Japan in the A-P Region

Shunji CuiDepartment of Political Science

School of Public Affairs Zhejiang University

Email: ssjcui@zju.edu.cn

PEAP, L9

Brief Chronology

1868 (The Meiji Restoration)

1874 The annexation of Taiwan

1894-95; 1904-05 Sino-Japanese War; Russo-Japanese War

1910 The annexation of Korea

1914-18 The First World War

1931,1937 Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, Japan’s attack on Nanjing

1941, 1945 Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan defeated, WWII ends

1950-53 The Korean War

1951, 1960 The San Francisco Peace Treaty, Japan-US Security Treaty, its renewal

Postwar US Occupation (1945-1952)

Demilitarization Post War Constitution (Article 9/ Peace Clause)

Liberalization Democratization Other Issues

Trade Union Act Labor Standard Act Education Reform

But in terms of its economy Did not follow neoliberalism

‘Article 9’ of the Japanese Constitution Aspiring sincerely to an international peace

based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.

In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state well not be recognized.

The Yoshida Doctrine1. Military reliance on the US.

2. The prioritization of wealth accumulation at home. The policy of seeking protection under the US military

umbrella and focusing Japan’s national energy and resources on economic regeneration and wealth creation and accumulation

Accommodated at the elite level first, but not accepted at the mass level during the 1950s (anti-Americanism; the conservatives advocated alliance with the US, but not communists and socialists)

The focus on economics rather than politics and military affairs.

Japan Postwar FP: Three Pillars

1. The centrality of the alliance with the United States; Security dimensions

2. Avoidance of confrontation; (次页 )

3. Concentration on economic/non-military issues

Why Japan’s Role == Economic Area

(2) Avoidance of confrontation

The Peace Constitution ‘Article 9’ The Three Non-Nuclear Principles (1967):

Not possessing, not producing, not permitting the introduction of nuclear weapons (*compromises)

Bans on export of military goods or technology (1967, 1976) Originally banning the export of weapons to communist

countries, countries subjected to arms embargoes under UN resolutions and countries involved in or feared to be involved in international conflicts, later applied to all countries (*an important exception of the US)

The 1% ceiling: max. military spending of 1% of GDP (*except 1987)

The Rise of Japan

The Rise of Japan: Japan as No.1! Since 1970s, second largest economy in the world In 1987, GNP per capita surpassed U.S. Increasing trade friction with U.S.: repeatedly refused to

open market

Rise of Japan:

American Influence??LiberalizationDemocratizationEconomic Model: Neoliberalism??Economy Bureaucracy & Business (zaibatsu 财阀 )The role of the “State”Neoliberalism v. Plan rational

The Developmental State Model

Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industry Policy, 1925-1975, Stanford UP, 1982. MITI: Ministry of International Trade and Industry (日本经济产业省Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, METI)

Japanese Miracle: how to understand??? Not because following neoliberal model Plan Rational = the developmental state. The role of policy elites – MITI, MoF, Bank of Japan

Relationship b/w State & Business

‘the state’ = agencies like MITI, MoF, the Bank of Japan

‘business’ = mega-corporations (zaibatsu 财阀 ) administrative guidance

The nature of Japanese politics: Bureaucracy’s power and authority

Bureaucrats system of amakudari (天下り )

From Japan to East Asia

The Rise of Japan

The rise of the NICs (The ‘Four Small Dragons’)

Southeast Asia and China

Flying Goose Model

Japan and The ‘Four Small Dragons’

Japan, after WWII South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong,

Singapore: 1970s and 1980sThe role of government The role of banksPlan rationaleExport oriented economic developmentTextile car, electronic, computer, softwareComplimentary and hierarchy

The Japan-Led East Asian System, 1985-1994

The Plaza Accord, 1985 Currency Realignment, and Economic

ChangesJapanese (and ‘4 dragons’) FDI, Bank loans,

Technological transfer Southeast Asian Courtiers, China Emerging APEC Open Regionalism

Flying Goose Model1985-1994

Japan

SKTW

HKSP

Ch

ML

Phl

Vt

Lo

My

2. Capital- and Technology-rich PE

3. Resource- and Labor-rich PE

1. capital & technology

3. China middle tier of cross-border production networks

Th

Ind

Japanization in East Asian

Japanization does not offer fixed benchmarks by which to measure its spread.

It involves open-ended processes of diffusion, emulation, and the adoption of distinctive patterns of production, consumption and behavior, esp. in 1980s.

Japanization: Two stages/dimensions

1. Japanization as spread of Japanese production model – since the 1980s

2. Japanization as spread of Japanese popular culture – since the 1990s

Japanization 1 Production Model, 1980s- In the 1980s, the term of ‘Japanization’ was

used to characterize the shift from an old to new paradigm of production.

It refers to: The particular talent of Japanese firms in creating

large productivity gains in the export of manufactured goods, eg, cars, auto parts, and electrical production.

The setting up Japanese factories abroad, which revolutionalized the global automobile industry.

With the spread of Japan’s FDI, especially after the mid-1980s, the awareness of a ‘Japanese Model’ increased. Eg, the Plaza Acord rise of J’s Yen

large trade surplus Japanese government favored FDI.

In the 1980s, various actors with complex motivations pushed the process of Japanization in Asia and beyond.

Japanization 2:Popular Culture,1990s

1990s a new wave of Japanization that had little to do with the earlier one.

Japanese popular culture – increasingly embraced by the newly affluent younger “middle mass” in all of East Asia’s major metropolitan areas.

Japan’s affluence and technological prowess have made deep inroads. Eg., Japan’s department stores and supermarkets

have altered consumer culture. In the 1990s, the products of Japan's popular

culture industries swept across EA with truly astounding speed.

Eg, songs, television shows, comics, toys, Pokemon games, fashion, and food.

Japanese language: also became popular foreign language Eg, in Singapore, Taiwan.

Japanese popular culture had global appeal: Main Reasons

1. Part of the attraction of J’s cultural industries is their flexible and absorptive character.

2. J’s cultural products and idiom facilitate regional spread, and not conveying a distinct Japanese message which was their greatest commercial strength.

Delinking Economics from Politics

But in terms of its stance of democratization in Asia, Japan typically eschewed an explicitly political stance. If US asked for a more politicized approach to

economic issues, eg imposing sanctions to express political disapproval, J tended to follow if it must, but not because of a conviction that such policies are sensible.

Japan’s Aid Policy

The creation of vibrant export markets in Asia was a core interests of J’s aid policy in the short and medium terms.

The creation of vibrant democracies was a long-term affair that could not be accelerated by the economic instruments of statecraft.

2010年の日本の ODA実績は、支出純額ベースで対前年比 16.3％増の約 111.1億米ドルとなった。これは経済協力開発協力機構 /開発援助委員会（ OECD/DAC）加盟国中では、米国、英国、ドイツ、フランスに次ぐ第 5位である。また、支出総額ベースでは対前年比 14.1％増の約 189.6億米ドルとなり、米国に次いで第 2位である。なお、対国民総所得（ GNI）比は 0.2％となり、 DAC加盟国 23か国中 20位と低位のままである。

ODA (1996-2010)

Italy

UK

Canada

FranceGermany

Netherlands

USA

Japan

Source: Diplomatic Bluebook of Japan

Declining of Japan-Led Model, 1994- Japan’s Economic Difficulty

The bursting of the Japanese ‘bubble economy’

Japanese Banks Lending slowed down Rise of China

Attracting more FDIAsian Financial CrisisEmerging ASEAN + Three Model

Emerging Multiple Models

ASEAN FTA ASEAN + 1 ASEAN + 3 China, Japan, South Korean, 2008-

Thank You !!!