JEAN WATSONBy: A. Barrell, M. Bradshaw, P. Dolin, J. Dove, C. McCrory, M. Mills, T. Snow

EARLY HISTORY

• Born and raised in West Virginia

• Received the following degrees from the University of Colorado

• Bachelor of Science in Nursing in 1964• Masters Degree of Science in 1966• Doctor of Philosophy in 1973

The Philosophy and Science of Caring was her first book published in 1979

(Black, 2014)

https://www.papermasters.com/jean-watson-nursing-theory.html

http://libguides.daemen.edu/c.php?g=32927&p=208372

•Author and co-author of over 20 books

• Past President of the National League of Nursing

• Fellow of American Academy of Nursing

• Distinguished Professor of Nursing and Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (watsoncaringscience.org, 2015)

• Founding member of International Association in Human Caring and International Caritas Consortium (watsoncaringscience.org, 2015)

• Founder and Director of the Watson Caring and Science Institute (watsoncaringscience.org, 2015)

• In 2010 launched the Million nurse Global Caring Field Project (, 2015)

• October 2013 was inducted as a Living Legend by the American Academy of Nursing (Kelly, 2013)

Career Milestones

Photo by: www.mceyo.com

AWARDS

• The Fetzer Institute Norman Cousins Award (watsoncaringscience.org,2015)

• International Fellowship in Australia (watsoncaringscience.org,2015)

• Fulbright Research Award in Sweden (watsoncaringscience.org,2015)

• Holds 10 honorary Doctoral Degrees including 8 International honorary Doctorates (watsoncaringscience.org,2015)

• 2010 Holistic Nurse of the Year (ahna.org, 2010)

https://www.governmentjobs.com/jobs?keyword=Nursing

http://quotesgram.com/dr-jean-watson-quotes/http://www.teamusa.org/usa-canoe-kayak/resources/awards

THE THEORYJean Watson’s Theory can be broken down into four categories.

• 1.) The Caritas Processes• 2.) The Transpersonal Caring Relationship• 3.) The Caring Occasion/Caring Moment• 4.) Caring and Healing Model

When looking at this theory of practice, Black informs us that the emphasis for nursing practice focuses primarily on “How can I create an environment of trust, understanding, and openness so that the patient and I can work together in meeting his or her needs?” (Black, 2014).

CARATIVE FACTORS• Goal was to provide a framework for the “core

of nursing”Watson referred to the “core” as the philosophy, science and art of caring

• Transitioned from Carative Factors to Caritas Processes as Watson’s ideas and values evolved

• Caritas-comes from the Latin word meaning “to cherish and appreciate, giving special attention to, or loving.”

• Builds upon Carative Factors

• Caritas processes openly displays more love and caring and a deeper human experience (Watson, 2014)

http://carebears.wikia.com/wiki/Take_Care_Bear

ORIGINAL 10 CARATIVE FACTORS1 .Formation of a humanistic–altruistic system of values

2. Instillation of faith–hope

3. Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others

4. Development of a helping–trusting, human caring relationship

5.Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings

6. Systematic use of a creative problem solving caring process

7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching– learning

8. Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, & spiritual environment

9. Assistance with gratification of human needs

10. Allowance for existential–phenomenological–spiritual forces (Watson, 2014)http://mind42.com/public/bdd85724-5aa0-40ca-b956-cf0d61ce1ab9

FROM CARATIVE TO CARITAS1. Formation of a humanistic–altruistic system of values becomes the practice of loving

2. Instillation of faith–hope becomes being authentically present and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one being cared for

3. Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others becomes cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self, opening to others with sensitivity and compassion

4. Development of a helping–trusting, human caring relationship becomes developing and sustaining a helping–trusting, authentic caring relationship

5. Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings becomes being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one being cared for (authentically listening to another’s story)

6. Systematic use of a creative problem solving caring process becomes creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in the artistry of caring-healing practices (Watson, pg. 325).

http://zeroturnaround.com/blog/xrebel-share-because-sharing-is-caring/

CARITAS PROCESSES

7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching learning becomes engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within others’ frames of reference

8. Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment becomes creating a healing environment at all levels(a physical and nonphysical, subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated)

9. Assistance with gratification of human needs becomes assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering “human care essentials,” which potentiate wholeness and unity of being in all aspects of care; sacred acts of basic care; touching embodied spirit and evolving spiritual emergence Allowance for existential–phenomenological–spiritual forces becomes opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of one’s own life-death; soul care for self and the one being cared for. “Allowing for miracles.” (Watson, 2014).

“We are the light in institutional darkness, and in this caritas model we get to return to the light of our humanity” - Watson, 2008

http://www.findmemes.com/sharing-is-caring-memes

THE TRANSPERSONAL CARING RELATIONSHIP

• This portion of the theory focuses on “the one caring and the one cared for.” (Cara, 2003). The nurse and patient can develop a deep divine relationship that blends together and promotes overall health and well-being.

• This process requires the use of “Actions, words, behaviors, cognition, body language, feelings, intuition, thought, senses, and the energy field” (Watson & Woodword, 2010).

• The nurse has a professional as well as a personal obligation to not only see the patient as more than an object but to also protect and assist with improving the patient’s dignity. (Cara, 2003)

• The nurse should be using her professional experience to promote healing and bonding with the patient. This may include the use of various communication techniques, both verbal and non-verbal to achieve a healing and gentle relationship. (Watson & Woodward, 2010)

• The nurse and the patient are transformed together in this relationship. (Black, 2014).

http://www.findmemes.com/sharing-is-caring-memes

THE CARING OCCASION/CARING MOMENT

• This portion of the theory focuses on an actual tangible moment in time in which the nurse recognizes the connection that is developed between him/herself and the patient. (Cara, 2003). This moment dictates the ability for the nurse to have an overall impact on the patient.

• According to Cara, The Caring Moment “Consists of feelings, bodily sensations, thoughts, spiritual beliefs, goals, expectations, environmental considerations, and meanings of one’s perceptions—all of which are based upon one’s past life history, one’s present moment, and one’s imagined future.” (Cara, 2003).

• This can occur during various nursing interventions and interactions with each patient. http://southernhillsbaptist.tv/the-church-caring/

CARING & HEALING MODEL OF THEORY

• The nurse is able to help the patient with overall well-being by assisting them with the release of “disharmony and blocked energy” (Watson & Woodward, 2010).

• The use of this portion of the theory helps the patient with overall healing and renewal. (Black, 2014).

• Nurses can impact the patient through “health promotion, health restoration, and illness prevention” (Black, 2014).

http://sujanpatel.com/business/7-ways-to-show-your-customers-you-care/

CREATING THE THEORY (WHY)

• Plan was to bring new meaning and dignity to nursing

• Used concepts from personal and professional experience• Inducted, grounded, and combined with philosophy, ethical,

intellectual, and experimental background.

• The goal was to enhance the publics view of humanity and life in correlation with nursing

• Watson’s commitment: professional role and mission of nursing; ethical covenant with society as sustaining human caring and preserving human dignity; attending to and helping to sustain human dignity, humanity, and wholeness in the midst of threats and crises of life and death

http://www.communityclinicofdoorcounty.org/the-healing-project/

CREATING THE THEORY (HOW)• “Dr. Watson drew parts of her theory from nursing writers like

Florence Nightingale as well as from works of psychologists and philosophers.” (Theory Description, n.d.)

• “Her theory is one based on the human interactive process that recognizes the spiritual and ethical dimensions relevant to the human care process.” (Theory Description, n.d.)

CREATING THE THEORY (HOW)Dr. Watson states that though her life’s work had been to live out her theory, she did not fully understand her purpose until she was involved in a freak accident where she lost her eye. She describes it as:

My soul life journey, purpose and learning transcended my professional world.

“It was only after a traumatic eye injury and uncanny golfing accident with my grandson, (where I lost my eye, literally, metaphorically and symbolically – losing my eye/(ego)/ I, did I get it. I had to learn to be still, to surrender to all, to let go, to learn to receive, to be open to unknown mystery and miracles – it was the mystic and metaphysical/spiritual practices and inner experiences that carried me through.

It was this journey of losing my eye and losing my world as I had known it, including my beloved and devoted husband, who shortly thereafter, committed suicide –that I awakened and grasped my own writing. I was given the painful but loving, growing blessings of spiritual mystical experiences, that I have experienced and learned my oneness with all. I learned that all there is is Love. We are all energy of LOVE.” (Watson, 2015).

http://healing.about.com/od/crystaltherapy/ss/top-10-healing-gemstones.htm

CARATIVE FACTORS & NURSING

“Watson’s theory offers a conceptual approach to care that is focused on the nonmedical, human-to-human caring relationships that are viewed as the core of nursing practice.” (Marckx, 1995, p. 46)

https://hsl.osu.edu/mhc/local-nursing-legends https://www.pinterest.com/nursinghistory/evolution-of-the-nursing-uniform/

USING THE CARATIVE FACTORS…..

• Illness as disharmony• Carative factor #9: provide assistance with basic human

needs while also designing specific interventions to instill hope. (Marckx, 1995)

• Humanistic and altruistic values• Carative factor #1: respecting the patient’s autonomy

and freedom of choice in determination of care. (Marckx, 1995)

http://wallpapershidef.com/nursing-cartoon-pictures.html

http://photobucket.com/images/nursing%20shoes

THE ATTENDING NURSE CARING MODEL- WATSON, J. & FOSTER, R (2003)

• There is one nurse who oversees care similar to that of a hospitalist

• The Attending Caring Nurse is responsible for:

• Establishing and maintaining a continuous caring relationship with their patients

• Providing a comprehensive assessment of caring needs and concerns

• Creating a plan for comprehensive caring and healing with the patient and family

• Creating plans for direct communication with other members of the healthcare team ensuring continuity. (Watson & Foster, 2003) Photo courtesy of:

https://www.pinterest.com/justinebuckle/babynursebabygirl/

WATSON’S MODEL USED IN PRACTICE: AT ST. PATRICK’S HOSPITAL SYSTEM IN

WESTERN MONTANA

Photo courtesy of: www.montana.providence.org

HOW NURSES RELATE TO THE THEORY

Embrace altruistic values and Practice loving kindness with self and others.

Instill faith and thope and honor others.

Be sensiive to self and others by nurturing individual beliefs and practices.

Develop helping – trusting- caring relationships.

Promote and accept positive and negative feelings as you authentically listen to another’s story

Use creative scientific problem-solving methods for caring decision making.

Share teaching and learning that addresses the individual needs and comprehension styles.

Create a healing environment for the physical and spiritual self which respects human dignity.

Assist with basic physical, emotional, and spiritual human needs.

Open to mystery and Allow miracles to enter.

Nurses seem to just have compassion in their blood. Compassion is not a trait

that can be taught. Watson’s Ten Caritas

Processes relate to nursing in a way that many other theories may not. Watson

focused on not only the physical aspect of nursing but providing spiritual and emotional needs as well. It

is our duty as nurses to provide not only physical

care to help heal a patient but also to provide

emotional and spiritual support and to respect a

patient’s religion.

How often has a bedside nurse made a difference but just listening and truly taking in what a person, their patient, is saying? Just taking the time to listen to their story and learn about them as a person. It is so important that nurses remember that the person they are taking care of is an individual who has many different needs. We are responsible for developing trusting relationships with our patients and letting them know that we do genuinely care.

The Ten Caritas Processes is very similar to our nursing code of ethics. As we look at each provision of the ANA Nursing Code of Ethics, each one relates in some way to the Ten Caritas Processes.

Provision 6 The nurse, through

individual and collective effort, establishes,

maintains, and improves the ethical environment of the work setting and

conditions of employment that are

conducive to safe, quality health care. 

Provision 1 The nurse practices

with compassion and respect for the

inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every

person. 

Provision 8 The nurse collaborates

with other health professionals and the

public to protect human rights,

promote health diplomacy, and reduce

health disparities. 

Provision 3 The nurse promotes,

advocates for, and protects the

rights, health, and safety of the

patient. 

Provision 7 The nurse, in all roles

and settings, advances the profession through research and scholarly inquiry, professional

standards development, and the

generation of both nursing and health

policy. 

Provision 4 The nurse has

authority, accountability, and responsibility for nursing practice;

makes decisions; and takes action consistent with the obligation to promote health and to provide optimal care. 

Provision 9 The profession of nursing,

collectively through its professional organizations,

must articulate nursing values, maintain the

integrity of the profession, and integrate principle of social justice into nursing

and health policy. 

Provision 5 The nurse owes the same uties to self as to others,

including the responsibility to promote

health dand safety, preserve wholeness of character and integrity, maintain competence,

and continue personal and professional growth. 

Provision 2 The nurse’s

primary commitment is to

the patient, whether an

individual, family, group,

community, or population. 

(American Nurses Associtation, 2015)

REFERENCESAmerican Nurses Association. (2015). ANA Code of Ethics. (2015). Retrieved from

http://www.nursingworld.org/DocumentVault/Ethics_1/Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses.html. Black, B. (2014). Professional Nursing Concepts and Challenges. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders.

Cara, C. (2003). A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory. International Journal for Human Caring, 7(3), 51-61.

Caring Science Theory & Research. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://watsoncaringscience.org/about-us/caring-science-definitions-processes-theory/

Kelly, D. (2013, Aug 27). Retrieved from http://www.ucdenver.edu

Lukose, A. (2011). Developing a practice model for watson’s theory of caring. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24(1), 27-30.

Marckx, B. (1995). Watson’s theory of caring: A model for implementation in practice. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 9(4), 43-54.

Personal profile: Jean Watson. (2015) Watson Caring Science Institute. Retrieved from http://watsoncaringscience.org/about-us/jean-bio/personal-profile/

REFERENCES

Schoner, A. (2010, June 24). Holistic Nurse of the Year. Retrieved from American Holistic Nurse Association: http://anha.org/Home/News- Room/HNY-Award-2010

Theory Description. (n.d.) Jean Watson: Caringscience. http://jeanwatsoncaringscience.weebly.com/theorydescription.html

Watson Caring Science. (2015). Retrieved from Watson Caring Science Institute: http://www.watsoncaringscience.org

Watson, J. (2014). Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. (pgs 321-340)

Watson, J (2008). The Philosophy and Science of Caring. Colorado: University Press.

Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). The attending nurse caring model: integrating theory, evidence and advanced caring-healing therapeutics for transforming professional practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, 360-365.

Watson, J., & Woodward, T. K. (2010). Jean Watson’s theory of human caring. Nursing theories and nursing practice, 3, 351-369.