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UPDATED!! PART 2 of 3: A highly detailed synopsis of the Recommended Practice in three parts intended as a training tool.
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1Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Designing Walkable Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: Urban Thoroughfares:
A Context Sensitive A Context Sensitive ApproachApproach
An ITERecommended Practice
Part 2 of 3
2Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
This presentation… Is a synopsis of the Recommended
Practice Intended as an introduction to
Context Sensitive Solutions for design professionals
Funded by the Federal Highway Administration
Offered as public domain for use by professionals in the transportation and urban planning/design fields, as well as elected officials and the public
Use as desired but please retain credits for ITE, the RP’s authors, and photos and refrain from significantly altering content
Brian Bochner, PETexas
Transportation Institute
PreamblePrincipal Authors
James Daisa, PEOve Arup &
Partners, Ltd.
San Francisco
3Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Preamble This presentation is divided into three
separate Powerpoint files each containing multiple segments:1) ITE RP Presentation (Part 1 of 3).ppt
• Segment 1: Introduction
• Segment 2: CSS in Transportation Planning
2) ITE RP Presentation (Part 2 of 3).ppt
• Segment 3: CSS Design Framework
• Segment 4: Design Controls and Thoroughfare Design Process
3) ITE RP Presentation (Part 3 of 3).ppt
• Segment 5: Streetside Design
• Segment 6: Traveled Way Design
• Segment 7: Intersection Design
Additional Powerpoint presentations are available: A 15-20 minute
overview of the RP An appendix of CSS
background information and many annotated photographic examples of thoroughfare types in varying contexts
The above presentations are available at no cost from ITE at:
www.ite.org/CSS
5Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Placemaking
Community-based approach to the development and revitalization of cities and neighborhoods
Placemaking: Unique places with lasting
value Compact, mixed-use Pedestrian and transit oriented Strong civic character Contributes to economic
developmentPhoto: EPA
6Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Context zones: Suburbs to urban cores
Street classification: Functional class
Arterial Collector
Thoroughfare type Boulevard Avenue Street
Compatibility and mutual support
CSS Design Framework
Photo: Community Design + Architecture
7Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
An organizing system for thoroughfare design
Context Zones
Source: Duany Plater-Zyberk and Company
8Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Type and mix of land uses
Densities General character Building placement Type of frontage Building height Type of public open
space
Defining Context Zones
Context ZoneDistinguishing Characteristics
General Character
C-1 Natural Natural landscape Natural features
C-2 RuralAgricultural with scattered development
Agricultural activity and natural features
C-3 Suburban
Primarily single family residential with walkable development pattern and pedestrian facilities, dominant landscape character. Includes scattered commercial uses that support the residential uses, and connected in walkable fashion.
Detached buildings with landscaped yards, normally adjacent to C-4 zone. Commercial uses may consist of neighborhood or community shopping centers, service or office uses with side or rear parking.
C-4 General Urban
Mix of housing types including attached units, with a range of commercial and civic activity at the neighborhood and community scale
Predominantly detached buildings, balance between landscape and buildings, presence of pedestrians
C-5 Urban Center
Attached housing types such as townhouses and apartments mixed with retail, workplace, and civic activities at the community or sub-regional scale.
Predominantly attached buildings landscaping within the public right of way substantial pedestrian activity
9Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Land use Defines urban activity Major factor in design criteria
Site design Arrangement of buildings,
circulation, parking, and landscape
Vehicle or pedestrian-orientation
Building design Height, massing, shape Create enclosure/pedestrian
interest
Features that Create Context
Photo: Community Design + Architecture
10Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Major factor in thoroughfare design
Influences: Travel demand Number of lanes Activity in streetside Width of streetside On-street parking Target speed Freight and transit
Land Use
Photos: Arup and EPA
11Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Site Design
Auto Oriented Pedestrian Oriented
Building Orientation and Setback
Set well back into private property
Oriented to parking or landscape
Oriented to, and adjacent to street
Direct pedestrian entrance on street
Integrated with street using stoops, arcades, cafes
Parking Type and Orientation
Surface lot between buildings and street
Under or behind building access by alleys
Structured On-street
Block Length Large blocks, often with no public throughway
Superblocks
Short blocks High connected network
12Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Significant contributor to context defined by: Height and
thoroughfare enclosure Massing Scale and variety Entries and windows Placement on site Architectural style
Building Design
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
13Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Building height to thoroughfare width ratios:
1:4 suburban
1:2-1:3 urban
Pedestrians first perceive enclosure at a 1:4 ratio
Street Enclosure
14Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
The thoroughfare both responds to and contributes to shaping the context and defining the place
Thoroughfare Design Changes with Context
15Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Conventional Principal Arterial Suburban context
Thoroughfare Design Changes with Context
TODAYSource: Steve Price, Urban Advantage
16Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Boulevard General Urban (C-4) context
Thoroughfare Design Changes with Context
5-10 YEARSSource: Steve Price, Urban Advantage
17Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Avenue Urban Center (C-5) context
Changing Thoroughfare and Context
Source: Steve Price, Urban Advantage10-20 YEARS +
Completion of dense network of surrounding thoroughfares
18Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Three classifications: Boulevard Avenue Street
Basis for: Physical configuration Design criteria
Thoroughfare Types
19Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Functional Class and Thoroughfare Type
20Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Classification Roles in Design
Criteria Functional Classification
Thoroughfare Type
Continuity
Trip length
Movement type
Sight distance (speed)
Curvature
Speed
Physical configuration
Dimensions
21Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Urban Thoroughfare Type
Number of Through
Lanes
Desired Operating
Speed (mph)
Transit Service
MedianDriveway Access
CurbParking
Pedestrian Facilities
Bicycle Facilities
Freight Movement
FREEWAY 4 to 6+ 45-65 Express Required No No No
Optional Separated Pathway or Shoulder
Regional Truck Route
EXPRESSWAY / PARKWAY
4 to 6 45-55 Express Required No NoOptional
Separated Pathway
Optional Separated Pathway or Shoulder
Regional Truck Route
BOULEVARD 4 to 6 30-35Express and
LocalRequired Limited Optional Sidewalk
Bike Lanes or Parallel Route
Regional Truck Route
MULTIWAY BOULEVARD 4 to 6 25-35Express and
Local
Required on access
lanes
Yes from access lane
Yes on access roadway
Sidewalk
Regional Route/Local
deliveries only on access roadway
AVENUE 2 to 4 25-30 Local Optional Yes Yes SidewalkBike Lanes or
SharedLocal Truck Route
STREET 2 25Local
or noneNo Yes Yes Sidewalk Shared
Local Deliveries Only
RURAL ROAD 2 25-35Local
or noneNo Yes No No
Shared or Shoulder
Local Deliveries Only
LOCAL STREET 2 25Local
or noneNo Yes Yes Sidewalk Shared
Local Deliveries Only
ALLEY/REAR LANE 1 5-10 None No Yes No Shared SharedLocal Deliveries
Only
Thoroughfare Type Characteristics
22Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Thoroughfare Design Criteria
23Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Boulevard
Illustration: Claire Vlach, Bottomley Design & Planning.
24Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Boulevard
Divided arterial (4+ lanes)
Target speed (35 mph or less)
Through and local traffic
Serve longer trips
Access management
Major transit corridor
Primary freight route
Emergency response route
May or may not have curb parking
Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org
25Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Example: Urban Boulevard in a C-5 Residential context
26Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Example: Urban Boulevard in an Urban Center (C-5) context Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
27Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachPhoto: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Example: Urban Boulevard transit street in an Urban Center (C-5) context
28Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Urban Core BoulevardPhoto: Congress for the New Urbanism
29Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Multiway Boulevard
Walkable High Capacity StreetCentral roadway for through traffic
Parallel access lanes
Access lanes for parking, and pedestrian and bicycle facilities
Requires significant right of way
Special treatment of intersections
Octavia Boulevard, San Francisco. Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
30Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Add images(s) of Octavia
Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach30Octavia Boulevard, San Francisco. Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Example: Multiway Boulevard in an Urban Center (C-6) residential context
31Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Add images of MW blvd
Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach31Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn. Photo: Rick Hall
Example: Multiway Boulevard / Parkway
32Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachK Street, Washington. Photo: Texas Transportation Institute
Example: Multiway Boulevard in an Urban Core (C-6) context
33Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Avenue
Illustration: Claire Vlach, Bottomley Design & Planning
34Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Avenue
Arterial or collector (4 lanes maximum)
Target speed (30 to 35 mph) Land access Primary ped and bike route Local transit route Freight - local deliveries Optional raised landscaped
median Curb parking
Photo: Fred Dock
35Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
4
Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachCastro Street, Mountain View, CA. Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Example: Avenue in an Urban Center (C-5) commercial context
36Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Danville Boulevard, Danville, CA. Photo: James M Daisa, P.E., Arup
Example: Avenue in a suburban (C-3) commercial context
37Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Add image of avenue
Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach37Congress Avenue , Austin, Texas. Photo: Texas Transportation Institute
Example: Avenue in an Urban Core (C-6) context
38Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Street
Illustration: Claire Vlach, Bottomley Design & Planning
39Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Street
Collector or local
2 lanes maximum
Target speed (25 mph)
Land access
Designed to connect
May be commercial main street
Emphasizes curb parking
Freight restricted to local deliveries
Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Photo: James M Daisa, P.E., Arup
40Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachPhoto: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
Example: Street in an General Urban (C-4) context
41Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Example: Street in an Urban Core (C-6) context
Photo: James M Daisa, P.E., Arup
42Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Example: Street in a Suburban (C-3) residential context Photo: James M Daisa, P.E., Arup
43Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Photos: Michael King
Examples: Main street in Suburban (C-3) commercial context
44Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
DESIGN CONTROLS AND THOROUGHFARE DESIGN PROCESS
Segment 4
45Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Design control – guides selection of design criteria Speed Design vehicle Thoroughfare type, context, land use type Location Sight distance Horizontal / vertical alignment Access management Pedestrians and bicyclists
Design Controls in CSS
46Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
“Balancing street improvements with need to safely integrate the design into the surrounding natural and built environments”Flexibility in Highway Design, FHWA
Consider ALL usersUse existing flexibilityPrepare to reevaluate decisionsUnderstand the exception processDon’t fear unique solutions Document rationales
Flexibility in Design
47Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Speed Definitions
Conventional Design Speed Guidance is to establish as high as
practicable (AASHTO) Typically 10 mph over anticipated speed limit
“Target Speed” Desirable operating speed in specific context Range: 25 to 35 mph Balances
Vehicle mobility Safe pedestrian environment
Usually posted speed limit
48Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Speed/Accident Severity RelationshipPerception
Speed Reaction148'
40 mphFatal
110'30 mph
Serious74' Injury
20 mph
Injury
107' 196' 313'Total Stopping Distance
Low/Moderate
Source: Anderson, McLean, Farmer, Lee and Brooks, Accident Analysis & Prevention (1997)
49Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Lane width Reduced “shy distance” offset from median No superelevation No shoulders On-street parking Small curb return radii Design of right turn lanes Spacing of traffic signals Synchronization to desired speed Paving materials
Factors that Influence Speed in Urban Areas
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org
50Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Design Vehicle No encroachment Turns with considerable
frequency High volumes in opposing
lanes Example: bus
Control Vehicle Encroachment allowed Turns infrequently Example: emergency
vehicle
Design vs. Control Vehicle
Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup
51Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
1: Plan
2: Vision
3: Compatibility
4: Initial concept/testing
5: Design
CSS Design Process
52Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
CSS vs. Conventional Design Approach
53Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Thoroughfare Components
54Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Local objectives Stakeholder
priorities Adjacent activities Functional class Context zone and
thoroughfare type Modal requirements Other conditions
Right of way Traffic volumes Vehicle mix
Considerations in Cross-Section Design
55Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
1. Establish initial general parameters based on: Context zone (current or envisioned) Thoroughfare type Thoroughfare design parameter tables in RP
2. Determine number of lanes based on: Community objectives Thoroughfare type Long-range transportation plan Corridor/network capacity analysis Maximum 6 lanes in walkable urban areas
Stages in Cross-Section Design
56Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
3. Determine design and control vehicle4. Identify transit, freight, and bicycle
requirements Establish dimensions
5. Develop ideal cross-section - compare to RW
Acquire RW or narrow design elements, or Widen high priority elements to match RW Avoid combining minimal widths
Stages in Cross-Section Design
57Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Prioritize design elements Develop range of constrained sections
Optimal – unconstrained Predominant – all priority elements Functional minimum – many priority elements Absolute minimum – highest priority only
RW width less than absolute minimum? Acquire RW incrementally Change thoroughfare type
Design in Constrained Right-of-Way
58Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE ([email protected])
Geometric transitions (use AASHTO) Change in thoroughfare width Lateral shifts Lane drops
Context, visual, operational, environmental transition Speed zone transition Visual cues
Urban design, land uses, building design, gateways Change width of thoroughfare
Addition of curb parking or reduction in number of lanes Change in context
Changes in land use and scale of development, setbacks Change in landscaping style
Transitions