IxDA  6th  –  Ubicomp,  ISB,  ICD  

Stanley  Chang  School  of  Informa=on  University  of  Michigan  

Ubiquitous  Compu=ng  

The  “Post-­‐PC”  Era  

•   1960s  (Mainframes):  100s  of  users  per  computer  

•  1970s  (Minicomputers):  10s  of  users  per  computer  

•  1980s  (PCs):  1  user  per  computer  •  1990s-­‐2000s  (Mobile):  10s  of  computers  per  user  

•  The  Future  (Ubicomp):  100s,  1000s  of  computers  per  user  

Trillions  

Ubicomp  is  the  future  

In  2019(?)  

Design  becomes  part  of  the  task,  a  natural  extension  of  the  work,  the  natural  extension  of  the  person.  

By  Don  Norman  

Natural  Interac=on  

Context  would  include  informa=on  that  does  not  require  our  aYen=on  except  when  necessary  

By  Malcolm  McCullough  

By  Mark  Weiser  

Calm  technology  

Why  is  calm?  Periphery  informs  without  overwhelming  

You  can  move  to  the  center  to  get  control  

Everyware  

Example1:  Smart  Home  

Example2:  Smart  Object  

Example3:  Ambient  Display  

Challenges  of  Ubicomp  Design:  

•  Appropriate  physical  interac=on  •  Applica=on  themes  &  requirements  •  Theories/Methods  for  design  &  eval    

Interac=on  •  Natural  &  implicit  input  – Which  mode  to  use  when?  

•  Mul=scale  and  distributed  output  – Which  informa=on  to  put  where?  

•   Integra=on  of  physical  and  virtual  – How  best  to  link  the  two?  

Models  of  Interac=on  •  Ac=vity  Theory:  goals  and  ac=ons  are  fluid,  tools  shape  behavior  

•  Situated  Ac=on:  behavior  is  improvisa=onal,  context  is  important  

•  Distributed  Cogni=on:  knowledge  is  in  the  world,  especially  ar=facts  

Applica=on  Themes  •  Context-­‐aware  compu=ng  •  Automated  capture  and  access  •  Con=nuous  interac=on  (everyday,  ambient,  long-­‐lived)  

Others  Issues..  •  Introduce  novel  experience  •  Design  for  adap=on  •  Design  for  larger  context  •  Experience  across  “avatar”  •  Device  interopera=on  and  interconnec=on  

•  Privacy  (Implicit  vs.  explicit)  •  Effect  on  exis=ng    mechanism  •  Design  for  failure  

Informa=on  Seeking  Behavior  

What  is  Informa=on?  

Informa=on  is  anything  that  can  change  person’s  knowledge  

Belkin,  1978  

Two  kinds  of  knowledge  Personal  Experience  

Second-­‐Hand  Knowledge  

Patrick  Wilson  

People  make  judgments  about  how  useful  informa=on  is  to  their  par=cular  needs,  ac=vely  construct  meaning,  form  judgments  about  the  relevance  of  the  informa=on.    

We  do  not  believe  everything  other  people  tell  us.  

Human  Informa=on  Behavior  

the  study  of  a  variety  of  interac=ons  between  :    

•  people  (individuals,  groups,  professions)  •  various  forms  of  “informa=on”  or  knowledge  •  Encountering  with  systems,  services,  networks,  

technology  ...  •  The  context  of  use  

Informa=on  Seeking  Behavior  

What  people  do  in  response  to  goals  (inten=ons)  which  require  informa=on  support  

How  people  seek  informa=on  by  interac=ng  with  various  informa=on  systems  

How  people  communicate  informa=on  with  people  

Informa(on  Search  Behavior  

Informa(on  Behavior  

Informa(on  Seeking  Behavior  

T.D.  Wilson  

More  defini=ons  Process  in  which  humans  purposefully  engage  in  order  to  change  their  state  of  knowledge  (Marchionini,  1995)  

A  conscious  effort  to  acquire  informa=on  in  response  to  a  need  or  gap  in  your  knowledge                (Case,  2002)  

…fiing  informa=on  in  with  what  one  already  knows  and  extending  this  knowledge  to  create  new  perspec=ves                              (Kuhlthau,  2004)  

Ellis’s  model  

Wilson’s  model  

Why  ISB?  ISB  becomes  more  ubiquitous  

The  impact  of  the  Internet  and  Web  as  communica=on  and  informa=on  channels  

More  and  more  informa=on  creators,  producers,  disseminators,  providers  

Mobile  informa=on  needs  

Church  08,09  

Ubicomp  +  ISB  ??  

What,  when,  where,  who,  how,  and  how  olen?  

Incen=ve-­‐Centered  Design  

Three  aspects  of  Interac=on  

Intellectual  Emo=onal  Sensual  

ICD  

Game  Theory  

Ra=onality  

Game  Theory  

Cooperate   Defect  

Cooperate   3,3   0,5  

Defect   5,0   1,1  

The  Prisoner’s  dilemma   ?  

Repeated  Game  

Grim  Trigger  •  Cooperate  un=l  a  rival  deviates  •  Once  a  devia=on  occurs,  play  non-­‐

coopera=vely  for  the  rest  of  the  game  

Tit  for  Tat  •  Cooperate  if  your  rival  cooperated  in  the  most  

recent  period  •  Cheat  if  your  rival  cheated  in  the  most  recent  

period  

Repeated  Game  Cooperate   Defect  

Cooperate   3,3   0,5  

Defect   5,0   1,1  

Cooperate   Defect  

Cooperate   3,3   0,5  

Defect   5,0   1,1  

Example:  Amazon  

ICD  Challenges:  Moral  Hazard  

Adverse  Selec=on  High-­‐quality  traders  being  less  likely  to  trade  than  low-­‐quality  traders,  because  the  other  side  cannot  dis=nguish  them  

One  side  lacking  informa=on  about  the  other’s  ac=ons  

Adverse  Selec=on  Can  lead  to  breakdown  of  the  high-­‐quality  market  – Fewer  high-­‐quality  sellers  leads  to  buyers  being  willing  to  quote  a  lower  price  

– Lower  price  dissuades  high-­‐quality  sellers  even  further  

buyers’  lack  of  credible  informa=on  about  product  

Moral  Hazard  One  side  lacking  informa=on  about  the  other’s  ac=ons  – eg,  if  there  are  no  postal  receipts,  only  the  seller  knows  if  he  shipped  the  item.    

Would  hold  as  long  as  seller’s  incen=ve  to  ship  is  less  than  seller’s  incen=ve  to  not  ship  

Reputa=on  systems  can  poten=ally  reduce  both  moral  hazard  and  adverse  selec=on  effects.  

Examples  

Examples  

Why  do  people  want  to  par=cipate  your  system?  

Ubicomp  +  ICD  ??  

How  to  make  people  want  to  par=cipate  your  service?  What  do  they  want  to  get?  

Workshop  

Ubicomp  +  ICD  +  ISB  

Ubicomp  Service  

•  Technology  •  Context  •  Interac=on  •  Informa=on  need  •  Incen=ve    

•  Experience?  •  Adap=on?  •  Privacy  ?    •  Exis=ng    mechanism?  •  Failure    

Considera=ons