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ITM 734. Human Factors in Information Systems Ch. 6: Long Term Memory Fall 2005 Cindy Corritore, Ph.D. Creighton University. LTM characteristics. Slow but variable access speed Permanent (little decay) Infinite capacity Retrieval depends on …. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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corritore, 7341
ITM 734
Human Factors in Information Systems
Ch. 6: Long Term Memory
Fall 2005
Cindy Corritore, Ph.D.
Creighton University
C.L. Corritore2
LTM characteristics
• Slow but variable access speed
• Permanent (little decay)
• Infinite capacity
• Retrieval depends on …. recency, expectations, similarity of
information, connectedness, rehearsal, etc.
C.L. Corritore3
Types of LTM
• Explicit and implicit conscious recollection, top-down
retrieval from multiple systems with massive integration (E)
unconscious recollection, bottom-up from single system (I) – more automatic
C.L. Corritore4
Types of LTM
• Episodic and semantic self-awareness component, things that
happen to you, complex (E) stuff we know, knowledge about the
world, relationships, implicit - dictionary, thesaurus
likely stored the same way
C.L. Corritore5
Types of LTM
• Declarative and procedural knowing that, explicit primarily,
relationships, integration of information (D) – knowing things and their relationships
knowing how, mostly implicit, not relational – how to do things
C.L. Corritore6
Memory structures for stories, events …• Schema - framework that includes frames & scripts
become chunks for expanding memory basis for expectations
• What is Bartlett’s Schema Theory? framework for stories that affects comprehension told American Indian stories, then recall -
readjusted story elements and themes to fit their model laundry context (p 215) - calls up proper schema, fill in the blanks,
departures from normal• Helps make it easier to recall, group information• Experts have great, robust schema• Theory to explain why recall unusual/unique things better?
C.L. Corritore7
Everyday memory
• little studied
• appears to have a lot of variability eyewitness memory flashbulb memory
C.L. Corritore8
Eye-witness memory
• Effects post-event memory - questioning right after the
fact can distort (retroactive interference) verbal overshadowing - talking about it right
after happens over-writes visual memory memory in the world sketchy (Normal) weapon focus confirmation bias - affected by what you expect
C.L. Corritore9
Flash bulb memory
• what were you doing when heard about 911 disaster?
• Why is this theory felt to be inaccurate? not consistently or regularly found
• Richness …..
C.L. Corritore10
Ericsson and Kintsch LT-WM
• postulate using LTM as sort of working memory (STM) in areas of expertise able to use LTM for reliable storage and build fast
retrieval cues for fast recalluse it like an extension of STMmust be able to store into LTM very quickly (learned
skill for a narrow domain)must be well-known so expert can anticipate degree to
which item will need to be recalled– selective storage
associate info with retrieval cue (part of a retrieval structure)
– so can go straight to the itemSTM only has to hold one node of the structure
C.L. Corritore11
LTM processes
• Storage rehearsal
• Retrieval Forgetting Recognition vs recall Frequency and recency effects
C.L. Corritore12
Storage- Rehearsal
• Memorization involves storing the information and one or more access paths
• Good memories are rich semantic networks with many (unique) access paths
• Learning is aided by meaningfulness, structure, familiarity and concreteness
• Active memorizing requires effort, motivation• Passive memorizing - unpredictable, often episodic, context
sensitive• Similar items interfere if they are not separated during
memorizing - learning transfer effects - old interfere with new; new overwrite old
C.L. Corritore13
Facilitating Memorization
• Structure information to help chunking - use categories, ordering, associations
• Encourage reasoning during memorizing - active memory
• Help access by multiple pathways - memorizing tricks e.g. keywords, cognitive aids, mnemonics, link to image memory (rooms)
• Make associations clear and keep them consistent
C.L. Corritore14
Facilitating Memorization
• Make separate and recognizable contexts for recall - important for script / skill memory
• Increase depth of encoding Richness Visualization Uniqueness InteractionOld chinese proverb:
• Recognition
C.L. Corritore15
Visualization & memory example
improve your memory exercise – memory pegs
1 bun 6 sticks
2 shoe 7 heaven
3 tree 8 gate
4 door 9 wine
5 hive 10 hen
Dix et al.
C.L. Corritore16
Facilitating Memorization: Mnemonics
• cognitive mnemonics ABC’s with tune on old olympus mountain tops a finn and
german viewed some hops (12 crainial nerves: OOOMTAFAGVSH)seems to be more to remember?
C.L. Corritore17
Facilitating Memorization: Mnemonics
• check out: http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/cognition/tutorials/index.html
• mnemonic for Norman principles:
visibility, feedback, cognitive model, affordance, mapping
My fat cat ate veggies
C.L. Corritore18
Retrieval - Theories of forgetting• repression (Freud) - bad experience• interference (proactive or retroactive)
previous learning/memories interrupt– espc if similar stimuli – belong to same category– eye-witness and post-incident questioning
doesn’t explain how it works• cue-dependant
forget because info not there anymore or *can’t access it
encoding specificity principle (cue-dependant)retrieval a func. of overlap between information
present at retrieval and info stored in memory – includes contextual info
Recognition dependant on internal cues only (not external context)
C.L. Corritore19
Recall vs. recognition• Knowledge in the World Theory is GUI’s - Alan Kay developed
in 1960’s Steve Jobs in late 1970’s from Xerox Parc keep knowledge in world to supplement head knowledge recall vs. recognition remember just enough detail to get by
exceptions rather then norms experts not expert in knowledge in the head as much as expert in
how to locate needed knowledge in the world
C.L. Corritore20
Design implications
• Reduce cognitive load!!!
• Type of user novice, expert, intermittent user
C.L. Corritore21
Design implications
• Mental models natural extensions of schema - support schemas metaphors - desktop/office match system information structure with familiar
memory structures so user can use their schema
C.L. Corritore22
Design implications
• Design interfaces that help users ‘grow’ good mental models meaningful and familiar command names (eg. from task
world) balance this with existing conceptual models of item
names (ie. cut, copy)• Incorporate closure (finish) on tasks
helps build mental model helps identify chunks for memory when become an expert
• Consistency - to build mental model; don’t have to remember as much
C.L. Corritore23
Design implications
• Rich encoding - multimedia interaction context?
• May just be to ‘remember your site’ http://www.pulse3d.com/pulse/ http://www.jordans.com/roomplanner.asp
C.L. Corritore24
Design implications
• Focus on recognition rather than recall interface contains prompts/information studies on computer experts found they
don’t have better recall, but high recognition of what is and isn’t available on interface and where to find it (maps)
GUI’s combination of recognition (menu’s) and recall (quick keys)
C.L. Corritore25
Design implications
• Place the burden of remembering on the machine, not the human
• Don’t require user memory (eg. between
screens)
• Don’t have computer ask for info it can derive
C.L. Corritore26
Design implications
• Design minor messages, alerts, warning to be minimally disruptive prevent user from forgetting data stored
in short term memory
C.L. Corritore27
readings
• Lagerkvist – Mnemonic interfaces brain map
• Fass et al – Messy Desk
C.L. Corritore28
readings
• Attention and memory (last week) Horvitz et al – Models of Attention Brudisch et al – Considering Attention Shell et al – ECSGlasses and Pliances Vertegaal et al – Attentive Cell Phones Lewis et al – VisualID’s Oulasvirta
C.L. Corritore29
Evaluate these
• http://happydeluxe.com/
• http://www.google.com vs http://www.yahoo.com
• http://www.northcantonmedical.org/
• http://www.enchantedharp.com/