1973IUCN YEARBOOK

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

1973IUCN YEARBOOK

Annual Report of the International Unionfor Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources for 1973

Published by the International Union for Conservation of Natureand Natural Resources with the financial assistance of Unesco.

© 1974International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources1110 Morges, SwitzerlandUnesco subvention 1974 DG/2.1/414/39Printed in Switzerland

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

THE ENVIRONMENT IN 1973

THE FIRST QUARTER CENTURY OF IUCN:LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING AHEAD

The beginning of IUCN - Fontainebleau - The Union in Action - Scienceand conservation - Commissions - Highlights in retrospect - A new nameand a new home - The World Wildlife Fund - The Morges Manifesto - Newdirections - List of Officers, Executive Boards and Secretaries General.

REVIEW OF IUCN ACTIVITIES

National and International Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy - International Conventions - Environmental lawdocumentation - Studies in environmental law - Legislative aid projects.

Environmental Planning and ManagementUse of ecological guidelines for development in the American humid tropics- Use of ecological guidelines for development in tropical forest areas ofSouth East Asia - Guidelines for island development - Guidelines for otherbiomes - Tourism and conservation - Future of the Alps - The Green Book- Improvement of cultural landscapes - Leaflet on landscape survey - Con-servation status of the Mediterranean Coast - Arid and semi-arid zones.

Conservation of Biotic CommunitiesUnited Nations List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves - WorldDirectory of National Parks and Other Protected Areas - Ecological data -Ecological and genetic considerations in establishing areas for protectionof species and biotic communities - Survey of National Parks in Northernand Western Europe - Regional systems of National Parks - National Parkplanning and management - Second World Conference on National Parks- Assistance with specific reserves - A system for defining and classifyingnatural areas - Wetlands - Conservation of critical marine habitats - Con-servation of natural resources in high mountains.

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Conservation of Endangered SpeciesRed Data Book - Primates - Whales - Wolves - Tigers - Other cats - Seals- Sumatran rhinoceros - Deer - Crocodiles - Marine turtles - Endangeredplants.

Environmental Education and Public AwarenessMethods handbook on environmental education in primary and secondaryschools - Multilingual dictionary of conservation terms - Internationalworkshop on environmental education programmes related to mountainenvironments - Establishment of environmental conservation education infrancophone countries - Pilot seminar on environmental education in EastAfrica - Thailand-mobile education unit - Indonesia-training of graduatesin nature reserve management - First Caribbean working conference onenvironmental education - International Youth Federation Programme -Popular publications on environmental conservation.

EXTERNAL RELATIONSUnited Nations Organization - FAO - UNESCO - UNEP - ICBP - ICSUand ISSC - Other intergovernmental bodies - Other organizations - Con-ferences and meetings - Contacts and enquiries.

IUCN ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERSMembership summary - Executive Board - Commissions - Secretariat -World Wildlife Fund - The John C. Phillips Medal - IUCN Headquarters- Historic property deeded to IUCN - Publications - Financial matters -12th General Assembly and 13th Technical meeting.

APPENDICES

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Appendix AAppendix BAppendix CAppendix DAppendix EAppendix FAppendix GAppendix H

- List of Members- Members of Honour- The Executive Board- Membership of Commissions- Committees, Working Groups, Task Forces- The Secretariat- Publications in 1973- Financial Statement

INTRODUCTION

IUCN has existed for more than a quarter century and there has alwaysbeen reasonably good agreement among its extremely diverse member-ship as to the main objectives. Nevertheless, priorities tend to vary, andorganizations, like people, change continuously. For this reason we feela brief introductory review of IUCN and what it does is in order. Forthe reader who is new to conservation or not associated with one ofIUCN's member organizations, this introduction will provide someessential explanations.

IUCN is an international organization whose members are sovereignstates, government departments, non-political bodies and internationalentities. Its broad purpose is to foster the maintenance of the biosphereand its diversity by rational management of the earth's resources. TheUnion was founded in 1948 at an international conference at Fontaine-bleau sponsored by UNESCO and the Government of France.

IUCN is deeply concerned by the effects on the environment of man'scontinued over-exploitation of resources and abuse of the life-supportingsystems in the natural world. The rapid increase of human populationsand the concomitant rise in the rates of consumption of natural resourcesthreaten the quality of life for rich and poor alike. There is acceleratingdestruction of habitats, often aggravated by more direct pressures onwildlife resources and resulting in growing threats to already endangeredplant and animal species, a serious wastage of genetic material, and thereduction of diversity and of the options open for the future.

IUCN continuously reviews and assesses global environmental prob-lems and promotes the research necessary for their solution. It urgesand assists the development and application of wiser policies on con-servation, both at the technical and broader politico-social levels. In thecourse of its programmes, it seeks to halt all forms of environmentaldeterioration as well as to promote the conservation of wild places and

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wild animals and plants in their natural habitats. Conservation forIUCN means management (including survey, research, administrationand utilization, with their educational and training implications) of allnatural resources - soil and minerals, air and water, and all living spe-cies, including man - so as to achieve the highest sustainable quality ofhuman life.

IUCN increasingly acts as a world "conscience" in conservation. Itsfunctions in identifying and analyzing conservation issues, acting as acatalyst for appropriate action, and providing the impartial scientificadvice needed by other conservation organizations and in particular toits sister organization, the World Wildlife Fund, make a vital contribu-tion to the safeguarding and enhancement of the total environment.

When 1973 ended, 86 nations were represented in the membership ofIUCN. Members included 35 sovereign States, several hundred privateand governmental organizations, and a number of international bodies.The Union has close working relations with the United Nations system.It cooperates with the Council of Europe, the Organization of AfricanUnity, the Organization of American States, and other intergovernmentalbodies. At the non-governmental level it relies particularly on collabora-tion with the International Council for Bird Preservation, the Inter-national Council of Scientific Unions and many other scientific andconservation organizations.

The direction and evolution of IUCN's policy are basically derivedfrom its Statutes and from its now triennial General Assemblies, thenext and twelfth of which will be held in Zaire in 1975. Specific policyguidance is provided by the Executive Board, the Executive Committee,and six Commissions with associated Working Groups comprised ofseveral hundred distinguished scientists and other specialists. Each Com-mission is concerned with a major aspect of the Union's work: Ecology;Environmental Policy, Law and Administration; Environmental Plan-ning; Survival Service; National Parks; and Education. Details of acti-vities linked with the Commissions are incorporated in project reportsand summaries in this Yearbook.

To mark this 25th Anniversary year, a special section of the Yearbookis devoted to an outline of the Union's history and progress to date as arecognized leader of the conservation movement.

Since 1961, IUCN has enjoyed a symbiotic relationship with its sisterorganization, the World Wildlife Fund, with which it works closely onprojects of mutual interest throughout the world. The World WildlifeFund (WWF) is an international charitable organization dedicated tosaving the world's wildlife and wild places, and carrying out the wide

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variety of programmes and actions that this entails. WWF was establishedin 1961 under Swiss law, with headquarters also in Morges.

IUCN and WWF now jointly operate the various projects originatedby or submitted to them. These projects cover a very wide range - fromenvironmental policy and planning, environmental law, education, eco-logical studies and surveys, to the establishment and management ofareas as national parks and reserves and emergency programmes for thesafeguarding of animal and plant species threatened with extinction, aswell as support for certain key international conservation bodies.

WWF fund-raising and publicity activities are mainly carried out byNational Appeals in a number of countries. Its international governingbody is made up of prominent personalities in many fields.

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THE ENVIRONMENT IN 1973

Limits to Growth

The year 1973 will perhaps be remembered as the time when the meaningof the limits to growth first became obvious to a majority of people inthe industrialized world. For this mixed blessing we have to thank,ironically enough, the war between Arabs and Israelis which has been insporadic progress during the past quarter century. In 1973, in what onehopes will have been its final flareup, several of the major oil-producingArab nations decided to cut off petroleum supplies to countries theybelieved to be antagonistic and to reduce the oil flow to the industrializedworld in general. Many of the countries affected were caught in theirusual state of unpreparedness for any crisis, no matter how predictable.In particular, perhaps, the impact was pronounced among those who hadlearned to rely exclusively upon the motor car for transportation andwho felt a sense of disbelief and then of betrayal as their prospects forobtaining petrol grew dim.

In a time of crisis it is risky to say "I told you so", since there arethose who will believe that anyone with foreknowledge must be, some-how, to blame. Yet conservationists have been predicting the presentcrisis for some decades, most notably during the 25 years since WilliamVogt's The Road to Survival and Fairfield Osborn's Our Plundered Planetwere first published. More recently, during the 1960s and early 1970s,there have been repeated conferences and many books produced byenvironmentalists calling for the development of realistic, long-term,national and international energy policies. Many of these have alsocalled for a turning to life styles that eschew a reliance on excessiveexploitation of the earth's limited non-renewable resources.

When national policies encourage waste and unnecessary consumptionin the belief that unlimited growth of economies and populations is both

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desirable and essential, it is inevitable that a crisis of energy and rawmaterials will arise. Yet that crisis has not arrived. The experience of1973 was only a warning that it is coming. But this time the warningwas expressed in such a way that it was felt in the bodies and carburettorsof all members of petrol-driven civilizations. The real crisis remains inthe future, perhaps a decade hence, or twenty years, but when it comesthere will be no easy political solution.

The 1973 "energy crisis" was also a warning of a far-reaching changein the relationships among nations. The countries that produce the rawmaterials for industry have notified their customers that the days ofcheap exploitation are over. Prices for minerals and fuels are going up,meaning a shift in wealth from consumers to producers. However, sucha price increase will set off other reactions, including a more determinedeffort to develop alternative energy sources and to find substitutes forthose raw materials which are no longer cheap. The resource-rich coun-tries stand to gain a greater share of the world's wealth, but at the sametime industrial countries have, for the most part, the capacity to read-just to the higher prices and still remain wealthy. Caught in the squeeze,however, are those countries that have neither resources nor industry.Scarcely able to pay the old prices for raw materials and fuels, thesecountries see their development plans being shattered by the newescalation.

It is regrettable that an early response of certain governments whenfaced with potential fuel shortages was to set aside regulations previouslybrought in to protect the environment. In the United States, for example,the Alaskan oil pipeline was approved for construction despite the factthat alternative and potentially less destructive means could be found fortransporting this needed fuel. In the United Kingdom a rapid develop-ment of North Sea oil was advocated and planned with little evidenceamong those responsible of sufficient consideration for the environ-mental consequences. The prospect for more rapid development ofnuclear power plants without adequate environmental safeguards seemedmore likely. There seemed little doubt, at year's end, that full approvalwould be given to offshore oil development even in ecologically vulner-able areas. There was a strong possibility that destructive exploitation ofthe oil shales that underlie vast areas of wild country in the North Ameri-can west was about to begin. From these signs it would appear that ratherthan accept the need to reduce fuel consumption, some governmentswere determined to push "full-speed-ahead" toward ultimate, final limits.

Despite this response by governments, however, there was encourage-ment to be found in the attitudes of many people. Some learned for the

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first time that they could get along without most of the energy-consumingand mineral-wasting devices that they had earlier thought to be essential.They found that constant use of a motor car is not essential to happiness.They even found a challenge and pleasure in developing new and lessconsumption-oriented approaches to life. In these attitudes lies hope fortomorrow.

Droughts and Food Shortages

In general, 1973 was not a good year for conservation or the environ-ment. The continuation of years of drought brought misery, death andenvironmental destruction to great areas of land around the Saharadesert and a further extension of the desert beyond its normal climaticboundaries. Uncounted numbers of livestock died, leaving the peopledependent upon them without resources, and that there were manydeaths of people themselves, not only in the well-publicized case ofEthiopia, can hardly be doubted. In these circumstances one can onlyspeculate on the losses of wildlife and the destruction of natural environ-ments. From all indications, these were also severe. The United Nations,in 1973, carried out emergency relief operations and launched a newprogramme designed to restore the economies of the drought-strickenregion. Conservationists can only work to see that this programme doesnot follow the pathways set by past and unsuccessful efforts to accom-plish this goal. Droughts are not new in the Sahel, but their effectsbecome increasingly severe as the balance between a depleted base ofrenewable resources and increased human pressure becomes moredistorted.

In 1973 also the Food and Agriculture Organization announced thatefforts to keep up with the world's growing need for food were fallingbehind, and that even in food-rich countries such as the United States,stockpiles were largely exhausted. Furthermore, with increased oil pri-ces, the "Green Revolution" largely dependent on a heavy input offossil fuels, seemed likely to be slowed down. On the other hand, realiza-tion of the worsening food situation and the general upsurge in environ-mental awareness were reflected at governmental level, and severalmore countries, notably France, established Ministries of the Environ-ment, or, as in the case of Brazil, a special Secretariat for the Environ-ment. The latter will be concerned with a part of the world, the Amazo-nian hylie, where the threat of destruction to the humid forest biotopereached a new peak during the year.

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Conservation Gains

There were a few major events to bring cheer. In 1973 the United States,at long last, withdrew from the wars in Vietnam, Laos and the KhmerRepublic. Although there was no peace, despite the proclamations, therewas at least a major decrease in the amount of human and environmentaldestruction that had been taking place. It may be a long time before thefull extent of the environmental damage can be assessed, though theindications already are that some of it, such as extinction of flora orfauna, may be irreparable. On the other hand, the capability of recovery,given a fair chance and some human assistance, of ravaged nature andnatural resources is remarkable. Perhaps the methods and techniquesused in "Operation Tiger" (the project launched in 1973 to save andrehabilitate the last 1,800 tigers in India) will one day have their applica-tion in the Indochinese context.

On the international scene, 1973 saw the beginning of the implementa-tion of the recommendations of the Stockholm Conference on the HumanEnvironment. The new United Nations Environment Programme becameoperative when its 58-member Governing Council met in Geneva inJune. An initial annual budget of $2 million was approved, with theexpectation that the $100 million environment fund would be fullysubscribed. In October UNEP took up its new headquarters in Nairobi.

In March 1973, the culmination of ten years of effort on the part ofIUCN as well as other conservation groups was reached when theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFauna and Flora was approved in Washington, D.C., and opened forsignature. By the end of the year 36 nations had signed, although thenecessary ratifications to make the treaty effective had not been received.Little progress was made, however, towards ratifying the Conventionconcerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,which had been adopted by the UNESCO General Conference inNovember 1972. Faring little better, the Convention on Wetlands ofInternational Importance still lacked 3 of the 7 signatures necessary tomake it operative. In Oslo in November 1973, an Agreement on theConservation of Polar Bears was signed by representatives of the fivepolar nations. This represented a goal toward which IUCN had workedfor several years.

The meeting of the International Whaling Commission in June 1973brought further disappointment to those who had sought to bring a haltto commercial whaling in the world. By a narrow vote the proposal tocall a moratorium on commercial whaling was defeated. The Commis-

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sion did call for reduced quotas on fin, minke and sperm whales, butthis small gain was soon nullified by the action of Japan and the USSR,which refused to adhere to the recommended quotas.

No evidence was received during 1973 that any species of animal hadbecome extinct, although the fate of the kouprey, the wild ox of Cam-bodia, remained in doubt. Some surprising new bird species, includinga member of the honeycreeper family on Haleakala volcano in Maui,Hawaii, and a kingfisher in the Cook Islands, were small but positivegains. Perhaps it is worth remarking that there was also an "artificial"loss of 13 bird species, if the conclusions of American taxonomists areaccepted and the 13 are in future considered only as subspecies of spe-cies that are wider-ranging than previously supposed. Such fiats do not,of course, affect life on earth or its real evaluation, even if they compli-cate the work of those who are trying to ensure its conservation.

Progress was made toward establishing new national parks, and per-haps most noteworthy was the action of Nepal in creating a new parkfor Mount Everest in which 1,230,000 ha of the Himalayas will beprotected. In Nepal, also, the Chita wan reserve achieved national parkstatus. Also in France, Hungary, Kenya, Malaysia, Paraguay, Tanzania,the United Kingdom and Zambia new national parks and reservessatisfying the criteria for the 1974 UN List came into existence. Never-theless there remained a long way to go before it could be said thatrepresentative areas of all the world's major ecosystems are adequatelyprotected. For some of these ecosystems, notably in the humid tropicalforest not only of Latin America, as already noted, but also in those ofSouth East Asia and to a lesser extent Africa, the rate of forest destruc-tion appeared to be accelerating.

Conservationists must look to 1974, not with great expectations, butcertainly with keen interest. The pace of events has accelerated in 1973and there is no indication that it will slacken. Although in some countriesthe voices of environmentalists were curiously muted in 1973, real pro-gress was achieved in others. Even if, at first glance, the energy crisistook away some of the gains made in the past, sacrificing them forshort-term expedience, the fact stands out that 1973 was perhaps themost significant year to date in bringing home to the politicians theimportance of environmental considerations. As never before they foundthemselves compelled to relate their decisions to such considerations.How soon and to what extent this will benefit the true and continuinginterests of conservation or the sane use of the planet's resources,remains to be seen.

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THE FIRST QUARTER CENTURY OF IUCN:LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING AHEAD

When the year 1973 opened it could be said that conservation of naturehad come of age as a world movement. In virtually every nation, literateand sensitive people have taken up the cause, joining millions of otheractive men and women in a vast effort to redress long-standing wrongsagainst nature and to prevent further violence.

Most of these people are associated in organizations which, together,constitute a mighty potential in the international struggle against ignor-ance and thoughtlessness, greed and mistaken priorities which have,collectively, brought so much damage to the biosphere and to its myriadforms of life. Some of these organizations are governmental agencies.Some are scientific institutions. Some are private groups interested inlimited forms of plant or animal life. Some are international. Some areassociations of professional specialists. All have a common objective

Twenty-five years ago, in October 1948, a large group of these people,through their states and organizations, came together in common causeto unite in an organization now known as the International Union forConservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Today this Union isunquestionably the most effective non-governmental conservation forceoperating world-wide.

In the last 25 years, much has been accomplished that can be recalledwith pride, but today's assaults on the environment of man and on thenatural world of which he is a part are of a new order of magnitude andcomplexity. It is a cliche now to talk of man's survival – or rather thesurvival of a reasonable standard in the quality of life – but in sobertruth the next quarter century will see unparalleled environmentaldestruction unless men and nations bring a new level of reason andintelligence to bear on their collective problems. Conservation of natureis one of the key battlegrounds on which the conflict rages. Virtually no

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– conservation.

country is untouched, and as this is being written there are few hopefulsigns that the issues will be resolved soon. IUCN is squarely in thecentre of this conflict, and continually expanding its influence to pro-mote rational attitudes toward the conservation and use of the resourcesof the biosphere. At no time in its existence has its work been neededmore.

In the following pages the development of IUCN is outlined to servethe needs of history, to refresh the memories of those still living pioneerswho had such active and important roles in the early struggles of theorganization, and for the benefit of those many people - especially theyoung among us - who tend to feel that conservation is their "thing", abright and important mission to save the world from the effects of vasttechnology and countless abuses, a new and worthwhile challenge.

In a sense it is new, for the river of humanity always presents a freshaudience to whom conservation becomes a discovery. Eager youngminds quickly grasp the implications of overuse, intuitively understandthe finite nature of resources. And eager young hands are quick to acceptthe challenge of service to mankind.

Even a cursory examination of conservation literature, however, willdispel any thought that conservation is a new idea or a new practice.But only in this century has public appreciation of the dangers implicitin over-exploitation and abuse of nature become widespread, and onlyin the last half of the century have truly significant actions been taken bygovernments to create world-wide organizations devoted to environ-mental conservation.

There were, of course, some early attempts at international coopera-tion, and a few successes such as the 1911 fur seal agreement for the Pri-biloff islands and the Convention on Migratory Birds a few years later,and others. But in an era of world wars and public apathy, most of theaction was carried forward by dedicated individuals. In a thousand coura-geous, lonely battles against ignorance and privilege, they left their inde-lible mark: species saved from near extinction, natural wonderlandsbrought under protection, and a growing ethic that recognizes the placeand rights of nature, the biosphere, on the health of which all life depends.Many of the organizations which grew out of the work of these pioneershave become more vigorous and more effective with each passingdecade. IUCN, of course, is one of them.

It is said that by some grand design everything has its time and place.This was true for IUCN, which was established in the aftermath ofhistory's most terrible war. The idea of an international organizationresponsible for protecting natural sites and threatened animal species

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- of protecting nature from further destruction and misuse by man -fitted into the plans for world-wide reconstruction, and it was logicalthat the new United Nations organization, through UNESCO, shouldencourage and sponsor such a body.

The Beginning

The new organization, now known as IUCN but then called the Inter-national Union for the Protection of Nature, was created out of the fullrealization by its founders that international cooperation is essential forthe achievement of concrete results in nature protection. It came intobeing formally on 5 October 1948 at a conference organized at theinitiative of the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature and convenedin Fontainebleau by UNESCO and the Government of France.

In a sense, however, it is older by far than its 25 years would indicate.A foreword to the Fontainebleau proceedings written by the Union'sfirst President, Charles J. Bernard, who as President of the Swiss Leaguefor the Protection of Nature had much to do with the Union's founding,provides both fact and invaluable insight:

* Advisory Commission for the International Protection of Nature. Delegates of17 nations signed the instrument, and Paul Sarasin was appointed President of theCommission.

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The delegates assembled at Fontainebleau do not claim to haveinaugurated International Nature Protection. The idea has beenin being for a long time, and I think I shall not be blamed if Imention here only the name of Paul Sarasin, the great Swisspioneer. He was able to create in his own country a genuinemovement in favour of the protection of natural resources andamenities and was the founder of the Swiss National Park. A far-sighted scientist, he soon realized the uselessness of scatteredeffort, and saw how urgent it was to concentrate this by achievingthe international agreement to unify the various existing lawsand coordinate the widespread national measures taken to pre-serve fauna and flora menaced by man's so-called civilization.

In 1913 Paul Sarasin managed to establish a diplomatic instru-ment* signed in Bern by a certain number of States, and latergaining the adherence of more governments.

The 1914 war seriously hampered the activities of the AdvisoryCommission thus created, and the enterprise had no activesequence.

Immediately after the war, in 1918, an effort was made toreconstitute the Commission, but other and more urgent mattersclaimed public attention. However, the seed was sown on favour-able ground and might be expected to sprout in time.

I have only mentioned the name of Paul Sarasin, but if I wereto give those of all who afterwards worked for the "idea" avolume would hardly suffice. Groups were formed in all coun-tries of the world; they strove with all their might to defend theirideal, and worked with varying results to rescue nature's stilluntouched treasures from a meaningless exploitation. All of themfelt that it would be impossible to achieve concrete results unlessa world coordination of these scattered efforts were ensured.

Already in 1928 a first attempt was made in this direction,resulting in the establishment of the International Office for theProtection of Nature which is still operative today at Brussels*.

A first Conference was held at Brunnen** (Switzerland) in1946, and, in accordance with the intentions of its organizers,recommended that the subject should be studied and discussedagain very shortly.

In 1947, .. . at Brunnen, a more important Conference wasconvened, the delegates being authorized this time, either officiallyor unofficially, to draft a text of agreement. The proceedings tookplace in a friendly spirit of collaboration and the Conferencedecided that an International Union for the Protection of Naturewas urgently needed; it also suggested that this new organization,to be created in Paris in 1948, should be under the auspices ofUNESCO. A Provisional Union was immediately set up and theSwiss League was appointed to take charge of its administration.

This was our situation up to July 1947, and the task, as youmay easily imagine, was no easy one. The Provisional Union and

* After the First World War, in 1925, P. G. van Tienhoven of Amsterdam wasinstrumental in founding the Netherlands Committee for International Protection aswell as helping to establish a French Committee for the Protection of Colonial Faunain the same year, and the Belgian Committee for the Protection of Nature a year later.On July 10, 1928, these organizations, together with the International Union ofBiological Sciences, founded the International Office for the Protection of Nature atBrussels. This office, which had headquarters alternately in Brussels and Amsterdam,cooperated closely with IUPN and was active until 1956 when its functions wereabsorbed by the Union. From 1950, the Office was managed by Jean-Paul Harroy,IUCN's first Secretary General, to coordinate the work of the two organizations andto avoid useless repetition and overlapping of functions and powers.

** This Conference was in fact held in Basel.

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the French Committee appointed to organize the 1948 Conferencemet with serious technical and fundamental obstacles, the latteroften being the more difficult to overcome. At last the FrenchGovernment, jointly with UNESCO, decided to invite the govern-ments of all countries to send representatives to a Conferencewhich was to take place at Fontainebleau from September 30 toOctober 7, 1948, to establish the International Union for theProtection of Nature. The Provisional Union was asked to sendthe same invitation to all private, national, or international bodiesconcerned with Nature Protection.

The Conference of Fontainebleau is fresh in our memories.On 5 October 1948, the IUPN was born. An immense and magni-ficent task lies before it. Those deserving or fortunate personswho assisted in the constitution of the Union will be the first tosupport it in its efforts. But others, many others, will join them,for all the signs from our 20th century tend towards the certaintythat our efforts can only be crowned with success when scatteredforces unite in a vast common action to defend a great ideal.

Fontainebleau

On 5 October 1948, meeting in the Galerie des Colonnes of the Palacein Fontainebleau, representatives of 18 governments, 7 internationalorganizations and 107 national nature protection organizations signedthe Constitutive Act of the Union.

This Constitution (Statutes) still governs the affairs of the Union.The original Preamble* and Article I, Objects, as redrafted from theConstitution approved at Brunnen for the Provisional Union, arereproduced here, in their original form.

Preamble

Whereas the term "Protection of Nature" may be defined as thepreservation of the entire world biotic community, or man'snatural environment, which includes the earth's renewable naturalresources of which it is composed, and on which rests the founda-tion of human civilization;

* Drafted by the USA delegation to Fontainebleau.

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Whereas natural beauty is one of the higher common denomi-nators of spiritual life;

Whereas civilization has achieved its present high developmentby finding ever more effective means for exploiting these resources,and moreover, soils, water, forests, wild life and wilderness areasare of vital importance for economic, social, educational andcultural reasons;

Whereas the time has come when human standards of livingare being depressed because natural resources are becominginadequate for their maintenance;

Whereas this trend may be reversed if people are awakened intime to a full realization of their dependence upon exhaustiblenatural resources and recognize the need for their protectionand restoration as well as for their wise and informed administra-tion in order that the future peace, progress and prosperity ofmankind may be assured;

Whereas "Protection of Nature" is a matter of vital concern toall nations, and the furthering of it is primary concern of nosingle effective international agency;

Whereas it would be of assistance to various governments, theUnited Nations and its Specialized Agencies and other interestedorganizations, if an effective international agency were establishedfor the "Protection of Nature";

Therefore the governments, public services, organizations, insti-tutions and associations concerned with these matters representedat Fontainebleau have hereby established a union known as the"International Union for the Protection of Nature", hereinafterreferred to as the Union, and have agreed as follows:

Article I. Objects

1. The Union shall encourage and facilitate co-operation be-tween governments and national and international organizationsconcerned with, and persons interested in, the "Protection ofNature".

2. The Union shall promote and recommend national andinternational action in respect to:

(a) The preservation in all parts of the world of wild life andthe natural environment, soils, water, forests, including the pro-tection and preservation of areas, objects and fauna and flora

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In all, 23 governments and 126 national institutions were representedat Fontainebleau. In one way or another the total number of countriesrepresented was 32. Also present were representatives of the followinginternational organizations: UNO, UNESCO, the Pan American Union,the International Office for the Protection of Nature, the InternationalUnion of Directors of Zoological Gardens, the International Council ofScientific Unions, the International Union of Biological Sciences, andthe International Council for Bird Preservation.

IUCN came into being as a hybrid and it has remained one of the feworganizations in the world where delegates of governments and represen-tatives of scientific associations meet on an equal footing. If its broadpurposes were optimistic and in the nature of an act of faith, they wereclear and necessary as well.

It has been fully shown in the years since Fontainebleau that if therewas any one weakness in the organization of IUCN it was the absenceof an adequate basis for financing. The objectives as set forth in theStatutes (which have not changed except in details of language whichbroadened the areas of concern) required a great deal of financial sup-port even 25 years ago. There have been many times since then whenthe ability of the Union to carry on has been in doubt. But it did, thanksto the work of a number of devoted, ingenious men and generousorganizations who found money when it was needed most.

having scientific, historic, or aesthetic significance by appropriatelegislation such as the establishment of national parks, naturereserves and monuments and wild life refuges, with specialregard to the preservation of species threatened with extinction;

(b) The spread of public knowledge about "Protection ofNature";

(c) The promotion of an extensive programme of education inthe field of the "Protection of Nature";

(d) The preparation of international draft agreements and aworld-wide convention for the "Protection of Nature";

(e) Scientific research relating to the "Protection of Nature".3. The Union shall collect, analyse, interpret and disseminate

information about the "Protection of Nature". It shall distributeto governments and national and international organizations,documents, legislative texts, scientific studies and other informa-tion concerning the "Protection of Nature".

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The Union in action

The first General Assembly of IUCN began on the same day the Unionwas founded, its purpose being to elect officers, appoint a secretarygeneral, decide the seat of the Union, and determine an initial programmeof activities for the Union.

Charles J. Bernard was elected the first President of the Union. Vice-Presidents were Harold J. Coolidge, USA; Roger Heim, France; andHenry G. Maurice, UK. The Executive Board members named wereBöje Benzon, Denmark; Nils Dahlbeck, Sweden; Walery Goetel,Poland; Henri Humbert, France; Victor Van Straelen, Belgium; J. K. vander Haagen, Netherlands; Jehan Vellard, Peru; Renzo Videsott, Italy;William Vogt, USA; and Jose Yepes, Argentina.

Jean-Paul Harroy, Secretary-General of the Brussels-based Instituteof Scientific Research on Central Africa, was named Secretary-Generalon a part-time basis, and Brussels was chosen as the site for the Union'sfirst headquarters.

On the second day of the General Assembly, the Programme Com-mittee, under the Chairmanship of Victor Van Straelen, enumeratedsome of the activities to which the Union should devote its first efforts.The following list, from the record of the Fontainebleau meeting, setsout the chief tasks:

1. The constitution and publication of a documentation givinga brief report of the present conditions of Nature Protection ineach country, and principally of the means used to educate themasses in the conservation of natural resources.

2. Examination of the working value of the different laws inforce.

3. Selection of a type of legislation. Translation and diffusionof this model legislation in numerous languages.

4. Action to induce the competent authorities to ensure thatNature Protection is included in the programmes of teachingestablishments at all levels.

5. Production of an extensive documentation on the vanishingzoological and botanical species.

6. Production of a card index of films likely to be useful inpopularizing the idea of Nature Protection.

It is interesting to note that over the years the IUCN programme hascontained some of these same items, although for some years the con-cern has been with conservation of nature and natural resources ratherthan with "nature protection".

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The Assembly then heard a report on the UNESCO Technical Sym-posium, held before the Conference, by its Chairman, Roger Heim. Italso decided to accept UNESCO's proposal that the Union collaborateclosely in the preparation of the Technical Conference which UNESCOplanned to convene in 1949 after the United Nations Scientific Conferenceon the Conservation and Utilization of Resources (UNSCCUR). In thisconnection, certain Commissions were constituted, one of which was tostudy the problem of educating the public on the subject of natureprotection. A Nomenclature Commission and a Publications Commis-sion also were formed.

In Brussels the Belgian Government offered quarters at 42, Rue Mon-toyer, and some financial assistance. A special advantage accruing tothe Union was the existence of the fine and quite unique library of theInternational Office for the Protection of Nature, which had been builtup since its founding in 1928, largely through the efforts of its secretaries,J. M. Derscheid, Tordis Graim, W. A. J. M. van Waterschoot van derGracht and J. H. Westermann. This library was housed in the samebuilding as the Union's working staff, and today parts of it are incorpor-ated in the van Tienhoven Library at the Union's headquarters in Mor-ges, and at IUCN's Environmental Law Centre in Bonn.

Among the first tasks taken up by the new Secretariat was to con-clude a specific contract with UNESCO (4 November 1948) for theorganization of the International Technical Conference on the Protec-tion of Nature which, under the authority of the General Conference ofUNESCO, was to be held in conjunction with the UNSCCUR Confer-ence. Early in 1949, a volume of Preparatory Documents was publishedand the two Conferences were duly convened at Lake Success inAugust.

The importance of the Lake Success Conference to the new Unionwas enormous. To a large extent it immediately established the organiza-tion as a going concern, and provided major elements of the Union'swork programme which are still pillars of its international activity25 years later. One of these concerns threatened and vanishing speciesof fauna and flora. Resolution No. 15 called upon the Union to establisha "Survival Service" to assemble, evaluate and disseminate informationon species of fauna and flora that appeared to be threatened with extinc-tion, in order to assist governments and appropriate agencies in assuringtheir survival. Resolutions No. 16 and 17 dealt with aspects of the sameproblem, among other things calling for maintenance of documentationand promotion of ecological research to make certain reliable andadequate advice could be given to governments concerned. In March

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1950, with the aid of a grant from UNESCO, the Union established aSurvival Service, adopting the title used in the Lake Success Resolution.

Science and Conservation

Over the years IUCN has continued the practice of sponsoring periodicTechnical Meetings at which the scientific aspects of Conservation havebeen reviewed. With the exception of the first at Lake Success, thesecond at The Hague in 1951, and the fourth at Salzburg in 1953, thesemeetings have usually been held in conjunction with the General Assem-blies, their total number now exceeding the number of Assemblies byone, so that the traditional discrepancy between the consecutive numberof Assembly and Technical Meeting has become a familiar feature to theparticipants.

Although it could be argued that one of the curses of the world ofscience is an excessive number of meetings, symposia, conferences andthe like held to consider every conceivable aspect of programme activities,and IUCN has not been immune from such criticism, the combinationand wider spacing of meetings has done something to achieve a betterbalance. More importantly, however, the Technical Meetings have un-doubtedly been enormously productive by focusing the attention of theconservation movement on a series of carefully selected aspects of thegrowing problems of man's impact on the natural environment.

Consideration of the subject-matter and dates of these Technicalmeetings gives a good indication of how IUCN's invitations have pre-ceded and helped to stimulate not only scientific interest but also amore widespread popular appreciation of the issues:1. Lake Success, 1949: Education and nature protection. The role ofecological research in the conservation of natural resources.2. The Hague, 1951: Rural landscape as a habitat for fauna and florain densely populated countries. Management of nature reserves.3. Caracas, 1952: Consequences of the use of fire for agriculture. Protec-tion of endemic species on small islands.4. Salzburg, 1953: Protection of nature and tourism. Protection of faunaand flora at high altitudes.5. Copenhagen, 1954: Arctic fauna. Insecticides, herbicides and theirnoxious effects on mammals and birds.6. Edinburgh, 1956: Management problems of nature reserves. Rehabi-litation of areas devastated by human disturbance. Relationship ofecology to landscape planning.

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7. Athens, 1958: Erosion and civilizations. Conservation education.Biological hazards resulting from atomic wastes.8. Warsaw, 1960: The ecological effects of biological and chemicalcontrol of undesirable plants and animals. Ecology and management ofwild grazing animals in temperate zones.9. Nairobi, 1963: The ecology of man in the tropical environment.10. Lucerne, 1966: Towards a new relationship of man and nature intemperate lands. Ecological impact of recreation and tourism upontemperate environment.11. New Delhi, 1969: Conservation in land-use planning; soil and waterresources, especially in mountain regions; wildlife resources and forestry.Effects of pollution in natural ecosystems. Some aspect of wildlife utili-zation and management. International Biological Programme: the CTsurvey of undisturbed oceanic islands; current research in India and itsrelevance to conservation. Problems of threatened species. The NationalPark situation in southern Asia, with special reference to the role, mana-gement and economic and social functions of national parks in denselypopulated non-industrial regions. Environmental conservation educationamong the population of rural and woodland areas. Creative conserva-tion in an agrarian economy.12. Banff, 1972: Conservation for development - Environmental qualityin a changing world. National and international environmental policies.Ecological multi-disciplinary approach to development planning.Resource utilization and conservation. Management of non-agriculturalrural lands. Dynamics of vanishing species and their habitats. Conserva-tion of marine habitats.

Supplementing or supporting this series of broad reviews of old andnew conservation topics, IUCN has sponsored, usually with UNESCO,FAO, and other interested agencies, a number of regional meetings todiscuss conservation problems and practices of more geographicallylimited concern. Among the most notable of these were the Conferencesheld in Africa (Arusha, 1961), in South-East Asia (Bangkok, 1965), inSouth America (Bariloche, 1968), in Canada (Edmonton, 1969), con-cerned with productivity and conservation in northern circumpolarlands, and in collaboration with the South Pacific Commission in NewCaledonia (Noumea, 1971), on conserving nature in the reefs and lagoonsof Oceania.

Indeed a very much longer list would be needed to cover all of themeetings in which IUCN has played an active role during the pastquarter century. However, a very good idea can be had of their scopeand number by simply glancing through the list of IUCN's publications,

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since the Union has usually taken on the responsibility for publishingProceedings. Perhaps only two more meetings deserve special mentionhere: the First World Conference on National Parks, held at Seattle(USA) in 1962, and the Second World Conference on National Parks(1972), held at Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks in conjunc-tion with the USA observance of the Centennial of its national parks.

Commissions

The basic organizational structure of IUCN was established at Fontaine-bleau and has varied little since then. The number of Vice-Presidentsand Executive Board members has been increased, reflecting the greatlyexpanded workload of the Union, and, of course, the Secretariat hasbeen changed from time to time in line with the programme and availablefunds. The Commissions, however, have undergone quite a metamor-phosis in 25 years.

In the somewhat heady hours following the signing of the ConstitutiveAct on 5 October 1948, a number of Technical Commissions wereappointed to examine various aspects of the new programme. Some ofthese could be regarded as ad hoc groups, but three were retained bydecision of the Executive Board at its meeting in March 1949. These werethe Education Commission, with William Vogt as its first Chairman, theNomenclature Commission under J. Ramsbottom, and a PublicationCommission under Charles J. Bernard.

Of these three only the Education Commission was active in any realsense and is, of course, still active today. The Nomenclature Commissionwas concerned with limited objectives in attempting to secure someuniformity of terminology, in which it was not wholly successful, andthe Publication Commission was concerned chiefly with producingofficial publications, of which there were several of major importancein the early period. Both of these groups have gone out of existence.

In 1951 a fourth Commission was created to handle Public Informa-tion. Richard W. Westwood, President of the American Nature Associa-tion, was its Chairman. This group was dissolved at Athens in 1958.

Of the Commissions which still feature in IUCN's organization, nextin order of age after the Education Commission comes the Commissionon Ecology, established in 1954 at the Copenhagen General Assemblyas a result of a symposium on the subject held during the course of theproceedings. John Berry of Great Britain was its first Chairman and ithad nine members. The aim was to provide an international body of

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qualified ecologists who would give special attention to the relationshipbetween scientific knowledge and land-use programmes. It was envisagedthat this might be achieved by exchange of information, encouragementof fundamental ecological research and other activities including theplanning of the Union's major Technical Meetings, aimed at the applica-tion of ecology to practical programmes of land management and natureprotection. In the course of time the setting up of Specialist sub-committees was found to be a useful development and four were formed,of which those devoted to the study of ecological aspects of landscapeplanning and the ecological effects of chemical controls became the mostactive. The former was raised to the status of a Temporary Commissionby the Executive Board in November 1966, with R. J. Benthem remainingits Chairman, as he had been for many years, and was made a full Com-mission at New Delhi in 1969. It was renamed as the Commission onEnvironmental Planning in 1971, the better to reflect its terms ofreference.

As mentioned earlier, the Survival Service came into being as a Unionactivity following the Lake Success meeting. Within this group itsChairman, Harold J. Coolidge, named a panel of expert advisers whichwas called a "Commission", although it was not a Commission in thesense in which that term is now used. The Survival Service's responsibilitywas to deal with the acquisition, analysis and dissemination of informa-tion on endangered species*, and to take actions required for their sur-vival. This became a major part of the Union's programme and has, ofcourse, remained so to the present day. The Survival Service was madea full Commission in 1956 at the General Assembly in Edinburgh.

In the early days at Brussels, the association with IUCN of the Inter-national Office for the Protection of Nature was particularly reflectedin the amount of help given to the Survival Service, in the accumulationand handling of data on endangered species, and in matters pertainingto the legal bases for their protection. Much of the documentationassembled by IOPN was later transferred to Bonn following establish-ment of the Commission on Legislation.

Accurate, up-to-date information has always been considered by theSSC to be essential and, unfortunately, species over which the threat ofextinction has loomed largest have often been those which have ipsofacto been exceptionally difficult to study. There have been many in-stances where the collection of fundamental background information

* At the Third Assembly the Survival Service formally referred its interest in endan-gered species of birds to the International Council for Bird Preservation.

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– without which it is of course impossible to introduce proper conserva-tion or rehabilitation programmes - has only been undertaken after thestatus of the species concerned has already become critical. To acquiresuch basic information before it was too late therefore became a majorconcern of the Commission in about 1961, and for five years a great dealof effort was devoted to this objective. In 1966, at the time of the LucerneGeneral Assembly, the Commission was able to announce the publica-tion of the first in the series of volumes known as the Red Data Book.

Published in loose-leaf format, with information presented in the formof short reports under standardized headings, these collections of datarapidly established themselves as the standard reference-books onendangered species. Eventually, 5 volumes were published to deal withmammals, birds (data accumulated by ICBP), reptiles and amphibians,freshwater fishes, and flowering plants. The material has been up-datedperiodically to maintain the highest standard of reliability and usefulness.Recently, large scale revisions have been undertaken and a new methodof handling endangered plants has been worked out because of theenormous number - estimated to exceed 20,000 - of species involved.

The Union's interest in National Parks, which goes back to its earliestperiod and is reflected in many activities, was formalized at Delphiduring the 6th General Assembly, in 1958, as an International Com-mittee on National Parks. Its task was to bring more uniformity to thecriteria, standards and definition of national parks, about which therewas considerable confusion. Two years later, at the Warsaw GeneralAssembly, a 10-member International Commission on National Parkswas established under the Chairmanship of Harold J. Coolidge.

This Commission has been involved with many notable initiatives butperhaps the most important has been the preparation of the UN Listof National Parks and Equivalent Reserves. In 1959, at IUCN's sug-gestion, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations hadadopted a resolution requesting the Secretary-General of the UN toorganize the preparation and publication of such a list. Much of thework devolved upon IUCN's new Parks Commission and the resultswere accepted and published by ECOSOC in April 1961, and completedby the publication by IUCN of a Part Two of the List in March of thefollowing year.

The First World Conference on National Parks, convened in June1962, used the two Parts as the principal background document. TheConference agreed unanimously on the need for United Nations sponsor-ship of successive editions of the List, and also expressed the view thatin the selection of material for future editions certain criteria established

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by the International Commission on National Parks should be applied.It was in the light of these recommendations that in 1963 the United

Nations requested the ICNP to prepare a second edition of the List.The achievement of this task required three years of unremitting workwhich was carried out by the then Vice-Chairman *, Jean-Paul Harroy,and his small staff. First published in French in 1967, a revised andillustrated English version of the Second Edition followed in 1971 andan Addendum in 1972. Since 1973, a new formula has been adopted tokeep pace with the constantly changing situation, whereby a simplecatalogue of the listed areas is published annually. There is no doubtthat the publication of the List has done much to encourage membercountries of UNO to improve and strengthen their National Parks, andhas exerted a steadily growing influence on the world's conscious appre-ciation of the extreme importance of national parks from the economic,social, scientific and aesthetic points of view.

The sixth and last of IUCN's existing Commissions, the Commissionon Environmental Policy, Law and Administration, can be said to havehad its origin in 1960, when the General Assembly at Warsaw formed aCommittee on Legislation and Administration. This Group became aCommission at Nairobi in 1963 under the direction of Wolfgang E.Burhenne, who had been Chairman of the Committee. After the 10thGeneral Assembly at New Delhi and in line with the expanded pro-gramme authorized there, the Commission was reorganized into itspresent form with Lynton K. Caldwell as Chairman. The previousCommission on Legislation then became the permanent Committee onEnvironmental Law, one of the three major divisions of the Commission.

Some highlights in retrospect

It would out of keeping with a short review to attempt to catalogue allthe Union's activities and specific actions during the past quarter cen-tury. We have chosen instead to publish statements prepared by severalof the distinguished men who have had major roles in the life of IUCN.Their remarks take note of trends, mention many projects and accom-plishments, and bear witness to the continuity and goals.

The first statement, dealing with the early years, is by Jean-PaulHarroy, one of the surviving delegates of the Fontainebleau Conference,and the Union's first Secretary-General (1948-1955), prior to a distin-

* Jean-Paul Harroy became Chairman of ICNP in July 1966.

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guished career in Africa. From 1966 to 1972, he was Chairman of theInternational Commission on National Parks, and principal compilerof the definitive Second Edition of the UN List of National Parks andEquivalent Reserves. He serves at the Université Libre de Bruxelles,and is a Member of Honour of the Union.

The early history of the Union corresponds exactly with theperiod when it was called IUPN: International Union for theProtection of Nature. This eight-year period ended in 1956. Until1954, the President was Charles J. Bernard, also President of theSwiss League, who had been the leading personality in Brunnen;he was succeeded by Roger Heim. The Secretariat of the organi-zation fortunately was based in Brussels, and I was able to carryout the functions of Secretary General on a part-time basis.During this entire period, the Secretariat was identified with thewell-known personality of Marguerite Caram. Re-elected inCopenhagen in 1954, I unfortunately had to resign the followingyear when I was appointed Governor of Ruanda-Urundi.

The first steps of the organization were made easier by supportfrom two sides: from UNESCO, where four individuals deservespecial mention - Julian Huxley, Pierre Auger, Eileen Sam andAlain Gille; and from Belgium, where Victor Van Straelen servedas a particularly active and powerful advocate of the Union.

The names of most of the Executive Board members elected atFontainebleau have not been forgotten. Among them, Harold J.Coolidge, acting as Vice-President, undoubtedly saved the organi-zation from bankruptcy, thanks to grants he secured from theUnited States during the first years. Another leader who must bementioned is Walery Goetel, whose recent death is much to beregretted.

In 1948, the first Board set down the guidelines for the organiza-tion's early policy. It was directed, on the one hand, by theStatutes in which the concept of nature protection reflected theconcerns of the time, and, on the other hand, it was restricted inits ambitions by an annual budget of only several thousanddollars.

To appreciate these early guidelines one must consider theconditions prevailing at that time. There were still very fewcountries where organizations devoted all their time to theconservation of nature. A few isolated individuals working inuniversities and museums were launching lonely battles, withlittle contact among them. There was no international centralized

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mechanism on which these individuals could rely to overcometheir isolation. The first objective which the Board set for itselfin 1948 was the establishment of such a mechanism and thepromotion of its universal recognition.

Four lines of action were chosen to make this intention clear:to increase the number of international meetings during the firstyears; to produce as many publications as possible, particularlyin relation to these meetings; to promote association, by cor-respondence, with national and international authorities; to seekimmediate financial support for the first projects with which IUPNwas to be associated.

During the first years, the activities of the Union followed thefour main guidelines. The task of organizing a scientific andsystematic approach to conservation problems, as well as thedrawing up of a world doctrine on the relation between man andhis environment, were left for a later date.

The Union, poor and weak at the start, soon enjoyed the privi-lege of having its name linked, in collaboration with UNESCO,with the organization of a very important international confer-ence, which was held in 1949 at Lake Success, following theUnited Nations Scientific Conference on Conservation and Utili-zation of Resources (UNSCCUR). This occasion presented anopportunity for advocates of IUPN to meet again after Fontaine-bleau. They continued to meet each year; either at the biennialGeneral Assemblies of the organization or, in particular, at theTechnical Meetings organized annually: Brussels 1950, TheHague 1951, Caracas 1952, Salzburg 1953, Copenhagen 1954.On each occasion a new book was published - reporting thedeliberations of the sessions, helping to publicize the activities ofthe Union, and strengthening its image as the international forumfor conservation of nature.

Between these international meetings and the issue of relatedpublications, the Union concentrated its efforts on two otherplans of action: interventions and projects.

Among these activities, we will mention only the initial pro-ductive actions of the Survival Service and Education Commis-sions and the many approaches undertaken with caution - in thebeginning especially, a mistake would have been costly - toencourage governments to correct abuses, and to take necessarymeasures to facilitate in their countries the creation of privateorganizations for the protection of nature.

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As far as the first projects undertaken by IUPN are concerned,these had diverse aims and different sources of funding, althoughUNESCO and the United States were again the two main sourcesof support. A broad survey formed the basis of the publication ofan important volume The Position of Nature Protection through-out the World in 1950. This considerable work was followed bythe preparation of the volume Derniers Refuges (Elsevier 1956),predecessor of the United Nations List of National Parks andEquivalent Reserves. The first mission on a world-wide scalewas a field trip sponsored by the Survival Service to make anon-the-spot survey of the status of fifteen large mammals threa-tened with extinction. One personality, well-known today, madehis first appearance on that occasion: Lee M. Talbot.

One can mention, at random, the missions undertaken by Jean-Jacques Petter, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Roger Balleydier; thedistribution, supported by UNESCO, of handbooks on the pro-tection of nature, in Cameroon, Greece and Madagascar, forexample; the organization at Houyet, in Belgium, in 1950 of thefirst international youth camp for the protection of nature; anactive involvement in the 1953 Bukavu Conference on the protec-tion of African fauna and flora, followed by an important publica-tion ; the production of films in collaboration with UNESCO; thefirst issue of the Bulletin in 1952; and the preparation of materialfor international exhibitions.

Such are the main elements that the founders and pioneers ofthe Union chose for their first activities. One must not overlookthe fact that they had more enthusiasm than experience andmeans of working. We must also remember that the Secretariatwas staffed by semi-volunteers.

Criticism has been made that the initial period did not allowscience to play a larger part in its activities. At that time the tinyBrussels unit knew only few ecologists, and in turn ecologiststhroughout the world either did not know of its existence orchose to ignore it. Contacts had to be made, intensified andmultiplied, to permit the Union to develop its own ecologicalconcepts.

IUPN in its early days sought only to prepare the future IUCNto bypass the middle age and to pass directly into modern times.

The second statement is by Jean G. Baer, President of the Unionfrom 1958-1963 and a Member of Honour. He is Professor of Zoology

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and Comparative Anatomy at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland,and President Emeritus of the International Biological Programme (IBP).

When IUCN was founded 25 years ago under the name ofIUPN (International Union for the Protection of Nature), theWorld was just beginning to realize that the most destructive warever witnessed by mankind had finally come to an end, and thatthe time had arrived at last to clear the ashes of human folly inorder to rebuild an environment worth living in.

The idea of setting up an international organization responsiblefor protecting particularly interesting natural sites, for preventinganimal species from dying out and, in a general way, for protectingnature from destruction and misuse by man, fitted exceptionallywell into the world plan for reconstruction. No wonder thereforethat UNESCO was the first UN agency to encourage and tosponsor the founding of IUPN in 1948.

Objectively speaking, the activities of the Union from the verybeginning have been beneficial in spite of the chronic lack ofadequate funding. But what is even more important is the factthat it has succeeded in enlisting the active cooperation of an everincreasing number of scientists in preparing reports and inpublishing carefully documented results in the field of conserva-tion.

IUCN enjoys a consultative status with the UN and its principalagencies, which stresses the fact that the Union initiates projectsbut does not carry them through although contributing with itsexperience and scientific manpower.

One of the most successful of such projects and which has hada long lasting effect upon the principles of conservation inAfrica, was the African Special Project initiated in 1960, in co-operation with CCTA (the Commission for Technical Cooperationin Africa South of the Sahara), FAO and UNESCO, and cul-minating in 1961 in the Arusha Conference. The latter wasattended by representatives from 21 African states and 6 non-African countries and 5 international organizations. The PrimeMinister, J. K. Nyerere, of the host Government of Tanganyikapresented a statement later to be known as the Arusha Manifesto,which expressed the tone of the discussions and is to be consi-dered as being the turning point for conservation and develop-ment of wildlife and wildland resources in Africa by the modernAfrican states. A follow-up of this Conference was the successfulestablishment of the College of African Wildlife Management at

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Mweka on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, where Africans aretrained in modern methods of conservation.

At the request of ECOSOC, the Union prepared and publishedthe UN List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves which isconstantly revised by new editions. On a world basis each pro-tected area is critically reviewed, thus providing all the essentialinformation in favour or against any future action which mightbe taken in a given country.

The celebrated Red Data Book prepared by the Union'sSurvival Service has become a standard reference book for allconcerned with disappearing or menaced species of animals andplants throughout the world. This represents the only official liston which all scientists agree. Neither should one forget that it isthe high quality and the scientific value of such informationprovided by the Union that made possible the birth of the WorldWildlife Fund to which it remains, together with its variousservices, the scientific counsellor, as illustrated by the MorgesManifesto.

The very important and extensive work accomplished bySection CT (Conservation of Terrestrial Communities) of theInternational Biological Programme has yielded most interestingresults in all parts of the world and these have been now handedover to the Union which will in the future be responsible for thispart of the Programme which, in itself, is about to come to an end.

Having been closely connected with the Union for most of itsexistence, I have enjoyed the privilege of seeing it grow up tobecome a universally recognized organization in the field ofconservation. What is even more encouraging is to find that theideas and means discussed at various Technical Meetings over thelast 20 years are now considered to be fundamental by conserva-tionists the world over. Once again the time has come for theUnion to give the benefit of its past experience and activities tothe betterment of the rapidly degrading human environment.But now, we can no longer afford to wait another 25 years.

The third paper selected for inclusion here was prepared by E. BartonWorthington (UK), Scientific Director of the International BiologicalProgramme. He served on the Executive Board from 1960 to 1963 andas Vice-President of IUCN from 1963-1966.

I am not among those privileged few to have been intimatelyconcerned with IUCN throughout its life, for the Edinburgh

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Meeting (1956), when IUPN was replaced by IUCN, was myfirst active participation. Soon after that came an active if some-what disjointed time which included moving headquarters fromBrussels to Morges. Jean G. Baer, then President, became in-capacitated through a motor smash and asked me to function onhis behalf in certain activities related to the transfer. Onceestablished in Morges, things moved rapidly. Although thefinancing of projects was a never-ending problem, it was a privi-lege over the years to be associated with such activities as Pro-jects MAR, AQUA and TELMA, and also the fruitful cooperationbetween IUCN and the IBP.

I would like to focus attention on one particular activity, theAfrican Special Project (ASP), which was my particular chargeas a Board member to coordinate. ASP originated in June 1960at the meetings in Warsaw and Krakow. It was designed to com-bat what IUCN believed to be the most urgent wildlife conserva-tion problem of the time, namely "the accelerated rate of destruc-tion of wild fauna, flora and habitat in Africa - without adequateregard to their value as a continuing economic and culturalresource". We had a strong ASP Committee with FrançoisBourliere as Vice-Chairman, Sir Hugh Elliott as tireless andenergetic Secretary, backed by Frank Fraser Darling, BernhardGrzimek, Jean G. Baer, Th. Monod, L. C. Beadle, M. K. Shawkiof the Sudan, and David P. S. Wasawo and W. B. Banage ofEast Africa. The special purpose was: "To inform and influencepublic opinion through its leaders and responsible persons in theGovernment, that the application of conservation practices basedon ecological knowledge is in the best interest of all Africancountries". The project was divided into three parts. Stage I, whichlasted most of a year, was designed to arouse interest by discussingprinciples with Governments in Africa and with leaders oflocal opinion, and we were lucky enough to get Gerald Wattersonlent to IUCN by FAO for an extensive tour of African countries,for this purpose, before he became IUCN's Secretary General.

Stage II was the well-known Arusha Conference of September1961, sponsored jointly by IUCN and CTCA, which has beenwidely hailed as a turning point in African wildlife conservation.Then followed Stage III, which lasted two years, until the end of1963. This consisted of a series of visits of weeks or monthsduration to 19 different countries in Africa, to help with thedevelopment of their wildlife resources. These visits were by two

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specialists: Thane Riney on the scientific side and Peter Hill onthe educational side. A number of their detailed reports on eachcountry became blue-prints for subsequent developments inconservation. After the African Special Project had itself cometo an end the results were followed up over a period of years,particularly by FAO, which had given generous support at all stages.

One of the good things about IUCN, well illustrated by theAfrican Special Project but which has persisted right through,is the close cooperation which was established between manyorganizations, governmental and non-governmental, working forthe same ideals with little or no thought of personal or institu-tional gain. An even better thing has been the great voluntaryeffort which so many men and women have put into IUCNwithout stint. Among such people there were casualties, and Iwould finally like to pay special tribute to the late Edward H.Graham who contributed so much to IUCN in those middle years.

E. J. H. Berwick, a senior British civil servant with many years as anagronomist in southeast Asia, came to IUCN as Secretary General in1966. He served with distinction through the New Delhi GeneralAssembly, retiring at the end of March 1970. His brief statement follows:

It seems a very short four years since we stood in Fontainebleauon a chilly November day to unveil a plaque celebrating IUCN's21st birthday. I remember then thinking gratefully of all thededicated scientists who had given liberally of their valuable timeto further the Union's interests. They are so many that it is almostinvidious to name any, but Charles J. Bernard, Harold J. Coolidgeand Jean-Paul Harroy must be outstanding. How much they havedone! And the Honorary Secretaries, Hans Goudswaard andFred Packard, who kept their Commissions running so well forso long. When people give so freely of their time and money tohelp the Union, the Union must do as much as it can to helpthem; when they came to Morges my only regret was that wecould not do more for them. Suffice it to say that we all did thebest we could with the funds available.

I knew little about IUCN when I came to it in 1966, althoughI had for some years been a member of OURS (The Orang UtanRecovery Service) and been vaguely concerned with the BangkokConference. John Corner had described the job of SecretaryGeneral as being "fairly exacting but I should say not wholetime". On the other hand, Hugh Elliott had warned me that if

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I wanted to escape from the office in the next few years I shouldgo to the Engadine before the Lucerne General Assembly, becauseI would get no time to visit national parks afterwards! In theevent I did get some spare time immediately after the GeneralAssembly during July and August when most of the rest of theworld appeared to be on holiday. I spent this in writing individualletters to the members of the Union, and to reorganizing allcorrespondence into country files and, in particular, to learningabout IUCN's past. The gradual evolution and the continuityof output of the Union were impressive, especially when it isremembered that a new programme of work was prepared ateach General Assembly held biennially until 1960 and thentriennially. Emphasis and funds had been concentrated on theSurvival Service, National Parks and Ecology Commissions andthese seemed to me to be running well. In Malaysia I had beeninvolved with the creation of national parks and so I was wellaware of the practical need for conservation propaganda andeducation to make the parks acceptable to politicians and peoplealike, and for sound legislation on which to base them. As anagronomist, I knew the value of efficient management of resour-ces, which it seemed to me should apply equally to urban as torural areas, to national parks as much as to agricultural areas.These ideas were being propounded by the Commissions onEducation, Legislation, and Landscape Planning; these becamemy main interest and I attended their meetings whenever I could.It gives me great satisfaction to see the efforts we made thenbecoming the basis for further expansion.

Harold J. Coolidge, who is one of two Honorary Presidents of IUCN,has been intimately associated with Union activities from their begin-ning. Now retired from the National Research Council, the formerIUCN President was asked to outline the things he considered majorachievements. He cited, with particular pride and emphasis, IUCN'sstimulation of the growth and enthusiasm for conservation in lessdeveloped countries which has resulted from projects and scientificmeetings. Also, the custom of alternating General Assemblies betweendeveloped and less developed countries has had a significant effect. Hisstatement goes on to say:

Among many achievements of IUCN that in hindsight seemof significance to me are the following, mostly related to theCommissions:

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The most important first step for IUCN was the preparationand publication of the inventory of the status of nature protectionthroughout the world, covering 70 countries and published withUNESCO assistance in 1950. This presented a base line forfuture activities and established the Union as a world informationcentre on matters of conservation.

Another major action was the establishment of the SurvivalService in 1949 according to a recommendation of the LakeSuccess Conference. Its dynamic development was led by PeterScott who was ably assisted by Noel Simon in establishing theRed Data Book publication on endangered mammals. Jack Vin-cent of ICBP did the same for threatened bird species whileplants were dealt with by Ronald Melville of Kew Gardens.In addition to these publications, the Survival Service developedspecial groups of experts on a world-wide basis to deal withspecific endangered species. An example of an action programmeis shown in IUCN's role in convening a series of polar bearconferences that resulted in a coordinated ecological researchprogramme and valuable technical reports. This has now resultedin the new agreement between Canada, Denmark, Norway,USSR, and USA covering the polar bear.

The founding of the International Commission on NationalParks and the subsequent initiative in establishing the UN Listof National Parks and Equivalent Reserves was of major impor-tance. The French and English versions of the second edition ofthis significant list were published in 1967 and 1971, largely as aresult of the efforts of the Commission Chairman, Jean-PaulHarroy, assisted by Fred Packard and Sir Hugh Elliott. TheParks Commission worked closely with the CT Section of IBPand also sponsored special missions, for example those of KaiCurry-Lindahl to Zaire at the invitation of their Ministerof Agriculture to advise on park problems and to establish ameeting with counterpart officials of Uganda and Rwanda.Following the First World Conference on National Parks aCommittee on Park Systems Planning was established underJoseph L. Fisher. The work of this group resulted in a significantpublication, A System Approach to Park Planning by WilliamJ. Hart, as a guide for countries desiring to establish nationalparks.

IUCN played a significant role in organizing the First WorldConference on National Parks in 1962 and the Second, in

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Yellowstone - Grand Teton, in 1972, in cooperation with theUS National Park Service and other agencies. Among theirmany important results, these conferences also produced consider-able development in the growth of marine parks on a world-wide basis. Another result of quite a different sort was a Cen-tennial publication entitled, World National Parks - Progress andOpportunities, compiled by Jean-Paul Harroy with contributionsby leading authorities.

Certainly a major step was the establishment of the Union'sCommission on Ecology in 1954, and its subsequent develop-ment, notably under the able Chairmanship of the late EdwardH. Graham, who was greatly assisted by the Union's Vice-President, Frank Fraser Darling. With the help of Sir HughElliott, the Commission on Ecology played a leading role inorganizing the scientific Technical Meetings at the IUCN GeneralAssemblies. Two of its Chairmen were the former IUCN Presi-dent, François Bourliere, and the present President of the Union,Donald J. Kuenen. It also concerned itself with the problems ofwetlands through the MAR Conference organized by Luc Hoff-mann, and the later development of the Convention on Wetlandsof International Importance at Ramsar, Iran, in 1971.

Over a period of many years, the Union's Commission onLegislation (now a committee of the Commission on Environ-mental Policy, Law and Administration) collected constitutionaldocumentation, game and wildlife laws, and conservation andenvironmental legislation and this material was organized atBonn under the leadership of the then Commission Chairman,Wolfgang E. Burhenne and his lawyer wife, Françoise. Theseyears of ground work materially aided achievement of the recentConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species ofWild Fauna and Flora which was drawn up at the WashingtonConference in February-March 1973. The unit also played aleading role in preparing for the revision of the African Conven-tion on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,signed at Algiers in 1969.

Education has been a significant field of Union activity and inrecent years its strong programme, in large measure, was theresult of efforts by Jan Cerovsky, Executive Officer of the Com-mission on Education until the end of 1972. Many meetings havebeen held in Eastern and Western Europe, and in addition, therehave been workshops at Morges and at General Assemblies, and

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special international meetings at Rüschlikon, Switzerland, andLondon, Ontario, Canada. The Union has developed considerableleadership in international environmental education, and theseactivities have had a significant impact on curriculum develop-ment.

A new name and a new home

As most of the contributors to the previous Chapter have remarked,the General Assembly in Edinburgh in 1956 approved the new name of"International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resour-ces". This indicated no change of policy but symbolized the convictionreached over the previous eight years that "nature", the fauna and floraof the living world, is essentially a part of the renewable natural resourcesof the planet; perhaps it also implied that social and economic consider-ations must enter into the problem of conservation. The Union was inno way turning aside from the task of maintaining intact areas of naturefor the benefit of science, education, aesthetic pleasure or simple relaxa-tion. Experience had shown that the words "Protection of Nature" hadbeen rather misleading, in some cases conjuring up a purely defensiveor even sentimental picture, which obscured the principal task that theUnion had undertaken - to conserve nature through encouraging manto use its resources more wisely. The new title permitted no ambiguity.

While the change of name was relatively easy to accomplish, theissue of establishing a more appropriate seat for the Union, whichcame to a head four years later, was quite another matter. For some12 years, the Union had enjoyed the hospitality of Brussels and the debtit owed to the Belgian authorities for providing accommodation andother assistance was greatly appreciated. Nevertheless the ExecutiveBoard, after more than a year of investigation, had become convincedthat a move to totally "neutral" ground would now be opportune.

The proposal was brought before the 7th General Assembly at War-saw. Acceptance was not immediate. Indeed several delegations askedthat action be delayed until the General Assembly reconvened in Kra-kow. There the proposal narrowed to Switzerland as the new seat.Delegates from several African countries, Kenya and Sudan in particular,supported the proposal on the grounds that headquarters should be ina country whose government had never possessed colonial territories inAfrica. After further debate, the proposal was accepted unanimously,giving the Executive Board authority to select an appropriate centre in

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Switzerland as soon as it was satisfied that it was practicable and ad-vantageous to do so.

Following the General Assembly's approval, efforts by Jean Baer,E. Barton Worthington and others led to the selection of Morges, a13th Century town in the French speaking Canton Vaud. Headquarterswas established in what had been a pleasant little hotel. With the helpof such friends as Erico Nicola of nearby Buchillon, Dr. and Mrs. Wal-ter W. Boyd of Washington, D.C., and the Wildlife Management Insti-tute (via Ira N. Gabrielson), and under the direction of Gerald Watter-son, seconded by FAO to serve as Secretary-General, the building wasgradually re-furnished and equipped. The Foundation for InternationalProtection of Nature of Amsterdam financed the installation of thehistoric library of the pioneer conservationist, P. G. Van Tienhoven(see p. 18), in a fine panelled ground-floor room, which was first knownas the Conservation Documentation Centre but soon became the "VanTienhoven Library" and equally soon increased so rapidly in size as tospread to and occupy the greater part of the basement.

In connection with documentation, it is of interest to note that, witheffect from the move to Switzerland, IUCN publications were numberedin two "new series", which have since been amplified by three additionalseries as well as a number of special publications such as the Yearbooksand Red Data Books. The latest list of publications (February 1974)shows that in the first half of the Union's life up to 1960, some 35 volumeswere published, the comparable figure since 1961 being just under 100.

The World Wildlife Fund

IUCN enjoys a symbiotic relationship with the World Wildlife Fund,its sister conservation organization. The relationship is one of longstanding, for the widely-known and justly celebrated fund-raising actiongroup was literally born around the conference table in IUCN's library.Until a few years ago when it moved into the historic old Forel mansion,"La Gracieuse", a Swiss cultural monument owned by the Commune ofMorges, WWF shared IUCN's large old house with its surroundinggardens and mini-forest of Scots pines, red cedars and yew, and thusthe two organizations are often confused with each other in the mindsof local citizens and many visitors. But there are no legal ties betweenthem - only carefully evolved and deeply-rooted working relationshipsbased on mutual requirements.

Today, WWF and IUCN programmes are jointly prepared andjointly operated, and a substantial part of the funding for IUCN's

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operations comes from WWF. World Wildlife has been so closely linkedwith IUCN that its own early history is a natural and logical part of therecord of IUCN's first quarter century.

The following account of the formation of the World Wildlife Fundis reprinted here in full from The Launching of a New Ark, the FirstReport of the WWF (London: Collins, 1965).

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By 1960 many people had become aware that some drastic newaction was needed to meet the "state of emergency" facing theworld's wildlife. It is not surprising, therefore, that the basic ideaoccurred to several people at the same time. It seems that it wasfirst formulated in writing in a letter from Victor Stolan to SirJulian Huxley dated 6 December 1960. In this he wrote:

"It was with admiration and anxiety that I read your articles inThe Observer. Only reluctantly, I add mine to the large numberof letters which you must have received in response to youroutstanding and astounding survey.

"But alas, however excellent your suggestions to remove thedanger threatening the African wildlife, I feel that without avigorous and immediate action to raise the great funds neededthe irreparable detriment will not be prevented from becoming afact....

"However, there must be a way to the conscience and the heartand pride and vanity of the very rich people to persuade them tosink their hands deeply into their pockets and thus serve a causewhich is greater and nobler than any other one - absolutely

"A single and uninhibited mind must take charge of such aworld-embracing situation. I hasten to add that I am not such aperson. However, I have some ideas as to how to collect sub-stantial donations but nobody of sufficient importance to speakto. Would you care to put me in touch with somebody with whomsuch ideas can be developed and speedily directed towards ac-cumulating some millions of pounds without mobilizing com-missions, committees, etc., as there is no time for Victorianprocedure.

"Since my naturalization, I am proud to call this country mine,but I cannot help feeling that it has become a country of under-statements, of gentle talk with not enough push behind it.

"If, on the other hand, what is left of wildlife in Africa (andelsewhere for that matter) is to be saved, a blunt and ruthlessdemand must be made to those who, with their riches, can buildfor themselves a shining monument in history...."

....

Sir Julian referred this letter for advice to Mr. E. M. Nicholson,Director General of the British Nature Conservancy, who con-sidered that there was a case for a large-scale international effortto raise really substantial funds, and discovered that Mr. PeterScott, a Vice-President of the International Union for theConservation of Nature, was already thinking along similarlines.

On a visit to America in March 1961 Mr. Nicholson discussedthe urgent need for a professional effort to raise the money neededin order to put the conservation movement on a proper footingthroughout the world, and later in that month at the York meetingof the British Ornithologists' Union, Mr. Guy Mountfort, anexperienced businessman and an ornithologist with wide inter-national knowledge, agreed to give his assistance. A memorandumwas, therefore, prepared at Easter outlining a scheme which wasapproved in principle later in April at a meeting of the ExecutiveBoard of IUCN at its headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.

Immediately following this, in May 1961, a preparatory groupwas formed in London under the chairmanship of Mr. Nicholsonwhich included among others Miss Phyllis Barclay-Smith, ColonelC. L. Boyle, Mr. Aubrey Buxton, Lord Hurcomb, Sir JulianHuxley, Mr. Guy Mountfort, Mr. Peter Scott, Mr. Victor Stolan,Sir Landsborough Thomson, The Marquis of Willingdon andDr. E. Barton Worthington.

Its task was to examine the requirements and prepare the plansfor the establishment of a world fund-raising organization whichwould work in collaboration with existing bodies to bring massivefinancial support to the conservation movement on an internationalscale. (In spite of Mr. Stolan's pertinent reference to "Victorianprocedure", it did not seem possible to "accumulate some millionsof pounds without mobilising commissions, committees, etc.".)

The name World Wildlife Fund was selected with the subsidiarytitle "An International Foundation for Saving the World's Wild-life and Wild Places". The Giant Panda (in a design by Mr. PeterScott from a sketch by Mr. Gerald Watterson) was adopted asthe symbol.

At this stage H.R.H. The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,expressed interest and agreed to become President of the BritishNational Appeal. He also enlisted the support of H.R.H. ThePrince of the Netherlands, who agreed to become first Patronand later President of the WWF (International).

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Two anonymous loans amounting between them to £3,000enabled the organization to swing into action, and a subsequentgift of £10,000 from the late Mr. Jack Cotton, the well-knownBritish businessman, put it upon a firm basis. In July 1961 Mr. IanMacPhail, formerly Public Relations Director of a large inter-national company, was engaged to plan and conduct the campaign.One of the first steps in this was a document called the MorgesManifesto signed by sixteen of the world's leading conservationists:

The Morges Manifesto

All over the world today vast numbers of fine and harmless wildcreatures are losing their lives or their homes as the result ofthoughtless and needless destruction. In the name of advancingcivilization they are being shot or trapped out of existence onland taken to be exploited, or drowned by new dams, poisonedby toxic chemicals, killed by poachers for gain, or destroyed inthe course of political upheaval.

In this senseless human activity the 1960s promise to beat allpast records for wiping out the world's wildlife.

Doubtless, feelings of guilt and shame will follow and willhaunt our children, deprived of nature's rich inheritance byignorance, greed and folly. But although the eleventh hour hasstruck it is not yet quite too late to think again. Skilful anddevoted men, and admirable organization, are struggling to savethe world's wildlife. They have the ability and the will to do it,but they tragically lack the support and resources. They arebattling at this moment on many fronts and against many dailychanging and growing threats. They need above all money tocarry out mercy missions and to meet conservation emergenciesby acquiring land where wildlife treasures are threatened, and inmany other ways. Money, for example, to pay guardians ofwildlife refuges, money for education and propaganda amongthose who would care to help if only they understood; money tosend out experts to danger spots and to train more local wardensand helpers, in Africa and elsewhere.

The emergency must be tackled with vigour and efficiency onthe much enlarged scale which it demands, but success willdepend not only on the devoted efforts of enthusiasts for wildlife,but on winning the respect and backing of many other interestswhich must not be overlooked or antagonized.

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Mankind's self-respect and mankind's inheritance on this earthwill not be preserved by narrow or short-sighted means!

The signatories were:Professor Jean G. Baer (Switzerland)Dr. C. J. Bernard (Switzerland)Professor François Bourlière (France)Wolfgang Burhenne (Germany)Dr. Eugen Gerstenmaier (Germany)Charles van der Elst (Belgium)Professor W. Goetel (Poland)Dr. Edward H. Graham (USA)Sir Julian Huxley, F.R.S. (UK)Rocco Knobel (South Africa)Dr. Kai Curry-Lindahl (Sweden)E. M. Nicholson (UK)Erico C. Nicola (Switzerland)M. K. Shawki (Sudan)Peter Scott (UK)Dr. E. B. Worthington (UK)

On the 11th September 1961, the World Wildlife Fund waslegally constituted under Swiss Law at Zurich and finally registeredas a tax-exempt charitable foundation on 16 October 1961. Atthis time a number of the promoters of the Fund met at Arushain Tanganyika, at the conference which constituted Stage II ofthe African Special Project of the International Union for theConservation of Nature. They were gratified by the readiness ofleading Africans to give their support to conservation, and inparticular by the Arusha Declaration of Mr. Julius Nyerere, thenPrime Minister of Tanganyika - now President of Tanzania.This reads:

The survival of our wildlife is a matter of grave concern to allof us in Africa. These wild creatures amid the wild places theyinhabit are not only important as a source of wonder and inspira-tion but are an integral part of our natural resources and of ourfuture livelihood and well-being.

In accepting the trusteeship of our wildlife we solemnly declarethat we will do everything in our power to make sure that ourchildren's grandchildren will be able to enjoy this rich andprecious inheritance.

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The conservation of wildlife and wild places calls for specialistknowledge, trained manpower and money, and we look to othernations to cooperate in this important task - the success orfailure of which not only affects the Continent of Africa but therest of the world as well.

Immediately afterwards a public meeting was held on 26 Sep-tember 1961, at The Royal Society of Arts in London, to announcethe establishment of the Fund. This meeting was addressed bySir Julian Huxley, Professor J. G. Baer (who, as President ofIUCN, had agreed to act as President of the Fund for the pre-liminary period) and Mr. Peter Scott (a Vice-President of IUCNwho was soon afterwards elected 1st Vice-President and Chairmanof WWF). A World Wildlife Charter was read and adopted onthis occasion.

The announcement was well covered by the Press, and on9 October 1961, the Daily Mirror brought out a "Shock Issue" ofthe newspaper which devoted no less than seven pages to thewildlife emergency, including the front and back pages and themiddle page spread. This brought in some £35,000 which wentdirectly to the central account of the WWF because the BritishNational Appeal did not officially come into existence until23 November 1961.

In December 1961 Dr. Fritz Vollmar, a young Swiss business-man, was engaged as Secretary General to the Fund and on12 March 1962, he set up office at Morges.

Thus was the New Ark launched. It remains only to record thetwo memorable dinners attended by H.R.H. Prince Bernhard andH.R.H. Prince Philip. The first, held at the Waldorf Astoria inNew York on 6 June 1962, was, in effect, a launching ceremonyfor the WWF in the US. The second, held at the Mansion Housein the City of London on 6 November 1962, emphasized thenational support for the British Appeal. By then the New Arkwas well and truly on its way.

New Directions

In 1969, a new chapter began for IUCN when the 10th General Assembly,held in New Delhi, formally recognized that substantial changes wererequired to enable the Union to carry out the mandate first given it in1948. Pointing out that for 21 years, the Union had of necessity adopted

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a "fire brigade" approach aimed at the curing of individual conservationproblems, the General Assembly agreed that the time had come for anew approach, one emphasizing attack of basic causes, toward preven-tion in addition to cure, toward providing a world-wide overview ofconservation and toward focusing available resources within and withoutthe Union on major environmental problems.

It was affirmed at New Delhi that the Union is concerned with thequality of life, with the physical, educational, social and aesthetic valueswhich add richness, meaning, and satisfaction to human experience. Tothis end IUCN initiates and promotes scientifically-based action thatwill ensure perpetuation and enhancement of the living world - man'snatural environment - and the natural resources on which all livingthings depend. Conservation was defined as management (which termincludes survey, research, administration, preservation, utilization, andimplies education and training) of air, water, soil, minerals, and livingspecies including man, so as to achieve the highest sustainable qualityof life.

The objects of the Union were restated as follows:1. To provide a continuing review and assessment of world environ-mental problems.2. To formulate and promulgate statements of policy on topics ofimportance for the conservation of natural resources based on the bestscientific evidence.3. To promote research and new techniques relating to the conservationof nature and natural resources.4. To provide advice to governments and organizations concerning theconservation of nature and natural resources.5. To assist governments, on request, in developing national policies ofconservation and to assist in their execution by providing advice andestablishing cooperative programmes with other international agencies.

Increased resources made available following the New Delhi decisionsenabled the Secretariat to be enlarged. Strong professional competencewas added to provide wider analyses of environmental problems, tomaintain IUCN's leadership in conservation matters and to so strengthenthe organization to meet the challenge of the rapidly deteriorating worldsituation. Gerardo Budowski (Venezuela) as Director-General andFrank G. Nicholls (Australia) as his deputy were given the task ofexecuting this new programme, which involved radical reorganization ofprogrammes, working methods and staff resources. By the end of 1970the Secretariat comprised twelve professional officers with a broadspread of scientific competence and a supporting staff of similar size.

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Its activities considerably increased the effectiveness of the network ofsome 400 specialists from all over the world who constitute the member-ship of the six Commissions of the Union.

The activities of IUCN were re-defined in "project" form and manynew projects were added. Rigorous selection was imposed to stretchlimited resources to the best advantage. Necessarily, many good ideasfor projects have had to be shelved until sufficient staff and moneybecome available.

The principal direction in the Union's work programme continued tobe to use information from all sources, including its own network ofcontacts, for continuing analysis of conditions and areas of most urgentconservation interest, to apply the results of such analysis to actionprogrammes. Without dissipating its efforts through too wide a dispersalof its activities, the Union concerned itself with the broad gamut ofenvironmental problems, concentrating on those in the resolution ofwhich it believed it had special competence or could most satisfactorilycomplement the efforts of others. To this end close links were institutedwith UN agencies and other international bodies concerned with theenvironment.

The new organization was characterized by flexibility, able to adaptrapidly to opportunities for action. Wherever possible it establishedcooperative projects and acted catalytically to stimulate others to func-tion rather than embarking on the work itself.

The short period since New Delhi has been productive and clearly theinitiatives taken to broaden IUCN's role were responsive to the urgentneeds of today's world. For example, IUCN – with wide internationalsupport - is currently carrying out a series of projects designed to provideecological guidelines for the use of planning agencies in their efforts topromote the economic development of various major biomes in non-industrial regions of the world. At the same time, with so much of thenatural world rapidly disappearing under the overwhelming humanonslaught, efforts have been greatly expanded to bring under protectionas many representative ecosystems as possible. These include wetlandsof all kinds, critically important marine habitats, tropical humid forestand montane zones, suitable in many cases for incorporation in nationalparklands. Concurrently, efforts to strengthen the protection and reco-very of endangered species of wild fauna and flora are increasing. Thecreation of favourable public attitudes through education, environ-mental planning, the basic scientific research which is often still needed,and the formulation of sound governmental policies, legal frameworkand administrative practices, have all received substantial attention

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within the Union programme. A significantly large part of the work isbeing carried out with the collaboration and support of UN bodies andconcerned foundations - and, of course, the World Wildlife Fund. Thescale and scope of the total programme is world-wide.

Conservation has come a long way in 25 years. The spread of itsideas during this quarter century has been substantial and IUCN canbe proud of the influence it has had in promoting this. IUCN was estab-lished by a handful of pioneers "preaching in the desert". By 1973, theconservation movement had gained enough momentum for traditionaldecision-makers of most countries to be forced to accept conservation- although, of course, most action programmes to implement theseconcepts still leave much to be desired. Despite the recent surge of interestand concern, the concurrent increase in destruction is even greater andgoodwill alone is not sufficient to prevent the depletion of nature and itsresources.

The political importance, the sociological impacts and the economicrepercussions of the issues raised in conservation and development havebeen such that they engage the attention of numerous disciplines. In theintense activity and confusion we are experiencing today, there is surelya vital role for a scientific and technical organization, free from natio-nalistic allegiance or pressures, whose task is to advocate whatever isessential for the well-being of man and the environment of which he ispart, and to secure the rejection of worthless and empty claptrap.IUCN's mission, and its jealously guarded competence, continue togive it the highest raison d'etre.

Officers, Executive Boards and Secretaries General

The following list is a major part of the historical record. Here are thenames of the Officers and Executive Board members of the Union fromthe beginning through the first 25 years. Dates shown after each namecover the periods of service in office.

First General Assembly – October 1948 – Fontainebleau :

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President :Vice-Presidents :

Charles J. Bernard (Switzerland) 1948-1954Harold J. Coolidge (USA) 1948-1954Roger Heim (France) 1948-1952Henry G. Maurice (UK) 1948-1950

Executive Board:

Secretary General:

Böje Benzon (Denmark) 1948–1950Nils Dahlbeck (Sweden) 1948–1954Walery Goetel (Poland) 1948–1954Henri Humbert (France) 1948–1952J. K. van der Haagen (Netherlands) 1948–1950Victor Van Straelen (Belgium) 1948–1952Jehan Vellard (Peru) 1948–1954Renzo Videsott (Italy) 1948–1952William Vogt (USA) 1948–1952Jose Yepes (Argentina) 1948–1950Jean-Paul Harroy (Belgium) 1948–1956

Second General Assembly – October 1950 – Brussels:

President:Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Secretary General:

Charles J. Bernard (Switzerland) 1948–1954Harold J. Coolidge (USA) 1948–1954Roger Heim (France) 1948–1952G. F. Herbert Smith (UK) 1950–1953Phyllis Barclay-Smith (UK) 1950–1956M. C. Bloemers (Netherlands) 1950–1956Nils Dahlbeck (Sweden) 1948–1954R. A. Falla (New Zealand) 1950–1956Walery Goetel (Poland) 1948–1954Henri Humbert (France) 1948–1952William H. Phelps, Jr. (Venezuela) 1950–1952Victor Van Straelen (Belgium) 1948–1952Jehan Vellard (Peru) 1948–1954Renzo Videsott (Italy) 1948–1952William Vogt (USA) 1948–1952Jean-Paul Harroy (Belgium) 1948–1956

Third General Assembly – September 1952 – Caracas :

President:Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Charles J. Bernard (Switzerland) 1948–1954Harold J. Coolidge (USA) 1948–1954William H. Phelps, Jr. (Venezuela) 1952–1956G. F. Herbert Smith (UK) 1950–1953Phyllis Barclay-Smith (UK) 1950–1956Enrique Beltran (Mexico) 1952–1956

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Böje Benzon (Denmark) 1952–1958M. C. Bloemers (Netherlands) 1950–1956Nils Dahlbeck (Sweden) 1948–1956R. A. Falla (New Zealand) 1950–1956O. Fournier (Canada) 1952–1958Ira N. Gabrielson (USA) 1952–1958Walery Goetel (Poland) 1948–1956Th. Monod (France) 1952–1958Jehan Vellard (Peru) 1948–1954Jean-Paul Harroy (Belgium) 1948–1956

Executive Board:

Fifth General Assembly – June 1956 – Edinburgh:

President:Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Roger Heim (France) 1954–1958Enrique Beltran (Mexico) 1956–1958Lord Hurcomb (UK) 1954–1960Victor Van Straelen (Belgium) 1956–1960Jean G. Baer (Switzerland) 1954–1958Böje Benzon (Denmark) 1952–1958Kai Curry-Lindahl (Sweden) 1956–1963

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Fourth General Assembly – September 1954 – Copenhagen:

President:Vice-Presidents:

Roger Heim (France) 1954–1958M. C. Bloemers (Netherlands) 1954–1956Lord Hurcomb (UK) 1954–1960William H. Phelps, Jr. (Venezuela) 1952–1956Jean G. Baer (Switzerland) 1954–1958Phyllis Barclay-Smith (UK) 1950–1956Enrique Beltran (Mexico) 1952–1956Böje Benzon (Denmark) 1952–1958R. A. Falla (New Zealand) 1950–1956O. Fournier (Canada) 1952–1958Ira N. Gabrielson (USA) 1952–1958H. Gams (Austria) 1954–1960Th. Monod (France) 1952–1958Victor Van Straelen (Belgium) 1954–1960Richard W. Westwood (USA) 1954–1958Jean-Paul Harroy (Belgium) 1948–1956Secretary General:

Secretary General:

Secretary General:Deputy SecretaryGeneral:

O. Fournier (Canada) 1952–1958Ira N. Gabrielson (USA) 1952–1958H. Gams (Austria) 1954–1960Rocco Knobel (South Africa) 1956–1963Th. Monod (France) 1952–1958Peter Scott (UK) 1956–1960Prince Tungi (Tonga) 1956–1958Richard W. Westwood (USA) 1954–1958Tracy Philipps (UK) 1956–1958

Mrs. Marguerite Caram (Belgium) 1956–1958

Sixth General Assembly – September 1958 – Athens:

President:Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Secretary General:

Jean G. Baer (Switzerland) 1958–1963Harold J. Coolidge (USA) 1958–1963Lord Hurcomb (UK) 1954–1960Victor Van Straelen (Belgium) 1956–1960F. Bourliere (France) 1958–1960F. Camargo (Brazil) 1958–1963I. McT. Cowan (Canada) 1958–1963Kai Curry–Lindahl (Sweden) 1956–1963H. Gams (Austria) 1954–1960Walery Goetel (Poland) 1958–1963Edward H. Graham (USA) 1958–1963Rocco Knobel (South Africa) 1956–1963A. Abdel Nabi (Sudan) 1958–1960Peter Scott (UK) 1956–1960N. van Hiep (Viet Nam) 1958–1960M. C. Bloemers (Netherlands) 1958–1960

Seventh General Assembly – June 1960 – Warsaw:

President :Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Jean G. Baer (Switzerland) 1958–1963F. Bourliere (France) 1960–1963Harold J. Coolidge (USA) 1958–1963Peter Scott (UK) 1960–1963F. Camargo (Brazil) 1958–1963I. McT. Cowan (Canada) 1958–1963

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Secretary General:

Kai Curry-Lindahl (Sweden) 1956–1963G. P. Dementiev (USSR) 1960–1963E. Gerstenmaier (Federal Republic of Germany)

1960–1966Walery Goetel (Poland) 1958–1963Edward H. Graham (USA) 1958–1963Rocco Knobel (South Africa) 1956–1963Boonsong Lekagul (Thailand) 1960–1966M. K. Shawki (Sudan) 1960–1963Charles Vander Elst (Belgium) 1960–1963E. Barton Worthington (UK) 1960–1963M. C. Bloemers* (Netherlands) 1958–1960Gerald G. Watterson (FAO) March 1961–

August 1962Sir Hugh Elliott (UK) from December 1962 (acting)

Eighth General Assembly – September 1963 – Nairobi:

President:Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Secretary General:

F. Bourliere (France) 1963–1966M. K. Shawki (Sudan) 1964–1966Charles Vander Elst (Belgium) 1963–1966E. Barton Worthington (UK) 1963–1966Jean G. Baer (Switzerland) 1963–1966R. Carrick (Australia) 1964–1969J. C. de Melo Carvalho (Brazil) 1963–1969E. J. H. Corner (UK) 1963–1969G. P. Dementiev (USSR) 1960–1966W. A. Fuller (Canada) 1964–1969E. Gerstenmaier (Federal Republic of Germany)

1960–1966L. Hoffmann (Switzerland) 1963–1966D. J. Kuenen (Netherlands) 1963–1966Boonsong Lekagul (Thailand) 1960–1966H. E. Luther (Finland) 1964–1970Th. Monod (France) 1964–1970M. Pavan (Italy) 1963–1969S. Dillon Ripley (USA) 1963–1969David P. S. Wasawo (Kenya) 1964–1970Sir Hugh Elliott (UK) 1962 (acting), 1963–1966

* Resigned 1 December 1960.

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Ninth General Assembly – July 1966 – Lucerne:

President:Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Harold J. Coolidge (USA) 1966–1972F. Fraser Darling (UK) 1966–1972L. Hoffmann (Switzerland) 1966–1969D. J. Kuenen (Netherlands) 1966–1969B. N. Bogdanov (USSR) 1966–1972R. Carrick (Australia) 1964–1969J. C. de Melo Carvalho (Brazil) 1963–1969E. J. H. Corner (UK) 1963–1969Italo N. Costantino (Argentina) 1966–1972W. A. Fuller (Canada) 1964–1969Zafar Futehally (India) 1967–1969V. A. Kovda (USSR) 1967–1970H. E. Luther (Finland) 1964–1970Anna Medwecka-Kornas (Poland) 1967–1972Th. Monod (France) 1969–1970M. Pavan (Italy) 1963–1969S. Dillon Ripley (USA) 1963–1969Russell E. Train (USA) 1966–1972David P. S. Wasawo (Kenya) 1964–1970E. J. H. Berwick (UK) 1966–31 March 1970

Tenth General Assembly – December 1969 – New Delhi :

President:Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Harold J. Coolidge (USA) 1966–1972I. McT. Cowan (Canada) 1969F. Fraser Darling (UK) 1966–1972Zafar Futehally (India) 1969Christian Jouanin (France) 1970M. F. Mörzer Bruyns (Netherlands) 1969–1972B. N. Bogdanov (USSR) 1966–1972Italo N. Costantino (Argentina) 1966–1972B. Dioum (Senegal) 1970W. A. Fuller* (Canada) 1964–1969Ulf Hafsten (Norway) 1970V. A. Kovda (USSR) 1967–1970H. E. Luther (Finland) 1964–1970R. Matthey** (Switzerland) 1969–1972

* Resigned 1 December 1969.** Resigned September 1970.

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Secretary General:

Director General:Deputy DirectorGeneral:

Anna Medwecka-Kornas (Poland) 1967–1972Th. Monod (France) 1964–1970Paulo Nogueira-Neto (Brazil) 1970M. E. D. Poore (UK) 1969Olivier Reverdin* (Switzerland) 1970Lee M. Talbot (USA) 1969Russell E. Train (USA) 1966–1972Jose A. Valverde Gomez (Spain) 1970David P. S. Wasawo (Kenya) 1964–1970Gerardo Budowski (Venezuela) from 1 April 1970

Frank G. Nicholls (Australia) from 1 May 1970

Eleventh General Assembly – September 1972 – Banff:

President:Vice-Presidents:

Executive Board:

Director General:Deputy DirectorGeneral:

D. J. Kuenen (Netherlands) 1972A. G. Bannikov (USSR) 1972I. McT. Cowan (Canada) 1969Zafar Futehally (India) 1969Christian Jouanin (France) 1970David P. S. Wasawo (Kenya) 1972B. Dioum (Senegal) 1970Eskandar Firouz (Iran) 1972Ulf Hafsten (Norway) 1970A. Inozemtsev (USSR) 1972M. Kassas (Egypt) 1972E. Mondolfi (Venezuela) 1972M. F. Mörzer Bruyns (Netherlands) 1972Paulo Nogueira-Neto (Brazil) 1970M. E. D. Poore (UK) 1969Olivier Reverdin (Switzerland) 1970Otto Soemarwoto (Indonesia) 1972G. Stutzin (Chile) 1972Lee M. Talbot (USA) 1969Jose A. Valverde Gomez (Spain) 1970Gilbert F. White (USA) 1972Gerardo Budowski (Venezuela) 1970

Frank G. Nicholls (Australia) 1970

* Appointed to fill vacancy, November 1970.

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REVIEW OF IUCN ACTIVITIES

The broad outline of IUCN's programme is established by the GeneralAssembly which meets every three years. These activities are executedby working groups and task forces and by members of the Secretariatunder general policy guidance from the Executive Board and the Com-missions.

Basic elements of the work programme are in the form of projectsjointly prepared and carried out with the World Wildlife Fund throughthe IUCN/WWF Joint Project Operations machinery. The two Secre-tariats combine to handle the processing of projects, including screeningand monitoring by the Commissions, provision of supporting services,and administration. Within this joint operations procedure, IUCN con-tinues to provide scientific and technical advice to WWF in relation toproject selection and priorities, and WWF continues to be concernedwith fund-raising. Both organizations coordinate their action in projectfollow-up and publicity and educational matters. This procedure makesthe best use of the limited resources available to IUCN/WWF.

The programme for the triennium 1973-1975 was approved by the11th General Assembly (Banff, 1972). It covered a consolidation anddeepening of new lines for work started in 1972 and, as resources maypermit, an involvement with other problems of environmental plan-ning and resources management that are becoming increasingly impor-tant. It also involved a change in emphasis and priorities in relation toexisting projects.

The major thrust of the programme follows the General Assemblytheme of "Conservation for Development", demonstrating both thevalue of conservation as an instrument for soundly-based developmentin both the richer and poorer countries of the world. It echoes therapidly changing values that are becoming apparent in most countrieswith strong emphasis on quality of life, wildlife, natural areas, sharing

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of resources, and halting environmental degradation. Emphasis is oncreating awareness of the importance of conserving forests, wetlands,and other biotopes and establishing national parks and reserves as analternative to preparing land for cropping or animal husbandry.

During 1973 IUCN received funding from the Fund of the UnitedNations Environment Programme (UNEP) which enabled work to bestarted on the formulation of ecological guidelines for economic develop-ment with special reference to humid tropical forest areas. Related pro-jects were also initiated for other biomes with support from the SwedishInternational Development Authority (SIDA).

Forward planning also started for projects to be supported by UNEPin the development of regional systems of national parks and otherprotected areas.

The hard core of IUCN work on the establishment and improvementof national parks and the conservation of threatened plants and animalscontinued.

Programmes in the fields of environmental policy and environmentallaw, including work on international conventions relating to conserva-tion, were further developed as were activities in the field of environ-mental education and public awareness.

In these and other activities close links were maintained with FAOand UNESCO as well as with other collaborators referred to later inthe Yearbook.

To simplify reporting on these various projects and activities, theyhave been arbitrarily grouped into five sections: (1) National and Inter-national Environmental Policy, (2) Environmental Planning and Manage-ment, (3) Conservation of Biotic Communities, (4) Conservation ofEndangered Species, and (5) Environmental Education and PublicAwareness.

Many of the projects referred to in the following pages are in theIUCN/WWF series financed by the World Wildlife Fund. Other fundingsources are mentioned in relation to specific projects.

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National and International Environmental Policy

If conservation is to be an effective instrument it must be more than anemotional and ethical expression of individual interests; these individualand very personal responses must find form in the policies and laws ofthose who govern. Generally speaking this has occurred long ago tosome degree in most societies. But the process is a continuous one, orcertainly should be, with revised policies and revised or new lawsappearing in response to environmental needs.

These matters of involvement of governments with environmentalissues are related to the work of the Commission on EnvironmentalPolicy, Law and Administration, and to the IUCN Environmental LawCentre at Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany. They incorporate a widerange of activities and involve various levels of political action, fromthose concerning the individual to international cooperation.

Environmental policy

In the area of environmental policy, several issues that arose at theStockholm Conference were brought under study. Position papers toclarify the issues and point to desirable action are being prepared andone was issued during the year in the IUCN Environmental Policy andLaw Papers series. This was handled by a small Task Force linked tothe Commission on Environmental Policy, Law and Administration(CEPLA). The following subjects have been considered:

The concept of "additionality", i.e., additional financing fordeveloping countries to cover taking environmental considera-tions into account in development programmes;

The associated question of "compensation" which is linked toredressing adverse effects on the trading position of developing

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countries by measures taken by industrialized nations in theirconcern for the environment;

Coping with the widening gap in scientific and technicalcapability for dealing with environmental issues between thedeveloped and the developing countries.

In addition drafts of papers have been prepared on the effect ofenvironmental issues on competition in international trade and onenvironmental impact statements as an instrument of governmentalpolicy.

International conventions

Formal international agreements covering natural resource problemshave provided one useful technique in advancing conservation action.Over the years IUCN has been deeply involved in bringing into effect anumber of these agreements, which normally require a great deal ofpreparation. IUCN is concerned with secretariat activities for some ofthese. Two conventions were concluded during the year and are referredto in the next following sections.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora

One of the highlights of 1973 was the convening by the United StatesGovernment of a Plenipotentiary Conference to Conclude an Inter-national Convention on Trade of Certain Species of Wildlife, held inWashington in February 1973. IUCN contributed to the technicalsecretariat for the meeting.

The resulting Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora was signed in Washington on 3 March1973. This was the conclusion often years of effort by IUCN and manyothers. At the end of 1973, 36 States had signed the Convention, andratification procedures had been initiated in most of them. The Conven-tion will come into force after 10 States have ratified.

The Convention establishes a system of permits and certificates forregulating international trade in threatened wildlife by control of exportsand imports, and calls for effective national measures to reinforce andimplement the border check procedures, including confiscation of speci-mens and other penalties for violation of the provisions of the Convention.

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Endangered species are subject to particularly strict regulation, andcommercial trade in them is banned. Export of other threatened speciesare to be monitored to avoid overexploitation.

Agreement on Conservation of Polar Bears

A draft agreement was prepared by IUCN in consultation with theIUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group and the five governmentsconcerned. This was discussed at a meeting in Oslo in November 1973,convened by the Government of Norway. IUCN provided a technicalsecretariat for the meeting.

The agreement gives almost complete protection to polar bears in theArctic. Taking of polar bears is banned although some defined excep-tions are allowed, most importantly traditional hunting by local people.Each country is called on to carry out research on polar bears and tocoordinate research and exchange information with other parties.

Convention on Migratory Animalsand Those Inhabiting International Waters

A preliminary study has been undertaken to provide the basis for aninternational agreement. The results of the study are expected to beavailable in the summer of 1974.

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance,Especially as Waterfowl Habitat

This convention was concluded at an intergovernmental meeting con-vened by the Imperial Government of Iran at Ramsar in February 1971.IUCN is to provide Secretariat duties for the Convention. The Conven-tion is open for signature at UNESCO headquarters in Paris.

At the end of 1973, the Convention had been signed by three States.It will come into effect when seven States have adhered to it.

Convention on Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

This Convention was adopted by the UNESCO General Conference inParis on 16 November 1972. IUCN is to assist UNESCO in providing

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a Secretariat. At the end of 1973, the Convention had been ratified byone State and it will come into effect when this action has been taken by20 States.

Environmental law documentation

Adequate information on the legislative and regulatory aspects ofenvironmental protection is the essential basis for IUCN's work in thisfield. Accordingly, IUCN has built up in its Environmental Law Centreat Bonn an extensive collection of such material, which has been classifiedand indexed.

This collection started with the former Commission on Legislation in1963 in order to meet the need for texts relating to the conservation ofwild animals and places. The original scope of the coverage has graduallybeen expanded until it now embraces most legal and regulatory aspectsof environmental concern.

Currently, the collection covers material from nearly 130 countries(as well as material from some individual states and provinces in coun-tries with federal governments) and totals over 19,000 legal documents.It is regarded as the largest multinational collection of documents ofenvironmental law.

An extensive collection network has been built up, especially amongmembers of IUCN and its Commissions. The Environmental LawCentre has also established contacts with other libraries in the FederalRepublic of Germany to supplement its own holdings, for example,with the Bundeshaus-Bibliothek at Bonn, and the Bibliothek des Max-Planck-Instituts at Heidelberg and Hamburg.

In principle, the documentation is accessible to anyone. However, inview of the large number of inquiries and limited staff and budget,requests are handled in the following order of priority: internal IUCNneeds, requests from State members, requests from other members, andother requests according to merit.

During 1973 a number of specific documentation projects were carriedforward.

Regulations designed to protect certain species of wild animals

This covers compilation and publication in loose-leaf form of sum-maries of national laws and regulations governing the protection, import

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and export of species. Begun in 1972, the collection of summaries alreadytotals 850 pages.

Analysis of environmental legislation

Continuing earlier work on preparation of legislation for use in thecomputer system, the laws of Finland and Sweden were analyzed andcoded; work on German legislation continued throughout the year.

Treaties and conventions relating to environmental problems

The collection was enlarged to some 175 items during 1973. Work willcontinue in 1974 when the collection is expected to extend to 250 treatiesand conventions directly or indirectly related to environmental problems.Commercial publication of the texts or relevant parts and informationon date of effect, States that are parties to the treaties, etc., is planned inloose-leaf binder form.

Studies in environmental law

Another major area of activity concerns studies which could lead to aricher, more flexible and thus more effective body of conservation law.Naturally, these studies depend for their success, in part at least, on thedocumentation available in Bonn.

Over the past few years a number of these study and research projectshave been a regular part of the Environmental Law Centre activity.Usually they have been carried out by visiting professors of law, younglawyers and sometimes graduate students. Five such projects wereundertaken at Bonn in 1973 and several others were in the planningstage.

Private remedies for transnational environmental disturbances

This project covers the study of the possibilities for private legal actionunder the rules of private and public international law against environ-mentally harmful activities originating outside the victim's own country.A draft of this study was ready for refereeing at the end of 1973.

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The US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) :A tool capable of use by other nations

This project covers an analysis of this US law with emphasis on the useof impact statements in dealing with environmental problems in the USand the way in which this technique could be adopted by other nations.

NEPA requires that basic policy decisions be made only after anextensive body of environmental factors and inputs have been madeavailable, weighed, and accommodated in some "least harms" calculusby the decision maker. The process opens up the decision making pro-cess to a wide range of affected interest groups. A report has been draftedsuggesting ways in which NEPA may be adapted for use by othernations with similar needs.

The concept of private property in relation to land-use planningand control

This project aims to outline the very strict land-use controls in theFederal Republic of Germany and to compare these with the techniquesof control in the USA.

Comparing the "environmental awareness" and action in the UnitedStates and in Europe, one could conclude that the US is well ahead ofEuropean nations in this field. In one area, however, Europe has a clearlead and that is in land-use controls.

In the US, whoever owns land usually controls its use. In Europe,however, it has been accepted that a whole range of controls could beimposed on private property without affecting ownership or requiringcompensation. This has permitted the concept of property to emergewith a better balance between private and public interest. The Germanland-use controls, largely drawing on the concept of social obligationof property, are a useful example of what such an evolution can achieve.

A comparative study of environmental legislation :common principles for a general law of the environment

This project will analyze environmental legislation of approximately20 different countries to derive common principles and approachesapplicable to a general law on the environment. This could lead toagreement on more difficult aspects of international environmental

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protection and control. This study was begun in early 1973, and isexpected to be completed in the spring of 1974.

Standing of private citizens to sue in environmental disputes

This project covers studies of trends in American and European law onthe ability of private persons and organizations to initiate legal actionin connection with environmental disturbances. Two publications onthis subject have already been issued by IUCN, both in 1972: Standingto Sue in Environmental Litigation in the United States of America byDavid D. Gregory, and German Law on Standing to Sue by EckardRehbinder.

A follow-up study in the same subject area deals with the Frenchaspects of the law of standing to sue. The analysis covers both civil andadministrative courts, and concentrates on the problems of standingfor private groups. A draft of the study was completed in December 1973.It will be published in French and English.

Other studies

During the year a number of additional studies were undertaken inconnection with possible publication in the Environmental Policy andLaw Paper series: Environmental policy of the European EconomicCommunities and its legal basis; Notes on the development of environ-mental law in the United States, and Guidelines for the establishmentof ecological reserves.

Legislative aid projects

From time to time requests are received from countries wanting assistancein the preparation of conservation legislation. With so much documen-tation available at Bonn, "model" legislative provisions can be preparedon the basis of analysis of existing laws covering similar problems andsituations. For example, all national parks have certain common featureswhich could be covered by a basic legislative standard.

One project in this area was active during the year: Wildlife andNational Parks Legislation for the Sudan. FAO untertook this studywith IUCN/WWF cooperation.

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Environmental Planning and Management

The definition of conservation adopted by IUCN places emphasis onmanagement of the resources of the environment and this implies plan-ning as an essential ingredient. The Commission on EnvironmentalPlanning is concerned with this area of activities and monitors projectslinked with land-use planning, landscape planning and the productionof planning and management tools.

Special emphasis has been given to the formulation of ecologicalprinciples relating to economic development and of ecological guide-lines based on these principles. Ecological principles, in spite of theirimportance, are usually not adequately integrated into the developmentprocess. Decisions are made on the basis of social, political or economicfactors with little or no consideration of their long-term impact. As aresult, many areas which have been subjected to development projectshave suffered environmental problems.

Conservation can be an important tool for development. Being guidedby ecological principles can ensure that the right kind of developmentoccurs and can avoid costly failures. The publication early in 1973 ofEcological Principles for Economic Development as a joint venture be-tween IUCN and the Conservation Foundation (Washington, D.C.)with financial support from SIDA provided the background for furtherconsideration of the provision of specific guidelines based on the prin-ciples then enunciated for use by planners and decision-makers. Actiontaken towards the formulation of such guidelines is reported below.

The use of ecological guidelinesfor development in the American humid tropics

This project involves a meeting of experts at Caracas, Venezuela, inFebruary 1974, convened to formulate ecological principles that are

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relevant to development in tropical rain forest areas in Latin Americaand to evolve guidelines based on such principles. The Conference willbring together invited ecologists and planners along with specialistsfrom appropriate disciplines and officers from government agencies inthe region dealing with agriculture, forestry and land-use to discuss andprepare the draft guidelines. In particular it will take into accountalternative land-use systems including forestry, agriculture, pastoralism,wildlife utilization, conservation of natural areas, and tourism.

Technical sessions will be devoted to the presentation of selectedcommissioned papers and their discussion. Matters to be coveredinclude agriculture and pastoralism, forestry and wildlife resources,engineering and natural areas, and tourism. Draft guidelines for develop-ment based on ecological principles will be evolved on the basis of thediscussions.

Convened by IUCN, the meeting is cosponsored by five UN agencies:FAO, UNDP, UNEP, ECLA, and UNESCO, together with theOrganization of American States (OAS). The meeting is being supportedby the Fund of UNEP, the Swedish International Development Authority(SIDA) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

The use of ecological guidelinesfor development in tropical forest areas of South East Asia

Planning began in late 1973 for this meeting to be held in May 1974, inBandung, Indonesia, to develop ecological guidelines for developmentplanners in tropical forest areas of South East Asia. It is to be similarin form and purpose to the Caracas meeting.

The Government of Indonesia is cooperating in the meeting and itwill be sponsored by UN agencies and supported by the Fund of UNEP,SIDA, and WWF. Plans have been made for the outcome of the meetingto be discussed by Indonesian officials immediately afterwards with aview to adapting the guidelines for local use.

The guidelines resulting from the Caracas and Bandung meetings willform the basis of a special publication on this topic.

Guidelines for island development

Because islands are ecologically fragile and extremely vulnerable todevelopment and population growth, special care is essential in planningdevelopment. It is important that island peoples be assisted in theirefforts to achieve a higher quality of life but it must immediately be

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recognized that their future prospects depend on limited resources andon fragile environmental features which islanders feel are significant totheir way of life.

With financial support by SIDA, a study has been undertaken byJohn McEachern and Edward L. Towle of the Island Resources Founda-tion, Inc., St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, to identify those adverseenvironmental impacts that are frequent by-products of contemporaryland-use activities on islands as opposed to those with a longer historyand to derive development guidelines relevant to the identified impacts.

The resulting report will be published in 1974.

Guidelines for other biomes

Other studies have been planned to examine the formulation of ecologicalguidelines for coastal areas, for grassland/savanna, and for the dryregions of South West Asia. The extension of these activities will bedependent, to some extent, on the availability of funding.

A complementary study, conducted jointly with the University ofNewcastle-upon-Tyne, UK, and financially supported by SIDA, is con-cerned with defining the place of the ecologist in the development plan-ning process. A questionnaire has been sent to a large number of groupsin almost 30 countries to examine the current situation.

Tourism and conservation

The project covers the preparation of guidelines for development oftourism based on ecological principles and the definition of policy forpromotion of tourism in developing countries.

Tourism can provide short-term economic justification for the con-servation of natural resources and cultural social values. In some coun-tries it provides a major source of revenue. But too often increasedtourism has developed in such a way as to endanger natural areas andindigenous wildlife, leading to the depletion of natural resources, andcaused visual pollution and cultural degradation. In this way tourismcan prejudice its own economic health and future by destroying the veryresources on which it is based. It is important that governments, as wellas local authorities, should ensure that tourist use of natural and culturalareas does not exceed a level incompatible with safeguarding nature.

A small task force is examining this question and will be preparingthe outline of a report to be written by a consultant.

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Future of the Alps

There is increasing degradation of the European Alpine regions as aresult of human pressures. Action plans to bring these destructive pro-cesses under control will be the subject of this project, which will focusin an International Symposium, scheduled to begin 31 August 1974 atTrento, Italy. Some 250 specialists and planners from the region areexpected to attend.

Work programme for the Symposium includes consideration of reportson human population, evolution of population patterns and causes ofinequal distribution in the Alpine region; touristic implications; bio-logical impacts on the flora and fauna due to the intervention of man,including pollution phenomena; physiognomic modifications of Alpinelandscapes, agriculture, forestry, national monuments, erosion, hydro-electric power, public works, tourism, quarries; existing conservationmeasures and their effectiveness including reserves and national parks;the present situation of legislation and administration in EuropeanAlpine countries in the fields of land management, land-use and theprotection of flora, fauna, national parks and reserves. Working groupswill be concerned with national parks and reserves, conservation ofspecies, agriculture and sylviculture, economic development, transportand settlements, tourism, and land-use and zoning. The meeting willend with the formulation of conclusions and adoption of an action plan.

IUCN/WWF are organizing sponsors, along with the Commissioninternationale pour la protection des regions alpines (CIPRA), EuregioAlpina, l'Union internationale des associations d'alpinisme (UIAA),Italian Alpine Club (CAI) and the International Festival on Mountainand Exploration Films, Trento, Italy.

UNESCO and the International Federation of Landscape Architectsare cooperating as sponsors, as are the Secretariats of the EconomicCommission for Europe of the United Nations and the Council of Europe.

The Green Book

This project covers identification and description of outstanding andendangered landscapes. The resulting data-sheets will be published inloose-leaf form. The "Green Book of Outstanding and EndangeredLandscapes" will provide the basis for action to conserve these areas forthe future. The landscapes selected are being chosen because of theirscenic beauty, or their linkage with local cultural history. They are areasthat warrant protection by zoning or in other ways so that they will not

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be significantly affected by industrial, urban or other developments.Initial work, in the form of a pilot study, has concentrated on cultural

landscapes in Europe. A meeting of the screening committee that willexamine the work of national coordinators is scheduled for May 1974.

Improvement of cultural landscapes

An International Seminar on the Problems of Creative Conservationand the Dynamic Development of Cultural Landscapes was held 4–8 Junein Constanta, Romania. The seminar was attended by 40 participantsfrom 8 countries; 16 papers were presented on various aspects of con-servation and planning. Concurrently a meeting of the IUCN/WWFproject committee on the improvement of cultural landscapes was held.

The proceedings of the meeting and its recommendations will bepublished in 1974.

Leaflet on landscape survey

A small leaflet has been issued drawing attention to the importance ofcarrying out landscape surveys so that the functioning of the landscapecan be understood and the effects of possible changes can be considered.It indicates the scope and elements in such surveys.

Conservation status of the Mediterranean coast

This project which started in 1971 has not progressed far during theyear. It aims to coordinate information on the status of various parts ofthe Mediterranean coast and to identify areas that should be protectedor which should be the subject of rehabilitation studies.

Initial work has been concerned mainly with France, Italy and Yugo-slavia as pilot areas. Data is being collected and preliminary arrange-ments made for local discussions to clarify issues.

Arid and semi-arid zones

A basic study to provide the basis for management practices aimed atrehabilitating arid and semi-arid areas that have deteriorated throughover-use has been in the planning phase during 1973. Discussions havestarted with UNEP and with potential collaborators and sponsors witha view to defining an acceptable long-term study which will be centeredin the Sahelian Zone.

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Conservation of Biotic Communities

Biotic communities and their groups of plant and animal species havealways been a major concern of IUCN. Attention has been given to thetask of ensuring that representative samples of the varied natural eco-systems of all regions are brought under some form of protection.Special efforts have been directed to those biomes which are underincreasing threat from man's activities such as those in the coastal zone,islands, wetlands, and tropical forests.

Some of the most obviously important areas are those superblybeautiful or unique regions which have been designated as nationalparks or are under a similarly high level of protection. IUCN's interestin national parks is of long standing and a great deal of effort has beenspent dealing with park projects or park-related matters such as surveys,conferences and publications.

This aspect of IUCN's programme has been the concern of the Inter-national Commission on National Parks as well as the Survival ServiceCommission and the Commission on Ecology. A considerable series ofIUCN/WWF projects have been involved.

United Nations List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves

IUCN has been entrusted with the task of preparing and issuing thislist. In 1973 a new format was established with the inauguration of anannual UN List. This sets out the name, size, and year of establishmentof national parks, provincial parks and national nature reserves whichmeet the criteria for selection laid down by IUCN through its Inter-national Commission on National Parks.

Selection of areas for inclusion in the 1973 UN List was carried outby a panel consisting of J. I. Nicol (Canada), Chairman of ICNP; Kai

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Curry-Lindahl (UNEP), Raymond F. Dasmann (IUCN), Jean-Paul Harroy(Belgium), P. H. C. Lucas (New Zealand), and Kenton R. Miller (USA).

Work progressed meanwhile on the 1974 List.

World Directory of National Parks and Other Protected Areas

This new publication, now in preparation, will provide data on protectedareas in greater detail and scope than in the English and French versionsof the Second Edition of the UN List. It will consist of data sheets foreach area in a series of loose-leaf volumes. The initial coverage is intendedto describe the protected areas of the UN List but other areas with lessrigorous protection will also be included.

Data on protected areas from many parts of the world is alreadybeing processed and it is hoped that an initial issue of some 200 sheetswill be made in 1974.

Ecological data

IUCN continued to operate, in close cooperation with the UK NatureConservancy, the ecological data bank resulting from the IBP/CT CheckSheet Survey. Work continued on the analysis of the data, principallyin relation to the preparation of IBP synthesis publications.

This activity is linked with the maintenance of the biome field stationlist, another task started by IBP/CT. It is hoped to publish a revisedversion of the list in 1974.

Ecological and genetic considerations in establishing areasfor the protection of species and biotic communities

This project is closely related to MAB Project 8. The Commission onEcology has been active in examining the minimum sizes of ecologicallyself-supporting units as a basis for planning national parks and reserves.A paper was prepared by the Secretariat as a basis for discussion by theparticipants of the UNESCO MAB Panel of Experts for Project 8,which met at IUCN headquarters in Morges on 25-27 September 1973.

This paper will be used as a background document for a MAB expertgroup which will meet in Paris early in 1974 to further develop criteriafor the establishment of biosphere reserves.

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Survey of national parks in northern and western Europe

A project new in 1973 was the Survey of National Parks and EquivalentReserves in Northern and Western Europe. Starting in the autumn, ateam of experts launched the study of these protected areas which willextend to 17 countries. Protection and management given to the parksand reserves varies greatly from one area to another, and there is wide-spread opinion among experts that in both the number of areas and inattention given to them, Europe falls short of the standards needed ifthese areas are to contribute to a world system of national parks andequivalent reserves. In many instances, the level of protection andmanagement is less than in countries where financial resources areextremely limited.

The project involves collection and analysis of data on protectedareas and evaluation of the current conservation status, administrativeprocedures and management practices. The survey will study the presentsystem of national parks and protected natural (and semi-natural) areasabove 500 ha, plus smaller islands and other protected areas with out-standing conservation value. The survey is expected to be an importantstep toward the qualitative and quantitative improvement of theseresources in Western Europe.

Regional systems of national parks

The Second World Conference on National Parks recommended thatwherever possible countries cooperate in the establishment of regionalsystems of national parks.

Planning has been carried out on two initial projects to this end, oneconcerned with national parks in the Central America isthmus and theother with national parks in eastern Africa. The projects involve an eva-luation of the extent to which existing parks and reserves provide protec-tion for the characteristic ecosystems of the region and the making ofrecommendations as to additional areas that should be protected.Action will also be taken towards the establishment of a mechanism forconsultation and cooperation between the national park administrationsof the countries concerned.

It is hoped to follow this initiative with similar projects in otherregions.

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National park planning and management

This project involves the preparation of a loose-leaf handbook withreference material for those involved in the planning, establishment andoperation of national parks. Little work was done during the year butaction is now in hand in approaching authors and definition of theirtasks.

Work has been completed on a closely linked project concerned withpark planning. A booklet, Planning for Man and Nature in NationalParks: Reconciling Perpetuation and Use, has been completed byRichard R. Forster and has been published as IUCN Publication N.S.No. 26.

Second World Conference on National Parks

IUCN is publishing the proceedings of this conference for the U.S.National Parks Centennial Commission. The 504-page book has beenedited by Sir Hugh Elliott. Editions in English, French and Spanish arebeing prepared for printing under the supervision of Robert I. Standish.Publication will occur during 1974.

Assistance with specific reserves

Throughout the year various IUCN/WWF projects concerned with theestablishment and management of national parks and reserves were inprogress. Several of these which had reached the reporting stage arementioned below.Kirthar National Park - Pakistan. At the request of the Sind WildlifeBoard, Colin Holloway visited Pakistan and worked with local colleaguesin preparing a management plan for the Kirthar Wildlife Sanctuarywhich is in the semi-arid region. It is planned to up-grade the reserve asa national park.Tai Forest National Park ~ Ivory Coast. The report of an IUCN/WWFmission to the area in 1972 by Urs Rahm of the University of Basle tomake recommendations for the establishment of the Tai Forest NationalPark was published as IUCN Occasional Paper No. 3, following releaseof the report by the Ivory Coast authorities.Volcan Baru – Panama. The report of an IUCN/WWF study in 1972 byAnne LaBastille to examine the wildlife resources of the area of the

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proposed Volcan Baru National Park in western Panama, to survey thepotential attractions of the area and to make preliminary managementsuggestions was published as IUCN Occasional Paper No. 6.Lake Nakuru - Kenya. WWF made a special fund-raising drive to enableland around Lake Nakuru to be added to the Lake Nakuru NationalPark. This has enabled consolidation of the shore area into the park,which is the habitat for very large numbers of flamingoes. Furtherattention has been given to control pollution which is regarded as athreat to the lake ecosystem.Study of potential protected areas in Costa Rica. A team of scientistsfrom the Tropical Science Center, San Jose, working in collaborationwith the local Department of National Parks, has examined possiblesites for national parks and reserves in Costa Rica as the basis forgovernmental action. Project assistance was given to the Costa RicaNational Park Service in the development plans for the Santa RosaNational Park.Empakaai Crater – Tanzania. Areas around the caldera of Empakaaiwhich are in immediate need of protection have been selected as a resultof a survey by George W. Frame and Lory H. Frame.

A system for defining and classifying natural regions

The project, reported on at length in the 1972 Yearbook, covers develop-ment of a system of classification of biotic communities needed fordetermination of priorities in the establishment of natural reserves andthe development of programmes for conservation of biota. Such asystem is important for use in UNESCO's Man and the BiosphereProgramme, particularly Project 8.

Considerable progress was made during the year by the workinggroup of specialists associated with the Commission on Ecology, withRaymond F. Dasmann as coordinator. A progress report on definingand mapping the biotic provinces of the world was prepared and pub-lished as IUCN Occasional Paper No. 7.

Action was taken to develop a vegetation classification system com-patible with the biotic province classification. This vegetation classifica-tion system is a modified version of the UNESCO world vegetationclassification, prepared to fit requirements for use in various inventoriesthat IUCN is now carrying out. This revised classification system waspublished as IUCN Occasional Paper No. 5.

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In close cooperation with UNESCO and as part of IUCN's contribu-tion to MAB Project 8, the above-mentioned classification systems willbe further developed with help from MAB National Committees andconsultants.

Wetlands

Wetlands are an important biological resource which have been ofcontinuing interest to IUCN and other scientific conservation groups.IUCN has been associated as a co-sponsor with three major projects inthis realm, AQUA for the conservation of aquatic habitats (lakes andrivers), MAR for the conservation and management of temperate mar-shes, bogs and other wetlands, and TELMA for the conservation of allactually or potentially peat-forming ecosystems. The common aim ofthese projects is to identify and obtain recognition of wetlands of inter-national importance.

IUCN had an active role in preparation of the Convention on Wetlandsof International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar,Iran, 1971) and is to provide the Secretariat for the Convention.

A major task is the compilation of the Directory of Wetlands ofInternational Importance. The directory will consist of data sheetsgiving standardized information on each wetland and is to be issued inloose-leaf form. It is regarded as an essential tool for the selection ofwetlands that should be protected in providing up-to-date informationon them as part of the wider effort to monitor threatened species andhabitats throughout the world. The project background was discussedin detail in the 1972 Yearbook.

During the year progress was made in collecting information for theDirectory. Initial emphasis is on MAR sites, particularly those notcovered in the existing MAR list. Various experts throughout the worldhave agreed to provide IUCN with information. Erik Carp (MAR sites)and J. Rzóska (AQUA sites) will act as consultants, coordinating theseprojects with each other and with other data for the Directory. TheInternational Wildfowl Research Bureau is collaborating closely in thiswork.

Conservation of critical marine habitats

This project encompasses the identification, description and conserva-tion of marine habitats critical to the survival of species and bioticcommunities and their protection and management.

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Considerable information on marine habitats is available in manydifferent agencies and places and among individual experts throughoutthe world but this information must be brought together. No com-prehensive listing and little detailed data on these critical habitats exists.Without them, conservation action is impeded.

This project provides a mechanism for harnessing the efforts of anumber of specialists on marine science and conservation in variousinstitutions and agencies throughout the world, and bringing theseefforts to bear upon the conservation of habitats critical for the survivalof marine species. In particular it will involve: identification and descrip-tion of critical habitats in need of immediate protection; formulation ofguidelines for the protection, use and management of these criticalhabitats and of the ecosystems of which they form a part; and develop-ment of a system of classification of marine habitats as a guide tonecessary conservation action.

Emphasis will be placed initially on habitats which are rare, threatenedor fragile, or which support threatened species or numbers of endemicspecies. Particular attention will be given, initially, to marine mammalswith a view to locating habitats critical to their survival.

The project is being coordinated by its principal investigator, G. Car-leton Ray, Johns Hopkins University, USA.

Conservation of natural resources in high mountains

This project covers the preparation of an international workshop in1976 on conservation of the natural resources of high mountain areas.The conference will focus attention on conservation issues in areaswhich extend above a natural timberline, or support altitudinal vege-tational zones which differ in a marked way from the surrounding low-lands. Ecological guidelines for conservation of these areas will bedeveloped by the meeting. The project will be carried out in close co-operation with MAB Project 6, "Impact of Human Activities onMountain Ecosystems".

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Conservation of Endangered Species

One of the major activities of IUCN throughout its existence has beenits work with species of fauna and flora which are threatened withdepletion or extinction because of exploitation or degredation of theirhabitat. This concern has centered in the wide-ranging work of theSurvival Service Commission, carried out through a variety of activities.These include the collection and evaluation of data on species and theirhabitats, preparation and publication of this information in readilyusable form, and project activities dealing with individual species orgroup of species and various measures for their protection.

Many of the individual projects handled by IUCN/WWF JointProject Operations are concerned directly or indirectly with the con-servation of threatened species, and a considerable part of the largenumber of conservationists working with IUCN are associated with theSpecialist Groups appointed under the SSC. These projects are reportedon at length in the WWF Yearbook; reference is made in this section toa selection of those projects that are linked to continuing activities ofparticular interest to IUCN.

Considerable emphasis has continued to be given to the basic require-ment of habitat protection. This is implicit, of course, in any matterconcerning endangered species in the wild, and at times it must dominatea specific project. There was growing concern, too, for long-term eco-system conservation.

Internationally, the major action related to this broad area was theconclusion of the Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora, adopted in Washington in February.This has been discussed earlier in this review of Union activities.

Also of importance was the Agreement on the Conservation of PolarBears, approved at a three-day meeting of the five Arctic states inNovember. IUCN has been seeking a basis for this agreement for some

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years, and has sponsored regular meetings of polar bear scientists atwhich cooperative research and management programmes are workedout. The Agreement requires ratification, approval or accession by threestates before it will enter into force. In practice, however, many of itsfeatures have already been put into effect.

Red Data Book

Accumulation and evaluation of data on threatened species is anessential operation in planning priorities and strategies, and in thiseffort production of the Red Data Book is of first importance. Hereto-fore, five volumes have been published, each dealing with a major groupof endangered species.

In early 1973 a comprehensive revision of Volume 1, Mammalia, waspublished. The revision involved a recasting of the format of the datasheets, adoption of redefined categories of threatened species, andintroduction of data sheets for species in the "vulnerable" class.

A similar revision of Volume 2, Aves, was undertaken by Warren B.King for the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) and itis hoped this will be ready for issue in 1974 or early 1975.

The compiler of Volume 3, Amphibia and Reptilia, René E. Honegger,is currently working with the Secretariat on the preparation of reviseddata sheets in the new format. It is expected that this revision also willbe ready issue next year.

Following discussions with the compiler of Volume 5, Angiospermae,Ronald Melville, it has been decided to adopt a different approach andto substitute for that volume a Red Data Book Volume on plants.Instead of issuing a data sheet for each species, separate compilationslisting threatened species of plants in a specific area, together with notesrelating to conservation action needed, will be prepared. In addition itis proposed occasionally to prepare a compilation dealing with thethreatened members of a family or other natural group of plants.

Approaches have been made to a number of specialists in variousparts of the world, and it appears that a much larger effort in compilingthese volumes will be feasible. Several units in the new format arecurrently being prepared.

Primates

A meeting of invited experts to define action priorities and plans forprimate conservation was hosted by the Medical Research Centre,

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Carshalton, UK, in November, under the sponsorship of IUCN/WWFJoint Project Operations. The following priorities for action programmeswere agreed upon: anthropoids as species priority targets; conservationof their habitats as action priority targets; and Cameroon rain forest asthe habitat priority target.

It was, however, noted that serious endangerment of other primatespecies would continue to merit high priority action. Thus IUCN/WWFsupport has been given to work at Tijuca National Park (Brazil) underthe direction of Alceo Magnanini in breeding lion marmosets, probablythe rarest and most endangered of the New World monkeys, linkedwith work to establish reserves for these animals.

Following the Carshalton meeting IUCN took action to form aPrimate Specialist Group as a small action group representative of thevarious geographical areas, associated with a panel of specialist con-sultants. Various projects are being elaborated within the definedpriorities.

Whales

The Executive Board in May examined the decision of the 11th GeneralAssembly (Banff, 1972) endorsing recommendations of the UN Stock-holm Conference calling for a 10-year moratorium on whaling in thelight of comments submitted by the Whale Specialist Group. It con-sidered that there was insufficient scientific information to assess ade-quately the effects of exploitation of whale species on the ecosystems towhich the exploited species belonged, and noted that there were inherentsources of uncertainty in assessments of whale stocks and yield calcula-tions. Until additional sources of data and further independent assess-ments were available, any proposed policy of whale cropping should,therefore, adopt the most conservative estimates, especially in view oferrors that had been made in the past in setting quotas too high.

The Board noted that although the scientific evidence available didnot indicate that the total populations of sei, sperm or minke whaleswere being overharvested by present levels of exploitation, there wasevidence that some discrete sei and sperm whale populations were indanger of overexploitation and that there had been a serious reductionof populations of fin whales in the southern hemisphere and northPacific. A moratorium for fin whales in these areas would permit themost rapid recovery of stocks.

The Board went on to take into account factors other than thosepresented by its scientific advisory body. Among these was the belief

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among Board members that commercial whaling appeared no longeressential for the satisfaction of human needs; indeed a resource belongingto all was being used to provide marginal benefit to relatively few.Also, present methods of killing were considered to be inhumane whendirected against mammals such as whales which were believed to possessa high order of intelligence and sensitivity. Accordingly the Board con-firmed the policy inherent in the General Assembly resolutions. It pro-posed that IUCN contribute to research on whales and arrangementswere made for a meeting to be held early in 1974 to discuss priorities inwhale research and to examine specific projects.

Work continued on the proposed publication on small whale fisherieswhich will be published in 1974.

Wolves

A series of visits in Europe was made by Douglas H. Pimlott, Chairmanof the Wolf Specialist Group, to confer with local agencies and scientistsconcerned with wolves. This was part of a campaign to improve thepublic image of the wolf in Europe and to develop an understanding ofthe wolf among scientists and wildlife managers, carried out in collabora-tion with WWF National Appeals.

This activity culminated in a meeting on the conservation of thewolf in Europe held in conjunction with the 11th Congress of the Inter-national Union of Game Biologists at Stockholm, Sweden, on 5-6 Sep-tember. Technical submissions were made by representatives of Canada,Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, Spain, USA, USSR, Yugo-slavia and Fenno-Scandia. A Manifesto embodying a Declaration ofPrinciples and a set of Conservation Recommendations were drawn upby the meeting and subsequently ratified by the Commission and theExecutive Board. The texts have been published in IUCN Bulletin,Volume 5, No. 5.

Tigers

WWF has embarked on a major fund-raising campaign concerned withconservation of the tiger, principally to support work in India wherethe Government has pledged major counterpart funding, but coveringwork in Bangladesh, Indonesia and Nepal.

Close liaison has been maintained with the authorities in India inregard to management plans for the nine major tiger reserves that havebeen designated there. The official ceremony to launch the India work

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took place in Corbett National Park in April. WWF has already com-menced funding for essential equipment involved.

A field project for study of the tiger in Nepal has started. Plans havebeen made for studies on the tiger in Java and Sumatra. No recentsightings have been reported of the Caspian tiger in Afghanistan and apreliminary survey of part of the range of this race in Iran produced nofirm evidence of its existence there.

Other cats

Major surveys of threatened cats were continued, these being undertakenby Norman Myers (cheetah and leopard in Africa) and by Carl B.Koford (jaguar and ocelot in Latin America). The surveys aim to pro-vide status information on the animals concerned to guide conservationaction and are linked with discussions with the fur trade in regard tohalting exploitation.

Norman Myers completed his survey work and action was in handto finalize reports for publication. Cheetah populations were found tobe under considerable pressure and unless exceptional conservationmeasures are taken, present numbers may be cut to half within anotherdecade. Urgent conservation action is called for and some form ofmultiple-use exploitation of rangeland resources seems necessary forits protection. The leopard seems to be under rather less threat in thatit appears to have adapted better to man's pressures on natural environ-ments than most large mammals in Africa.

Preliminary work on Latin American felids shows the strong pressurefrom commercial hunting on jaguar, ocelot and other spotted cats.Action to halt the trade in cat skins has been taken by several of thecountries concerned.

Paul Leyhausen, Chairman of the Cat Specialist Group, is planning,in collaboration with Japanese colleagues, conservation action on theIriomote cat, a rare small felid found on a few islands in Japan.

Seals

Resolutions on conservation of the world's seal resources and individualresolutions on particular species or areas, arising from the Seal Groupmeeting in Guelph, Canada, (August, 1972) were sent to all countriesinvolved. In March an aerial survey of the Caribbean found no evidence

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of the existence of the Caribbean monk seal, which is now presumedprobably extinct. Plans, and field work, for intensive studies and extensivesurveys of the Mediterranean monk seal throughout its range werecontinued and expanded during 1973.

Sumatran rhinoceros

Project support has been given to Markus Borner for a survey of areasin Sumatra suitable as reserves for the Sumatran rhino. One outcomehas been the discovery of a rift valley 100 km long in the Gunung LeuserReserve which is particularly suitable for rhino conservation.

Deer

A major programme on threatened deer, which comprise almost one-tenth of the species in the mammal volume of the Red Data Book, hasbeen organized with the cooperation of the Deer Specialist Group andthe help of agencies and specialists in the countries involved. It will getfully into action in 1974.

Ian McTaggart Cowan, Chairman of the Group, and Colin W.Holloway, prepared a two-part paper on the threatened deer programme.The first part, a review of the threatened deer and their status, waspublished in Biological Conservation in October. The second part,outlining a framework for research programmes required and theorganization of the programme, will be published in the same journalin January 1974.

A short field survey of the Bactrian deer was undertaken in Afgha-nistan during the year and work continued on the two huemal deer inChile. Project support was given to work on conservation of the hangulin India and plans were made for an ecological study in 1974.

Crocodiles

The Crocodile Specialist Group held a meeting in Ndumu Game Reserve,Natal, in March, to formulate a programme aimed principally at con-serving nine species currently moving towards extinction. This includedsurveys of wild populations of crocodiles, particularly in South EastAsia, West Africa and South America; promotion of the establishment

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of an adequate system of sanctuaries for all species; and surveys of hidesources and the volume and flow world-wide of such hides.

The meeting emphasized that the order Crocodylia as a whole isseriously threatened. Essentially they are inhabitants of restricted areas;they do not migrate and their conservation requires local and nationalaction. The main cause of their rapid and dangerous decline in recentyears has been the uncontrolled killing of these animals for the leathertrade.

Project support was given to work in Mexico on the breeding ofMorelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreleti) under the direction of EnriqueBeltran.

Marine turtles

The SSC in October directed a reorientation of the activity of the MarineTurtle Specialist Group based on a set of conservation objectives con-cerning: nesting site protection, internationally coordinated protectionat sea, monitoring commercial exploitation, and promotion of education.

Project support was continued to marine turtle survey and conserva-tion work in southern Africa, the Galapagos, Mexico and Malaysia.

Continuing the task of collecting and disseminating scientific informa-tion on marine turtles, IUCN published its Monograph No. 2 onKemp's ridley turtle or the Atlantic ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) byP. C. H. Pritchard and René Marquez M.

Endangered plants

Following a decision of the SSC, a Threatened Plants Committee isbeing established to provide a mechanism for an increased effort on theconservation of plant species. The structure and procedure have beenelaborated by the Chairman of the Committee, J. Heslop-Harrison, andwill be presented for ratification at the next Commission meeting.

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Environmental Education and Public Awareness

The task of developing an informed public, aware of conservation values,has long occupied IUCN's attention. It is coupled with an interest inbuilding environmental concern into education, including out-of-schoolactivities.

In recent years most of the project effort has been directed to thoseechelons of decision where school curricula are planned. Formal meetingsorganized by IUCN, usually international in scope but held on a regionalbasis, have stressed the necessity of incorporating environmental con-servation into school work at all levels and on a continuing basis, ratherthan in one or two courses in secondary schools as is the usual case.Out-of-school education has also been stressed as an opportunity to beused. By all measures, these conferences have been highly successful.

Concurrently, a number of projects have been directed at the produc-tion of related and complementary materials. Several of these have beenreported on previously as work has covered a period of several years.

Near the end of the year support was received from UNEP to intensifyIUCN's activities in creating conservation awareness, particularly inrelation to the problems of developing countries. This involves somerealignment of existing work and further action in the field of publiceducation.

IUCN Statutes require publication of an Annual Report and dissemi-nation of information on conservation. Beyond these statutory require-ments, IUCN members and others are entitled to the most careful sum-mary and analysis of conservation problems, as well as full informationon the Union's programme. This is accomplished through the issuanceof this Yearbook, the Bulletin, and a series of other publications on theactivities of the Union in the promotion of conservation throughout theworld. These are discussed in detail under the section on IUCN Orga-nizational Matters.

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The IUCN Bulletin is published in the two official languages of theUnion, on a monthly basis, as a means of providing the IUCN member-ship with important news concerning conservation of the world's naturalresources and information on the objectives and activities of the Union.

In addition to its publishing programme, the Union cooperatesactively with the World Wildlife Fund and others in providing newsand information for distribution to the world press and other media.

During 1973 progress was made on a number of project activities.

Methods handbook on environmental conservation education in primaryand secondary schools

The first draft manuscript of the Handbook was circulated to reviewers;and work on the second draft has started. It is expected that the finalversion Handbook will be published commercially. The initial draft wasprepared by R. N. Saveland of the University of Georgia, USA.

Multilingual dictionary of conservation terms

A tentative edition of the dictionary covering more than 250 conserva-tion terms with short definitions in English, French and Russian wascirculated in limited edition. The comments received are being incorpor-ated in a revised version which is being prepared as a joint venturebetween the Central Laboratory for Nature Conservation in Moscowand the Secretariat. It is hoped that a definitive draft, including Germanand Spanish, can be completed in 1974.

International workshop on environmental education programmesrelated to mountain environments

A workshop meeting to seek agreement on conservation priorities forconservation education in mountain regions and to produce, through aconcensus of the various groups concerned, a methods book for use inconservation education in mountain environments, was held in Aosta,Italy, in September. The meeting was under the sponsorship of IUCN/WWF, Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme, ItalianNational Federation Pro Natura, Société de la Flore valdotaine, andthe Government of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley.Participants from 7 countries took part.

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The proposed teaching manual is now being completed by a smalltask force working on a draft originating from the meeting. It willinclude information on those elements of mountain environments ofprime importance in maintaining equilibrium, principal dangers menacingmountain environments, and measures to be taken for maintenance andrestoration of such environments.

Establishment of environmental conservation educationin francophone countries

This project covers the creation of an autonomous centre for the pro-motion and the development of environmental conservation educationin francophone countries. Specifically, it will elaborate concrete measuresfor doing this with books, school manuals, exchange of specialists,visits of experts, etc., through a small task force under the chairmanshipof Michel Maldague, originator of the project and member of theCommission on Education.

It is known and admitted that the francophone people are considerablybehind in the field of environmental conservation education if one com-pares them with the anglophone countries. The Commission on Educa-tion is aware of this situation and considers this project as a means ofcontributing to the correction of this imbalance.

Pilot seminar on environmental education methodology in East Africa

The concept of incorporating environmental education into all disciplinesat all levels has been the subject of many workshops, seminars andconferences of the Commission on Education. Widely accepted, thisconcept has been applied in a number of countries and considerableprogress has been made, particularly in the United States. Among thetechniques developed are those of the Total Education in the TotalEnvironment (TETE), for incorporating environmental approachesthroughout the school curriculum at the local level.

In cooperation with the World Confederation of Organizations of theTeaching Profession (WCOTP), it is proposed to hold a pilot workingseminar in East Africa in September, 1974, to test the adaptability ofthese techniques to eastern African conditions.

The project is receiving support from the Fund of UNEP and is beingcarried out in cooperation with UNESCO.

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Thailand - mobile education unit

Several IUCN/WWF projects are concerned with assisting in the estab-lishment of conservation awareness, particularly in relation to activitiesin national parks and reserves. Action has concentrated on the develop-ment of education centres in parks and in the provision of mobile unitsthat permit the use of visual education techniques in village areas.

Indonesia — training of graduates in nature reserve management

At present there is a shortage of Indonesian scientists having the necess-ary basic training to manage the country's nature reserve system. Thereare no Indonesian graduates working in the nature reserves and it isimpossible to provide foreign scientists with counterparts.

Otto Soemarwoto, Director of the newly established Institute ofEcology at Padjadjaran University and Professor of Bio-management,is starting to organize courses and training in ecological management ofnature reserves in cooperation with the Directorate of Nature Con-servation. Project support is being given covering the training of graduateswith special emphasis on field activities. The major emphasis will be onpractical training, mostly involving field work in a nature reserve. Fivestudents are expected to enter the programme, beginning in June, next year.

First Caribbean working conference on environmental education

This project covers the organization of a working conference on environ-mental education for local teachers and science programme admini-strators in order to build a regional curriculum, to devise teaching aidsand organize teacher training courses.

A one-week conference for approximately 40 West Indian teachersand administrators (primarily from smaller, English-speaking islands)is proposed for the summer of 1974, to be held within the Virgin IslandsNational Park on St. John and utilizing park personnel for resourcesand logistics. The Virgin Islands Environmental Studies Programmewill be used as a teaching tool to expand the environmental awarenessand technical skills of West Indian science teachers now beginning toexplore means to establish their own environmental education program-mes as a part of the regular curriculum.

Educators, scientists, environmentalists, and other resource personnelfrom the Caribbean Conservation Association, the Island Resources

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Foundation, the Virgin Islands Department of Educators, and theVirgin Islands National Park will be involved in the planning andimplementation of the conference.

International Youth Federation programme

The International Youth Federation for Environmental Studies andConservation (IYF) is an association of national and regional groupsconcerned with the study of the natural environment and the promotionof its conservation. The Federation was founded in 1956 under thesponsorship of IUCN. It comprises over 70,000 young people in member-organizations.

During this year IYF considerably expanded its activities and itsgeographical distribution. Through "Taraxacum" (International YouthBulletin on the Human Environment) it has taken a step towards theinvolvement of groups from developing countries. Relations with Eastand Central European countries have been intensified, not only in ex-changing information but also in carrying out joint projects.

A basic change in the work of IYF was the introduction of a yeartheme. The topic, which was decided at the 1973 General Assembly, is"Endangered Animals and Plants" and is related to projects carried outby various international organizations.

IYF projects in 1973 included a Symposium on "National Parks andOther Protected Areas", its Red Area Camp in Germany in the summer,preparation of the European Bulletin, publication of "Taraxacum", andprojects dealing with the decline of amphibians, pesticides in smallbirds, oiled seabird survey, and phosphate contents in inland waters.

Popular publications on environmental conservation

This project covers the preparation, publication and distribution ofsmall booklets on environmental conservation for young people in threecountries as an experiment with techniques to achieve awareness. Kenya,India, and Venezuela are the countries selected for the project. Freedistribution of the publications is being considered. They will be locallywritten and produced, and designed for each country. Local experts arecollaborating with the Secretariat to produce the booklets.

UNESCO in 1972 and 1973 included this environmental conservationeducation project in its Gift Coupon Programme, and this will meetpart of the costs involved.

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EXTERNAL RELATIONS

IUCN maintains close working relationships with a large number oforganizations that are not members of the Union. In many cases theserelationships are covered by formal exchanges.

One of IUCN's principal roles has been that of a catalyst bringingabout the successful cooperation of groups in achieving environmentalaction goals.

United Nations Organization

IUCN maintains liaison with the UN Organization in New York andGeneva, and is represented at appropriate meetings convened by the UN.

In addition to its working relationships with the Economic and SocialCouncil, IUCN enjoys formal consultative status with FAO, UNESCO,UNIDO, WHO and WMO. It has developed strong ties with UNEPand UNDP.

FAO

IUCN works closely with FAO on topics of mutual interest, particularlyon matters concerning wildlife and national parks. This collaborationextends to sponsorship of meetings and conferences, and to cooperationin project execution.

UNESCO

The relationship with UNESCO dates from the very formation of theUnion, which was sponsored by UNESCO. Mutual involvement inmeetings and conferences, and collaboration in project execution has

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continued, particularly in relation to scientific issues related to con-servation and environment education.

A special relationship has developed in connection with UNESCO'sMan and the Biosphere Programme. IUCN has been asked to be invol-ved, particularly with MAB Project 8, which is concerned with con-servation of natural areas and the genetic material they contain.

UNESCO provides a regular subvention to IUCN which is used forthe support of meetings and the publication programme. Special atten-tion has been given to cooperation in the production of basic bookletson conservation for young people in three tropical countries.

UNEP

With the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP), new relationships have developed. IUCN has conferred withthe Secretariat of UNEP in connection with conservation elements inthe initial programme prepared for the Governing Council of UNEP.

During the year contracts were negotiated to cover support from theFund of UNEP for projects, described in the Review of Union Activitiesof this Yearbook, concerned with the formulation of ecological guide-lines for development of tropical forest areas in Latin America andSouth East Asia, the establishment of coordinated systems of nationalparks in Central America and Eastern Africa, a pilot seminar on environ-mental education methodology in East Africa, and work on creation ofpublic awareness of conservation issues and related topics. Furthermore,UNEP has asked IUCN to undertake secretariat functions related tothe Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFauna and Flora.

ICBP

IUCN has a close working relationship with the International Councilfor Bird Preservation (ICBP) to which all matters relating to birds havebeen referred. The ICBP specialist groups link with SSC through theirchairmen.

ICSU and ISSC

A working relationship has been established between IUCN, the Inter-national Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and the InternationalSocial Science Council (ISSC) to develop interdisciplinary activities in

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the natural and social sciences. This enables consultation and a commonapproach in relations with the UN system and other bodies.

Other intergovernmental bodies

IUCN has maintained close links with the Council of Europe and hasbeen involved in many of its working committees and meetings.

Links have also been maintained with the Organization of AfricanUnity, the Organization of American States and the International Bankfor Reconstruction and Development.

Active contacts have continued with the ICSU, Special Committeefor the International Biological Programme (SCIBP) and the ScientificCommittee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE).

Other organizations

Liaison has been maintained with various international non-governmental organizations throughout the world having an interest in variousaspects of the environment.

Among them are the Commission Internationale pour la Protectionde la Region Alpine, the International Association on Water PollutionResearch, the Conseil International de la Chasse, the Fauna PreservationSociety, the International Federation of Landscape Architects, theInternational Planned Parenthood Federation, the International YouthFederation, and the Inter-Parliamentary Association.

Close links have also been maintained with many national institutionsand organizations including, in the United States of America, theCouncil on Environmental Quality, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries andWildlife, and the National Park Service of the Department of theInterior, the Conservation Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution;and, in the United Kingdom, with the Nature Conservancy.

Conferences and meetings

IUCN sponsors and participates in a large number of meetings. Theseconstitute the forums where the statutory and normal business of the Unionis conducted, and where the work of conservation - in all its forms andaspects - is planned, organized, and directed. Meetings serve a variety ofother useful purposes, principally providing opportunities for the exchangeof information, the development of ideas, and the promotion of wideracceptance of the basic principles of good environmental management.

93

1973 conferences and meetings sponsored or co-sponsored by IUCN

24 and 28 June5–15 July

1 September4–15 September

5–6 September29 Sept.–7 Oct.

7 October

8–9 October

8–14 October

17–19 November

23–24 November

SSC/Crocodile Specialist Group, Ndumu, Zulu-land.Fifty-third Session, IUCN Executive Board,Morges, Switzerland.SSC/Whale Specialist Group, London, England.International Training Course in EnvironmentalEducation for Teachers, NW Europe Committee,Commission on Education, Belgium.SSC/Alert Group, Paris, France.International Workshop on Environmental Edu-cation related to Mountain Environments, Aosta,Italy.SSC/Wolf Specialist Group, Stockholm, Sweden.East Europe Committee, Commission on Edu-cation, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.Thirty-third Meeting, Commission on Educa-tion, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.Forty-first Meeting, Survival Service Commis-sion, Morges, Switzerland.NW Europe Committee, Commission on Educa-tion, Antwerp, Belgium.Primate Conservation Meeting, Carshalton,England.Nineteenth Meeting, IUCN Executive Com-mittee, Morges, Switzerland.

1973 conferences and meetings at which IUCN was represented

94

20–27 March

10–13 May

22–28 January

6–10 February

12 February–3 March

22 February–1 March

Seminario de Biologia, Instituto de IntegracionCultural, Medellin, Colombia.Second International Symposium on TropicalEcology, Caracas, Venezuela.Plenipotentiary Conference to Conclude anInternational Convention on Trade in CertainSpecies of Wildlife, Washington, D.C., USA.Thirteenth Annual Workshop and Twenty-second Annual Conference of the Pacific AreaTravel Association, Kyoto and Tokyo, Japan.

12–16 March

24–31 March

28–30 March

13–18 April

16–19 April

7–23 May

20–25 May

4–8 June

12–22 June

18–22 June

23–26 June25–29 June

29 June–3 July

18–20 July

1–13 August2–9 September

3–7 September

9–17 September

25–27 September

1–10 October

4–10 October

FAO Technical Conference on Crop GeneticResources (in cooperation with IBP), Rome,Italy.Workshop on Tropical Ecology, Turrialba,Costa Rica.Council of Europe, Ministers for the Environ-ment, Vienna, Austria.International Congress, Pro-Flora Macarone-sica, Las Palmas, Canary Islands.Fourth Public Relations World Congress,Geneva, Switzerland.Twenty-sixth World Health OrganizationAssembly, Geneva, Switzerland.Pacific Science Association, Second Inter-Congress, Agana, Guam, USA.Symposium on Wildlife Conservation andUtilization in Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.The Governing Council, UNEP, Geneva, Swit-zerland.International Conference on MediterraneanCoastal Parks, Castellabate, Italy.Pacem in Maribus IV, Malta.International Whaling Commission, London,England.First Session of the ACMRR Working Party onMarine Mammals, London, England.IUBS Commission on Education, Warsaw,Poland.IYF General Assembly, Brasparts, France.Twelfth Congress of International SucculentPlant Research, Reading and Kew, England.Eleventh Congress of International Union ofGame Biologists, Stockholm, Sweden.IUFRO Meeting on Wildlife Habitat Manage-ment, Budapest, Hungary.UNESCO, MAB Project 8 – Expert Panel,Morges, Switzerland.Thirty-third General Assembly, InternationalUnion of Official Travel Organizations, Caracas,Venezuela.Scientific Committee on Problems of the

95

5 October

5–9 November

10–29 November

12–15 November

13–15 November

20–23 November

26 Nov.–l Dec.

5–7 December

7 December10–13 December

17–19 December

Environment (ICSU), Second General Assemb-ly, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.Third International Congress, WWF, Bonn,Federal Republic of Germany.Sixty-first Session of the Council of FAO,Rome, Italy.Seventeenth Session of the FAO Conference,Rome, Italy.International Symposium on Endangered PlantSpecies in Europe, Ministere de la Protection dela Nature et de l'Environnement, Arc-et-Senans,France.International Conference on Polar Bear Con-servation, Oslo, Norway.Working Group Meeting, MAB Project 6,Lillehammer, Norway.International Symposium on Amazonian Faunaand Flora, Manaus, Brazil.Austrian UNESCO Commission Meeting onEuropean Alps, Vienna, Austria.Charles Darwin Foundation, Paris, France.European Conference on Parks and Reserves,Ministere de la Protection de la Nature et del'Environnement, Paris, France.Seminar on Information Systems, Heidelberg,Federal Republic of Germany.

In addition to its official contacts with members and the internationalconservation community, the Secretariat deals with a steady stream ofcorrespondence and visitors from all parts of the world. Most of thistraffic is directed to Morges, but a considerable volume goes to Bonnwhere IUCN's Environmental Law Centre is located.

IUCN has long been a recognized source of information and adviceon a wide range of conservation topics in addition to its well-known rolein endangered species. With the upsurge of world interest in environ-mental matters the volume of these unofficial contacts and enquiries hasincreased sharply. The Secretariat does its best to deal with this volumeof work, which it regards as an important part of the Union's generaleducational and informational mission.

96

Contacts and enquiries

IUCN ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS

Membership

At the end of 1973 membership in the Union involved representationfrom 86 countries.

Members are in various categories (see Statutes, Article II):

Governmental members

State members: Sovereign States so recognized by the United Nations.Agency members: governmental agencies of all kinds.

Non-governmental members

National organizational members: organizations, institutions andassociations organized within a State.

International organizational members: similar bodies organized inter-nationally.

Non-voting members

Affiliate members: organizations, institutions and associations, whetherorganized within a State or internationally.

Honorary members

During 1973 the Union gained six new State members: Australia,Bangladesh, Iceland, Norway, Venezuela and Western Samoa. In addi-tion, 33 members in other categories were accepted by the ExecutiveBoard subject to ratification by the 12th General Assembly.

97

Membership totals at the end of the year were:State membersAgency membersNational organizational membersInternational organizational membersAffiliate membersHonorary members

Totals: GovernmentalNon-governmentalNon-voting

TOTAL:

35103*204**

1936

138223

9

370

The list of members as at 31 December 1973 is set out in AppendicesA and B, the latter giving the names of persons who have been appointedas Honorary Members.

The number of persons linked to IUCN as Supporters stood at 665.

Executive Board

Under the Statutes (Article V), the Executive Board provides policyguidance to the affairs of the Union between General Assemblies. It isassisted in this function by an Executive Committee which currentlyconsists of the President and five Vice-Presidents of the Union. Thecomposition of the Executive Board is set out in Appendix C.

The Executive Board met in Morges 10–13 May and the ExecutiveCommittee met in Morges on 23–24 November.

Commissions

IUCN's six Commissions provide advice to the Executive Board andthe Secretariat on the programme of work and the activities of theUnion. Their structure and membership remained unchanged during theyear.

A number of committees, working groups and task forces, some ofwhich operate on an ad hoc basis, supplement the advice given by theCommissions and are engaged in various sections of the Union's

* 32 in 12 member States; 71 in 32 other countries.** In 58 countries.

98

activities. Appendix D lists the membership of the Commissions as at31 December 1973 and similar listings for committees, working groupsand task forces are given in Appendix E.

Secretariat

The Secretariat is responsible for carrying out the activities approvedby the General Assembly and the Executive Board with advice from theCommissions and the assistance of working groups, task forces andconsultants. Composition of the Secretariat at the end of 1973 is setout in Appendix F.

Anthony J. Mence took up duty as Executive Officer, Survival ServiceCommission, at the end of July, replacing Moira A. G. Warland who hadresigned in February. Joseph Lucas, who had acted in the post sincerelinquishing his position as Science Writer, returned to England inJune. Paule Gryn-Ambroes resigned from the position of ExecutiveOfficer, International Commission on National Parks, in August.Robert L. Schiffer took up duty in November as External RelationsOfficer.

Bruce and Katherine Weber, Peace Corps Volunteers, were assignedto work with the Secretariat in October. They have acted as AssistantExecutive Officers, ICNP.

Harry A. Goodwin, who had been made available to the Secretariaton detail from the US Department of the Interior for two years, retiredat the end of June. IUCN takes this opportunity of again expressing itsdeep gratitude to the Government of the United States for its generoussupport of international conservation through the detail of HarryGoodwin, and the continuing service of Robert I. Standish, I U C N ' S

Information Officer.Samuel E. Jorgensen left the Secretariat at the end of July after

serving one year as a volunteer. A retired executive of the US Bureauof Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, he worked on wetlands and endangeredspecies matters while in Morges. IUCN takes this opportunity toreiterate its gratitude for this welcome and most useful volunteer service.

Early in the year, Estelle F. Buckley was assigned as Special Assistantfor Membership.

World Wildlife Fund

Reference has been made in various sections of this Yearbook to thecollaboration that exists between IUCN and WWF. Many of the National

99

Appeals of WWF are already members of the Union and WWF providessubstantial support in the way of grants towards the basic costs ofIUCN's operations.

Specific reference is made here to the close relationships that existsbetween the two Secretariats of IUCN and WWF at Morges. Projectsof the two organizations are managed jointly and staff members operateas one team in handling the various operations involved. Wheneverpossible, other aspects of the work are rationalized so as to achieve themaximum efficiency.

The John C. Phillips Medal

The John C. Phillips Memorial Medal for Distinguished Services inInternational Conservation arose from the wish of the friends of JohnC. Phillips (1876–1938) and the American Committee for InternationalWild Life Protection to commemorate the life and work of this distin-guished naturalist, explorer, author and conservationist. The medal isawarded at IUCN General Assemblies.

There have been four awards:

1963: Mr. E. M. Nicholson (UK)1966: Dr. Enrique Beltran (Mexico)1969: Shri Salim Ali (India)1972: H.R.H. The Prince of the Netherlands

IUCN Headquarters

The Secretariat continued to occupy the building in Morges which hasbeen the Union's Headquarters since 1961. Space for the expandedwork has been severely limited for several years, and this has been avery real handicap for all members of the staff.

Plans to construct a new joint Headquarters with World WildlifeFund on property already acquired in Geneva have been at a standstillsince an official ban was imposed on non-residential construction inSwitzerland. It is hoped that the necessary permits will be issued soonso that work can continue on this essential project.

At the end of the year proposals for acquisition of temporary addi-tional space in Morges were being considered in order to relieve thepressure. More space must be found in order to carry out approvedon-going programmes.

100

Historic property deeded to IUCN

One of the two chateaux in Saint-Prex, about 4 km from Morges, wasgiven to IUCN late in 1973 by its owner, Dr. Oscar Forel. The property,known as "Le Manoir", dates from 1234, the time when Saint-Prexbecame a fortified town.

Situated in extensive grounds on the shore of Lac Léman, the buildinghas three floors and includes a large audience chamber, several receptionrooms, and nine bedrooms. It is an historic monument and is beautifullyand appropriately furnished.

Dr. Forel, a noted Swiss psychiatrist, is the son of Auguste Forel,famous for his researches in natural history. A devoted nature loverand conservationist, Dr. Forel has published two magnificent volumesof colour photographs (which he calls "Synchromies") based on hisimaginative selection of small sections of the bark of trees which he hasobserved on expeditions throughout the world.

"Le Manoir" has been the property of the Forel family for severalgenerations. It has become known as a cultural centre through theholding of concerts and assemblies of artists.

IUCN plans to maintain "Le Manoir" in its present state and will indue course use it as a centre for special conservation activities, parti-cularly research and seminars.

Dr. Forel will continue to occupy "Le Manoir" as his residence duringhis lifetime.

Publications

During the year, the Bulletin continued as a monthly publication. TheAnnual Report appeared in its new format for the third time as theIUCN Yearbook for 1972.

A complete revision of the Red Data Book, Volume 1, Mammalia,was issued during the year.

Four publications were issued in the New Series, four in the Supple-mentary Paper series, seven in the Occasional Paper series, two in theEnvironmental Policy and Law Paper series (formerly EnvironmentalLaw Paper series) and one in the Monograph series. The complete listfor the year is shown in Appendix G.

Financial Matters

The financial statements for 1973 are set out in Appendix H. Majorfunding was provided by the World Wildlife Fund, including a special

101

gift of 300,000 Swiss Francs to mark IUCN's 25th Anniversary. TheUnion has been able to maintain its operations in past years largelythrough WWF support, which has gone a long way to reduce the gapbetween expenditure and the income from membership fees and subscrip-tions and the sale of publications. In addition to contributions to thebasic expenditure of IUCN, WWF has provided earmarked grants forproject purposes. The generous support of WWF and its NationalAppeals (a number of which are now members of IUCN) is gratefullyacknowledged.

The Ford Foundation made a further grant of some 900,000 SwissFrancs to cover the years 1973–1974 as a continuation of its earliergenerous grant equivalent to almost 2 million Swiss Francs during theyears 1970–1972. An amount of some 450,000 Swiss Francs was receivedin 1973. This continued generous and timely support has been of theutmost importance and the Union expresses its profound appreciationto the Ford Foundation for its splendid assistance.

The Emil Barell-Stiftung of Switzerland provided IUCN with a grantof 1 million Swiss Francs to cover the years 1973–1974. An amount ofS. Fr. 500,000 was received in 1973. The Union is most grateful for thismost generous help from the Swiss-based foundation, which came at atime when IUCN finances were at a crucial position.

UNESCO continued its annual subvention of some 30,000 SwissFrancs largely in support of meetings and publications. In additionspecial contracts were received for project work. This assistance isgratefully acknowledged.

Initial payments were received from UNEP in connection with con-tracts for projects described elsewhere in this Yearbook.

Grants were also received from the following sources:

American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, Inc.Commune de Morges.The Charles Engelhard Foundation.Government of Canada.Fonds für Umweltstudien.The Humboldt Foundation.Institut für Dokumentationswesen (Frankfurt).Jachtfonds Netherlands.New York Zoological Society.Pan American World Airways.Shell International Petroleum Company Limited.R. T. Vanderbilt Trust.

102

IUCN takes this opportunity of publicly acknowledging these grantswith its thanks and great appreciation.

IUCN 12th General Assembly and 13th Technical Meeting, Zaire, 1975

The President and Director General visited Zaire from 10 to 14 September1973 for initial contacts with government authorities about the arrange-ments for the IUCN 12th General Assembly and 13th Technical Meeting.Several meetings were held at the headquarters of the Institut Nationalpour la Conservation de la Nature (INCN) with the Minister of Agri-culture and at the Presidential Headquarters with members of theSpecial National Committee created to handle arrangements for theGeneral Assembly.

It was agreed that the timetable for the General Assembly and Tech-nical Meeting would be arranged as follows:7 September Executive Board meeting8 September General Assembly9, 10, 11 September Technical Meeting and Commission Meetings12, 13, 14 September Excursion to Virunga National Park (for selected

individuals who will be attending the special 50th anniversary ceremo-nies) or to other areas

103

15 September16 September17 September

18 September19 September

Technical MeetingTechnical Meeting and Commission MeetingsMorning: Technical MeetingAfternoon: General AssemblyGeneral AssemblyMorning: Executive Board Afternoon: Commissions

The Zaire authorities currently have in mind holding the meeting atthe Congress Centre of N'Sele, where excellent conference facilities areavailable, including housing for 200 to 400 people. It is about 60 kmdistant from Kinshasa.

Pre- and post-Assembly excursions will be arranged and these willinclude an excursion to the Virunga National Park. This will permitparticipants who cannot take part in the special mid-Assembly excursionto Virunga to see the park. The field trips will include other nationalpark areas, including the areas inhabited by gorillas.

APPENDIX A

Argentina

Australia

AustriaBahamasBangladesh

Belgium

Brazil

GA

GA

GANG

GAGA *GAGAGAGANGNGGANGNG

NG

GAGANGNG *NGNG

NGNGNGNGGAGANGNG :NG *

Administración General de Parques Nacionales, Ministeriode Agricultura y Ganaderia

Departamento de Caza y Conservación de la Fauna de laProvincia de Buenos Aires

Instituto de Investigaciones de las Zonas Aridas y SemiáridasComité Argentino de Conservación de la NaturalezaState MemberDepartment of Fisheries and Fauna, W. Aust.Department of Forestry, QueenslandFisheries and Wildlife Department, VictoriaNational Parks and Wildlife Service, N.S.W.National Parks and Wildlife Service, S. Aust.National Parks Board of Papua New GuineaAustralian Conservation FoundationWild Life Preservation Society of AustraliaFisheries and Wildlife Department, VictoriaÖsterreichischer NaturschutzbundBahamas National TrustState MemberBangladesh Wildlife Preservation SocietyState MemberInstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de BelgiqueJardin Botanique National de BelgiqueArdenne et GaumeInter-environnement/Bond Beter LeefmilieuKoninklijke Vereniging voor Natuur- en StedeschoonLaboratory for the Conservation of Nature, University Centre

of AntwerpMusée Royal de l'Afrique CentraleSociété Royale de Zoologie d'Anvers (US $150)Université de LiègeUniversité Libre de BruxellesCoordenadoria da Pesquisa de Recursos NaturaisInstituto de Conservação da NaturezaAssociação de Defesa da Flora e da FaunaFundação Brasileira para a Conservação da NaturezaSociedade Brasileira de Paisagismo

105

IUCN Members as at 31 December 1973

Notes

2 The membership of organizations marked with an asterisk (*) issubject to ratification by the IUCN 12th General Assembly

3 Countries within parenthesis indicate location of headquarters ofnon-governmental international organizational members

4 In accordance with Resolution 387 of the IUCN General Assembly,figures shown in parenthesis indicate the total amount pledged bynational organizational members in respect of membership feesabove the minimum subscription of US S100 per annum

1 GANGA

Governmental category - agency memberNon-governmental category - national organizational memberNon-voting category - affiliate member

Bulgaria

Canada

ChadChile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

CyprusCzechoslovakia

DahomeyDenmark

EcuadorEthiopia

FijiFinland

France

GA

GA

GAGA *GAGA

GA *GAGANG *NGNGNGNG

NG *NGNGNGNGNGNGNG

NGNGGANG

NG *

A *NG

NGGAGAGA

GANGNG

NGNG

NGGAGAGA

Commission pour la Protection de la Nature de l'Académiedes Sciences de Bulgarie

Ministère des Forêts et de la Protection de l'Environnementen RP de Bulgarie

State MemberCanadian Council of Resource and Environment MinistersCanadian Forestry ServiceCanadian Wildlife Service, QuebecDepartment of Mines, Natural Resources and Environmental

Management, ManitobaEnvironment Conservation Authority, AlbertaMinistry of Natural Resources, OntarioParks Canada, Indian and Northern AffairsCanadian National Sportsmen's Show (US S250)Canadian Nature FederationCarleton University LibraryConservation Council of Ontario (US $200)Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfound-

landFaculty of Environmental Design, University of CalgaryFederation of Ontario NaturalistsLes Cercles des Jeunes NaturalistesMetropolitan Toronto Zoological Society (US $200)National and Provincial Parks Association of CanadaNature Conservancy of CanadaSociété Zoologique de QuébecUniversity of Ottawa, Central LibraryState MemberComite Nacional pro Defensa de la Fauna y FloraInstituto de la PatagoniaInstituto de Desarrollo de los Recursos Naturales RenovablesInstituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de

BogotáAsociación Costarricense para la Conservación de la Natu-

ralezaFundación de Parques Nacionales, S.A.Sociedad Cubana para la Protección de la Naturaleza y sus

RecursosCyprus Geographical AssociationSlovensky ústav pamiatkovej starostlivosti a ochrany prírodySpráva Tatranského národného parkuStátní ústav památkové péce a ochrany prírodyState MemberState MemberNaturfredningsraadetDanmarks NaturfredningsforeningFriluftsraadetState MemberState MemberEthiopian Wildlife and Natural History SocietyNational Trust for FijiState MemberFinnish Association for Nature ProtectionAcadémie des Sciences de l'Institut de FranceConseil Supérieur de la ChasseOffice de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer

106

GermanDemocraticRepublicGermany,Fed. Rep. of

GhanaGreece

GuatemalaIcelandIndia

IndonesiaIranIreland

Israel

GA *NGNG *

NGNGNGNG *NG

NGNG

NGGA

NG

GA

NG

NGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNG

NGGA

NGNGNG *NGNG

GAGAGA *NGNGGAGAGA

GA

NGGANG

Parc Naturel Régional de CorseAssociation Nationale de Parcs et Jardins Zoologiques PrivésAssociation pour la Sauvegarde de la Nature Néo-Calédo-

nienne, New CaledoniaFédération Française des Sociétés de Protection de la NatureFédération Française des Sociétés de Sciences NaturellesInformation et Culture (F. Fr. 500)Ligue de Défense des AlpillesMuséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Service de Conserva-

tion de la NatureSociété Botanique de FranceSociété Nationale de Protection de la Nature et d'Acclimata-

tion de FranceTouring Club de FranceInstitut für Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz, Akademie

der LandwirtschaftswissenschaftenDeutscher Kulturbund, Sektion Natur und HeimatState MemberBundesanstalt fur Vegetationskunde, Naturschutz und Land-

schaftspflegeArbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Beauftragter fur Naturschutz

und LandschaftspflegeBund Naturschutz in Bayern e.V.Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Säugetierkunde e.V.Deutscher Jagdschutz-VerbandDeutscher Naturschutzring e.V.Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald e.V.Schutzgemeinschaft Deutsches Wild e.V. (DM 550)Verein Naturschutzpark e.V. (DM 500)Vereinigung Deutscher Gewässerschutz e.V.WWF - Deutschland, Stiftung fur die Gestaltung und den

Schutz der natürlichen Umwelt (DM 2,000)Zoologische Gesellschaft von 1858 (DM 2,000)Department of Game and WildlifeState MemberAthens Society of the Friends of the Trees (US $150)Club Alpin HelléniqueElliniki EtairiaSociété Hellénique pour la Protection de la NatureAsociación "Amigos del Bosque"State MemberState MemberEcology Council, Gujarat StateIndian Board for Wild Life, Ministry of Food and AgricultureOffice of Environmental Planning and CoordinationBombay Natural History SocietyWild Life Preservation Society of IndiaInstitute for Nature ConservationDepartment of Environmental ConservationNational Institute for Physical Planning and Construction

ResearchNational Parks and Monuments Branch, Office of Public

WorksAn Taisce - The National Trust for IrelandNature Reserves AuthoritySociety for the Protection of Nature in Israel

107

Italy

Ivory CoastJapan

Jordan

Kenya

Khmer RepublicKorea, Dem.People's Rep. ofKorea, Rep. of

LaosLebanon

LuxembourgMadagascarMalawiMalaysia

Mexico

MoroccoNetherlands

GAGA

GAGANGNGNGNG

NGNGNG *

NGNG

GA *NGNGNGNGGANG *

NG

NG

NG

NG

NGNG

GA

GAGANGNGNGNG

GAGANGNGNGNGNG

State MemberAzienda di Stato per le Foreste DemanialiCommissione di Studio per la Conservazione della Natura e

delle sue risorse del Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheEnte Parco Nazionale Gran ParadisoParco Nazionale d'AbruzzoAssociazione Italiana per il World Wildlife FundCentro di Sperimentazione Agricola e ForestaleFederazione Nazionale Pro NaturaIstituto Policattedra di Biologia Animale, Università di

CataniaItalia NostraLaboratorio di Zoologia applicata alla Caccia, BolognaMediterranean Association for Marine Biology and Oceano-

logyRete Fenologica ItalianaUnione Italiana Pro NaturaState MemberNational Committee on Nature ConservationJapanese Association of Zoological Gardens and AquariumsNational Parks Association of Japan (US $200)Nature Conservation Society of JapanSociety of Biological Sciences Education of JapanNational Parks and Historic Monument System of JordanRoyal Society for the Conservation of NatureState MemberEast African Wild Life SocietyState MemberKorean Association for Conservation of Nature

Korean Commission for Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources

Korean National Parks AssociationState MemberNatural History Museum, American University of BeirutSociété des Amis des Arbres du LibanState MemberState MemberMinistry of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesState MemberGame Branch of the Forest Department, SabahSabah National Parks TrusteesMalayan Nature SocietySarawak MuseumWorld Wildlife Fund MalaysiaInstituto Mexicano de Recursos Naturales Renovables, A.C.

(US $150)State MemberState MemberContact Commissie voor Natuur- en LandschapsbeschermingNatuurbeschermingsraadKoninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap, Natura Artis MagistraKoninklijke Nederlandsche ToeristenbondKoninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische VerenigingNederlandse Onderwatersport BondNederlandse Vereniging tot Bescherming van Vogels

108

New Zealand

NigeriaNorway

Pakistan

PanamaPeru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Senegal

SingaporeSouth Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

NGNGNGNGNGGAGANG

NG *GA

NGGAGA *NGGA *GA

GA

NGGAGAGAGAGAGANGGAGANG

GA

NGNGGAGAGAGAGAGA

GANGNG

GA

GANGNGGANG

Nederlandse Vereniging van DierentuinenStichting het Nationale Park de Hoge VeluweStichting het Wereld Natuur Fonds (Nederland) (US $150)Stichting tot Internationale Natuurbescherming (US $500)Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in NederlandNational Parks Authority of New ZealandNature Conservation CouncilRoyal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand,

Inc.Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands InstituteFederal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesState MemberNorges NaturvernforbundPakistan Forest InstituteSind Wildlife Management BoardPakistan Wildlife AppealDirección General de Recursos Naturales RenovablesDirección General de Forestal y Caza, Ministerio de Agri-

culturaParks and Wildlife Office, Department of Agriculture and

Natural ResourcesPhilippine Wildlife Conservation FoundationInstytut Botaniki PanInstytut Zoologiczny PanPanstwowa Rada Ochrony PrzyrodyPolska Akademia NaukPolskie Towarzystwo BotanicznePolskie Towarzystwo LesneLiga Ochrony PrzyrodyDirecção dos Serviços de Veterinária, MozambiqueDirecçáo-Geral dos Serviços Florestais e AquicolasCentro de Documentaçáo Científica, Instituto de Investigação

Científica de AngolaCommission pour la Protection de la Nature de l'Académie

de la RS de RoumanieState MemberInstitut Fondamental d'Afrique NoireSingapore Zoological GardensCape Department of Nature ConservationNatal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation BoardNational Parks Board of South AfricaOrange Free State Department of Nature ConservationSouth African Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchSouth West Africa Department of Nature Conservation and

TourismTransvaal Nature Conservation DivisionPercy Fitzpatrick Institute of African OrnithologyWild Life Protection and Conservation Society of South

Africa (US $116)Comisión de Defensa de la Naturaleza de la Diputación

Provincial de ValenciaServicio Nacional de Pesca Fluvial y CazaAgrupación Española de Amigos de la NaturalezaDepartamento de Biologia y Zoologia, Universidad de ValenciaDepartment of Wildlife ConservationWildlife and Nature Protection Society of Ceylon

109

Sudan

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

TaiwanTanzania

Thailand

Trinidadand TobagoTunisia

Turkey

Uganda

Union of SovietSocialistRepublicsUnited Kingdomof Great Britainand NorthernIreland

GA *NGGA *GA *GA *GAGANGNGNGNGNG

NGNGNGNGNG

GAGAGA

NGGA

NG

GANG

GAGAGA

NG

GA *NGGA *NG *NGNGNGNGNGGANGNGNGNGNGNGA *

State MemberMinistry of Natural Resources and Rural DevelopmentUniversity of KhartoumNatural Resources BoardSwaziland National Trust CommissionSecretariat for International EcologyStatens NaturvardsverkSwedish Forest ServiceNaturhistoriska riksmuseetRoyal Swedish Academy of SciencesStiftelsen Skansen, Zoological DepartmentSvenska JägereförbundetSvenska NaturskyddsföreningenState MemberComité Central du Club Alpin SuisseSchweizerische Naturforschende GesellschaftSchweizerische Stiftung für Alpine ForschungenSchweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz (S. Fr. 430)Société Romande pour l'Etude et la Protection des Oiseaux

- Nos OiseauxTourism BureauGame Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and TourismTanzania National ParksState MemberAssociation for the Conservation of WildlifeForestry Division of the Ministry of Agriculture

Association Tunisienne pour la Protection de la Nature et del'Environnement

Ministry of ForestsTurkish Association for the Conservation of Nature andNatural ResourcesGame DepartmentUganda National ParksGeneral Department on Nature Conservation, Reserves and

Wildlife Management, Ministry of AgricultureAll Russian Society for Conservation of NatureState MemberAgriculture and Fisheries Department, Hong KongAtlantica Foundation, RhodesiaPeak Park Planning BoardBritish Ecological SocietyBritish Museum (Natural History) (US S200)British Ornithologists' Union (£50)Council for NatureConservation SocietyField Studies CouncilNatural Resources Board, RhodesiaPheasant TrustRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds (£100)Society for the Promotion of Nature ReservesWildfowl TrustWorld Wildlife Fund (British National Appeal)Zoological Society of LondonConservancy Association, Hong Kong

110

United Statesof America

GAGAGAGANGNGNGNG *NGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNGNG

Forest Service, United States Department of AgricultureNational Zoological ParkSmithsonian InstitutionUnited States Department of the InteriorAfrican Wildlife Leadership FoundationAmerican Committee for International Wild Life Protection, Inc.American Geographical SocietyAmerican Humane AssociationAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryAmerican Nature Study SocietyAmerican Ornithologists' UnionAmerican Society of MammalogistsArizona-Sonora Desert Museum (US $200)Atlanta Zoological Park (US $150)Bernice P. Bishop MuseumBoone and Crockett ClubCaribbean Conservation CorporationCaribbean Research Institute of the College of the Virgin IslandsCarnegie MuseumCheyenne Mountain Zoological ParkChicago Zoological SocietyCommittee for the Preservation of the Tule ElkConservation AssociatesConservation FoundationDefenders of WildlifeDenver Zoological Foundation, Inc.Foresta Institute for Ocean and Mountain StudiesFriends of the EarthIsland Resources Foundation, Inc. (US $250)Janss FoundationL. S. B. Leakey Foundation, Inc.Michigan State University LibraryMinnesota Zoological GardenMountaineersNational Audubon SocietyNational Parks and Conservation AssociationNational Research CouncilNational Society for Medical ResearchNational Wildlife FederationNatural Area Council, Inc.Nature ConservancyNew York Zoological SocietyNorth American Wildlife FoundationPacific Tropical Botanical GardenPortland Zoological GardensResearch Ranch, Inc.Save-the-Redwoods League (US $200)School of Natural Resources, University of MichiganSierra Club (US $200)Soil Conservation Society of AmericaTopeka Zoological ParkUniversity of Wisconsin-Green BayWilderness SocietyWildlife Management InstituteWildlife SocietyZoological Society of San Diego

111

Venezuela

Viet-Nam,Rep. ofWestern SamoaYugoslaviaZaireZambia

International

GA *NGNG *NGA *

GA

NG

*

State MemberCorporación de Turismo de Venezuela, C.A.Asociación Nacional para la Defensa de la NaturalezaInstituto de Recursos Naturales RenovablesInstituto para la Conservación del Lago de ValenciaSociedad Venezolana de Ciencias NaturalesState Member

State MemberAssociation de la Conservation de la Nature de YougoslavieState MemberState MemberWild Life Conservation Society of ZambiaAmerican Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums

(USA)Association of Zoo Directors of Australia and New Zealand

(Australia)Caribbean Conservation Association (USA)Commission des Réserves Naturelles du Groupement des

Ardennes et de l'Eifel (Belgium)Commission Internationale pour la Protection des Régions

Alpines (Switzerland)Fauna Preservation Society (UK)Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas de la OEA

(Costa Rica)International Association of Game, Fish and Conservation

Commissioners (USA)International Biological Programme (UK)International Council for Bird Preservation (UK)International Council of Environmental Law (Germany,

Federal Republic of)International Federation of Landscape Architects (Portugal)International Primatological Society (USA)International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens

(Germany, Federal Republic of)International Waterfowl Research Bureau (UK)International Youth Federation for Environmental Studies

and Conservation (Switzerland)Pacific Science Association (USA)Union Ibérica de Zoos (Spain)Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (Switzer-

land)

112

APPENDIX B

Honorary Members

Honorary Presidents1954 Charles-Jean Bernard (Switzerland) †1972 Harold J. Coolidge (USA)

Members of Honour1948 P. G. van Tienhoven (Netherlands) †1950 A. Chevalier (France) †1950 Sir Julian Huxley (UK)1952 Hugh H. Bennett (USA) †1954 A. Ghigi (Italy) †1956 E. Laurence Palmer (USA) †1958 W. Szafer (Poland) †1958 Tsuyoshi Tamura (Japan)1960 Lord Hurcomb (UK)1960 Victor Van Straelen (Belgium) †1966 Jean G. Baer (Switzerland)1972 Jean-Paul Harroy (Belgium)

† Deceased

113

APPENDIX C

Executive Board as at 31 December 1973

President:Vice-Presidents :

Members :

Representativesof InternationalOrganizations:

Professor D. J. Kuenen, NetherlandsProfessor A. G. Bannikov, USSRDr. I. McT. Cowan, CanadaMr. Zafar Futehally, IndiaDr. Christian Jouanin, FranceDr. David P. S. Wasawo, KenyaMr. B. Dioum, SenegalMr. Eskandar Firouz, IranProfessor Ulf Hafsten, NorwayDr. A. Inozemtsev, USSRProfessor M. Kassas, EgyptIng. E. Mondolfi, VenezuelaProfessor M. F. Mörzer Bruyns, NetherlandsDr. Paulo Nogueira-Neto, BrazilDr. M. E. D. Poore, UKProfessor Olivier Reverdin, SwitzerlandProfessor Otto Soemarwoto, IndonesiaLic. G. Stutzin, ChileDr. Lee M. Talbot, USADr. Jose A. Valverde, SpainDr. Gilbert F. White, USA

Council of Europe - Mr. Jean-Pierre RibautFood and Agriculture Organization - Dr. H. J. SteinlinInternational Association on Water Pollution Research - Professor

O. JaagInternational Council for Bird Preservation - Miss Phyllis Barclay-

SmithInternational Council of Scientific Unions - Mr. F. W. G. BakerInternational Geographical Union - Professor H. BoeschInternational Secretariat for Volunteer Services - to be appointedInternational Social Science Council - Professor Jean-Paul

TrystramInternational Society for the Protection of Animals - Mr. Colin

PlattInternational Youth Federation - Mr. Bo LandinOrganization of African Unity - to be appointedOrganization of American States - Mr. Kirk P. RodgersUNESCO – Mr. M. BatisseUnited Nations Environment Programme - to be appointedUNIDO – to be appointedWHO – to be appointedWMO – Mr. C. M. TaylorWWF – Dr. L. Hoffmann

The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the Commissions are members in the role ofconsultants without voting rights.Representatives of International Organizations with which the Union has workingrelationships are also members of the Executive Board as observers without votingrights.

114

APPENDIX D

Membership of Commissions as at 31 December 1973

The Commission on Ecology

The Commission on Education

115

Professor F. Bourliere, FranceMr. John S. Gottschalk, USAProfessor J. D. Ovington, AustraliaProfessor P. Aguesse, FranceProfessor Jean G. Baer, SwitzerlandProfessor W. B. Banage, UgandaDr. A. B. Costin, AustraliaProfessor J. B. Cragg, CanadaDr. José C. de Melo Carvalho, BrazilProfessor W. A. Fuller, CanadaProfessor Olov Hedberg, SwedenDr. L. Hoffmann, SwitzerlandDr. Dale W. Jenkins, USAProfessor Tatuo Kira, JapanDr. H. F. Lamprey, UKDr. Robert M. Linn, USADr. R. H. Lowe-McConnell, UKProfessor Hans Luther, FinlandDr. Ernesto Medina, VenezuelaProfessor R. Misra, IndiaDr. M. Numata, JapanProfessor K. F. O'Connor, New ZealandProfessor George A. Petrides, USAProfessor Nicholas Polunin, UK - SwitzerlandDr. P. W. Richards, UKDr. Bernard Salvat, FranceProfessor Harald Sioli, Federal Republic of GermanyProfessor F. E. Wielgolaski, NorwayProfessor G. Hempel, Federal Republic of GermanyProfessor Kh. P. Mirimanian, Armenian SSRProfessor G. Carleton Ray, USACouncil of Europe - Mr. Jean-Pierre RibautFood and Agriculture Organization - to be appointedInternational Association for Ecology - Professor M. LindauerInternational Biological Programme - Dr. E. B. WorthingtonScientific Committee on Problems of the Environment - Mr. H.

A. W. SouthonThe Institute of Ecology - to be appointedInternational Geographical Union - Professor H. BoeschUNESCO - to be appointed

Chairman:Vice-Chairmen:

Members:

Consultants:

Representatives:

Chairman:Vice-Chairmen:

Dr. L. K. Shaposhnikov, USSRDr. T. Pritchard, UKMr. Lars-Erik Esping, Sweden

Mr. James L. Aldrich, USADr. Dieter Burckhardt, SwitzerlandDr. J.-P. Doets, NetherlandsDr. W. Erz, Federal Republic of GermanyDr. Vladimir M. Galushin, USSRProfessor V. Giacomini, ItalyIng. Ricardo Gondelles-A., VenezuelaIng. J. Goudswaard, NetherlandsProfessor M. Hyder, KenyaDr. Hiroharu Indoh, JapanMr. E. J. Kesteloot, BelgiumDr. Ricardo Luti, ArgentinaDr. Michel Maldague, CanadaDr. Richard G. Miller, USAProfessor S. C. Pandeya, IndiaProfessor Paul B. Park, CanadaDr. T. M. Szczesny, PolandProfessor I. D. Zverev, USSRProfessor A. Eichler, VenezuelaProfessor Denys Morgan, ZambiaProfessor V. A. Popov, USSRProfessor N. Söyrinki, FinlandCouncil of Europe - Mr. Jean-Pierre RibautFood and Agriculture Organization - to be appointedInternational Union of Biological Sciences - to be appointedInternational Youth Federation - Mr. Bo LandinUNESCO - to be appointed

The Commission on Environmental Planning

116

Members:

Consultants:

Representatives:

Chairman:Vice-Chairmen:

Professor H. Boesch, SwitzerlandMr. R. J. Benthem, NetherlandsMr. V. C. Robertson, UKMr. E. N. Akah, NigeriaMr. G. L. Anagnostopoulos, GreeceDr. Diego Arria, VenezuelaMr. Fernando M. Chacel, BrazilMr. Gaston Damiean, BelgiumMr. René Devred, BelgiumDr. R. G. Downes, AustraliaProfessor Brian Hackett, UKProfessor W. Douglas Harper, CanadaProfessor V. A. Kovda, USSRProfessor W. Manshard, Federal Republic of GermanyDr. M. Makagiansar, IndonesiaMr. John P. Milton, USAProfessor D. Ogrin, YugoslaviaProfessor Gerhard Olschowy, Federal Republic of GermanyProfessor Peter H. Pearse, CanadaMr. Norberto Sánchez-Mejorada, MexicoProfessor Ralph O. Slatyer, AustraliaProfessor V. Vanicek, CzechoslovakiaDr. C. K. Varshney, India

Members:

Dame Sylvia Crowe, D. B. E., UKProfessor D. R. Denman, UKMr. Dewar W. Goode, AustraliaMr. Gert Kragh, Federal Republic of GermanyMrs. Joyce Lyndon, USADr. Joseph A. Tosi, Jr., Costa RicaCouncil of Europe - Mr. Jean-Pierre RibautFood and Agricultural Organization - to be appointedInternational Federation of Landscape Architects - to be appointedUNESCO - to be appointed

Professor Lynton K. Caldwell, USAMr. B. N. Bogdanov, USSRMr. W. E. Burhenne, Federal Republic of GermanyDr. A. O. Adede, KenyaMr. Christian de Laet, CanadaProfessor Richard N. Gardner, USASir Robert Jackson, UKDr. O. Kolbasov, USSRProfessor Jaro Mayda, USAProfessor Eckard Rehbinder, Federal Republic of GermanyProfessor Kauko Sipponen, FinlandProfessor A. R. Thompson, CanadaMr. A. E. G. Trollip, South AfricaProfessor Albert E. Utton, USAProfessor Waclaw Brzezinski, PolandProfessor Michel Despax, FranceMr. Cyril de Klemm, FranceJudge Nagendra Singh, IndiaMr. Digvijay Sinh, IndiaMr. Charles Vander Elst, BelgiumMrs. A. N. Wilson, USACouncil of Europe - Mr. Jean-Pierre Ribaut

Mr. John I. Nicol, CanadaProfessor Th. Monod, FranceMr. Theodor R. Swem, USAMr. E. O. A. Asibey, GhanaMr. Zekai Bayer, TurkeyIng. Mario A. Boza, Costa RicaMr. Kai Curry-Lindahl, SwedenDr. Marc J. Dourojeanni, PeruProfessor Jean-Paul Harroy, BelgiumMr. Hanno Henke, Federal Republic of GermanyDr. V. V. Krinitskii, USSRMr. P. H. C. Lucas, New ZealandIng. Agr. Alceo Magnanini, BrazilDr. D. F. McMichael, Australia

117

Chairman:Vice-Chairmen:

Members:

The International Commission on National Parks

The Commission on Environmental Policy, Law and Administration

Chairman :Vice-Chairmen:

Members:

Consultants:

Representative:

Consultants:

Representative:

Professor Peitsa Mikola, FinlandDr. Kenton R. Miller, USAMr. P. M. Olindo, KenyaProfessor Subhi Qasem, JordanMr. Tetsumaro Senge, JapanMr. R. Knobel, South AfricaMr. E. M. Nicholson, UKMr. Fred M. Packard, USAMr. M. van der Goes van Naters, NetherlandsCouncil of Europe - Mr. Jean-Pierre RibautFood and Agriculture Organization - to be appointedUNESCO - to be appointed

Chairman :Vice-Chairmen:

Members :

Sir Peter Scott, UKProfessor Jean Dorst, FranceMr. M. K. Ranjitsinh, IndiaProfessor A. G. Bannikov, USSRLt. Col. C. L. Boyle, UKProfessor Archie Carr, USAMr. Harold J. Coolidge, USADr. I. McT. Cowan, CanadaMr. Kai Curry-Lindahl, SwedenMr. M. C. Downes, Papua New GuineaMr. R. S. R. Fitter, UKMajor I. R. Grimwood, UKProfessor T. Harrisson, UKProfessor Wolf Herre, Federal Republic

of GermanyProfessor J. Heslop-Harrison, UKMr. René E. Honegger, SwitzerlandMr. Peter F. Hunt, UKDr. M. P Kahl, USAMr. Karl W. Kenyon, USADr. F. Wayne King, USADr. Hans Kummer, SwitzerlandDr. Fred Kurt, SwitzerlandDr. Anne LaBastille, USAProfessor Paul Leyhausen, Federal

Republic of GermanyMr. Charles A. Lindbergh, USADr. Ronald Melville, UKDr. Robert R. Miller, USAProfessor Masaharu Nishiwaki, JapanMr. John Perry, USADr. J. J. Petter, FranceDr. Pierre Pfeffer, FranceProfessor Douglas H. Pimlott, CanadaMr. T. J. Roberts, PakistanMr. H. B. Rycroft, South AfricaDr. George B. Schaller, USADr. John S. Tener, CanadaCol. Jack Vincent, South AfricaProfessor W. H. Wagner, Jr., USA

(Himalayan Group)(Wild Horses)(Consultant)(Marine Turtles)(Consultant)(Deer)(Consultant)(Birds of Paradise)(Alert Group)(Consultant)(Alert Group)

(Vicuna)(Threatened Plants)(Reptiles & Amphibians)(Orchids)(Flamingos)(Seals)(Crocodiles)(Primates)(Consultant)(Consultant)

(Cats)(Consultant)(Angiosperms)(Freshwater Fish)(Whales)(Alert Group)(Madagascar)(Kouprey)(Wolves)(Bustards)(Consultant)(Consultant)(Polar Bears)(Threatened Birds)(Pteridophyta)

118

Consultants:

Representatives:

Survival Service Commission

Dr. Lawrence Walkinshaw, USA (Cranes)Mr. Philip Wayre, UK (Pheasants)To be appointed (Rhinos)To be appointed (Birds of Prey)Mr. J. B. Alvarez, Jr., PhilippinesMr. E. O. A. Asibey, GhanaCol. Hla Aung, BurmaDr. F. C. Lehmann, ColombiaProfessor Eustorgio Mendez, PanamaProfessor R. Paulian, FranceMr. Qassim Bin Hamad Al-Thani, QatarMr. P. D. Stracey, India (Ethiopia)Mr. Walter Van den Bergh, BelgiumDr. J. Verschuren, ZaireProfessor Pyong-Oh Won, KoreaConseil International de la Chasse - to be appointedCouncil of Europe - Mr. Jean-Pierre RibautFood and Agriculture Organization - Dr. H. J. SteinlinFauna Preservation Society - Mrs. A. M. S. FitterFrankfurt Zoological Society - Professor B. GrzimekInternational Council on Bird Preservation - Miss Phyllis Barclay-

SmithInternational Society for the Protection of Animals - Mr. Colin

PlattInternational Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens - to be

appointedZoological Society of London - Mrs. Nicole Duplaix-HallNetherlands International Commission for Nature Protection -

Dr. J. H. WestermannNew York Zoological Society - Mr. William G. ConwaySmithsonian Institution - Mr. Warren B. KingUNESCO - to be appointedUS Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Department of the Interior

- Mr. Keith SchreinerWorld Wildlife Fund - Dr. Hartmut Jungius

119

CorrespondingMembers:

Representatives:

APPENDIX E

Membership of Committees, Working Groups,and Task Forces as at 31 December 1973

IUCN Representative at United Nations

120

Representative :Assistant:

Professor Richard N. Gardner, USAMr. Robert J. Gruszka, USA

Committee on the Improvement of Cultural Landscapes (Environmental Planning)Chairman :Vice-Chairman :Coordinator:Members:

Professor V. Vanicek, CzechoslovakiaDr. J. Braun, PolandMg. J. Wiltowski, PolandProfessor A. Banu, RumaniaProfessor L. Bauer, German Democratic RepublicDr. J. Bogdanowski, PolandDr. D. Colic, YugoslaviaDr. Rado Dezsö, HungaryDr. J. Drdos, CzechoslovakiaProfessor E. Hadac, CzechoslovakiaProfessor V. Ionescu-Sisesti, RumaniaDr. Hristo Kotschev, BulgariaProfessor M. Möcsenyi, HungaryIng. Victor Noschtev, BulgariaIng. Z. Radovanovic, YugoslaviaDr. S. Stajic, YugoslaviaProfessor M. Twarowski, PolandProfessor K. Zabierowski, PolandMr. A. H. Hoffmann, SwitzerlandExecutive Officer:

North-West Europe Committee (Education Commission)Chairman:Vice-Chairman :Secretary:Project Officer:Members:

Dr. J.-P. Doets, NetherlandsMr. Philip H. Oswald, UKMr. Johannes Goudswaard, Ing., NetherlandsMrs. Anne von Hofsten, SwedenMr. Don Aldridge, UKDr. Wolfgang Erz, Federal Republic of GermanyMr. Lars-Erik Esping, SwedenProfessor Ulf Hafsten, NorwayProfessor Jan Hublé, BelgiumMr. E. J. Kesteloot, BelgiumDr. F. Lauritzen, DenmarkMr. A. W. Martinsen, NorwayMr. D. Ruting, NetherlandsMr. Stanley Skillen HMI, UKProfessor N. Söyrinki, FinlandMr. Harry Wals, Netherlands

East-Europe Committee (Education Commission)Chairman:Vice-Chairman:

Dr. M. Szczesny, PolandProfessor M. A. Voinstvenskij, Ukrainian SSR

Professor L. Bauer, German Democratic RepublicDr. Nicolas Boev, BulgariaDr. Jan Cerovsky, CzechoslovakiaDr. D. Colic, YugoslaviaIng. Jan Dziedzic, PolandDr. Jadwiga Gawlowska, PolandProfessor N. A. Gladkov, USSRIng. Milan Hirs, CzechoslovakiaMr. Todor Kirov, BulgariaDr. György Kontra, HungaryProfessor Dana Kvasnickova, CzechoslovakiaProfessor Kh. P. Mirimanian, Armenian SSRProfessor Stefania Neder, RumaniaProfessor Valeriu Puscariu, RumaniaDr. Zoltan Rakonczay, HungaryMr. Petr Rodopski, BulgariaDr. S. Stajic, YugoslaviaDr. Enikö Szalay-Marzso, HungaryDr. N. Toniuc, RumaniaIng. M. K. Toshkov, BulgariaDr. A. Vins, CzechoslovakiaDr. H. Weinitschke, German Democratic Republic

121

Members:

Task Forces and Working Groups

Jaguar and ocelotDr. Carl B. Koford, USA

Leopard and cheetahMr. Norman Myers, Kenya

Small cetaceaDr. Fred Kurt, Switzerland

Sumatran rhinoDr. E. Mitchell, Canada

Islands Working GroupRepresentative of UNESCO - to be appointedMr. Harold J. Coolidge, USADr. Raymond F. Dasmann, IUCNSir Hugh F. I. Elliott, Bt., IUCNDr. Christian Jouanin, FranceMr. E. M. Nicholson, UKDr. Lee M. Talbot, USA

Selection Panel for the UN List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves

Chairman:Members:

Mr. J. I. Nicol, CanadaMr. Kai Curry-Lindahl, SwedenDr. Raymond F. Dasmann, IUCNProfessor Jean-Paul Harroy, BelgiumMr. P. H. C. Lucas, New ZealandDr. Kenton R. Miller, USA

Working Group on Conservation in Greece

Chairman:Members:

Dr. L. Hoffmann, SwitzerlandMr. Byron Antipas, GreeceMr. W. Bauer, Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. H.-J. Böhr, Federal Republic of GermanyMr. E. Carp, UKMr. G. Müller, Federal Republic of GermanyMr. J.-F. Terrasse, France

Survival Service Commission, Specialist Groups

Mr. Peter F. Hunt, UKMr. A. W. Dockrill, AustraliaMr. G. C. K. Dunsterville, VenezuelaDr. A. Lawalree, BelgiumDr. T. Smitinand, ThailandMr. N. Wisniewski, German Democratic Republic

Freshwater Fish Group

122

Working Group on Conservation in IndonesiaDr. Fred Kurt, SwitzerlandProfessor R Schenkel, SwitzerlandProfessor Otto Soemarwoto, IndonesiaDr. J. H. Westermann, Netherlands

Wetlands Working GroupRepresentative of FAO - to be appointedIBP - Miss Gina Douglas, Scientific Coordinator, IBP/CT

Mr. E. M. Nicholson, IBP/CT ConvenerDr. T. Pritchard, Convener of Project TELMADr. J. Rzóska, Scientific Coordinator, IBP/PFDr. E. B. Worthington, Scientific Director, IBP

ICBP - Miss P. Barclay-Smith, Secretary (UK) ICBPProfessor M. F. Mörzer Bruyns

IUCN - Mr. Frank G. Nicholls, Deputy Director General, IUCNSir Hugh F. I. Elliott, Bart., IUCN

IWRB - Dr. L. Hoffmann, Coordinator, IWRB MediterraneanBranchProfessor G. V. T. Matthews, Director, IWRB

SIL - Professor Hans Luther, SIL National Representative forFinlandDr. E. B. Worthington

Representative of UNESCO - to be appointed

"Post-Stockholm Conference" Task ForceChairman:Members:

Mr. Christian de Laet, CanadaMr. Peter Ellyard, AustraliaMr. Robert J. Gruszka, USAMr. Scott MacLeod, USAMr. Robert Munro, CanadaMrs. Shadia Schneider-Sawiris, Egypt/Federal Republic of Ger-

many

Orchid GroupChairman:Members:

Dr. Robert R. Miller, USADr. E. R. Alfred, MalaysiaProfessor C. L. Hubbs, USA

Chairman:Members:

Professor C. Kosswig, TurkeyDr. A. G. K. Menon, IndiaProfessor Th. Monod, FranceDr. Morizumi Nakamura, JapanProfessor C. Suvatti, ThailandProfessor A. N. Svetovidov, USSRDr. E. Trewavas, UKDr. Tyson Roberts, USAMr. Alwyne C. Wheeler, UK

Reptile/Amphibian Group

Co-ordinator:Members:

Crocodile Group

Chairman:Secretary :Members:

Mr. René E. Honegger, SwitzerlandDr. E. R. Alfred, MalaysiaDr. Arden H. Brame, Jr., USA/S. AmericaDr. Donald G. Broadley, RhodesiaDr. Silvio Bruno, Italy - MediterraneanDr. R. Bruce Bury, USADr. H. Robert Bustard, AustraliaMr. J. C. Daniel, IndiaDr. F. Wayne King, USAMr. J. D. Romer, M. B. E., Hong KongMr. Jaime D. Villa, Nicaragua

Dr. F. Wayne King, USADr. H. Robert Bustard, AustraliaMr. R. I. G. Attwell, RhodesiaDr. A. d'A. Bellairs, UKDr. Howard W. Campbell, USADr. Robert H. Chabreck, USADr. Hugh B. Cott, UKMr. J. S. Dobbs, USAMr. Max C. Downes, Papua New GuineaMr. René E. Honegger, SwitzerlandProfessor F. Medem, ColombiaMr. J. H. Powell, Jr., USAMr. T. Pooley, Zululand, South AfricaMr. Luis S. Varona, CubaMr. U. Yangprapakorn, Thailand

123

Professor Archie Carr, USAProfessor Tom Harrisson, UKDr. Peter R. Bacon, Trinidad and TobagoProfessor L. D. Brongersma, NetherlandsDr. H. Robert Bustard, AustraliaDr. P. E. P. Deraniyagala, Sri LankaMrs. Mary-Margaret Goodwin, USAProfessor John R. Hendrickson, USADr. Harold F. Hirth, USAMr. George R. Hughes, South AfricaDr. R. Kaufmann, ColombiaMr. B. J. Lusty, UKBiol. René Marquez, MexicoDr. P. C. H. Pritchard, USADr. Joop P. Schulz, Surinam

Marine Turtle Group

Co-Chairmen:

Members:

Mr. G. S. de Silva, MalaysiaMr. I. S. Suwelo, IndonesiaMr. Tho Yow Pong, MalaysiaDr. I. Uchida, Japan

BirdsThe IUCN/SSC looks to the International Council for Bird Preservation with regardto conservation action relating to birds. The co-ordinators of their World WorkingGroups are members of SSC and, these, together with the ICBP representative, assurethe essential liaison required. These Working Groups are as follows: Bustards, Birdsof Prey, Cranes, Flamingoes, Pheasants, Birds of Paradise, and Bower Birds.

Cat Group (in formation)Chairman: Professor Paul Leyhausen, Federal Republic of Germany

Secretary: Mr Paul Joslin, UK

Deer Group (in formation)

Primate Group (in formation)Chairman: Professor Hans Kummer, SwitzerlandPolar Bear GroupChairman: Mr. Thor Larsen, NorwayMembers: Mr. James Brooks, USA

Dr. Charles Jonkel, CanadaDr. A. A. Kistchinski, USSRMr. George Kolenosky, CanadaMr. Jack W. Lentfer, USAMr. Magnar Norderhaug, NorwayDr. John S. Tener, CanadaDr. Savva M. Uspensky, USSRDr. Christian Vibe, Denmark

Rhino Group (in formation)

Seal GroupChairman :Members:

Vicuña GroupChairman :Secretary :Members:

Mr. Karl W. Kenyon, USADr. Anelio Aguayo L., ChileMr. W. N. Bonner, UKDr. A. W. Erickson, USADr. Judith E. King, AustraliaDr. A. W. Mansfield, CanadaProfessor M. Nishiwaki, JapanDr. Torger Oritsland, NorwayDr. Keith Ronald, CanadaDr. D. E. Sergeant, CanadaDr. Raul Vaz Ferreira, UruguayMr. R. M. Warneke, Australia

Professor Wolf Herre, Federal Republic of GermanyDr. Hartmut Jungius, SwitzerlandIng. Percy Baptista L., BoliviaIng. Flavio Bazan, USADr. Armando G. Cardozo, EcuadorDr. Marc Dourojeanni, PeruMr. William L. Franklin, USA

124

Dr. Rudolf Hofmann, PeruIng. Carlos Ponce del Prado, PeruSr. Jürgen Rottmann S., ChileMr. Christian R. Schmidt, Switzerland

Wild Horse GroupChairman: Professor A. G. Bannikov, USSRMembers: Miss D. Machin Goodall, UK

Professor D. Tsevegmid, MongoliaDr. Zdenek Veselovsky, CzechoslovakiaDr. J. Volf, Czechoslovakia

Whale GroupChairman :Members:

Wolf GroupChairman :Members:

Himalaya GroupChairman:Members:

Professor Masaharu Nishiwaki, JapanDr. Anelio Aguayo L., ChileMr. Peter Best, South AfricaMr. Sidney G. Brown, UKProfessor D. G. Chapman, USAProfessor B. Dawbin, AustraliaDr. R. Gambell, UKDr. Sidney J. Holt, MaltaDr. A. Jonsgaard, NorwayMr. Charles A. Lindbergh, USADr. N. A. Mackintosh, UKDr. S. Ohsumi, JapanMr. Dale W. Rice, USADr. David E. Sergeant, CanadaDr. Alexey V. Yablokov, USSR

Professor Douglas H. Pimlott, CanadaProfessor D. I. Bibikov, USSRDr. Nicolas Boev, BulgariaDr. A. Filipascu, RumaniaProfessor B. Haglund, SwedenDr. L. David Mech, USAMr. Allan Murray, CanadaDr. Svein Myrberget, NorwayProfessor J. Ondrias, GreeceMrs. Jelena Popovic, YugoslaviaDr. E. Pullianen, FinlandMr. R. A. Rausch, USAProfessor R. Schenkel, SwitzerlandDr. Piotr Suminski, PolandDr. Franco Tassi, ItalyDr. José A. Valverde, SpainDr. B. Villa Ramirez, Mexico

Mr. M. K. Ranjitsinh, IndiaMr. N. D. Bachketi, IndiaDr. Robert L. Fleming, Jr., NepalMr. K. L. Mehta, IndiaColonel H. Nedou, IndiaMr. T. J. Roberts, PakistanMr. B. B. Srivastava, IndiaMr. R. Wani, India

125

APPENDIX F

IUCN Secretariat as at 31 December 1973

Director-General:Deputy Director-General:Senior Ecologist:Ecologist :Executive Officer,Survival Service:Executive Officer,Ecology :Executive Officer,National Parks:Executive Officer,Education :Executive Officer,Environmental Planning:Executive Officer, Policy,Law and Administration:External Relations Officer :Information Officer:Scientific Editor :Legal Officer:Finance Officer:Administrative Officer:Librarian:Translator:Administrative Aide:Special Assistant(Membership) :

Dr. Gerardo BudowskiMr. Frank G. NichollsDr. Raymond F. DasmannDr. Colin W. Holloway

Mr. Anthony J. Mence

Miss Mona Björklund

Dr. Raymond F. Dasmann (A. I.)

Mr. Alfred Hoffmann (A. I.)

Mr. Alfred Hoffmann

Mr. Frank G. Nicholls (A. I.)Mr. Robert L. SchifferMr. Robert I. StandishSir Hugh F. I. Elliott, Bt.Dr. Françoise Burhenne-GuilminMrs. K. M. I. WilliamsMrs. Lenore SmithMr. Arnold KoenenMr. Jean-Marc BovyMr. Herbert Girardet

Miss Estelle F. Buckley

IUCN Headquarters, 1110 Morges, SwitzerlandTelephone (021) 71 44 01Telegrams: UNICORN, MORGES

126

APPENDIX G

Monthly Bulletin

Volume 4, 12 issues, January through December 1973.Supplements to Bulletin:

Volume 1 Completely revised volume (Mammalia) issued in January 1973; addi-tional new and revised sheets issued in November 1973.

Nature Conservation in the Pacific. Proceedings of Symposium A-10,XII Pacific Science Congress, August-September 1971, Canberra, Australia.Planning for Man and Nature in National Parks.1973 United Nations List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves.(First issue in a new annual format.)IUCN 12th Technical Meeting: Papers and Proceedings. Banff, Alberta,Canada, 12-15 September 1972.

127

March

April

May

NovemberDecember

Index to Bulletin Volume 3.Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunaand Flora.Mammals listed in the Red Data Book, Volume 1, arranged on a zoo-geographical/geopolitical basis.Conclusions of the International Workshop on Environmental Studies inHigher Education and Teacher Training.Resolutions of the 3rd International Congress of the World Wildlife Fund.Agreement on Conservation of Polar Bears.

IUCN Yearbook 1972

Red Data Book

IUCN Publications New Series

No. 25

No. 26No. 27

No. 28

IUCN Supplementary Papers

Environmental Conservation Education in the School Curriculum inEast-European Countries.Seals: Proceedings of a Working Meeting of Seal Specialists on Threatenedand Depleted Seals of the World, held under the auspices of the SurvivalService Commission of IUCN, 18-19 August 1972 at the University ofGuelph, Ontario, Canada.Proceedings of the Eleventh General Assembly of IUCN, held at Banff,Canada, 11-16 September 1972.Comptes Rendus de la Onzième Assemblée Générate de l'UICN, tenue àBanff, Canada, 11–16 septembre 1972.Crocodiles: Proceedings of the Second Working Meeting of CrocodileSpecialists, held at Ndumu and Lake St. Lucia, Zululand, 20–27 March1973.

No. 38

No. 39

No. 40E

No. 40F

No. 41

No. 3

No. 4

No. 5

No. 6

No. 7

No. 8

Propositions pour la creation du Parc national ivoirien de Taï, by UrsRahm.Classification and Use of Protected Natural and Cultural Areas, byR. F. Dasmann.A Working System for Classification of World Vegetation, by IUCNSecretariat.An Ecological Survey of the Proposed Volcan Baru National Park,Republic of Panama, by Ann LaBastille.A System for Defining and Classifying Natural Regions for Purposes ofConservation, by R. F. Dasmann.List of Mammals which have become extinct or are possibly extinct since1600, by H. A. and J. M. Goodwin.

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IUCN Occasional Papers

Environmental Policy and Law Papers

No. 4

No. 5

The Concept of Compensation in the Field of Trade and Environment,by Shadia Schneider-Sawiris.Source Book: Emergence of Proposals for Recompensing DevelopingCountries for Maintaining Environmental Quality, by Yvonne I. Nicholls.

IUCN Monographs

No. 2 Kemp's Ridley Turtle or Atlantic Ridley (Lepidochelys kempi), byP. C. H. Pritchard and René Marquez.

Miscellaneous

Ecological Principles for Economic Development, by Raymond F. Das-mann, John P. Milton and Peter H. Freeman. Published for IUCNand the Conservation Foundation, Washington D.C., USA, by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd.

APPENDIX H

Statement of income and expenditure for the year ended December 31, 1973(Expressed in Swiss Francs)

INCOME

Membership fees and subscriptionsSale of publicationsInterest on deposits and dividendsWWF Annual subventionWWF Earmarked grantsFord Foundation GrantEmil Barell Stiftung GrantUnesco subventionUnesco contractsMiscellaneous grants and receipts

ADD: Reserves brought to account in 1973

LESS: Receipts transferred to Reserves in 1973

TOTAL INCOME

EXPENDITURE

Personnel (incl, insurance and provident fund)Senior Scientific StaffOther Scientific StaffAuxiliary StaffSupporting and Temporary Staff

AccommodationOffice and other administrative expensesTravelLibrary and Legal TextsPublicationsMeetingsPurchase of furniture and equipmentSpecial Grants - ProjectsDevaluation and difference in exchange

TOTAL EXPENDITURE

Excess of expenditure over income to December 31, 1972Excess of income over expenditure for the year

Excess of expenditure over income to December 31, 1973

Sfrs.

514,807566,396244,415384,185

represented by the Assets less Liabilities on the statement attached

Sfrs.338,96960,2488,375

929,035114,177452,333500,00032,3004,615

525,489

2,965,541122,303

3,087,844247,743

2,840,101

1,709,80362,869

193,206112,21520,808

175,09221,52029,666

300,5947,050

2,632,823

331,824207,278

124,546

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Statement of assets and liabilities at December 31,1973(Expressed in Swiss Francs)ASSETS

Cash on hand and with bankersPrudential Building Association Certificate of Deposit - US $7,000Prepaid expensesDebtorsFurniture and installationsS.A. Le Manoir de St. Prex - Shares (valuation for fiscal purposes)

TOTAL ASSETS

LIABILITIES

Earmarked contributions not yet expended - Schedule ICreditorsCapital Fund

TOTAL LIABILITIES

Excess of Liabilities over Assets

SCHEDULE 1

Earmarked Reserves at December 31,1973(Expressed in Swiss Francs)

Life Associate FundJohn C. Phillips AwardRed Data BooksOther publicationsZoo Liaison CommitteeKouprey projectPrimate coordination and Animal Trade projectEstablishment of a Quetzal Cloud Forest Reserve, GuatemalaSurvival Service CommissionEcological Guidelines for Development PlannersEnvironmental Legislation projects

Sfrs.170,61423,240

123,435310,657

180,000

707,947

584,557167,93580,001

832,493

124,546

Sfrs.75,64927,560

132,967166,001

6,57233,46912,7771,152

31,28071,76525,365

584,557

Vu et approuvé–Fiduciaire Fernand et Philippe Guex, 2, rue de la Paix, 1003 Lausanne, April 1974

130