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Realpolitik
After the failure of the 1848 revolutions, many people realized that ideas alone were not enough to change the world.
Many powerful people across Europe realized that Nationalism and Liberalism were powerful forces that could not be fought forever.
Therefore, if you can’t beat them, join them. Use the ideas to help get what you want.
Realpolitik means politics by any means necessary. Get want you want and use any method to do it. War, Peace, Honesty, Dishonesty, Loyalty, Betrayal. Everything was fair game
The users of Realpolitik achieved lasting change because they used the ideas of Liberalism and Nationalism while at the same time being dishonest, underhanded and cunning
Camillo Cavour Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour, was born in Turin, in
Northern Italian State of Piedmont His Father forced him to go to Military School Although he was very intelligent, he did poorly in
school He was too head-strong and independent for military
life and hated the conformity He read the works of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart
Mill (Famous Liberalists) He quit the Military out of boredom and traveled Europe Upon return to his families land, he was able to impact
his entire community with a series of economic and agricultural reforms
The move to politics After 1848, Liberalism became more
acceptable in Italy At this point, Cavour decides to enter politics During his impressive political career, he
earned the reputation as being a “Moderate Liberal”
He eventually earned the position of Prime Minister
Cavour loved Piedmont, but he understood the power of Nationalism in Italy
Therefore, in order to save Piedmont . . . he must destroy it
He would seek to create Italy . . . Under the rule of the Royal House of Piedmont
How to you create a country?Obstacles1. Austria – Controls much of Northern Italy2. France – The Bourbon family controls most of
Southern Italy3. The Church – the Papal States split Italy in
Half4. Political Division – Italy has numerous small
states - they have traditionally fought each against each other rather than work together
You are Camillo Cavour . . . What would you do first?
Step 1: The Nucleus State Cavour thought of the concept of
the Nucleus State Nationalist revolutions have
traditionally failed because there is always the question of leadership
Cavour would build Sardinia-Piedmont into a powerful, wealthy and modern state
Therefore, people across Italy would recognize their leadership
He built new roads, railways, schools
He created jobs and encouraged new industry and investment
Under his leadership, Sardinia-Piedmont became the greatest of the small Italian States
Step 2: Make a Powerful Friend Cavour knew that the
first major obstacle was Austria
Austria was far too powerful to be dealt with by anyone other that a major power
Therefore he went looking for friends
To do this, he thrust his little kingdom into the largest war of the Century . . . The Crimean War
The Eastern Question and the Crimean War The Ottoman Empire was once very powerful However, in the 19th the Ottomans did not Industrialize and became
a poor and disorganized state The Greeks and Serbians were able to successfully break free and
Egyptians rose up against the ottomans and almost conquered the entire empire
The Ottoman Empire was called “The Sick Man of Europe” and was on the verger of breaking apart
The Question of who got to control all this territory is know in history as “THE EASTERN QUESTION”
The Crimean War is the Result of the Eastern Question Russia, as part of the Quadruple Alliance (Congress of Vienna)
helped many European countries avoid revolution . . . They felt earned them the right to be left alone to profit from the Ottoman demise
The rest of Europe didn’t see it that way This was a massive and ugly conflict
Step 3: Convince your Friend to help you During the Crimean War, Cavour was
able to make several contacts with the French Government
He also gained several Audiences with Emperior Louis Napoleon
Cavour realized that the Emperors ambition to be as great as his Uncle could be used against him
Cavour convinced France to help him against Austria in Exchange for Nice (then part of Piedmont – now the French Riviera)
War broke out and the French and Piedmontese forces were able to dive the Austrians out of Lombardy – however, Louis grew tired of the war and pulled out
Venetia stayed in Austrian hands But a great victory had been
accomplished
Step 4: Talk others into Joining you Cavour was ready for final step He had an alliance with the French, he had defeated
Austria and was in control of the dominant country in Italy
Promising protection against Austria and the benefits of his great economy, he managed to convince all of the small states of Northern Italy to join him
At the same time, Garibaldi was conquering southern Italy and poised to take over the Papal States
Cavour could not anger France, so he sent his army to stop Garibaldi – this led to the famous meeting on the bridge
What happened on the Bridge? Garibaldi was faced with a
choice First, give up his conquest to
Piedmont and unify most of italy
Or Second, keep going and try to unify all of Italy under democracy . . . His life long dream
He choose to surrender his forces and unify most of Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel – who was really Cavour’s puppet!
The Nation of Italy is born!
Italy gets the rest! Cavour dies shortly after he forms Italy Doctors bleed him to help him recovery from
illness The bleeding causes a stroke and he dies His last words are “ITALY IS MADE, ALL IS
SAFE” Italy gets Venetia a few years later while the
Austrians are embarrassed in war with another European power
Italy gets the Papal States and Rome after that when France gets embarrassed in war with another European power
Italy as we now know it is formed in 1871.
Not a Happy Ending The new Italy was culturally divided – the
Industrial North and the Agricultural South – a problem Italy still has today
The greatest obstacle facing Italy was the Catholic Church
After losing control of the Papal States and Rome – the Pope had nothing left
The Catholic Church sabotaged the new Italian state by order all Catholics to resist the Italian government in any way possible
This caused most programs and reforms in Italy to fail and doomed Italy to poverty and backwardness
The Pope was only able to make peace with Italy in 1929 – with Mussolini
The Vatican was made into its own country in exchange for his support for Mussolini’s rule