Jerusalem: A Primer - takepart.com · JERUSALEM: A PRIMER 2 ... Jerusalem, but rather an entry ... Holy City and its holy sites, for which Palestinians served as the proud caretakers

JERUSALEM A PRIMER

2JERUSALEM A PRIMER

In 2009 Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad launched a plan to demonstrate that his people were deserving of statehood inspiring them to change their destiny and seek UN membership Since then theyrsquove made remarkable progress but the political quagmire--and Fayyadrsquos recent resignation from office--may destroy the most promising opportunity for peace in years

STATE 194 ABOUT THE FILM

Former Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad

Parents Circle members Yitzhak Frankenthal (left) and Nabeel Sweety (right)

Israeli Minister of Justice Tzipi Livni

3JERUSALEM A PRIMER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 4

Background 5

Jerusalemrsquos Significance 7

Jewish-Israeli Narrative 7

Palestinian-Arab Narrative 7

Jerusalemrsquos Status 9

The Israeli Case that Jerusalem Must Remain Unified Under Israeli Sovereignty 9

Confiscation Displacement Isolation Israelrsquos East Jerusalem Policies through Palestinian Eyes 9

Perspectives on Negotiations 15

Jewish-Israeli Perspective 15

Palestinian-Arab Perspective 15

Conclusion International Positions and Proposed Solutions 18

Maps 20

Jerusalem in the News 24

Partial Reference List 25

4JERUSALEM A PRIMER

INTRODUCTION Of all issues at the heart of Palestinian-Israeli negotiations Jerusalem may be the most fraught and decisive Many observers claim it was the ldquoradioactiverdquo issue over which Camp David negotiations unraveled in 2000 Arguably there remains a greater gulf between dominant Israeli and Palestinian narratives on Jerusalem than on any of the other core issues of the conflict

This primer aims to provide not just historical background and context to shed light on current disputes regarding Jerusalem but also to share dominant Israeli and Palestinian narratives to elucidate the cityrsquos unique holiness and significance to each people It is not intended to be a comprehensive account of Jerusalem but rather an entry point to understanding why Jerusalem remains one of the most intractable issues of the conflict

WRITTEN AND CONCEIVED BY MELISSA WEINTRAUB IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE TELOS GROUP INC

5JERUSALEM A PRIMER

BACKGROUNDFollowers of the three Abrahamic faiths have called Jerusalem home since the advent of their respective religions In the past century the holiness of the city has increasingly been deemed an obstacle to finding a terrestrial solution and practical options for Jerusalemrsquos sovereignty have stumped the international community

Jerusalemrsquos place in the modern conflict can be divided into three main historical chapters

1 1917-1947-BritishMandateandinternationalproposals Before World War I Jerusalem was under control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire for 400 years After the Ottomanrsquos fall and the Allied Powers victory the League of Nationsmdashthe predecessor to the United Nationsmdashgranted the British Mandate control over Palestine including Jerusalem They nonetheless stipulated that the rights and claims of all peoples to Jerusalem should be safeguarded by the international community After World War II in 1947 this drive to preserve Jerusalemrsquos globally-significant heritage was further reaffirmed by the United Nations in the Partition Plan which called for the establishment of two states in the Holy Land one Jewish and one Arab The Partition Plan specifically called for a special international regime called the ldquocorpus separatumrdquo including not only Jerusalem but also Bethlehem and surrounding areas Shortly after the announcement of the Partition Plan however war erupted and the ldquocorpus separatumrdquo was never implemented

2 1948-1967-DivisionofJerusalembetweenIsraelandJordanAt the end of the 1948 war a ceasefire line running north to south cut through Jerusalem and divided it into ldquowestrdquo and ldquoeastrdquo sections the former controlled by Israel (about 38 sq km) the latter controlled by Jordan (approximately 6 sq km) The eastern part held the Old City including many Jewish Muslim and Christian holy sites Arguing against an internationalized Jerusalem the Israeli delegation to the UN pointed to the inability of the international community to protect Jerusalemrsquos residents during the war They claimed division of the city preferable to an international regime though they did accept limited international control and protection of holy sites The Arab delegation to the UN meanwhile stressed that prior Muslim sovereignty had protected the cityrsquos holy sites in a way ldquosatisfactory to all the worldrdquo but accepted an international regime over Jerusalem in theory given current ldquocircumstancesrdquo Nonetheless while the international community recognized Israel and Jordanrsquos de facto control over respective sections of Jerusalem during these nineteen years they did not recognize their sovereignty ndash universally refusing to build embassies in Jerusalem or recognize Jerusalemrsquos residents as citizens of either Israel or Jordan This international equivocation set a precedence of ambiguity and contestation over claims of legality sovereignty and citizenship that continue to hover over the cityrsquos status to this day

3 1967-presentndashldquoReunificationandLiberationrdquovsldquoOccupationrdquo In the 1967 war Israel captured the eastern section of the city and extended the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem by 71 sq km (including the 6 km that had been considered ldquoEast Jerusalemrdquo as well as 65 additional sq km) and placed these areas under Israeli civil law Israel generally views this annexation as a reunification and liberation of the city a restoration of Judaismrsquos geographical heart to the people who have held it most sacred Palestinians generally view Israelrsquos annexation of Jerusalem as an unjust and illegal expropriation of areas both hallowed and essential to Palestinian culture and economy The international community generally recognizes areas of Jerusalem beyond the 1949 Armistice line (aka 1967 border and ldquoGreen Linerdquo) as ldquooccupiedrdquo by Israel and Israelrsquos measures to change Jerusalemrsquos status unilaterally as illegal under international law The international consensus remains that questions of sovereignty over Jerusalem as a whole must be determined in permanent status negotiations no other country de jure recognizes Israelrsquos 1967 annexation of East Jerusalem

One outcome of this checkered history what is meant by ldquoJerusalemrdquo is itself contested Israel generally refers to ldquoMunicipal Jerusalemrdquo including significant neighborhoods such as Pisgat Zersquoev Gilo and Har Homa that lie beyond the 1967 border By Jerusalem (or ldquoAl-Qudsrdquo) Palestinians generally refer to the

6JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Old City and surrounding Arab neighborhoods that were under Jordanian control from 1948-1967 (such as Silwan and Sheikh Jarrah) as well as at times to the Arab neighborhoods that became part of West Jerusalem under Israeli control in 1948

At the molten core of the struggle over Jerusalem lies the Temple MountHaram al-Sharif ndash called by CNN ldquoundeniablyhellipthe most contested piece of real estate on earthrdquo The sitersquos 35 acres contain the Foundation Stone ndash holy to Jews Christians and Muslims alike ndash which lies at the base of Jerusalemrsquos iconic golden Dome of the Rock Among its biblical associations the rock purportedly marks Mount Moriah where Abraham readied himself to sacrifice his son Isaac at Godrsquos command and Jacob dreamed of angels For Jews the Temple Mount is the worldrsquos epicenter the ldquoHoly of Holiesrdquo where two Temples stood that were Judaismrsquos original fulcrum the place to which prayers have been directed for 2000 years and the locus at which Heaven and Earth touch Along the western side of the Temple Mount lies the Wailing Wall or ldquoKotelrdquo a site of Jewish pilgrimage prayer and mourning for the destruction of the Temple for centuries For Muslims the Haram or ldquonoble sanctuaryrdquo marks one of the worldrsquos three holiest sites the place to which the Prophet Muhammed made his famous nocturnal journey and from which he ascended to Heaven as well as the initial direction toward which Muslims directed their prayers While many scholars suggest that 4th century Christian rulers turned the Temple Mount into a garbage dump in order to signify Christian ldquoreplacementrdquo of Judaism Muslim rulers built glorious mosques there including Al-Aqsa as well as Dome of the Rock to commemorate a place holy to Abraham Moses David Solomon and Jesus ndash all of whom Muhammed considered prophets The site has been a seat of Muslim learning prayer and pilgrimage for centuries

After capturing the Old City in 1967 Israel allowed the Palestinian-led Islamic waqf to retain independent authority over the HaramTemple Mount but Israeli security forces maintain a regular presence on the site in an effort to stem incitement and violence on the part of both Jews and Muslims Within the already contentious issue of Jerusalem there is perhaps no more contentious issue than who will exercise control over the HaramTemple Mount as well as the ldquoHoly Basinrdquo a term designating sites sacred to three religions that link the Old City via the City of DavidSilwan with the Mount of Olives The site is of such symbolic significance ndash and so flammable ndash that perceived andor real provocations in connection to it have sparked some of the most intense waves of violence the area has known from the 1929 riots to the Second (aka ldquoAl-Aqsardquo) Intifada beginning in 2000

Jerusalem is in short a microcosm and magnification of the broader conflict over who may exercise rights in and sovereignty over the same strip of land and holy sites Reaching an agreement on Jerusalem might well be the most significant lever and biggest barrier to resolving the conflict as a whole

7JERUSALEM A PRIMER

PALESTINIAN-ARAB PERSPECTIVES

The Palestinian narrative on Jerusalem begins with the deep Palestinian historical connection to the Holy City and its holy sites for which Palestinians served as the proud caretakers for centuries Many of Jerusalemrsquos largest Palestinian families have family trees dating back unbroken many hundreds of years Palestinians furthermore view Jerusalem as the cultural religious commercial and medical hub of the West Bank the linchpin of a metropolitan corridor running from Ramallah just north of Jerusalem to Bethlehem and Hebron just south and a core symbol of Palestinian national and religious identities

For both Palestinian Muslims and Christians Jerusalem carries tremendous religious significance Islam considers Jerusalem one of its holiest cities along with Mecca and Medina Palestinians note that the Quran mentions Jerusalem many times by different names just as it uses many different names for God and Muhammed Muslims ruled over Jerusalem for thirteen centuries ndash from 638 AD to 1917 ndash excluding a 103 year interlude under Crusader rule Many Palestinians argue that because Islam inherently sees Jews and Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquo and honors synagogues and churches as Godrsquos shrines Islamic rule granted the city the most tolerant period of its history For Palestinian Christians -- who make up approximately 10 of the global Palestinian population and 4 of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza -- Jerusalem is the focal point for Jesusrsquos life ministry crucifixion and resurrection Palestinian Christians see themselves as links in a chain rooted in Jerusalem and Bethlehem stretching back to the time of Jesus

Palestinian Muslims and Christians see their connection to Jerusalem as equally important if not more important than Jewish claims to the city They refute Jewish claims that Jews are more attached and therefore more entitled to Jerusalem than are Muslims and Christians Some more extreme Palestinians deny Jewish historical connection to the Temple Mount altogether disputing whether Jewish Temples in fact stood on this site some others argue that Zionism exploited religious longing for a spiritual and symbolic

JEWISH-ISRAELI PERSPECTIVES

There is overwhelming support among Israelis for Jerusalem remaining unified under Israeli sovereignty Since Israel issued its Basic Law on Jerusalem in 1980 Israel has officially maintained that ldquoJerusalem complete and united is the capital of Israelrdquo In a 2013 poll 74 of Jewish-Israelis voiced support for a unified Jerusalem and rejected a Palestinian capital in any part of Jerusalem Following the Camp David and Taba negotiations in 2000 in which dividing Jerusalem between Israel and Palestinians was put on the negotiating table more than 100000 Jews marched in protest purportedly the largest public demonstration in Israelrsquos history

In Israeli-Jewish narrative Jerusalem has been the heart and soul of the Jewish people since King David made Jerusalem the ancient capital of Israel around 1000 BCE For a thousand years thereafter Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty and the locus of Judaismrsquos Temples kings councils and courts For 2000 years in exile from wherever they were in the world Jews prayed in the direction of Jerusalem three times daily referenced ldquorebuilding Jerusalemrdquo in everyday rituals and on holidays bid farewell to each other with a call for ldquonext year in Jerusalemrdquo Jews leave a corner of their homes unfinished and smash a glass at their weddings to symbolize their yearning for Jerusalem quoting the Psalmist ldquoIf I forget you O Jerusalem may my right hand witherrdquo The Anti-Defamation League captures the Jewish connection to Jerusalem ldquoNo other city has played such a dominant role in the history politics culture religion national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaismhellipit has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish peoplersquos identity as a nationrdquo

Many Israeli Jews emphasize the uniqueness of the Jewish peoplersquos attachment to Jerusalem This telling of history notes that Jews lived in Jerusalem for 1700 years before Arabs conquered Jerusalem that Jewish independence before the Roman destruction of 70 CE marks the longest period of sovereignty over Jerusalem by any nation that Jerusalem is mentioned over 800 times in the Bible 0 times in the Koran and that Jerusalem has been the capital city of the Jewish

JERUSALEMrsquoS SIGNIFICANCE

JEWISH-ISREALI PERSPECTIVES (CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE) PALESTINIAN-ARAB PERSPECTIVES (CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE)

8JERUSALEM A PRIMER

people alone while Muslim caliphates were based in Medina Damascus Baghdad and Cairo -- and the Ottoman ruler resided in Constantinople -- no Arab or Muslim ruler established a capital city in Jerusalem Israeli-Jewish narratives also note that throughout the centuries there has been a continuous presence of Jews in the Jerusalem and for the past 150 years Jews have been the majority population in Jerusalem Some Israelis stress that Jerusalem has always been a unified city and that 1948-1967 was a brief interlude when the city was artificially divided As the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs puts it ldquoJerusalem is and has always been an undivided city except for this 19 year period There is no justification for this short period to be viewed as a factor in determining the future of the city and to negate 3000 years of unityrdquo

Jerusalem and transformed it into territorial physical terms Regardless most Palestinians resent and contest Israeli assertions that the Jewish bond with Jerusalem is exclusive unique and superior to that of Palestinians whether Muslim Christian or secular Many Palestinians fear Jewish designs on holy places They cite provocations on the part of both the Israeli government and Jewish extremist groups that seek to rebuild the Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount and flush Palestinians out of the Old City and surrounding areas through shady and aggressive means dishonoring the claims of Muslims and Christians to places that are holy to them just as they are to Jews

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

CONFISCATION DISPLACEMENT ISOLATION ISRAELrsquoS EAST JERUSALEM POLICIES THROUGH PALESTINIAN EYES

Palestinians view Israeli policies as severing their historic connection to Jerusalem driven by a simple formula maximize land under Israeli sovereignty while minimizing Palestinians on the land Palestinians allege that Israel executes this strategy by 1) physically cutting off East Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank 2) enacting policies making it difficult for Palestinian residents of Jerusalem to remain in their homes and 3) aggressively settling East Jerusalem with heavily-subsidized Jewish settlements

Within weeks of the 1967 war Israel confiscated 65 km of land from 28 West Bank Palestinian villages on which it would build a ring of new settlements severing Jerusalem from the West Bank in most cases annexing agricultural lands but not Palestinian population in a classic case of ethnic gerrymandering Notoriously Israelrsquos Gafni Committee in 1973 recommended that Israel aim to preserve a demographic balance in Jerusalem of 76 Jewish to 24 Palestinian and this ratio has driven Israelrsquos urban planning and municipal policies ever since In the words of Amir Cheshin advisor on Arab affairs to Jerusalemrsquos Mayor from 1984-1993 ldquoSince 1967 Israelrsquos leaders adopted two basic principles in their rule over East Jerusalem The first was to rapidly increase the Jewish population in East Jerusalem The second was to hinder growth of the Arab population and to force Arab residents to make their homes elsewherehellipIsrael turned urban planning into a tool of the government to be used to help prevent the expansion of the cityrsquos non-Jewish population It was a ruthless policy if only for the fact that the needs (to say nothing of the rights) of Palestinian residents were ignoredrdquo This ldquodemographic warrdquo to ensure a Jewish majority in the city bolster Jewish claims to Jerusalem and thwart Palestinian claims is waged on multiple fronts

First Palestinians argue that the Jerusalem municipality exercises systematic discrimination in planning building and infrastructure investing heavily in building up Jewish areas of the city

THE ISRAELI CASE THAT JERUSALEM MUST REMAIN UNIFIED UNDER ISRAELI SOVEREIGNTY

Most Israelis find absurd the refusal of the international community to recognize Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem They argue that UN Resolution 181 (the Partition Plan) calling for the internationalization of Jerusalem in 1947 was a non-binding recommendation that was never implemented it is certainly not morally or legally binding given the Arab statesrsquo rejection of Partition and the inaction of the international community to protect Jerusalemrsquos residents when five Arab armies invaded the nascent State of Israel in 1948 In the words of Israelrsquos first Prime minister David Ben-Gurion upon moving Israelrsquos parliament and governmental offices to Jerusalem and declaring Jerusalem Israelrsquos capital ldquoA nation that for two thousand and five hundred years has faithfully adhered to the vow made by the first exiles by the waters of Babylon not to forget Jerusalem will never agree to be separated from Jerusalem Jewish Jerusalem will never accept alien rule after thousands of its youngsters liberated their historic homeland for the third time redeeming Jerusalem from destruction and vandalism We do not judge the UN which did nothing when nations which were members of the UN declared war on its resolution of 29 November 1947 trying to prevent the establishment of Israel by force to annihilate the Jewish population in the Holy Land and destroy Jerusalem the holy city of the Jewish peoplehellipThus we are no longer morally bound by the UN resolution of November 29 since the UN was unable to implement it In our opinion the decision of 29 November regarding Jerusalem is null and voidrdquo

The 1967 war intensified this belief that through great sacrifice Jerusalem was being restored to the people whorsquod yearned for it for 2000 years and would not allow it to be torn away again In dominant Israeli-Jewish narrative the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967 ndash after an unwanted war imposed by aggressive Arab states in which Israelrsquos very existence was at stake ndash was miraculous if not a portent of redemption Israeli Jews speak of the ecstatic euphoria of

JERUSALEMrsquoS STATUS

10JERUSALEM A PRIMER

while strangling development in Palestinian areas The city has encouraged Jews to move to what Palestinians refer to as Occupied East Jerusalem in order to ldquocreate facts on the groundrdquo to support the claim that Israeli sovereignty is irreversible there In a city that is at least one-third Palestinian the government has built more than 50000 housing units in new Jewish settlements on 35 of the land annexed in 1967 while building only 500 housing units in Palestinian areas Israel strategically placed these settlements on hilltops in a perimeter surrounding Jerusalem to obstruct contiguity between Jerusalem Ramallah and Bethlehem

Of the remaining land Palestinians argue Israel has blocked Palestinians from new construction through several means including confiscating a third of Palestinian-owned areas as ldquogreen zonesrdquo on which residents are not permitted to build and then turning these areas over to construct new Jewish settlements Palestinians explain with bitterness ldquoWhen a Palestinian says he wants to build they wonrsquot tell you you canrsquot because yoursquore Muslim Theyrsquoll say in the master plan this area is green And you think there is nothing green here And then as soon as the land passes into Jewish hands it suddenly ceases to be greenrdquo Israel has further refrained from creating town plans for most Palestinian areas (declaring that building permits cannot be issued where there are no town plans) and created an often-unattainable threshold for Palestinians to demonstrate ownership of land Palestinians as well as Israeli human rights organizations reference Israeli municipal authorities explicitly acknowledging the discriminatory nationalist motivations for these policies such as a recent statement by the Israeli official in charge of East Jerusalem ldquoWe will not allow the residents of East Jerusalem to build as much as they needhellip Though it is not politically correct to say this we will look at Jerusalemrsquos demographic situation to make sure that in 20 years we do not wake up to an Arab cityrdquo

Palestinians stress that as a result of these deliberate policies of under-planning direct and creeping expropriation they are plagued by an enormous housing shortage housing density in Palestinian areas is more than twice that in Jewish areas and many Palestinian homes are removed from sewage electricity water and road systems

returning to the Western Wall and Old City after 19 years in which they were inaccessible under Jordanian rule Rabbi Emanuel Feldman captures the mood ldquoThe Old City Temple Mount and all of Jerusalem were once again in our hands I still remember the trembling voice of the Israel Radio announcer as he declared lsquoAni nogea bakotel ndash I am touching the Wallrsquo Special newspaper editions hit the streets Marsquoariv shouted lsquoThe Place For Which We Have Waited for 2000 Yearsrsquo Yediot Aharonot hardly a religious-oriented newspaper carried on its masthead a citation from Isaiah 52 lsquoThe Lord Hath Comforted His People He Hath Redeemed Jerusalemrsquo That evening came a live radio broadcast from the Western Wall hellipthe shofar was repeatedly sounded and soldiers fell into each othersrsquo arms and wept As did the radio announcer As did all Israel A wave of relief and gratitude inundated the land In an outpouring of religious awe tens of thousands of Israelis of all kinds streamed to the Western Wall to Rachelrsquos Tomb to the Cave of the Patriarchs The worldrsquos media spoke unabashedly of a victory of biblical proportions The more religiously-attuned were certain they were hearing the steps of the Messiahrdquo On the day Israeli paratroopers captured the Old City their Commanding General Motta Gur radioed a famous address ldquoFor some two thousand years the Temple Mount was forbidden to the Jews Until you came mdash you the paratroopers mdash and returned it to the bosom of the nation The Western Wall for which every heart beats is ours once again Many Jews have taken their lives into their hands throughout our long history in order to reach Jerusalem and live here Endless words of longing have expressed the deep yearning for Jerusalem that beats within the Jewish heartYou have been given the great privilege of completing the circle of returning to the nation its capital and its holy centerJerusalem is yours forever

The idea that Israel recapturing the Temple Mount may herald redemption drives much of the Israeli religious community and even many secular Israelis Beyond these religious and cultural themes of return redemption and pride security considerations are a leading force in Israeli support for a unified Jerusalem under Israeli rule

Many Israelis believe that ndash whether in 1948 or 2013 -- only exclusive Israeli sovereignty over all

Many Palestinians see no choice but to build homes illegally and despite international condemnation Israel has responded by bulldozing hundreds of those Palestinian homes

Palestinians point to other means of confiscating Palestinian property Judaising Jerusalem and cleansing the city of Palestinians such as an arcane ldquoAbsentee Property Lawrdquo that Israel issued in 1950 to administer the transfer of Palestinian refugeesrsquo property to the State of Israel Since 1967 this law has been used to expropriate the properties of Palestinians who live in neighboring Bethlehem or other villages but own land in the Old City and surrounding neighborhoods after Israel annexed Jerusalem Israel claimed that Palestinian property-owners in the West Bank are ldquoabsentrdquo since they are not citizens of Israel Meanwhile in an act that Palestinians decry as clear overt discrimination Israel simultaneously determined that properties in East Jerusalem belonging to Jews prior to 1948 would be transferred to Jewish ownership even if Palestinian refugees had been living in them for decades since

Jewish extremist groups like Ateret Cohanim ndash whose surreptitious yet express aim is to drive out Palestinian inhabitants of the Old City and surrounding Arab neighborhoods and replace them with Jews ndash use these laws and other more disreputable means to gain control of Palestinian property and create enclaves of Jewish residents in Palestinian areas Palestinians stress that these Jewish settler groups are supported by the state the Israeli government and Jerusalem Municipality send security forces to accompany the takeover of Palestinian homes allocate private security guards to Jewish enclaves in the middle of Palestinian neighborhoods promote building and development projects in the enclaves and admit openly to their assistance to these settlement projects Palestinian children in central Palestinian neighborhoods like the Muslim Quarter Silwan Sheikh Jarah Ras al-Amud and a-Tur are afraid to play near their own homes out of intimidation from the armed Jewish settlers and security guards who not only harass them in the streets but invade their privacy by using security cameras to film inside their apartments The settlers regularly attack Palestinians and vandalize Palestinian property with near-total legal impunity there is a less than 9 indictment rate for charges of settler violence

of Jerusalem can protect the cityrsquos residents and Jewish and Christian holy sites alike The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs argues that ldquoat no other time in history have worshippers of all faiths enjoyed such a degree of religious freedomrdquo Many Israelis believe nowhere else in the world would a State provide so many rights and freedoms to its enemies They emphasize that Israel secures religious freedom and access even for populations that are overtly hostile to the State and who do not protect Jewish religious rights in kind Israelis put forward much historical and contemporary evidence to support this claim In the period of Jordanian rule from 1948-1967 at least 55 Jewish holy sites in the Old City were desecrated and destroyed by the occupying Jordanians and Jews had no access to the Western Wall and Temple Mount Judaismrsquos holiest sites During this period with Jerusalem divided the border was meters away from Jewish neighborhoods and Jewish residents of Jerusalem were subjected to regular sniper fire 25 of the Jewish residents of Jerusalem fled the city in 1949 alone

More recently in 2000 when the holy site of Josephrsquos tomb in Nablus was evacuated and turned over to the Palestinian Authority the Tomb was pillaged and torched its synagogue burned to the ground and books incinerated Most holy sites administered by the Palestinian Authority are seen as too dangerous for Jews to visit Israelis will say things like lsquoLook at how Muslims and Arabs treat what is holy to us and yet look by contrast at how we treat what is holy to them ndash and yet the world criticizes us and ignores their blatant violations of our human and religious rightsrsquo

Moreover when Beit Jala was under full Palestinian control in 2000 Palestinian snipers took over the homes of Palestinian Christians and fired on the 27000 Jewish residents of Gilo Many Israelis believe such attacks would be par for the course without Israeli security control and with close proximity between Palestinian and Jewish neighborhoods If Shuafat ndash to cite but one example ndash were turned over to the Palestinian Authority it would be 300 meters from the Jewish neighborhood of French Hill and 100 meters from Pisgat Zersquoev home to 42000 Israelis Many Israelis believe experience suggests that Palestinian armed groups would exploit such points of vulnerability to attack residents of Jerusalem with automatic

toward Palestinians in East Jerusalem Meanwhile Palestinians watch the growing Temple Mount movement with mounting anxiety presenting extensive evidence that Jewish extremists ndash under the guise of seeking the right to pray on the Mount -- are actively plotting to blow up the Al-Aqsa mosque and build the Third Temple

Palestinians present a third mechanism of pushing Palestinians out of Jerusalem revocation of Palestinian residency rights which Palestinian and Israeli human rights organizations have called ldquothe quiet deportationrdquo This mechanism exploits the tenuous status granted Palestinian Jerusalemites regardless of whether they were born in Jerusalem their families have lived in Jerusalem for generations and they have no other home Most Palestinian Jerusalemites are not Israeli citizens but rather hold the status of ldquopermanent residentsrdquo To obtain Israeli citizenship Palestinians in Jerusalem must swear allegiance to Israel and renounce all other citizenships most Palestinian Jerusalemites reject this coercive requirement on political grounds viewing Israelrsquos rule over East Jerusalem as legally and morally illegitimate As residents Palestinian Jerusalem residents can vote in municipal elections are obligated to pay taxes and since 1988 have been entitled to social security and health care benefits They cannot however vote in national elections and their status is treated as conditional and subject to revocation

As ldquoresidentsrdquo Palestinians must prove that East Jerusalem is their ldquocenter of liferdquo to retain their right to reside there a standard that has been used to revoke their residency rights on several grounds Residents who leave Jerusalem for seven years ndash including those who do graduate degrees abroad ndash can lose their right to return to the city of their birth Many Palestinians moved to Jerusalem suburbs ndash sometimes meters away from the municipal boundaries ndash in direct response to Israeli-policy driven housing shortages in Palestinian Jerusalem neighborhoods and inability to obtain building permits many of these Jerusalemites have had their residency revoked with no warning that they would jeopardize their right to return or visit the city In 2000 Interior Minister Natan Sharansky announced that these policies would be discontinued ldquoAs someone who believes that Jerusalem must remain under Israeli sovereignty we must look after the human rights of all citizens

rifles mortars and rockets and Palestinian security forces either would not or could not stop them

In sum many Israelis believe dividing Jerusalem would endanger hundreds of thousands of lives by placing a likely-unstable Arab state on the doorstep of its residents and holy sites they argue that only under Israeli sovereignty can Jerusalem be a free and tolerant city where all faiths can practice and maintain access to holy sites Many believe that without the protection of the State of Israel Jerusalem would descend into violence and chaos Palestinian Authority rule over eastern Jerusalem would be a magnet for terror organizations from the Muslim Brotherhood Islamic Jihad and Al Qaeda to Iranian-funded organizations like Hezbollah and Hamas just as in Lebanon Gaza and Egypt

Furthermore some Israelis argue that it is no longer physically feasible to divide Jerusalem certainly not according to the 1967 borders given that the city has changed dramatically since 1967 Most Israelis do not consider Jewish neighborhoods built in Jerusalem since 1967 as settlements and would not support these neighborhoods being dismantled or their residents being uprooted Once a housing project or road system is built most Israelis regard it as an integral and non-negotiable part of Jerusalem 200000 Jews live in what was once ldquoEast Jerusalemrdquo and infrastructure has fused between east and west including a new light rail water systems pipe lines electricity networks and roads Tens of thousands of Palestinians work in Jewish neighborhoods Many contend that it is no longer possible at a practical level to ldquounscramble the eggrdquo given the intermingling of neighborhoods infrastructure and populations

Some Israelis make the case that Palestinians along with Jewish-Israelis would object to Jerusalem being divided according to ethnic lines citing recent polls indicating that a majority of Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem would prefer living under Israeli Jewish sovereignty than Palestinian sovereignty due in part to the social security and health insurance benefits they enjoy and in part to their belief that they have greater freedom under Israeli rule than they would under the Palestinian Authority Many Israelis believe these polls give lie to criticism of Israelrsquos treatment of Palestinians and

including those who live in East Jerusalemrdquo Nonetheless from 2005-2011 thousands more Palestinian Jerusalemites ndash treated as immigrants on their own soil ndash lost their rights to live in or visit their only home

Israelrsquos family reunification policies have stripped hundreds more East Jerusalem Palestinians of residency rights and left thousands more in limbo with no idea whether they can carry on a normal life in Jerusalem Marriages between Palestinians in Jerusalem and West Bank cities are historically quite common and continued post-1967 with little regard for the border imposed by Israel between ldquoMunicipal Jerusalemrdquo and the West Bank a border Palestinians view as arbitrary and illegitimate West Bank Palestinians who marry East Jerusalemite Palestinians are generally not granted permits allowing them to visit reside work or receive health care in Jerusalem Particularly since security policies tightened in 2002 many couples now live separately with one spouse in Jerusalem and the other in the West Bank so as not to forfeit the right of the Jerusalemite to visit her family and home city moreover because Jerusalem residency rights donrsquot automatically transfer to children many children of Jerusalemites have been deprived of the right to reside in Jerusalem with one of their parents These policies are blatantly discriminatory Israelis do not lose their right to return to Israel no matter how many years they live abroad or in settlements in the West Bank or whom they choose to marry

Since 1993 Israel has furthermore isolated Jerusalem from the West Bank and Gaza through ldquoclosuresrdquo obstructing West Bank and Gazan Palestinians from access to the holy city Palestinians ndash some of whom live literally on the doorsteps of Jerusalem many with deep historical connections to the city -- have been cut off from the goods and services livelihood medical care transportation universities and holy sites on which they relied Palestinians are deeply distrustful of Israeli claims to protect the rights of all faiths to freedom of worship given that hundreds of thousands of Muslim and Christian Palestinians are regularly denied access to holy sites in Jerusalem even during Ramadan Christmas and other religious holidays ldquoIt became easier for a Palestinian living in Nablus Ramallah

demonstrate the double standards to which Israel is held why would Palestinians prefer to live under Israeli sovereignty if Israel were an evil oppressor rather than a humane tolerant and democratic society especially in comparison to its neighbors

While many Israelis believe that Palestinians have greater democratic rights under Israel than they would under the Palestinian Authority Israel nonetheless has a small but vocal human rights community that carefully tracks and condemns what it sees as the Municipalityrsquos glaring discrimination in planning infrastructure and building permits as well as human rights violations such as revocation of residency rights and home demolitions As Israeli human rights organization Btselem puts it ldquoIsraelrsquos policy gravely infringes the rights of residents of East Jerusalem and flagrantly breaches international lawrdquo Jerusalemrsquos mayor Nir Barkat however challenges the allegations of discrimination maintaining that the Municipality supports ldquonatural expansionrdquo of both Jewish and Arab residential areas and ldquohonest and fairrdquo planning that will enhance the quality of life for all the different sectors of Jerusalem Barkat speaks for many Israelis in maintaining that if anything in a clearly discriminatory ldquotriple standardrdquo the international community asks Israel to tolerate criminal politically-motivated illegal Palestinian building while denying natural growth to Jewish residents living in ldquodisputedrdquo areas of Jerusalem Many other Israelis acknowledge some discrimination toward Palestinians occurs in Jerusalem but believe it is episodic rather than systematic or inherent to Jerusalem remaining unified under Israeli sovereignty

There are some dents in Israeli tenaciousness on Jerusalem 55-72 percent of Israeli Jews believe the city is functionally divided between Jews and Arabs according to recent polls and some believe that Israeli rule over close to 300000 Palestinians in East Jerusalem is a burden and not sustainable As an Americans for Peace Now statement puts it ldquocontemporary Jerusalem is an lsquoundividedrsquo city only in slogans On the ground it is a visibly divided cityhellipIt is a city wherehelliptwo distinct populations ndash Israelis and Palestinians ndash live separate and rarely overlapping existencesrdquo Jerusalem expert and human rights activist Daniel Seidemann has compared Israelrsquos hold over

or Bethlehem to go to Istanbul Paris London or Boston than to visit JerusalemhellipThe net result was the ghettoization of Jerusalemrdquo (Salim Tamiri Palestinian sociologist)

The construction of the wallseparation barrier along a route that effectively envelops and seals off East Jerusalem ndash concretizing the Municipalityrsquos annexation of 65 km of occupied West Bank territory -- has made even more consequential Israelrsquos other policies severing Jerusalem from the West Bank The notorious E-1 plan ndash through which Israel proposes to connect Jerusalem to the settlement of Maale Adumim ndash would finalize the total separation of the northern and southern halves of the West Bank detaching Jerusalem from Ramallah and Bethlehem and ignoring if not destroying a fabric of life that evolved over centuries

Palestinians see all of these human rights violations and discriminatory policies as driven by Israelrsquos objective to strengthen its demographic hold and sovereign claim over Jerusalem drive Palestinians from the city and sever Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank

Jerusalem to a wolf held by the ears ldquoyou donrsquot dare hold on and you are scared to let gordquo He asserts that Israelis would embrace an avenue that enabled them to ldquorsquolet gorsquo of occupation in East Jerusalem not as a retreat but as a bold move made in the service of the two-state solution and justifying a division of the cityrdquo If some Israelis use empirical arguments ndash ldquofacts on the groundrdquo -- to argue prescriptively that Jerusalem cannot again be divided others use empirical terms to contend that Jerusalem is already divided between Palestinian and Jewish areas and has never been unified and thus would be easy to re-partition

Nonetheless by and large Israeli public opinion stands resolved on Jerusalem According to recent polls a majority of Israeli Jews (61-74) voice opposition (and 48 ldquostrong oppositionrdquo) to passing eastern portions of the city to Palestinian sovereignty even if reaching a peace agreement with Palestinians hinged only on the question of Jerusalem 83 oppose the Palestinian Authority ruling over the Old City Only 15-35 of Jewish-Israelis suggest that they would support a divided plan for the city in which Israel relinquished sovereignty over parts of East Jerusalem

For most Palestinians it is non-negotiable that Jerusalem will serve as the capital of a future Palestinian state and there can be no two-state solution without East Jerusalem (Al-Quds) as its capital Those Palestinians who support a two-state solution (ranging from 53-70 in 2013 polls) understand that West Jerusalem is not up for grabs Many believe pre-1948 Arab neighborhoods should nonetheless be on the table in permanent status negotiations given the significant percentage of West Jerusalem that was Palestinian-owned prior to 1948 if only to acknowledge the concessions Palestinians have already made Many Palestinians who support a two-state solution accept the general principle for East Jerusalem proposed by President Bill Clinton in 2000 Jewish neighborhoods to Israel Arab neighborhoods to a future Palestinian state Nonetheless Palestinians view the ring of Jewish neighborhoods with which Israel has encircled Jerusalem since 1967 as noxious settlements that have cut off Ramallah Jerusalem and Bethlehem from one another and confiscated private and municipal Palestinian property In Palestinian public opinion accepting Israeli sovereignty over most of these settlements is contentious According to leaked documents in 2008 Palestinian negotiators controversially went so far as to concede most of these settlements (Gilo Pisgat Zersquoev etc) barring Har Homa (see ldquoJerusalem in the Newsrdquo section on page 24)

The starting point for the official Palestinian position is UN Security Council Resolution 242 which claims the rsquo67 border as the basis for division of Jerusalem between Israeli and Palestinian sovereignty and identifies East Jerusalem -- including the Old City and Haram -- as illegally occupied territory carrying the same status as the West Bank Palestinian negotiators have minimally sought sovereignty over Arab neighborhoods in core areas of East Jerusalem including the Old City Sheikh Jarrah a-Tur and Salah a-din Street outside Damascus Gate At the Camp David Summit in 2000 Israeli negotiators offered Palestinians sovereignty over only outlying areas like Abu Dis while proposing functional ldquoautonomyrdquo with formal Israeli sovereignty over more central areas Palestinian negotiators rejected

The point of departure for Israeli political leaders and negotiators remains for Jerusalem to be united under Israeli sovereignty In 1995 then Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin said that he would never divide the city ldquoif they told us peace is the price of giving up a united Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty my reply would be lsquoletrsquos do without peacersquordquo Israelis almost across-the-board view former Prime Minister Ehud Barakrsquos offer at Camp David as exceedingly if not excessively generous and conciliatory as the first Prime Minister to put division of Jerusalem on the table In doing so he broke enormous taboos went further than any Israeli Prime Minister had gone before and further than he had a public mandate to do despite coming into office on a pledge to preserve Jerusalem as Israelrsquos ldquoeternal and undivided capitalrdquo Many attribute the collapse of parliamentary support for his government and his landslide loss in national elections to Ariel Sharon in 2001 to his concessions on Jerusalem

Israelis have mixed reactions to the Clinton Parameters formula of Jewish neighborhoods to Israel Palestinian neighborhoods to a Palestinian state According to the Parameters East Jerusalem and the Old City would be divided along ethnic lines Israel would gain sovereignty over the Western Wall and Palestinians would gain sovereignty over the Temple Mount In 2000 Israelrsquos cabinet approved support for the Parameters but added the condition that Israel would retain sovereignty over the Temple Mount In the extensive reservations Barak wrote to Clinton on the plan he insisted that he ldquowould not sign any document that transfers sovereignty on the Temple Mount to the Palestiniansrdquo and also demanded Israel retain sovereignty over the ldquoHoly Basinrdquo area outside the Old City including the City of David

Many Israelis argue that Clintonrsquos formula on Jerusalem while it sounds fair to outsiders would be a disaster from a security perspective Says Dore Gold Israeli diplomat and former Ambassador to the United Nations ldquoYou cannot take a city that looks like an ethnic chessboard and grant the red squares one sovereignty and the black squares another sovereigntyrdquo Former Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Forces Shaul

PERSPECTIVES ON NEGOTIATIONS

Mofaz reportedly stated that the Clinton Plan if implemented would ldquothreaten the security of the staterdquo In consistent polling over the last decade a majority of the Israeli public has said they would oppose the Clinton plan for the division of Jerusalem even as part of a comprehensive peace agreement

Israelis also hold mixed opinions about what should happen with the Temple Mount though a clear majority opposes ceding Israeli sovereignty to Palestinian rule joint management or international supervision of the holy site Israelis often view Palestinian rejection of the Jewish historical connection to the Temple Mount as a litmus test for Palestinian denial of Jewish claims to Israel as a whole Many saw Arafatrsquos refusal at Camp David to allow Jews even a prayer corner on the Mount as a glaring symbol of such denial unwillingness to compromise for the sake of peace and untrustworthiness as a custodian of holy sites In 2008 60 of Israeli Jews said they would not accept joint Palestinian and Israeli management of the Temple Mount as part of a peace agreement while only 34 said they would be prepared to do so Many also question whether an international administration over the Old City could provide proper security mechanisms accommodating several million tourists Alongside supporting Israeli sovereignty remaining over the site a majority of Israelis according to a 2013 poll wish for a change from the status quo 59 support Jews being allowed to pray at the site despite its ongoing sensitivity and a third of respondents suggest support for rebuilding a Third Jewish Temple on the site

In short most Israelis believe that the division of Jerusalem would be exceedingly dangerous technically impossible and not in the interests of the cityrsquos residents neither Jewish nor Arab Nir Barkat Jerusalemrsquos Mayor spoke for many Israelis when he said in 2013 ldquoIn [the peace negotiations] there are a lot of pink lines but I have one red line Itrsquos called Jerusalem donrsquot negotiate with JerusalemhellipThere is no good example of a split city that worksrdquo Splitting Jerusalem goes another colloquial metaphor is like trying to split the chambers of a heart it simply doesnrsquot work

Most Israelis believe the international communityrsquos recommendations for Jerusalem are foolish

limited ldquoadministrationrdquo in lieu of sovereignty they believed ambiguous formulations would be exploited by Israel to its advantage having seen similar arrangements render Palestinian leadership purely symbolic with Israel maintaining real control At Camp David Palestinian negotiators instead proposed that all of East Jerusalem over the Green Line fall under Palestinian sovereignty with Israel retaining autonomy over the Western Wall and Jewish Quarter

Palestinians especially rejected fuzzy agreements around the HaramTemple Mount At Camp David Arafat refused to relinquish Islamic control over the Haram because ndash according to many observers -- he didnrsquot feel he had the authority to make this decision on behalf of the Muslim world some argue that trying to force a final resolution at Camp David was premature precisely because Arafat hadnrsquot yet received imprimatur on the Haram from global Muslim leadership Some argue that the Saudi-driven Arab Peace Initiative (API) in 2002 intended in part to give cover to Palestinian negotiators to give up the Haram to international control Others argue however ldquoAny attempt to construe the API in a manner that falls short of lsquofull-stoprsquo Palestinian or Arab sovereignty on the HaramMount would be an exercise in self-delusionrdquo (Danny Seidemann) The formal Palestinian position on the Old City remains a claim for Palestinian sovereignty with guarantee of freedom of worship and access to all as well as protection and preservation of holy sites including Jewish ones

In 2008 according to some accounts Palestinian negotiators expressed willingness to accept an international committee taking over the Haram with the Old City being divided between Palestinian (Christian and Muslim Quarters) and Israeli sovereignty (Jewish and Armenian Quarters) These proposals went further than any Palestinian negotiating team had yet gone and Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat was quoted as offering Israelis ldquothe biggest Yerushalayim [Jerusalem] in historyrdquo -- but even these concessions were rejected by the Israeli side Palestinian protests ensued from revelation of these concessions and Erekat was quoted in news media denying that the Palestinian team would concede the Old City and ring of settlements surrounding Jerusalem to Israel or the Haram to international management

and unworkable another demonstration of how outsiders simply donrsquot understand the nature of this conflict ldquoWhat theyrsquore seeking is the simple wrong answer for this region for Jerusalem for the Middle East and for the relationship between us and our neighborsrdquo (Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat) That said a significant minority would be willing to transfer Arab neighborhoods in Jerusalem to Palestinian sovereignty in exchange for peace and this number rises slightly when the security situation is stable Few Israelis including those on the left envision a Jerusalem according to the 1967 borders but some also believe there is nothing sacred about the expanded borders of ldquoMunicipal Jerusalemrdquo and some Palestinian areas could be let go for the sake of peace Some believe that demographic considerations Israelrsquos international standing and a just and peaceful settlement require an Al-Quds that will rise alongside Yerushalayim in at least some of the neighborhoods of East Jerusalem But the vast majority of Israeli Jews stand firm that for the security and freedom of all of its residents Jerusalem must remain undivided and exclusively under Israeli control

Many Palestinians voice despair over the future of Jerusalem given their perceptions of Israelrsquos relentless ldquoland grabsrdquo in and around the Municipality ldquoethnic cleansingrdquo and dispossession of Palestinian residents rhetoric about exclusive Jewish sovereignty over the city and refusal to share the area with its native inhabitants They believe Israel justifies its policies in the name of security considerations while depriving Palestinian Jerusalemites of basic security and rights In the words of Palestinian politician and journalist Ghassan Khatib ldquoIt is debatable whether Israel lsquorealizesrsquo that a Palestinian state without East Jerusalem as its capital is no solution for Palestinians Arabs and Muslims Either its right-wing power structure knows this and is intent on sabotaging the two-state solution or it is arrogant and thinks that Palestinians will be forced to accept whatever they get in the long runhellip Israelrsquos objectives of lsquoJudaisingrsquo the city changing its character and severing it from the rest of the West Bank will spell the death knell of the two-state solutionrdquo

The PLOrsquos Negotiations Affairs Department summarizes what is at stake for Palestinians in Jerusalem ldquoThe Palestinian position is based not only on the legal religious and historical rights of the Palestinian people but also on their concrete needs and interestshellipOne-third of the West Bankrsquos population resides within Jerusalemrsquos daily commuting orbits If a just and lasting peace is to be realized Jerusalem the vital center and future capital of Palestine must be reconnected to Palestine and its residents - politically geographically and spirituallyrdquo

CONCLUSION INTERNATIONAL POSITIONS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONSMost Western governments including the United States have not formally relinquished the 1947 UN Partition Planrsquos recommendation to ldquointernationalizerdquo Jerusalem and its holy sites given Jerusalemrsquos significance to all three Abrahamic faiths and peoples all over the world The international community de jure does not recognize Israelrsquos sovereignty over West Jerusalem ndash or Jerusalemrsquos status as Israelrsquos capital ndash and many UN member states do not believe that Jerusalem should belong to Israel For this reason no country in the world currently maintains an embassy in Jerusalem operating from the principle that Jerusalemrsquos final status must be determined through negotiations and not unilaterally by Israel Nonetheless America seemingly de facto recognizes Jerusalem as Israelrsquos capital In 2012 the Democratic Party at the behest of President Barak Obama himself reinstated a line into its platform declaring that ldquoJerusalem is and will remain Israelrsquos capitalrdquo The US Congress adopted a non-binding resolution in 1995 recognizing a united Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and calling for the US embassy to be relocated to Jerusalem The Justice Department however concluded that this bill invades presidential authority and is unconstitutional since the Constitution stipulates that the President has exclusive authority to recognize foreign sovereignty over territory In 2002 the US Congress also passed legislation suggesting that US citizens born in Jerusalem may list ldquoIsraelrdquo as their country of birth Both Presidents George W Bush and Barak Obama used their executive authority to override the legislation citing its international sensitivity While this primer was being written in July 2013 a federal appeals court declared the 2002 Congressional law invalid

Israelrsquos annexation of East Jerusalem and 1980 Basic Law declaring Jerusalem the ldquocomplete and unitedrdquo capital of Israel are all the more contested There is near international unanimity among inter-governmental institutions that East Jerusalem is part of the Occupied West Bank and the Jewish neighborhoodssettlements built by Israel over the Green Line since 1967 are illegal In 1999 and 2001 the High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention ndash binding on 189 signatory states including Israel -- reaffirmed the applicability of the Convention to East Jerusalem and illegality of Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem International bodies ndash from the UN organs to the International Court of Justice -- have ruled that they will not recognize changes to the 1967 borders with regard to Jerusalem unless agreed upon between the parties As Serge Schemann editor at the International Herald Tribune has put it ldquoThe battle for Jerusalem has always been a battle that Israel has waged alonerdquo

Though more than 65 solutions have been proposed for Jerusalem over the past four decades five possible arrangements recur among Jerusalem experts 1) Israelrsquos default position namely full control and sovereignty of the State of Israel over a ldquounited Jerusalemrdquo with some autonomy to Palestinians and Muslim and Christian leaders to administer their own holy sites 2) The PLOrsquos default position namely sovereignty and full control of Palestinians over East Jerusalem including the Old City and Holy Basin with Jewish autonomy over the Western Wall and Jewish Quarter 3) Territorial division with most Jewish settlement neighborhoods incorporated into Israel Palestinian neighborhoods (including the Muslim and Christian Quarters of the Old City and HaramTemple Mount) to a Palestinian state 4) Similar territorial division of the larger city but with Israeli and Palestinian joint management of the HaramTemple Mount Old City and Holy Basin 5) Similar territorial partition of the larger city but with a multi-national body and special regime managing the HaramTemple Mount Old City and Holy Basin and guaranteeing both integrity of holy sites and universal freedom of worship

Most observers agree there will not be a peace agreement according to the first two alternatives Of the latter three the greatest sticking point remains what will happen with the HaramTemple Mount

King Hussein of Jordan was serious when he proposed that only God be recognized as ultimate sovereign over the Harammdashand some have argued that this unconventional proposal may be the only possible resolution to two peoplesrsquo who will not otherwise relinquish their exclusive claims over this sacred site

On Jerusalem the chasm between the two sides and the clash of their narratives remains immense if not unbridgeable Yet many suggest that to solve Jerusalem would be to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a whole

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

UN Proposed Boundaries forJerusalem ndash Nov 1947

SOURCE The Status of Jerusalem United Nations New York 1979

Jerusalemcity limits 1947

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

Jerusalem city limitsunilaterally expanded

by Israel June 28 1967annexed by Knesset

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

httpwwwfmeporgmapsjerusalemun-proposed-boundaries-for-jerusalem-nov-1947-jan-2000)

httpwwwfmeporgmapsjerusalemold20city20enyc20brittanicapngview

MAP OF THE OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

1966Jerusalem city limits unilaterally expanded by Israel June 28 1967 annexed by KnessetJuly 30 1980

Israeli Built Up AreaCurrent Projected

Palestinian Built Up Area

Palestinian Urbanizationprojected in Kendall Scheme M

ap copy

West Bank(Israeli occupied ndash

status to bedetermined)

Jerusalem Before and After 1967

httpwwwfmeporgmapsjerusalemjerusalem-before-and-after-1967-jan-2000

httpwwwfmeporgmapsjerusalemmetropolitan-jerusalem-august-2006metropolitan_jerusalem_august_2006pdfview

JERUSALEM IN THE NEWS

E1 refers to a contentious area east of Jerusalem The term generally references an Israeli plan to link Jerusalem to Maale Adumim a large settlement many Israelis view as a suburb of Jerusalem Palestinians see the project as destroying a potential Palestinian state by effectively bisecting the West Bank from north to south Washington and the international community have condemned E1 as dooming a two-state solution Israel has frozen construction since 2009 due to international controversy

EXCAVATIONS

In Jerusalem archaeology is infused with politics through-and-through Palestinians see many Israeli archaeological projects as driven by efforts to spotlight Jewish Jerusalem at the expense of both prior and subsequent layers of non-Judaic Jerusalem culture including 1300 years of Arab and Muslim civilization Many see Israeli excavations as encroachments particularly tunneling under the HaramTemple Mountmdashwhich some go so far as to view as under-handed ways to structurally compromise Al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock in order to make way for a Third Jewish Temple Palestinians furthermore decry archaeological projects being used to threaten displacement of local populations such as the current residents of Silwan Israelis in turn argue that the Islamic Waqf controlling the Temple Mount has shown total contempt for pre-Islamic Jewish heritage treating precious remains from the First and Second Temple periods as ldquowasterdquo in an effort to render invisible extensive Jewish rule and history in Jerusalem Some go so far as to compare the behavior of the Waqf to that of the Taliban in Afghanistan repugnantly destroying pre-Islamic Buddhist sites Many Israelis cite Palestinian desecration of Jewish holy sites as evidence that the cultural and religious heritage of the Holy City can only be preserved under Israeli sovereignty and oversight

HAR HOMA

Har Homa is a Jewish neighborhoodsettlement just south of Jerusalem with 12000 residents For Palestinians Har Homa is an especial affront since it breaks contiguity between Jerusalem and Bethlehem and ndash as a settlement initiated in 1997 in the midst of the Oslo period ndash became for Palestinians a symbol of Israeli duplicity Israel argues that the project is part of a broader initiative to address housing shortages among both Jews and Arabs in Jerusalem Oslo agreements do not prohibit Israel from building in Jerusalem and significant contiguity between Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem and the West Bank remains

PARTIAL REFERENCE LISTldquo1967 The Reunification of Jerusalemrdquo CAMERA nd Web 22 Nov 2013

httpwwwsixdaywarorgcontentReunificationJerusalemasp

Abdullah Daud ldquorsquoShocking Revelationsrsquo on Jerusalemrdquo Al Jazeera 23 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwaljazeeracompalestinepapers2011012011123134738643818html

ldquoAbsentees Against Their Will ndash Property Expropriation in East Jerusalem under the Absentee Property Lawrdquo Ir Amim 7 Jan 2010 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwir-amimorgilenreportabsentees-against-their-will-E28093-property-expropriation-east-jerusalem-under-absentee-property

Abu-Amr Ziad ldquoThe Significance of Jerusalem A Muslim Perspectiverdquo Palestine-Israel Journal 22 1995 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwpijorgdetailsphpid=646

Adwan Sami Dan Bar-On and Eyal Naveh Side-by-Side Parallel Histories of Israel-Palestine New York New Press 2012 Print

Alpher Yossi ldquoOnly by Prioritizing the Issuesrdquo Can Jerusalem Still Be the Capital of Two States Bitterlemonsorg 22 1 Aug 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwbitterlemonsorgprevious_insphpopt=1ampid=25118

Alyan Nisreen and Mahmoud Qaraersquoen Keren Tzafrir Miri Gross and Tali Nir ldquoUnsafe Space The Israeli Authoritiesrsquo Failure to Protect Human Rights amid Settlements in East Jerusalemrdquo The Association for Civil Rights in Israel Sept 2010 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwacriorgilpdfunsafe-space-enpdf

Amirav Mosheh Jerusalem Syndrome The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City Portland Sussex Academic Press 2009

Anderson John Ward ldquoIsraelis Act to Encircle East Jerusalemrdquo Washington Post 7 Feb 2005 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwwashingtonpostcomwp-dynarticlesA3263-2005Feb6html

ldquoArafat names Jerusalem as capitalrdquo BBC News 6 Oct 2002 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpnewsbbccouk2himiddle_east2302961stm

Associated Press ldquoJerusalem Mayor Rejects Clintonrsquos Criticism of House Demolitionsrdquo Haaretz 5 March 2009 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwhaaretzcomnewsjerusalem-mayor-rejects-clinton-s-criticism-of-house-demolitions-1271531

ldquoBackground on East Jerusalemrdquo Btselem 1 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwbtselemorgjerusalem

ldquoBasic Law Jerusalem ndash Capital of Israelrdquo Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 30 July 1980 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwmfagovilmfamfa-archive1980-1989pagesbasic20law-20jerusalem-20capital20of20israelaspx

Baskin Gershon ldquoThe Jerusalem Problem The Search for Solutionsrdquo Palestine-Israel Journal 81 2001 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwpijorgdetailsphpid=165

Benari Elad ldquo83 of Israelis lsquo67 Bordersrsquo Wonrsquot Bring Peacerdquo Arutz Sheva 1 Jan 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwisraelnationalnewscomNewsNewsaspx163754UpATYuLjXxs

--- ldquoBarkat on BBC From Whom Exactly Did We Conquer Jerusalemrdquo Arutz Sheva 15 July 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwisraelnationalnewscomNewsNewsaspx145761UpAdduLjXxt

Benhorin Yitzhak ldquoJerusalem Arabs Prefer Israelrdquo YNet News 13 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwynetnewscomarticles07340L-401300000html

Benn Aluf ldquoUS Warns Israel Donrsquot build up West Bank corridorrdquo Haaretz 24 July 2009 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwhaaretzcomprint-editionnewsu-s-warns-israel-don-t-build-up-west-bank-corridor-1280654

ldquoBiblical Claims to the Land How Can Israel Give Up Even an Inch of Jerusalemrdquo American for Peace Now 1 Feb 2010 Web 22 Nov 2013 httppeacenoworgentriestsws_israel_give_upUpAd4eLjXxt

Black Eric Parallel Realities A JewishArab history of IsraelPalestine Minneapolis Star Tribune 1992 Print

Bloch Ilan ldquoJerusalem as the Eternal Capitalrdquo Jerusalem Post 20 May 2012 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjpostcomOpinionOp-Ed-ContributorsJerusalem-as-the-eternal-capital

Carlstromm Gregg ldquorsquoThe Biggest Yerushalayim PA Offered to Concede Almost all of East Jerusalemrsquordquo Al Jazeera 23 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwaljazeeracompalestinepapers2011012011122112512844113html

ldquoConference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention Declarationrdquo Settlement Report Foundation for Middle East Peace 121 Jan-Feb 2002 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwfmeporgreportsarchivevol-12no-1conference-of-high-contracting-parties-to-the-fourth-geneva-convention-declaration

Eldar Akiva ldquoJerusalem is Already Dividedrdquo Haaretz 31 May 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwhaaretzcomprint-editionfeaturesjerusalem-is-already-divided-1365067

ldquoEU Jerusalem Should Be Capital for Two Statesrdquo BBC 8 Dec 2009 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpnewsbbccouk2himiddle_east8401913stm

ldquoEurope Affirms Support for a Corpus Separatum for Greater Jerusalemrdquo Settlement Report Foundation for Middle East Peace 97 May 1999 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwfmeporgreportsspecial-reportsisraels-uncertain-victory-in-jerusalemeurope-affirms-support-for-a-corpus-separatum-for-greater-jerusalem

Feldman Emanuel ldquoThe Road from Euphoriardquo Jerusalem Post 15 May 2007 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjpostcomOpinionOp-Ed-ContributorsThe-road-from-euphoria

Felner Eitan ldquoA Policy of Discrimination Land Expropriation Planning and Building in East Jerusalemrdquo Btselem 1995 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwbtselemorgdownload199505_policy_of_discrimination_engdoc

Gold Dore ldquoThe Dangerous Implications of Dividing Jerusalemrdquo wwwDore-Goldcom 7 April 2010 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwdore-goldcom201004the-dangerous-implications-of-dividing-jerusalemphp

--- The Fight for Jerusalem Radical Islam the West and the Future of the Holy City Washington DC Regnery Publishing Print

--- ldquoJerusalem in International Diplomacyrdquo Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs nd Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjcpaorgjcprg10htm

--- ldquoMedia Indecent Proposalrdquo Jerusalem Post 7 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjpostcomFeaturesFront-LinesMedia-Indecent-proposal

Greenberg Joel ldquoA Gain for Arabs in East Jerusalemrdquo New York Times 18 Oct 1999 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwnytimescom19991018worlda-gain-for-arabs-in-east-jerusalemhtml

Hasson Nir ldquoOne Third of Israeli Jews Want Temple Rebuilt Poll Findsrdquo Haaretz 12 July 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwhaaretzcomnewsnationalpremium-1535336

Hirsch Moshe Deborah Housen-Couriel Ruth Lapidoth Whither Jerusalem Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem The Hague Netherlands Kluwer Law International 1995 Print

Horowitz David ldquoBarkat Let the Palestinians Rename Ramallah as lsquoJerusalemrsquordquo The Times of Israel 7 May 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwtimesofisraelcombarkat-let-the-palestinians-rename-ramallah-as-jerusalem

--- ldquoOne Jerusalem Undivided Open to all Controlled by Israelrdquo The Times of Israel 8 May 2012 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwtimesofisraelcomone-jerusalem-undivided-open-to-all-controlled-by-israel

ldquoHow to Resolve the Conflict Jerusalemrdquo Palestinian Negotiation Affairs Department nd Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwrobatsclnetcontentNADresolve_conflictjerusalemindexphp

ldquoIndivisible Jerusalemrdquo Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 13 Dec 2012 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpjcpaorgvideoindivisible-jerusalem

ldquoJerusalemrdquo Israel A Guide for Activists Anti-Defamation League nd Web 22 Nov 2013 httparchiveadlorgisraeladvocacyglossaryjerusalemasp

ldquoJerusalem Embassy Act of 1995rdquo 104th Congress Public Law US Government Printing Office nd Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwgpogovfdsyspkgPLAW-104publ45htmlPLAW-104publ45htm

ldquoJerusalem in International Diplomacy The 2000 Camp David Summit the Clinton Plan and Their Aftermathrdquo The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs nd Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjcpaorgartjid-campdavidhtm

JuleeK ldquoTemple Mount Israelrdquo CNN 2 June 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpireportcnncomdocsDOC-981631

Kampeas Ron ldquoADL to Jerusalem-born Yanks We Want Yourdquo Jewish Journal 28 July 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjewishjournalcomnationarticleadl_to_jerusalem-born_yanks_we_want_you_20110728

Khatib Ghassan ldquoSabotage or Arrogancerdquo Can Jerusalem Still Be the Capital of Two States Bitterlemonsorg 22 1 Aug 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwbitterlemonsorgprevious_insphpopt=1ampid=25119

Khatib Khaled A The Conservation of Jerusalem Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs 1993 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwpassiaorgjerusalempublicationskhaled_khatib_Conservation_Jerusalemchapter1htm

Lapidoth Ruth and Moshe Hirsch The Jerusalem Question and Its Resolution Selected Documents The Hague Netherlands Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1994 Print

ldquoA Laymanrsquos Guide to Home Demolitionsrdquo Ir-Amim March 2009 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwir-amimorgilenreportlaymanE28099s-guide-home-demolitions

Lazaroff Tovah ldquoPoll 72 of Jewish Israelis view Jrsquolem as Dividedrdquo Jerusalem Post 5 June 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjpostcomDiplomacy-and-PoliticsPost-poll-72-percent-of-Jewish-Israelis-view-Jlem-as-divided-315490

Lekas Miller Anna ldquoIsraelrsquos Land Grab in East Jerusalemrdquo The Nation 17 April 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwthenationcomarticle173884israels-land-grab-east-jerusalem

ldquoLetter Dated 18 May 1948 from the Assistant Secretary-General for Security Council Affairs Addressed to the Jewish Agency for Palestine and Reply Dated 22 May 1948 Addressed to the Secretary-General Concerning the Questions Submitted by the Security Councilrdquo United Nations Security Council 18 May 1948 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpunispalunorgUNISPALNSF0B4085A930E0529C98025649D00410973

Lidman Melanie ldquoJerusalem Will Never Be Divided says Barkatrdquo Jerusalem Post 13 March 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjpostcomVideo-ArticlesVideoJerusalem-will-never-be-divided-says-Barkat

--- ldquoSupport Growing for Two-State Solutionrdquo Jerusalem Post 28 Dec 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjpostcomDiplomacy-and-PoliticsSupport-growing-for-two-state-solution

Malley Robert and Hussein Agha ldquoCamp David The Tragedy of Errorsrdquo New York Review of Books 9 Aug 2001 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwnybookscomarticlesarchives2001aug09camp-david-the-tragedy-of-errors

Morris Benny ldquoCamp David and After An Exchange (An Interview with Ehud Barak)rdquo The New York Review of Books 13 June 2002 Web 21 Nov 2013 httpwwwnybookscomarticlesarchives2002jun13 camp-david-and-after-an-exchange-1-an-interview-wi

Mozgovaya Natasha and Barak Ravid ldquoUS Only Israel Palestinians Should Decide Jerusalemrsquos Futurerdquo Haaretz 8 Dec 2009 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwhaaretzcomnewsu-s-only-israel-palestinians-should-decide-jerusalem-s-future-12548

ldquoNetanyahu to Bush Jerusalem is Ours Foreverrdquo Israel Today 11 Jan 2008 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwisraeltodaycoildefaultaspxtabid=178ampnid=15004

ldquoThe Palestine Mandaterdquo The Council of the League of Nations 24 July 1922 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpavalonlawyaleedu20th_centurypalmandaaspart28

ldquoThe Palestinian Official Positionrdquo Palestinian Ministry of Information nd Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwebarchiveorgweb20060212195415httpwwwminfogovpspermenantEnglishJerusalemPal_Officialhtm

ldquoPalestinians in East Jerusalem Seek Safety in Israeli Citizenshiprdquo Irin News UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 30 May 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwirinnewsorgreport98132palestinians-from-east-jerusalem-seek-safety-in-israeli-citizenship

ldquoPalestinians Attack Al-Jazeera lsquoDistortedrsquo Talks Leaksrdquo BBC News 24 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-middle-east-12263671

Parker Zack ldquoWhy Jews Should Be Allowed to Pray on the Temple Mountrdquo The Daily Beast 25 June 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwthedailybeastcomarticles20130625why-jews-should-be-allowed-to-pray-on-the-temple-mounthtml

Pressman Jeremy ldquoVisions in Collision What Happened at Camp David and Tabardquo International Security 282 Fall 2003 5-43

ldquoPrime Ministerrsquos Statement Concerning Jerusalem and the Holy Placesrdquo Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 5 Dec 1949 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjcpaorgartknesset4htm

ldquoResidency Rights of Palestinians in East Jerusalemrdquo UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 23 March 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwochaoptorgjdayocha_opt_jerusalem_report_2011_03_23_web_english_Chapter_1pdf

ldquoResolution 181 (II) Future Government of Palestinerdquo United Nations General Assembly 29 Nov 1947 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpunispalunorgunispalnsf07F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253

ldquoResolution Adopted by the General Assembly 6330 Jerusalemrdquo United Nations General Assembly 23 Jan 2009 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjewishvirtuallibraryorgjsourceUNunga63_30pdfOpenElement

Reuters and JTA ldquoUS Court Rules Americans Born in Jerusalem Cannot List lsquoIsraelrsquo as Place of Birthrdquo Haaretz 23 July 2013 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwhaaretzcomnewsdiplomacy-defense1537530

Ross Dennis and Gidi Grinstein ldquoCamp David An Exchangerdquo New York Review of Books 20 Sept 2001 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwnybookscomarticlesarchives2001sep20camp-david-an-exchange

Rudoren Jodi and Mark Landler ldquoHousing Move in Israel Seen as Setback for a Two-State Planrdquo New York Times 30 Nov 2012 Web 22 Nov 2013

Schmemann Serge ldquoA New Struggle for Jerusalemrdquo New York Times 2 March 1997 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwnytimescom19970302weekinreviewa-new-struggle-for-jerusalemhtmlpagewanted=allampsrc=pm

Segal Jerome ldquoSovereignty Over Jerusalem Religious Sites Belongs to Godrdquo Haaretz 27 July 2000 Web 22 Nov 2013

Seidemann Daniel ldquoHolding on By Our Fingernailsrdquo Can Jerusalem Still Be the Capital of Two States Bitterlemonsorg 22 1 Aug 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwbitterlemonsorgprevious_insphpopt=1ampid=25120

--- ldquoJerusalem Challenges the APIrdquo Bitterlemons-apicom 12 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwbitterlemons-apiorginsidephpid=22

Shavit Ari ldquoContinuation of Eyes Wide Shut An Interview with Ehud Barakrdquo Haaretz 4 Sept 2002 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwhaaretzcomcontinuation-of-eyes-wide-shut-135091

Shehori Dahlia ldquoModeling Jerusalemrsquos Holy Basin on West Berlinrdquo Haaretz 19 Jan 2004 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwhaaretzcomprint-editionfeaturesmodeling-jerusalem-s-holy-basin-on-west-berlin-1111383

ldquoStatements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalemrdquo Knesset 5 Dec 1949 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwknessetgovildocsengbengurion-jerhtm

ldquoThe Status of Jerusalemrdquo Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 14 March 1999 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwmfagovilmfamfa-archive1999pagesthe20status20of20jerusalemaspx

Tamari Salim ldquoThe Future of Jerusalem Sacred Space or Open Cityrdquo Al Shabaka Palestinian Policy Brief 11 July 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpal-shabakaorgpolicy-briefnegotiationsfuture-jerusalem-sacred-space-or-open-citypage=3

--- ldquoThe lsquoPalestine Paper Leaksrsquo and the Sacralization of Jerusalem City Spacerdquo Jerusalem Quarterly Institute of Palestine Studies 47 Autumn 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013

ldquoUnited Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Committee on Jerusalem Letter dated 31 May 1949 addressed by Mr Walter Eytan Head of the Delegation of Israel to the Chairman of the Committee on Jerusalem in response to the Questionnaire dated 3 May 1949 concerning an International Regime for the Jerusalem Areardquo 1 June 1949 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpunispalunorgUNISPALNSF02C25E1B7AADB7CC685256AF5005F6D18

ldquoUnited Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Committee on Jerusalem Summary Record of the Thirty-Third Meeting Between the Committee of Jerusalem and the Delegations of the Arab Statesrdquo United Nations 20 June 1949 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpunispalunorgUNISPALNSF039DCEB7D1499881685256AF50068F3BA

ldquoUK Position on Jerusalemrdquo the National Archives nd Web 22 Nov 2013 httpcollectionseuroparchiveorgtna20080205132101wwwfcogovukservletFront3fpagename=OpenMarketXcelerateShowPageampc=Pageampcid=1057335917798

ldquoUS Policy Jerusalemrsquos Final Status must Be Negotiatedrdquo Settlement Report Foundation for Middle East Peace 47 Feb 1994 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwfmeporgreportsspecial-reportsspecial-report-on-israeli-settlement-in-the-occupied-territories-1us-policy-jerusalems-final-status-must-be-negotiated

Weiner Justus Reid ldquoIllegal Construction in Jerusalemrdquo Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs nd Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjcpaorgjlmbldghtm

Wilson Scott ldquoDemocrats Restore to Party Platform Language on Jerusalemrdquo Washington Post 5 Sept 2012 Web 22 Nov 2013 httparticleswashingtonpostcom2012-09-05politics35497382_1_obama-and-jewish-voters-platform-language-jerusalem

Zellman Ariel ldquoPolls Division of Jerusalem and Israelisrdquo wwwarielzellmanwordpresscom 15 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 httparielzellmanwordpresscom20110115polls-division-of-jerusalem-and-israelis

Zonszein Mairav and Aziz Abu Sarah ldquoThe lsquoReligiousizationrsquo of the Conflict in Jerusalemrdquo 972Mag 20 Jan 2011 Web 22 Nov 2013 http972magcomthe-religiousization-of-the-conflict-in-jerusalem8952

Zohar Gil ldquoThe Land is Whose Landrdquo Jerusalem Post 26 July 2007 Web 22 Nov 2013 httpwwwjpostcomLocal-IsraelIn-JerusalemThe-land-is-whose-land

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Significance

Jerusalems Status

Perspectives on Negotiations

Conclusion International Positions and Proposed Solutions

Jerusalem in the News

Partial Reference List

2JERUSALEM A PRIMER

In 2009 Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad launched a plan to demonstrate that his people were deserving of statehood inspiring them to change their destiny and seek UN membership Since then theyrsquove made remarkable progress but the political quagmire--and Fayyadrsquos recent resignation from office--may destroy the most promising opportunity for peace in years

STATE 194 ABOUT THE FILM

Former Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad

Parents Circle members Yitzhak Frankenthal (left) and Nabeel Sweety (right)

Israeli Minister of Justice Tzipi Livni

3JERUSALEM A PRIMER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 4

Background 5

Maps 20

4JERUSALEM A PRIMER

5JERUSALEM A PRIMER

6JERUSALEM A PRIMER

7JERUSALEM A PRIMER

8JERUSALEM A PRIMER

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

3JERUSALEM A PRIMER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 4

Background 5

Maps 20

4JERUSALEM A PRIMER

5JERUSALEM A PRIMER

6JERUSALEM A PRIMER

7JERUSALEM A PRIMER

8JERUSALEM A PRIMER

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

4JERUSALEM A PRIMER

5JERUSALEM A PRIMER

6JERUSALEM A PRIMER

7JERUSALEM A PRIMER

8JERUSALEM A PRIMER

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

5JERUSALEM A PRIMER

6JERUSALEM A PRIMER

7JERUSALEM A PRIMER

8JERUSALEM A PRIMER

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

6JERUSALEM A PRIMER

7JERUSALEM A PRIMER

8JERUSALEM A PRIMER

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

7JERUSALEM A PRIMER

8JERUSALEM A PRIMER

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

8JERUSALEM A PRIMER

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

9JERUSALEM A PRIMER

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Shorsquofat

Abu Dis

al-Azzaria

Umm Tuba

Bethlehem

Beit Jalla

Beit Safafa

Beit Sahour

Ein Kerem Silwan

Al-Tour

Al Aisawiya

SharafatRamat Rahel

Al Mafiha

MetsaDeir Yasin

Sur Bahir

210 3 miles

4 kilometers 0 2

July 30 1980

Jerusalem

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

ATAROT

Jerusalem

JORDAN

NEVE YAACOV

PISGATZEEV

FRHILL

EASTTALPIOT

GIVATHAMATOS

EASTERNGATE

HARHOMA

GIVATHAARBA

WEST East

JerusalemWEST East

MtScopus

Ramallah

Bethlehem

Ramallah

Bethlehem

KENDALL TOWN SCHEME

ap copy

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

EXCAVATIONS

HAR HOMA

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status

Table of Contents

Introduction

Background

Jerusalems Status