فرق حقیر و شریف افراد بین و دیگران و کند می زنی چانه که ثانى،ج( کسی ،3شهيد

این ) » 289ص . و روایت وجود دلیل به پنهان و آشکار عیب از اعم است کاال در موجود عیب ذکر

)». ج همان، است خواهی خیر و ایمان نشانه ص 3که ،290(

Goodness, Zainab perfume, the wives of the Prophet (PBUH) had come to sell perfume.

When the prophet arrived, he said: If you come to our house Atr Agin! Perfume she

said. O Messenger of Allah (PBUH) your home with fragrant aromas you Ast.pyambr

(pbuh) said while trade, craft Mzn good and that it is compatible with the righteous

And a longer shelf-life is yours. (Hurr Ameli, J17, p. 388) topic is very wide sales

practices and calls for an independent investigation.

( آمده ( عطر فروش جهت به ص پیامبر همسران نزد عطرفروش، زینِب نیکی، و احسان : ( ) عطرآگین. ما خانه میآیی تو هرگاه فرمودند او به شدند، وارد ص پیامبر که هنگامی بود ( ) : خوشبوتر! شما رایحه با شما هاي خانه ص خدا رسول اي گفت عطرفروش زینِب میشود

( ) پرهیزگاري. با کار این که مزن نیرنگ و کن نیکی دادوستد، هنگام فرمودند ص پیامبر است ). ج عاملي، حر است مال بیشتر ماندگاري مایه و است ص، 17 سازگارتر بیع) 388، آداب مبحث

طلبد می را مستقلی تحقیق و است گسترده .بسیار

Conclusion

The study reflects the fact that different legal regimes regulations has the common

concern of goodwill in support of legal relations and deal with bad intentions. The

concept of good faith in regard to the rights and interests of others is one of the themes

that gradually finds its appropriate position in the legal systems So that even countries

that have traditionally been opposed to general concepts such as goodwill were moving

towards accepting some sort of goodwill, which is with greater clarity in the law in

America and law is less clearly visible in British.

Islamic law are closely related to ethics and ethical implications of systems that

goodwill is so iportant in it.Although this matter has surfaced sporadically and revealed

in different categorie.From titles and provisions set in the text can be say that

14

Jurisprudence in good faith with the name of the meaning is not explicitly considered in

the Romano-Germanic systems but the existence of multiple laws governing the

protection of good faith and bad faith prohibits represents privileged role of goodwill in

the deep bond between law and morality

 

References

15

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