Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Jay Gan, S. Bondarenko, W. Jiang, D. Haver, L. Oki
UC RiversideUC Cooperative Extension Orange County
UC Davis
OutlinesWhy the concern?
Pyrethroids and fipronil
Pesticide runoff from residential areas ‐
The “PIN51”
study
Conclusion and suggestions
Urban Use insecticides
3U.S. EPA, 2001, www.epa.gov
Landscape Maintenance
Structure Pest Control
Professional Application for Urban Facilities
Pesticides and Water Quality
Insecticides usually have toxicity to aquatic animals
Low levels in surface water may kill aquatic invertebrates (e.g., water fleas) that are important members of food chain
Low levels may alter ecosystem structure and health
(Not a human health concern)
Insecticides of ConcernPyrethroids:
Bifenthrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, permethrin, …Acute toxicity to invertebrates
Water‐column invertebrates, e.g., Ceriodaphnia dubiaSediment‐dwelling invertebrates, e.g., Hyalella azteca
Fipronil:Termidor – termite and ant controlAcute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates – shrimp‐type organismsFipronil is transformed to three metabolites having similar or increased toxicities
Organophosphates:Malathion, …Acute aquatic toxicity to invertebrates
Pyrethroids and Fipronil
6
Fipr
onil
Use
(kg)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Fipronil
Year
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008P
yret
hroi
d U
se (k
g)
0
1e+5
2e+5
3e+5
4e+5
5e+5
Pyrethroids
Pyrethroids ‐
Hydrophobicitylo
g K
OW
all_othersPyrethsOCsOPs
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
95th
75th50th
25th
5th
percentiles
RunoffMove in water
Adsorption , solubility : runoff
Diazinon, chlorpyrifos
Herbicides
Move with loose soil particlesAdsorption , solubility : runoff
DDT, synthetic pyrethroids
Storm runoff
Fipronil
Pyrethroids
Runoff
Water flow
DOM-
DOM-
Pyrethroids – Acute Aquatic Toxicitylo
g LC
50 (
ug/
L)
all_othersPyrethsOPOC
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
Daphnia magna LC50
Pyrethroid Sediment Toxicity (LC50 for Hyalella azteca)
Compound LC50 (µg/kg)
Bifenthrin 2.3‐8.2
Cyfluthrin 12.5‐14.9
Deltamethrin 9.8‐10.0
Esfenvalerate 10.4‐48.3
Lambda‐Cyhalothrin 5.2‐6.0
Permethrin 57‐112
Fipronil – Aquatic Toxicity (ppb)
Aquatic organism Test Level (ppb)
Mysid shrimp EC50LOEC
0.140.005
Grass shrimp 96‐hr LC50NOEC
0.320.13
Ceriodaphnia (dubia) 48‐hr LC50 17.7
Crayfish (red swamp) 96‐hr LC50 14.3
Crayfish (while river) 96‐hr LC50 19.5
Fipronil –
Metabolite Toxicity (ppb)
Organism Test Fipronil Desulfinyl Sulfone Sulfide
Daphnia EC50 190 230 4.5 27
Crayfish (red swamp) 96‐hr LC50 14.3 68.6 11.2 15.5
Bluegill sunfish 96‐hr LC50 83.0 20 25 ‐
Rainbow trout 96‐hr LC50 250 31 39 ‐
U.S. EPA, 1996; Schlenk et al., 2001;
The “PIN51”
Project
North CA:
Sacrament County
South CA: Orange County
Study Sites
Northern California
Southern California
Site#2Site#2
Site#2
Site#1
Site#1
Site#1
Bifenthrin Non‐Ag Use (Sacramento and Orange counties)
20072006200520042003200220012000199919981997
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Amou
nt b
ifent
hrin
app
lied
(pou
nd)
SacramentoOrange
Variable
Non-ag bifenthrin usage in Orange county; 2007
Landscape maintenance Public health pest control Regulatory pest controlRights of way Soil application Structure pest control
Detection of bifenthrin in runoff
Del
tam
ethr
in
Esfe
nval
erat
e
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Perm
ethr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
Fenp
ropa
thrin
Bife
nthr
in
Fipr
onil
Chl
orpy
rifos
Dia
zino
n
100
75
50
25
0
% D
etec
tion
Del
tam
ethr
in
Esfe
nval
erat
e
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Perm
ethr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
Fenp
ropa
thrin
Bife
nthr
in
Fipr
onil
Chl
orpy
rifos
Dia
zino
n
100
75
50
25
0
% D
etec
tion
Del
tam
ethr
in
Esfe
nval
erat
e
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Perm
ethr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
Fenp
ropa
thrin
Bife
nthr
in
Fipr
onil
Chl
orpy
rifos
Dia
zino
n
100
75
50
25
0
% D
etec
tion
Del
tam
ethr
in
Esfe
nval
erat
e
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Perm
ethr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
Fenp
ropa
thrin
Bife
nthr
in
Fipr
onil
Chl
orpy
rifos
Dia
zino
n
100
75
50
25
0
% D
etec
tion
N1 N2
N3 N4
72% 80%
96% 99%
Bifenthrin distribution in urban runoff
S4S3S2S1N4N3N2N1
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Bife
nthr
in c
once
ntra
tion
(ng/
L)
Max DL= 1
n=83%nd=28min=<DLmax=86.1
n=80%nd=20min=<DLmax=77.2
n=77%nd=4min=<DLmax=669.7
n=70%nd=1min=<DLmax=196.9
n=69%nd=0min=1.3max=6121
n=69%nd=1.5min=1.6max=196
n=61%nd=0min=2.8max=495
n=69%nd=4.50min=3.1max=709
Bifenthrin trends in urban runoff
S4S3S2S1N4N3N2N1
0.050
0.025
0.000
-0.025
-0.050
-0.075
-0.100
Bife
nthr
in C
once
ntra
tion
(ng/
L/da
y)
p<0.05
Trends are given by Theil-Sen slope
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
7/3/
067/
10/0
67/
17/0
67/
24/0
67/
31/0
68/
7/06
8/14
/06
8/21
/06
8/28
/06
9/4/
069/
11/0
69/
18/0
69/
25/0
610
/2/0
610
/9/0
610
/16/
0610
/23/
0610
/30/
0611
/6/0
611
/13/
0611
/20/
0611
/27/
0612
/4/0
612
/11/
0612
/18/
0612
/25/
061/
1/07
1/8/
071/
15/0
71/
22/0
71/
29/0
72/
5/07
2/12
/07
2/19
/07
2/26
/07
Weekly date
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pt)
Site#1Site#2
Stor
m 1
Stor
m 2
&3
Stor
m 4 St
orm
5
Fipronil in Sacramento County
LOEC for Mysid Shrimp
EC for Mysid Shrimp
Site #1 (Sacramento County)
RA
IN RA
IN
RA
IN
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
7/10
/06
7/17
/06
7/24
/06
7/31
/06
8/7/
06
8/14
/06
8/21
/06
8/28
/06
9/4/
06
9/11
/06
9/18
/06
9/25
/06
10/2
/06
10/9
/06
10/1
6/06
10/2
3/06
10/3
0/06
11/6
/06
11/1
3/06
11/2
0/06
11/2
7/06
12/4
/06
12/1
1/06
12/1
8/06
12/2
5/06
1/1/
07
1/8/
07
1/15
/07
1/22
/07
1/29
/07
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/L)
FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil Desulfinyl
RA
IN 1
RA
IN 2
RA
IN 3
Site #2 (Sacramento County)
RA
IN RA
IN
RA
IN
RA
IN
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.007/
10/0
67/
17/0
67/
24/0
67/
31/0
68/
7/06
8/14
/06
8/21
/06
8/28
/06
9/4/
069/
11/0
69/
18/0
69/
25/0
610
/2/0
610
/9/0
610
/16/
0610
/23/
0610
/30/
0611
/6/0
611
/13/
0611
/20/
0611
/27/
0612
/4/0
612
/11/
0612
/18/
0612
/25/
061/
1/07
1/8/
071/
15/0
71/
22/0
71/
29/0
7
Weekly Date
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pt)
FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil Desulfinyl
RA
IN 2
&3
RA
IN 1
RA
IN 4
0.00
250.00
500.00
750.00
1000.00
1250.00
8-Nov
-06
22-N
ov-06
6-Dec
-06
20-D
ec-06
3-Jan
-07
17-Ja
n-07
31-Ja
n-07
Weekly Date
Conc
entra
tion
(ppt
)
Site#3Site#4Site#5
RAIN
Fipronil in Orange County
EC for Mysid Shrimp
LC50Grass Shrimp
Fipronil Metabolites in Orange County
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
11/8/
0611
/15/06
11/22
/0611
/29/06
12/6/
0612
/13/06
12/20
/0612
/27/06
1/3/07
1/10/0
71/1
7/07
1/24/0
71/3
1/07
Weekly Date
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pt)
FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil Desulfinyl
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
11/8/
0611
/15/06
11/22
/0611
/29/06
12/6/
0612
/13/06
12/20
/0612
/27/06
1/3/07
1/10/0
71/1
7/07
1/24/0
71/3
1/07
Weekly Date
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pt)
FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil Desulfinyl
Site#3
Site#4
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
11/8/
0611
/15/06
11/22
/0611
/29/06
12/6/
0612
/13/06
12/20
/0612
/27/06
1/3/07
1/10/0
71/1
7/07
1/24/0
71/3
1/07
Weekly Date
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pt)
FipronilFipronil SulfideFipronil SulfoneFipronil DesulfinylRAIN
Site#5
Conclusions
Pyrethroids and fipronil frequently found in residential runoff
Bifenthrin and fipronil (and metabolites) always found
Cyfluthrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin often found
Levels may cause toxicities to some species at some sites
Southern CA > Northern CA
Storm runoff likely biggest contributor
Suggestions
Follow label instructions
Keep away from curbs and storm drain
Avoid drifts
Dispose of left‐over properly
Avoid late‐season applications
