6
JOURNAL O F CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Ma y 1989, p . 843-848 0095-1137/89/050843-06$02.0O/O Copyright C 1989, American Society f o r Microbiology Monitoring Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients by Ratio o f Antibodies to gp4l and p 2 4 G. SCHMIDT,'* K . AMIRAIAN,' H . FREY,2 J . WETHERS,' R . W. STEVENS,' AND D . S . BERNS' Wadsworth Center f o r Laboratories and Research, New York State Department o f Health, Albany, New York 12201,' an d S t . John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, Ne w York 107012 Received 2 4 October 1988/Accepted 2 3 January 1989 Antibody responses o f 85 patients t o human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigens were quantitated b y densitometric analysis o f Western blot (immunoblot) assays. A l l patients ha d been classified into the following three clinical categories: asymptomatic (ASY), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related coniplex (ARC), o r AIDS. Fifty o f t h e patients were monitored f o r 6 t o 2 9 months. Th e gp4l/p24 antibody ratio was examined i n three studies. I n t h e first study, initial specimens from each patient were analyzed. Th e mean gp4l/p24 antibody ratios were 1 . 5 (ASY), 3 . 2 (ARC), a n d 5 .4 (AIDS). O f A SY patients, 7 9 % h a d antibody ratios of <2.0. I n contrast, 7 2 % o f patients with AIDS ha d ratios o f .2.0. Inthe second study, serially obtained specimens from ASY, ARC, a n d AIDS patients were analyzed. These patients were further grouped according t o progression o f their clinical condition. O f A SY patients whose clinical condition progressed t o ARC, 8 0 % consistently h a d ratios o f .2.0. Of AR C patients whose clinical condition progressed t o AIDS, 7 1 % consistently ha d ratios o f O f AIDS patients wh o died during the study, 100% consistently h a d ratios o f .2.0. N o patients were treated with azidothymidine during t h e first t wo studies. I n thethird study, AIDS patients were monitored before a n d during treatment with azidothymidine. During treatment, ratios stabilized o r improved transiently i n five o f seven patients. I n these three studies, a gp4l/p24 antibody ratio o f <2.0 correlated with a benign clinical state a n d a ratio o f .2.0 correlated with AIDS r progression t o AIDS. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 results i n chronic infection which, after a variable period of latency, progresses t o acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is n o t clear what factors o r events trigger progres- sion o f infection. Identification o f markers t o follow o r predict t h e progression o f infection would b e useful ( i) t o physicians evaluating a n d monitoring infected individuals, (ii) f o r identifying infected individuals a t risk o f imminent progression t o AIDS, a n d (iii) f or monitoring the efficacy o f anti-HIV therapy. Various cellular immune responses (12, 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 6 , 2 8 ) a n d humoral immune responses (15, 18, 3 0 ; R. B. Bhalla, B . Safai, R . Mertelsmann, a n d M. K . Schwartz, Letter, Clin. Chem. 29:1560, 1983; P . Francioli, F . Clément, a n d C . H. U . Vaudois, Letter, N. Engl. J . Med. 307:1402-1403, 1982) appear t o correlate with stage of H I V infection. Several o f these correlations have been proposed as staging o r prognostic schemes (10, 1 7 , 23, 27; R. B. Bhalla, B . Safai, S. Pahwa, a n d M. K. Schwartz, Letter, Clin. Chem. 31:1411-1412, 1985). More recently, antibody responses t o HIV antigens have been shown t o correlate with clinical state a n d may a i d i n prognosis ( 4 , 5, 7, 8 , 19-22, 24, 25, 29, 31). In many o f these studies, decline i n p 2 4 antibody correlated with progression o f disease. This h a s been documented quantitatively b y using competitive en - zyme-linked immunosorbent assay f o r p 2 4 antibody (31) or densitometry o f Western blot (immunoblot) assays (6, 1 6 , 2 4 ; G. Schmidt, K. Amiraian, J . Wethers, H. Frey, R . W. Stevens, a n d D . S . Berns, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1988, V 4 , p . 418). We previously reported t h e prevalence o f antibodies t o each o f seven H I V antigens on Western blot assays o f 43 0 seropositive individuals i n t h e clinical states designated asymptomatic (ASY), AIDS-related complex (ARC), o r AIDS (24). Prevalence o f antibodies t o six. o f seven viral * Corresponding author. proteins decreased with progression o f clinical status, while prevalence of antibody t o t h e transmembrane protein, increased. T h e following markers correlated with progres- sion o f clinical status: gp4l/p24 antibody ratio, gp4l/total HI V antibody ratio, a n d total H I V antibody. These markers appeared i n preliminary studies t o have prognostic value i n A S Y individuals wh o subsequently developed ARC a nd AIDS. I n this report we describe the us e o f reflectance densitom- etry t o quantitate Western blot assays f o r HI V type 1 antibodies i n order t o obtain a ratio o f antibodies t o gp4l a n d p24. Each o f 8 5 patients was classified b y the physician into t h e clinical state ASY, ARC, or AIDS. O f these patients, 5 0 were monitored clinically a n d b y ratio f o r 6 t o 2 9 months. Th e gp4l/p24 antibody ratio was examined in three studies. First, initial specimens from patients i n each clinical state were examined f o r antibody ratio. Second, patients wh o were n ot treated with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azidothy- midine [AZT]) during t he study were monitored for up t o 2 9 months. These patients were grouped into ASY, ARC, a n d AIDS patients whose clinical condition d id or d id n o t pro- Third, seven AIDS patients were monitored before a n d during treatment with AZT. Antibody ratio (gp4l t o p24) was evaluated as a tool for identifying t h e stage o f infection (first study), f o r predicting clinical outcome (second study), a n d f o r monitoring AIDS patients treated with A Z T (third study). MATERIALS AND METHODS Study population. Sera from t h e patients i n t h e study population were initially submitted t o t he Laboratories f o r Diagnostic Immunology, Wadsworth Center f o r Laborato- ries a n d Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, b y their private physician (H.F.) t o determine th e presence o f antibodies t o HIV. Each patient was seen b y that physician and underwent a complete physical examina- 8 4 3 Vol. 2 7 , N o . 5   b  y  o  J  u  e 1 7  , 2  0  0  j   c .  a  s m .  o r  g D  o w l   o  a  d  e  d f  r  o m  

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8/8/2019 JCM Vol. 27, No. 5

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JOURNAL O F C L I N I C A L M I C R O B I O L O G Y , Ma y 1 9 8 9 , p . 8 4 3 - 8 4 8

0 0 9 5 - 1 1 3 7 / 8 9 / 0 5 0 8 4 3 - 0 6 $ 0 2 . 0 O / OC o p y r i g h t C 1 9 8 9 , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y

M o n i t o r i n g Human I m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y V i r u s Type 1 - I n f e c t e d

P a t i e n t s b y R a t i o o f A n t i b o d i e s t o g p 4 l a n d p 2 4

G . S C H M I D T , ' * K . A M I R A I A N , ' H . F R E Y , 2 J . WETHERS,' R . W. STEVENS,' AND D . S . BERNS'

W a d s w o r t h C e n t e r f o r L a b o r a t o r i e s and R e s e a r c h , New Y o r k S t a t e Department o f H e a l t h , A l b a n y , New Y o r k 1 2 2 0 1 , ' and

S t . J o h n ' s R i v e r s i d e H o s p i t a l , Y o n k e r s , N ew Y o r k 1 0 7 0 1 2

R e c e i v e d 2 4 O c t o b e r 1 9 8 8 / A c c e p t e d 2 3 J a n u a r y 1 9 8 9

A n t i b o d y responses o f 8 5 p a t i e n t s t o human i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y v i r u s t y p e 1 a n t i g e n s were q u a n t i t a t e d b y

d e n s i t o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f W e s t e r n b l o t ( i m m u n o b l o t ) assays. A l l p a t i e n t s h a d b e e n c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g

t h r e e c l i n i c a l c a t e g o r i e s : a s y m p t o m a t i c ( A S Y ) , a c q u i r e d i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y syndrome ( A I D S ) - r e l a t e d c o n i p l e x

( A R C ) , or A I D S . F i f t y o f t h e p a t i e n t s were m o n i t o r e d f o r 6 t o 2 9 m o n t h s . Th e g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o was

e x a m i n e d i n t h r e e s t u d i e s . I n t h e f i r s t s t u d y , i n i t i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m e a c h p a t i e n t were a n a l y z e d . Th e mean

g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o s wer e 1 . 5 ( A S Y ) , 3 . 2 ( A R C ) , a n d 5 . 4 ( A I D S ) . O f A SY p a t i e n t s , 79% h a d a n t i b o d y

r a t i o s o f < 2 . 0 . I n c o n t r a s t , 72% o f p a t i e n t s w i t h AIDS h a d r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 . I n t h e s e c o n d s t u d y , s e r i a l l y o b t a i n e d

s p e c i m e n s f r o m A S Y , A R C, a n d AIDS p a t i e n t s were a n a l y z e d . T h e s e p a t i e n t s were f u r t h e r g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g

t o p r o g r e s s i o n o f t h e i r c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n . O f ASY p a t i e n t s w h o s e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n p r o g r e s s e d t o ARC, 80%

c o n s i s t e n t l y h a d r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 . Of A R C p a t i e n t s w h o s e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n p r o g r e s s e d t o A I D S , 7 1 % c o n s i s t e n t l yh a d r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 . Of AIDS p a t i e n t s wh o d i e d d u r i n g t h e s t u dy , 100% c o n s i s t e n t l y h a d r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 . N o

p a t i e n t s wer e t r e a t e d w i t h a z i d o t h y m i d i n e d u r i n g t h e f i r s t two s t u d i e s . I n t h e t h i r d s t u d y , AIDS p a t i e n t s were

m o n i t o r e d b e f o r e a n d d u r i n g t r e a t m e n t w i t h a z i d o t h y m i d i n e . D u r i n g t r e a t m e n t , r a t i o s s t a b i l i z e d or i m p r o v e d

t r a n s i e n t l y i n f i v e o f seven p a t i e n t s . I n t h e s e t h r e e s t u d i e s , a g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o o f < 2 . 0 c o r r e l a t e d w i t h

a b e n i g n c l i n i c a l s t a t e a n d a r a t i o o f . 2 . 0 c o r r e l a t e d w i t h AIDS or p r o g r e s s i o n t o A I D S .

I n f e c t i o n w i t h human i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y v i r u s ( H I V ) t y p e

1 r e s u l t s i n c h r o n i c i n f e c t i o n w h i c h , a f t e r a v a r i a b l e p e r i o d o f

l a t e n c y , progresses t o a c q u i r e d i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y s y n d r o m e

( A I D S ) . I t i s n o t c l e a r w h a t f a c t o r s or e v e n t s t r i g g e r progres-

s i o n o f i n f e c t i o n . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f m a r k e r s t o f o l l o w or

p r e d i c t t h e p r o g r e s s i o n o f i n f e c t i o n w o u l d b e u s e f u l ( i ) t o

p h y s i c i a n s e v a l u a t i n g a n d m o n i t o r i n g i n f e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l s ,( i i ) f o r i d e n t i f y i n g i n f e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l s a t r i s k o f i m m i n e n t

p r o g r e s s i o n t o A I D S , a n d ( i i i ) f o r m o n i t o r i n g t h e e f f i c a c y o fa n t i - H I V t h e r a p y . V a r i o u s c e l l u l a r immune responses ( 1 2 ,1 3 , 1 8 , 2 6 , 2 8 ) a n d h u m o r a l immune responses ( 1 5 , 1 8 , 3 0 ;R . B . B h a l l a , B . S a f a i , R . M e r t e l s m a n n , a n d M. K .

S c h w a r t z , L e t t e r , C l i n . Chem. 2 9 : 1 5 6 0 , 1 9 8 3 ; P . F r a n c i o l i ,F . C l é m e n t , a n d C . H . U . V a u d o i s , L e t t e r , N . E n g l . J . M e d .

3 0 7 : 1 4 0 2 - 1 4 0 3 , 1 9 8 2 ) appear t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h s t a g e o f HIVi n f e c t i o n . S e v e r a l o f t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d

as s t a g i n g or p r o g n o s t i c s c h e m e s ( 1 0 , 1 7 , 2 3 , 2 7 ; R . B .

B h a l l a , B . S a f a i , S . P a h w a , a n d M. K . S c h w a r t z , L e t t e r ,C l i n . Chem. 3 1 : 1 4 1 1 - 1 4 1 2 , 1 9 8 5 ) . More r e c e n t l y , a n t i b o d y

responses t o HIV a n t i g e n s h a v e b e e n shown t o c o r r e l a t e

w i t h c l i n i c a l s t a t e a n d may a i d i n p r o g n o s i s ( 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 1 9 - 2 2 ,

2 4 , 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 1 ) . I n many o f t h e s e s t u d i e s , d e c l i n e i n p 2 4

a n t i b o d y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p r o g r e s s i o n o f d i s e a s e . T h i s h a s

b e e n d o c u m e n t e dq u a n t i t a t i v e l y

b y u s i n g c o m p e t i t i v e en-

z y m e - l i n k e d i m m u n o s o r b e n t assay f o r p 2 4 a n t i b o d y ( 3 1 ) or

d e n s i t o m e t r y o f Western b l o t ( i m m u n o b l o t ) assays ( 6 , 1 6 , 2 4 ;G . S c h m i d t , K . A m i r a i a n , J . W e t h e r s , H. F r e y , R . W.

S t e v e n s , a n d D . S . B e r n s , A b s t r . Annu. M e e t . A m. S o c .

M i c r o b i o l . 1 9 8 8 , V 4 , p . 4 1 8 ) .We p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f a n t i b o d i e s t o

e a c h o f seven HI V a n t i g e n s on Western b l o t a s s a y s o f 430

s e r o p o s i t i v e i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e c l i n i c a l s t a t e s d e s i g n a t e d

a s y m p t o m a t i c ( A S Y ) , A I D S - r e l a t e d c o m p l e x ( AR C ) , or

A I DS ( 2 4 ) . P r e v a l e n c e o f a n t i b o d i e s t o s i x . o f seven v i r a l

* C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r .

p r o t e i n s d e c r e a s e d w i t h p r o g r es s i o n o f c l i n i c a l s t a t u s , w h i l e

p r e v a l e n c e o f a n t i b o d y t o t h e t r a n s m e m b r a n e p r o t e i n , g p 4 l ,

i n c r e a s e d . T h e f o l l o w i n g m a r k e r s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h progres-

s i o n o f c l i n i c a l s t a t u s : g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o , g p 4 l / t o t a lHI V a n t i b o d y r a t i o , a n d t o t a l HIV a n t i b o d y . T h e s e m a r k e r s

a p p e a r e d i n p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s t o h a v e p r o g n o s t i c v a l u e i nA SY i n d i v i d u a l s wh o s u b s e q u e n t l y d e v e l o p e d ARC a n d

A I D S .

I n t h i s r e p o r t we d e s c r i b e t h e us e o f r e f l e c t a n c e d e n s i t o m -e t r y t o q u a n t i t a t e W e s t e r n b l o t assays f o r HIV t y p e 1a n t i b o d i e s i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a r a t i o o f a n t i b o d i e s t o g p 4 l a n d

p 2 4 . E a c h o f 8 5 p a t i e n t s was c l a s s i f i e d b y t h e p h y s i c i a n i n t ot h e c l i n i c a l s t a t e ASY, ARC, or AIDS. Of t h e s e p a t i e n t s , 5 0

were m o n i t o r e d c l i n i c a l l y a n d b y r a t i o f o r 6 t o 2 9 m o n t h s .

Th e g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o was e x a m i n e d i n t h r e e s t u d i e s .F i r s t , i n i t i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m p a t i e n t s i n e a c h c l i n i c a l s t a t e

were e x a m i n e d f o r a n t i b o d y r a t i o . S e c o n d , p a t i e n t s wh owere n o t t r e a t e d w i t h 3 ' - a z i d o - 3 ' - d e o x y t h y m i d i n e ( a z i d o t h y -

m i d i n e [ A Z T ] ) d u r i n g t h e s t u d y were m o n i t o r e d f o r up t o 2 9

m o n t h s . T h e s e p a t i e n t s wer e g r o u p e d i n t o ASY, A R C, a n d

A I DS p a t i e n t s whose c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n d i d or d i d n o t p r o -

g r e s s . T h i r d , seven A I D S p a t i e n t s were m o n i t o r e d b e f o r e

a n d d u r i n g t r e a t m e n t w i t h AZT. A n t i b o d y r a t i o ( g p 4 l t o p 2 4 )

was e v a l u a t e d as a t o o l f o r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e s t a g e o f HI V

i n f e c t i o n ( f i r s t s t u d y ) , f o r p r e d i c t i n g c l i n i c a l outcome

( s e c o n d s t u d y ) , a n d f o r m o n i t o r i n g A I D S p a t i e n t s t r e a t e d

w i t h A Z T ( t h i r d s t u d y ) .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

S t u d y p o p u l a t i o n . S e r a from t h e p a t i e n t s i n t h e s t u d y

p o p u l a t i o n were i n i t i a l l y s u b m i t t e d t o t h e L a b o r a t o r i e s f o r

D i a g n o s t i c I m m u n o l o g y , Wadsworth Center f o r Laborato-

r i e s a n d R e s e a r c h , New York S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t of H e a l t h ,

A l b a n y , b y t h e i r p r i v a t e p h y s i c i a n ( H . F . ) t o determine th e

presence o f a n t i b o d i e s t o HIV. Each p a t i e n t was seen b y

t h a t p h y s i c i a n and underwent a c o m p l e t e p h y s i c a l examina-

8 4 3

V o l . 2 7 , N o . 5

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8 4 4 SCHMIDT ET A L .

t i o n a n d r o u t i n e l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g a t i n i t i a l e v a l u a t i o n a n d a t

e a c h f o l l o w - u p v i s i t . C l i n i c a l s t a t u s was a s s i g n e d b y t h ep h y s i c i a n as ASY, A R C ( A R C - l y m p h a d e n o p a t h y - p r e a c -

q u i r e d i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y ) , or A I D S , b y u s i n g d e f i n i t i o n se s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l ( 9 ) . A l ls p e c i m e n s f r o m t h e s e p a t i e n t s were r e a c t i v e b y enzyme-

l i n k e d i m m u n o s o r b e n t assay ( E l e c t r o - N u c l e o n i c s , I n c . , C o -

l u m b i a , M d . ) a n d c o n f i r m e d r e a c t i v e b y W e s t e r n b l o t assay.

S p e c i m e n s f r o m 8 5 p a t i e n t s were e x a m i n e d f o r g p 4 l / p 2 4

a n t i b o d y r a t i o . F i f t y o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s were m o n i t o r e d f o r up

t o 2 9 m o n t h s . T h r e e s t u d i e s were c o n d u c t e d . F i r s t , i n i t i a ls p e c i m e n s f r o m 8 1 p a t i e n t s i n one o f t h e t h r e e c l i n i c a l s t a t e s

were e x a m i n e d f o r a n t i b o d y r a t i o . S e c o n d , 4 6 o f t h o s e

p a t i e n t s were m o n i t o r e d b y a n t i b o d y r a t i o a t i n t e r v a l s o f a t

l e a s t 1 m o n t h f o r p e r i o d s o f 6 t o 2 9 m o n t h s . T h e s e p a t i e n t swere n o t t r e a t e d w i t h AZT d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d . T h i r d , seven

p a t i e n t s w i t h AIDS were m o n i t o r e d b e f o r e a n d d u r i n g t r e a t -

ment w i t h AZT. F o u r o f t h e seven p a t i e n t s i n t h e A ZT s t u d y

were n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e f i r s t or s e c o n d s t u d i e s . T h u s , t h e 8 5

p a t i e n t s e x a m i n e d i n c l u d e 8 1 f r o m t h e f i r s t s t u d y p l u s 4 f r o m

t h e t h i r d s t u d y ; t h e 5 0 p a t i e n t s m o n i t o r e d i n c l u d e 4 6 f r o m t h es e c o n d s t u d y p l u s 4 f r o m t h e t h i r d s t u d y .

W e s t e r n b l o t assays. W e s t e r n b l o t assays were c o n d u c t e das d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y ( 2 4 ) on I m m o b i l o n - P ( M i l l i p o r e

C o r p . , B e d f o r d , M a s s . ) s t r i p s p r e p a r e d w i t h a n t i g e n f r o m

O r g a n o n T e k n i k a ( M a l v e r n , P a . ) . HI V p r o t e i n s were sepa-

r a t e d b y p r e p a r a t i v e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s o f d e t e r g e n t - t r e a t e d ,

h e a t - i n a c t i v a t e d ( 1 0 0 ° C f o r 2 m i n ) v i r u s on s o d i u m d o d e c y l

s u l f a t e - p o l y a c r y l a m i d e ( 1 0 % ) g e l s i n a d i s c o n t i n u o u s b u f f e rs y s t e m a n d e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c a l l y t r a n s f e r r e d t o I m m o b i l o n

s h e e t s . T h e s h e e t s were c u t i n t o s t r i p s , a n d e n z y m e - l i n ke d

i m m u n o s o r b e n t assays were c o n d u ct e d . S e r a were d i l u t e d1 0 0 - f o l d i n b u f f e r c o n t a i n i n g 5% n o n f a t d r y m i l k a n d were

i n c u b a t e d w i t h s t r i p s . R e a c t i v i t y o f a n t i b o di e s w i t h a n t i g e n

was d e t e c t e d b y a d d i n g p e r o x i d a s e - c o n j u g a t e d goat immu-

n o g l o b u l i n G a g a i n s t human i m m u n o g l o b u l i n G ( h e a v y - c h a i n

s p e c i f i c ) ( O r g a n o n T e k n i k a ) , f u r t h e r w a s h i n g , a n d a d d i n g

p e r o x i d a s e s u b s t r a t e , 3 , 3 ' - d i a m i n o b e n z i d i n e t e t r a h y d r o c h l o -

r i d e d i h y d r a t e ( A l d r i c h C h e m i c a l C o . , M i l w a u k e e , W i s . ) .

D e n s i t o m e t r y . W e s t e r n b l o t s t r i p s were e x a m i n e d as pre-

v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d ( 2 4 ) b y r e f l e c t a n c e d e n s i t o m e t r y w i t h a

v i d e o d e n s i t o m e t e r ( m o d e l 6 2 0 ; B i o - R a d L a b o r a t o r i e s , R i c h -

m o n d , C a l i f . ) s e r i a l l y l i n k e d t o an i n t e g r a t o r ( m o d e l 3 3 9 2 A ;

H e w l e t t - P a c k a r d C o . , P a l o A l t o , C a l i f . ) . S e t t i n g s u s e d f o r

b o t h i n s t r u m e n t s were as recommended b y B i o - R a d . Th e

f u l l - s c a l e o r d i n a t e v a l u e was s e t a t 1 . 0 a b s o r b a n c e u n i t . HI V

a n t i g e n s were i d e n t i f i e d b y comparison w i t h H I V - r e a c t i v e

human r e f e r e n c e a n t i s e r u m and by e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f p l o t s o f

r e l a t i v e m o b i l i t i e s o f p r e s t a i n e d p r o t e i n s o f known molecular

w e i g h t s ( B e t h e s d a R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , I n c . , G a i t h e r s -

b u r g , M d . ) . T h e t r a c i n g g e n e r a t e d f o r each s t r i p was cor-

r e c t e d f o r b a c k g r o u n d b y s u b t r a c t i n g a t r a c i n g o f t h e HIV-

n o n r e a c t i v e human c o n t r o l serum f o r t h a t b l o t . Each

a n t i b o d y r e sponse on Western b l o t assay s t r i p was q u a n t i -t a t e d b y i n t e g r a t i n g t h e area under t h e corresponding peak of

t h e t r a c i n g o f t h a t s t r i p . The i n t e g r a t o r d e l i n e a t e d each peak

b y t i c k m a r k s a n d i d e n t i f i e d peaks ( i . e . , antibody bound to

i n d i v i d u a l HI V a n t i g e n s ) by t h e i r d i s t a n c e from t h e b e g i n -

n i n g o f t h e t r a c i n g . Area was measured i n increments of

0 . 1 2 5 , u V . s . We h a v e d e f i n e d 1 s i g n a l u n i t as 1. 0 x 106

i n c r e m e n t s .

R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f measurements. Reproducibility of band

i n t e n s i t y d e p e n d s on s t a n d a r d i z e d reagents and protocols.

Use o f t h e r a t i o o f a n t i b o d y concentrations minimizes th e

e f f e c t o f v a r i a t i o n i n band i n t e n s i t y . The r a t i o of antib o dy

responses t o g p 4 l and p2 4 was determined f or t he HIV-

r e a c t i v e h u m a n c o n t r o l s e r u m o n e a c h b l o t . R e a c t i v e c o n t r o ls e r a o n m o r e t h a n 2 0 0 b l o t s w e r e a n a l y z e d i n t h i s a n d a

p r e v i o u s s t u d y ( 2 4 ) . Mean a n t i b o d y r a t i o s were c a l c u l a t e d .I n 9 0 % ( 1 9 1 o f 2 1 4 ) o f t h e s e a s s a y s , t h e a n t i b o d y r a t i o s o f t h e

r e a c t i v e c o n t r o l s e r a f e l l w i t h i n o n e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h em e a n s e s t a b l i s h e d f r o m 1 5 0 a s s a y s . O n l y d a t a o b t a i n e d f r o m

b l o t s w i t h r e f e r e n c e r e a c t i v e - s e r u m r a t i o s w i t h i n o n e s t a n -

d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e m e a n w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s s t u d y .T a b u l a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s o f d a t a . A p o s i t i v e a n t i b o d y r e -

s p o n s e w a s d e f i n e d a s - 1 . 0 s i g n a l u n i t . T h e r a t i o o f g p 4 la n t i b o d y t o p 2 4 a nt i b o d y w a s c a l c u l a t e d . Any r a t i o o f . 1 0 . 0w a s v a l u e d a t 1 0 . 0 . T h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s t u d y f o r e a c h

p a t i e n t w a s d e f i n e d a s t h e d a t e o f c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a ls p e c i m e n f r o m t h a t p a t i e n t . D a t a w e r e o r g a n i z e d b y c l i n i c a ls t a t u s ( A S Y , ARC, o r A I D S ) , d a t e o f c o l l e c t i o n o f s e r a , a n d

c l i n i c a l o u t c o m e . D a t a w e r e e x a m i n e d f o r c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h

c l i n i c a l s t a t e o r c l i n i c a l o u t c o m e o f p a t i e n t s who w e r e o r

w e r e n o t t r e a t e d w i t h A Z T ` .T h e g p 4 1 / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o w h i c h c o r r e l a t e d w i t h d i s e a s e

o r m o r e r a p i d p r o g r e s s i o n t o AIDS w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a s - 2 . 0f o r t h i s i n - h o u s e W e s t e r n b l o t a s s a y . T h i s w a s a v a l u e ( i )b e l o w w h i c h a t l e a s t 75% o f t h e A SY p o p u l a t i o n f e l l , ( i i )

a b o v e t h e m e a n a n d m e d i a n v a l u e s o f t h e ASY p o p u l a t i o n ,a n d ( i i i ) b e l o w t h e m e a n a n d m e d i a n v a l u e s o f t h e AIDSp o p u l a t i o n ( s e e F i g . 2 ) . T h e s e c r i t e r i a h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l ya p p l i e d t o e s t a b l i s h a p r e d i c t i v e c u t o f f f o r a c o m m e r c i a l l y

a v a i l a b l e i m m u n o b l o t a s s a y ( u n p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t s ) w h i c h was

e f f e c t i v e i n s t a g i n g p o p u l a t i o n s o f ASY, A R C , o r AIDSp a t i e n t s q u a l i t a t i v e l y b y g p 4 1 / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o ( R . W.

S t e v e n s , J . A . W e t h e r s , D . S . B e r n s , a n d A . P o l i t o , 4 t h I n t .C o n f . A I D S , S t o c k h o l m , S w e d e n , 1 9 8 8 , a b s t r . n o . 1 1 6 0 , p .1 5 2 ) .

T r e a t m e n t w i t h A Z T . S e v e n p a t i e n t s w i t h AIDS w e r em o n i t o r e d f o r a t l e a s t 6 m o n t h s b e f o r e a n d d u r i n g t r e a t m e n t

s i x t i m e s d a i l y w i t h 2 0 0 mg o f A ZT ( B u r r o u g h s W e l l c o m e ,R e s e a r c h T r i a n g l e P ar k, N . C . ). D e s p i t e t r a n s f u s i o n , n o

p a t i e n t w a s a b l e t o t o l e r a t e f u l l p r e s c r i b ed t r e at m en t , a n d a l le x p e r i e n c e d p e r i o d s o f n o t r e a t m e n t o r t r e a t m e n t a t r e d u c e d

d o s a g e .

RESULTS

D e n s i t o m e t r i c t r a c i n g s o f W e s t e r n b l o t s . E x a m p l e s o fW e s t e r n b l o t a s s a y s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e n s i t o m e t r i c t r a c -i n g s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 . T h e f i r s t e x a m p l e ( F i g . 1 A ) i s o f

s e r u m f r o m a n A SY i n d i v i d u a l , a n d t h e s e c o n d e x a m p l e( F i g . 1 B ) i s o f s e r u m f r o m a n AIDS p a t i e n t . A W e s t e r n b l o tf r o m a s e r o n e g a t i v e i n d i v i d u a l i s i l l u s t r a t e d f o r c o m p a r i s o n( F i g . 1 C ) . T h e a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e s e v i d e n t a r e t o t h e g l y c o s -y l a t e d e n v e l o p e ( e n v ) g e n e p r o du c t s ( en v el o p e g p l 2 0 a n dt r a n s m e m b r a n e g p 4 l ) , p o l y m e r a s e ( p o l ) g e n e p r o d u c t s ( r e -v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t a s e p 6 6 / p 5 1 a n d e n d o n u c l e a s e p 3 0 ) , 3 ' o p e n

r e a d i n g f r a m e g e n e p r o d u c t ( p 2 8 ) , a n d c o r e ( g a g ) g e n ep r o d u c t s ( p r e c u r s o r p 5 3 a n d c o r e p 2 4 a n d p 1 8 ) . F u r t h e r

d e t a i l s o f F i g . 1 a r e p r o v i d e d i n t h e D i s c u s s i o n .A n t i b o d y r a t i o s o f i n i t i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m ASY, A R C, o r

AIDS p a t i e n t s . Th e r a t i o o f g p 4 l a n t i b o d y t o p 2 4 a n t i b o d y i nc l i n i c a l p o p u l a t i o n s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 . R a t i o s a r e o fi n i t i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m 8 1 p a t i e n t s c l a s s i f i e d a s A SY, A R C,o r A I D S . A l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s a w i d e r an ge o f v a l u es w i t h i n

e a c h c l i n i c a l c at e g o r y , a p a t t e r n i s e v i d e n t . T h e mean r a t i o sw e r e 1 . 5 ( A S Y ) , 3 . 2 ( A R C ) , a n d 5 . 4 ( A I D S ) . C o r r e s p o n d i n g

m e d i a n r a t i o s w e r e 1 . 2 , 1 . 8 , a n d 4 . 2 . T h e p e r ce n t a g e o f e a c h

p o p u l a t i o n w i t h a r a t i o o f - 2 . 0 w a s 2 1 . 4 ( A S Y ) , 4 1 . 7 ( A R C ) ,a n d 7 2 . 4 ( A I D S ) .

P a t i e n t s m o n i t o r e d b y a n t i b o d y r a t i o . F i f t y p a t i e n t s w e r em o n i t o r e d f o r 6 t o 2 9 m o n t h s b y a n a l y s i s o f s e r i a l l y o b t a i n e d

J . C L I N . M I C R O B I O L .

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M O N I T O R I N G HI V TYPE 1 I N FE C T I O N BY ANTIBODY RATIO

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F I G . 1 . HIV W e s t e r n b l o t a s s a y s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e n s i t o m e t r i c t r a c i n g s o f s e r a f r o m i n d i v i d u a l s c l a s s i f i e d a s A SY ( A ) , AIDS ( B ) , o r

s e r o n e g a t i v e ( C ) . B a n d s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g p e a k s r e p r e s e n t a n t i b o d y t o v i r a l a n t i g e n s ( m o l e c u l a r m a s s i n d i c a t e d i n k i l o d a l t o n s ) . N u m b e r s

b e s i d e t r a c i n g s i n d i c a t e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e o r i g i n a n d a i d i n i d e n t i f y i n g p e a k s . P e a k b o u n d a r i e s a r e i n d i c a t e d b y t i c k m a r k s .

s p e c i m e n s . F o u r p a t i e n t s w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h A ZT a f t e r l e s st h a n 6 m o n t h s , a n d t h e i r c a s e s a r e d i s c u s s e d b e l o w . T h e

r e m a i n i n g 4 6 w e r e c l a s s i f i e d a t i n i t i a l p r e s e n t a t i o n a s ASY,

ARC, o r AIDS a n d w e r e f u r t h e r g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o

> 1 0 -

1 0

8-

6-

A SY

( n = 2 8 )

A R C AIDS

( n = 2 4 ) ( n = 2 9 )

CLINICAL STATUS

F I G . 2 . R a t i o o f g p 4 l a n t i b o d y t o p 2 4 a n t i b o d y i n i n i t i a l s p e c i -mens f r o m p a t i e n t s c l a s s i f i e d as ASY, ARC, or AIDS.

w h e t h e r d i s e a s e d i d o r d i d n o t p r o g r e s s . F i g u r e 3 i l l u s t r a t e st h e g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o i n s e r i a l l y o b t a i n e d s p e c i m e n s o f

A SY p a t i e n t s w h o s e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n d i d o r d i d n o t p r o g -

r e s s t o A R C o r A I D S . O f t h o s e w h o s e c o n d i t i o n d i d p r o g -r e s s , 80% ( 4 o f 5 ) h a d r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 . O f t h o s e w h o s e c l i n i c a lc o n d i t i o n d i d n o t p r o g r e s s , 72% ( 1 0 o f 1 4 ) h a d r a t i o s r e m a i n -

i n g a t < 2 . 0 . T h o s e w h o s e c o n d i t i o n p r o g r e s s e d w e r e t h r e e

t i m e s a s l i k e l y t o h a v e r a t i o s o f - 2 . 0 a s t h o s e w h o s ec o n d i t i o n d i d n o t p r o g r e s s . T h e u s e o f a n t i b o d y r a t i o t o

> 1 0

1 0

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' 6 .

4 .

2 .

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MONTHIS

F I G . 3 . R a t i o o f g p 4 l a n t i b o d y t o p 2 4 a n t i b o d y i n ASY p a t i e n t sw h o s e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n d i d n o t ( A ) or d i d ( B ) p r o g r e s s t o ARC or

AIDS.

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8 4 6 SCHMIDT ET A L .

42 - - - - ------

0 8 1 6 2 4 0 8 1 6 2 4

M O N T HS

F I G . 4 . R a t i o o f g p 4 l a n t i b o d y t o p 2 4 a n t i b o d y i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

A R C w h o s e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n d i d n o t ( A ) or d i d ( B ) p r ogr e ss t o

A I D S .

p r e d i c t c l i n i c a l outcome w o u l d h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i n 7 0 t o80 % o f t h e s e A SY p a t i e n t s .

F i g u r e 4 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o i n s e r i a l l yo b t a i n e d s p e c i m e n s o f p a t i e n t s w i t h A R C w h o s e c l i n i c a lc o n d i t i o n d i d or d i d n o t progress t o A I D S . O f t h o s e w h o s e

c o n d i t i o n d i d progress, 72 % ( 5 o f 7 ) h a d r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 . O ft h o s e w h o s e c o n d i t i o n d i d n o t progress, 67% ( 4 o f 6 ) h a d

r a t i o s r e m a i n i n g a t < 2 . 0 . T h o s e w h o s e c o n d i t i o n p r o g r e s s e d

were t w i c e as l i k e l y t o h a v e r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 as t h o s e w h o s e

c o n d i t i o n d i d n o t progress. T h e us e o f a n t i b o d y r a t i o t o

p r e d i c t c l i n i c a l outcome w o u l d h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i n 70%

o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s w i t h ARC.F i g u r e 5 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o s i n s e r i a l l y

o b t a i n e d s p e c i m e n s o f p a t i e n t s w i t h AIDS who were or were

n o t s t i l l l i v i n g a t t h e t i m e o f c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e s t u d y . O ft h o s e who were no l o n g e r l i v i n g , 1 0 0 % ( 1 1 o f 1 1 ) h a d r a t i o so f . 2 . 0 . O f t h o s e who were s t i l l l i v i n g , 60% ( 3 o f 5 ) h a d

r a t i o s r e m a i n i n g a t < 2 . 0 . T h o s e who were no l o n g e r l i v i n gwere t h r e e t i m e s as l i k e l y t o h a v e r a t i o s o f - 2 . 0 as t h o s e wh owere s t i l l l i v i n g . T h e use o f a n t i b o d y r a t i o t o p r e d i c t c l i n i c a loutcome w o u l d h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i n 100% a n d 6 0 % ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f AIDS p a t i e n t s wh o were n o t a n d were l i v i n ga t t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e s t u d y .

A: LIVING (n=5) B: NOLONGER LIVING ( n = 1 1 )

> 1 0

C% 1

0 ~

0 8 1 6 2 4 0 8 1 6 24

M O N T HS

F I G . 5 . R a t i o o f g p 4 l a n t i b o d y to p2 4 a n t i b o d y i n p a t i e n t s with

AIDS wh o were s t i l l l i v i n g ( A ) or no l o n g e r l i v i n g (B) at th e time o f

c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e s t u d y .

A n t i b o d y r a t i o s i n AIDS p a t i e n t s t r e a t e d w i t h AZT. T h er a t i o o f g p 4 1 / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y w a s d e t e r m i n e d i n s e r i a l l y o b -t a i n e d s p e c i m e n s o f p a t i e n t s w i t h s e v e r e s y m p t o m s o f AIDSb e f o r e a n d d u r i n g a t l e a s t 6 m o n t h s o f t r e a t m e n t w i t h A Z T .O f t h e s e p a t i e n t s , 86% ( 6 o f 7 ) h a d e a r l y a n t i b o d y r a t i o s o f. 2 . 0 . I n t h r e e p a t i e n t s t h e r a t i o w a s . 1 0 . 0 b e f o r e o r a t s t a r to f t h e r a p y . D e s p i t e t h e i r a d v a n c e d c l i n i c a l s t a t e , d u r i n gt h e r a p y r a t i o s s t a b i l i z e d o r i m p r o v e d t r a n s i e n t l y i n t h e f i v ep a t i e n t s w i t h l o w e r r a t i o s . U l t i m a t e l y , t h e r a t i o s w e r e n o t

i m p r o v e d b y A Z T , a n d m o r t a l i t y d u r i n g t h e s t u d y w a s n o t

i m p r o v e d o v e r t h a t o f u n t r e a t e d AIDS p a t i e n t s ( 5 7 % [ 4 o f 7 ]v e r s u s 62% [ 8 o f 1 3 ] ) .

DISCUSSION

W e s t e r n b l o t a s s a y i s t h e s t a n d a r d c o n f i r m a t o r y t e s t f o rd e t e c t i n g a n t i b o d i e s t o HI V t y p e 1 . T h e p a t t e r n s o f a n t i b o d y

r e s p o n s e s e v i d e n t o n t h e s e a s s a y s a r e v a r i e d a n d h a v e b e e n

o b s e r v e d t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h c l i n i c a l s t a t u s q u a l i t a t i v e l y ( 3 , 4 ,1 4 , 1 9 ) o r s e m i q u a n t i t a t i v e l y ( 7 ) . W e s t e r n b l o t a ss ay s c an

p r o d u c t i v e l y b e f u r t h e r a n a l y z e d b y u s i n g d e n s i t o m e t r y t oq u a n t i t a t e a n t i b o d y r e s p o n se s ( 6 , 1 6 , 2 4 ) .

We c h o s e t o e x a m i n e t h e r a t i o o f g p 4 l a n t i b o d y t o p 2 4a n t i b o d y b e c a u s e i n a d a t a b a s e d e r i v e d f r o m W e s t e r n b l o ta s s a y s o f 4 3 0 s e r o p o s i t i v e i n d i v i d u a l s ( 2 4 ) , ( i ) a n t i b o d i e s t og p 4 l a n d p 2 4 w e r e m o r e p r e v a l e n t t h a n a n y o t h e r a n t i b o d i e s ,( i i ) a n t i b o d y t o g p 4 l w a s t h e o n l y a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e f o u n d t ob e m o r e c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h AIDS t h a n w i t h A R C o r

ASY, ( i i i ) a n t i b o d y t o p 2 4 w a s l e s s p r e v a l e n t w i t h m o r e

s e v e r e d i s e a s e , a n d ( i v ) t h e r a t i o o f g p 4 l a n t i b o d y t o p 2 4

a n t i b o d y i n c r e a s e d w i t h m o r e s e v e r e d i s e a s e . T h e f i r s t t h r e eo b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e l a t e r c o n f i r m e d b y D e V i c o e t a l . ( 1 1 ) .

A n t i b o d i e s t o e n v e l o p e a n d c o r e p r o t e i n s h a v e a l s o b e e n

q u a n t i t a t e d b y d e n s i t o m e t r y o f a u t o r a d i o g r a m s o f g e l e l e c -t r o p h o r e s i s o f i m m u n o p r e c i p i t a t e s ( 2 0 ) a n d b y c o m m e r c i a l l y

a v a i l a b l e s e c o n d - g e n e r a t i o n e n z y m e - l i n k e d i m m u n o s o r b e n t

a s s a y s p r e p a r e d f r o m r e c o m b i n a n t p r o t e i n s ( 2 , 2 1 , 3 1 ) . We

h a v e u s e d W e s t e r n b l o t s t oo b t a i n

r a t i o s f o r t h ef o l l o w i n g

r e a s o n s . F i r s t , r a d i o i m m u n o p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s n o t i n commonu s e , a n d a n t i b o d y t o g p 4 l i s n o t w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e a s s a y

( 2 0 ) . S e c o n d , g e n e t i c a l l y e n g i n e e r e d p 2 4 a n t i g e n i n t h e

a s s a y s we h a v e e x a m i n e d a n d i n s t u d i e s b y o t h e r s ( 2 , 2 1 ) i sn o t a s r e a c t i v e a s t h e p 2 4 i n d e n a t u r e d n a t i v e v i r u s u s e d f o rW e s t e r n b l o t ; c o n s e q u e n t l y , u s e o f t h e se a s s a y s t o p r e d i c t

c l i n i c a l o u t c o m e r e s u l t s i n i n c o r r e c t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f some

i n d i v i d u a l s a s b e i n g a t i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f d i s e a s e ( u n p u b l i s h e d

r e s u l t s ) .We h a v e u s e d r e f l e c t a n c e d e n s i t o m e t r y o f W e s t e r n b l o t

a s s a y s o f s p e c i m e n s f r o m 8 5 s er o p o si t i v e i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h

c l i n i c a l s t a t u s ASY, A R C, o r AIDS t o c a l c u l a t e a n a n t i b o d y

r a t i o o f g p 4 l t o p 2 4 . F i f t y o f t h es e p a t i e n t s w e r e m o n i t o r e d

b y a n t i b o d y r a t i o f o r u p t o 2 9 m o n t h s . T h e r e s u l t s d e m o n -

s t r a t e t h a t t h i s r a t i o c o r r e l a t e s w i t h c l i n i c a l s t a t u s ( F i g . 2 ) ,

c o r r e l a t e s w i t h c l i n i c a l o u t c o m e ( F i g . 3 t o 5 ) , a n d c a n b eu s e d t o m o n i t o r p a t i e n t s u n d e r g o i n g a n t i - H I V t h e r a p y .

T h e f i r s t s t u d y e x a m i n e d g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o s o f

p a t i e n t s w i t h c l i n i c a l s t a t u s ASY, ARC, o r A I D S . T h e meana n d m e d i a n v a l u e s o f a n t i b o d y r a t i o i n c r e a s e d w i t h p r o g r e s -

s i o n o f c l i n i c a l s t a t u s . A t o t a l o f 7 9 % o f A SY p a t i e n t s h a d

a n t i b o d y r a t i o s o f < 2 . 0 , w h i l e 72% o f AIDS p a t i e n t s h a d

r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 .F i g u r e 1 i l l u s t r a t e s W e s t e r n b l o t s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e n -

s i t o m e t r i c t r a c i n g s o f s e r a f r o m a n A SY p a t i e n t a n d a p a t i e n tw i t h A I D S . T h e A SY p a t i e n t h a d a g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i oo f 1 . 0 ( F i g . 1 A ) . T h e p a t i e n t r e m a i n e d ASY, w i t h q u a l i t a -t i v e l y a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y s i m i l a r a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e s t h r o u g h -

J . C L I N . M I C R O B I O L .

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M O N I T O R I NG HI V TYPE 1 INFECTION B Y A N T I B O D Y R AT IO

o u t t h e 8 m o n t h s t h e p a t i e n t w a s m o n i t o r e d . T h e AIDSp a t i e n t h a d a g p 4 1 / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o o f 7 . 2 ( F i g . 1 B ) . S h eh a d AIDS ( c r y p t o c o c c a l m e n i n g i t i s ) , w i t h a n t i b o d y r e -s p o n s e s r e m a i n i n g q u a l i t a t i v e l y a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y s i m i l a rt h r o u g h o u t t h e 1 4 m o n t h s b e f o r e s h e d i e d . A n t i b o d y t o p 2 4w a s p r e s e n t o n a W e s t e r n b l o t a s s a y o f s e r u m d r a w n whent h e p a t i e n t w a s l a s t m o n i t o r e d , 2 w e e k s b e f o r e d e a t h . S h e

d i e d w i t h S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s , a r t h r i t i s , s e p s i s , a n d c e n -t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m t o x o p l a s m o s i s .

T h e s e c o n d s t u d y e x a m i n e d a n t i b o d y r a t i o s o f s e r i a l l yo b t a i n e d s p e c i m e n s o f ASY, ARC, a n d AIDS p a t i e n t s whow e r e m o n i t o r e d f o r 6 t o 2 9 m o n t h s . P a t i e n t s w e r e g r o u p e d

a c c o r d i n g t o w h e t h e r t h e i r c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n s d i d o r d i d n o t

p r o g r e s s . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , 26% ( 5 o f 1 9 ) o f ASY p a t i e n t s

p r o g r e s s e d t o A R C o r A I D S , 54 % ( 7 o f 1 3 ) o f A R C p a t i e n t sp r o g r e s s e d t o A I D S , a n d 69% ( 1 1 o f 1 6 ) o f AIDS p a t i e n t sd i e d ( F i g . 3 - 5 ) . O f A SY p a t i e n t s w h o s e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n

p r o g r e s s e d t o ARC, 80% h a d a n t i b o d y r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 . O fp a t i e n t s w i t h A R C w h o s e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n p r o g r e s s e d t oA I D S , 71 % h a d r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 . O f p a t i e n t s w i t h AIDS whod i e d d u r i n g t h e s t u d y , 1 0 0 % h a d r a t i o s o f . 2. 0 . T h u s , a r a t i oo f - 2 . 0 i n A SY p a t i e n t s p r e d i c t e d p r o g r e s s i o n t o A R C o r

A I D S , i n p a t i e n t s w i t h A R C p r e d i c t e d p r o g r e s s i o n t o A I D S ,a n d i n p a t i e n t s w i t h AIDS p r e d i c t e d t h a t p a t i e n t s h a d l e s st i m e t o l i v e .

T h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o o f - 2 . 0 w i t hd i s e a s e o r r i s k o f m o r e r a p i d p r o g r e s s i o n t o AIDS w a sa p p r o x i m a t e l y 75% o v e r a l l a n d t h u s w a s n o t a l w a y s ad e f i n i t i v e c r i t e r i o n . H o w e v e r , t h i s r a t i o c o m p a r e s f a v o r a b l yw i t h o t h e r c o r r e l a t e s ( 1 , 3 , 8 , 1 8 , 2 1 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 3 1 ) a n d i s a v e r y

u s e f u l t o o l . T h e p r e d i c t i v e ( c u t o f f ) v a l u e o f 2 . 0 e s t a b l i s h e df o r t h e i n - h o u s e W e s t e r n b l o t m i g h t v a r y s o m e w h a t w i t h t h et e s t s y s t e m , b u t c u t o f f c a n b e r e a d i l y e s t a b l i s h e d f o r o t h e rt e s t s y s t e m s . We h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d s u c h a c u t o f f i n a c o m -m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e i m m u n o b l o t a s s a y ( s e e M a t e r i a l s a n dM e t h o d s ) . T h e g p 4 1 / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o may p r o v e e v e nm o r e v a l u a b l e i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r l a b o r a t o r y d a t a( e . g . , T 4 / T 8 a n d p 2 4 a n t i g e n ) . R e f i n e m e n t o f t h e t e c h n i q u e o fq u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e s ( e . g . , b ya n t i b o d y i so ty pe o r s u b c l a s s t o a s p e c i f i c e p i t o p e o f a ni n d i v i d u a l v i r a l p r o t e i n ) may y e t y i e l d a f u l l y d e f i n i t i v ec r i t e r i o n f o r d i s e a s e .

R e s u l t s o f o u r f i r s t a n d s e c o n d s t u d i e s a r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t ht h o s e o f o t h e r s a t t e m p t i n g t o c o r r e l a t e s t a g e o f HI V i n f e c t i o nw i t h e i t h e r d e c l i n e o f p 2 4 a n t i b o d y ( 1 , 3 - 8 , 2 0 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 1 )o r i n c r e a s e i n g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o ( 6 , 7 , 2 4 ) . Q u a n t i t a t i o no f a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e s t o HI V a n t i g e n s h a s b e e n a c c o m -p l i s h e d b y e n z y m e - l i n k e d i m m u n o s o r b e n t a s s a y ( 2 1 , 3 1 ) a n d ,m o r e r e c e n t l y , b y d e n s i t o m e t r y o f W e s t e r n b l o t a s s a y s ( 6 ,1 6 , 2 4 ) o r o f r a d i o i m m u n o p r e c i p i t a t i o n ( 2 0 ) .

I n t h e t h i r d s t u d y , p a t i e n t s w i t h AIDS w e r e m o n i t o r e db e f o r e a n d d ur i n g t r e at m en t w i t h A Z T . T h e s e p a t i e n t s w e r en o t a b l e t o t o l e r a t e A ZT t r e a t m e n t w e l l ; d e s p i t e t h i s , d u r i n gt h e r a p y r a t i o s s t a b i l i z e d o r i m p r o v e d t r a n s i e n t l y i n t h e f i v ep a t i e n t s who h a d t h e l o w e s t a n t i b o d y r a t i o s . U l t i m a t e l y ,h o w e v e r , n e i t h e r r a t i o s n o r p e r c e n t m o r t a l i t y w a s i m p r o v e db y t r e a t m e n t . B e c a u s e p a t i e n t s t r e a t e d e a r l i e r i n i n f e c t i o na r e b e t t e r a b l e t o t o l e r a t e t h e d r ug a nd c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e r emay b e a b e t t e r c h a n c e o f f o r e s t a l l i n g d i s e a s e p r o g r e s s i o n ,we a r e c u r r e n t l y u n d e r t a k i n g a s t u d y t o m o n i t o r p a t i e n t st r e a t e d w i t h A ZT e a r l i e r i n i n f e c t i o n .

C l i n i c a l a s s e s s m e n t a n d s t a g i n g o f H I V - i n f e c t e d p a t i e n t sc a n b e d i f f i c u l t . O u r p a t i e n t p o p u l a t i o n r e v e a l s some o f t h e s e

d i f f i c u l t i e s . T h e d a t a w e r e p l o t t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e h i s t o r ys u b m i t t e d w i t h t h e t e s t s p e c i m e n , u s i n g a p r o g r e s s i v e c l a s -s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e ( i . e . , a p a t i e n t o n c e c l a s s i f i e d a s A R C o r

AIDS w o u l d n o t l a t e r b e c l a s s i f i e d a s ASY, e v e n i f s y m p -toms d i s a p p e a r e d ) . R e t r o s p e c t i v e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o m e t i m e sd i f f e r s f r o m c o n t e m p o r a r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . Had we a p p l i e dr e t r o s p e c t i v e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t o o u r d a t a , i t w o u l d h a v es t r e n g t h e n e d s o m e w h a t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f a n t i b o d y r a t i ow i t h c l i n i c a l s t a t u s . H o w e v e r , a n d m o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , a

d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n c l i n i c a l e v a l u a t i o n a n d r a t i o s u g g e s t s t o

t h e c l i n i c i a n t h e n e e d f o r r e e v a l u a t i o n o f p a t i e n t s who d o n o th a v e A R C o r AIDS a n d y e t h a v e a n t i b o d y r a t i o s o f . 2 . 0 .Among t h e 5 0 p a t i e n t s m o n i t o r e d w e r e s e v e r a l w h o s e a n t i -b o d y r a t i o a p p e a r e d i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i n i t i a l c l i n i c a lc l a s s i f i c a t i o n . C l i n i c a l r e e v a l u a t i o n l e d t o r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o fs i x p a t i e n t s . Two p a t i e n t s c l a s s i f i e d a s A SY w o u l d h a v eb e e n c l a s s i f i e d a s A R C i f n e u r o l o g i c a l s y m p t o m s o r d i s s e m -i n a t e d t u b e r c u l o s i s h a d b e e n i n i t i a l l y d i a g n o s e d . S i m i l a r l y , ap a t i e n t c l a s s i f i e d a s A SY h a d n o d u l e s i n t h e l u n g s ; t h e

e t i o l o g y o f t h e n o d u l e s w a s f o u n d s u b s e q u e n t l y t o b e M y c o -b a c t e r i u m a v i u m i n t r a c e l l u l a r e , r e q u i r i n g r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a sA I D S . T h r e e p a t i e n t s c l a s s i f i e d a s A R C w o u l d h a v e b e e nr e c l a s s i f i e d a s ASY: o n e h a d n e u r o l o g i c a l s y m p t o m s i n i t i a l l ya s c r i b e d t o HI V b u t w h i c h w e r e s u b s e q u e n t l y a t t r i b u t e d t ov a r i c e l l a - z o s t e r v i r u s , a n d t w o h a d c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s y m p t o m s

w h i c h r e s o l v e d when i n t r a v e n o u s d r u g a b u s e w a s d i s c o n t i n -u e d .I n t h e s e s t u d i e s , a g p 4 l / p 2 4 a n t i b o d y r a t i o o f < 2 . 0 c o r r e -

l a t e d w i t h a b e n i g n c l i n i c a l s t a t e . A r a t i o o f 2 2 . 0 c o r r e l a t e d

w i t h AIDS o r p r o g r es s i o n t o A I D S . A r a t i o o f 2 2 . 0 i n ap a t i e n t w i t h c l i n i c a l s t a t u s o f A SY o r A R C c o u l d s e r v e t oa l e r t t h e c l i n i c i a n t h a t t h e p a t i e n t i s a t r i s k o f m o r e r a p i dp r o g r e s s i o n t o A I D S . S u c h a p a t i e n t c o u l d b e r e e v a l u a t e d f o rc l i n i c a l s y m p t o m s , m o n i t o r e d m o r e c l o s e l y i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o fp r o g r e s s i o n o f d i s e a s e , o r i d e n t i f i e d a s a c a n d i d a t e f o r e a r l yt h e r a p e u t i c i n t e r v e n t i o n .

LITERATURE CITED

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h u m a n T - l y m p h o t r o p i c v i r u s t y p e I I l (HTLV I I I ) . Vox S a n g .5 1 : 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 .

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a n d F . V e r r o u s t . 1 9 8 6 . S e r o l o g i c a l m a r k e r s i n e a r l y s t a g e s o fh u m a n i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y v i r u s i n f e c t i o n i n h a em o p hi l i a cs . L a n -

c e t i i : 1 2 3 3 - 1 2 3 6 .3 . B a r i n , F . , M . F . M c L a n e , J . S . A l l a n , T . H . L e e , J . E .

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