Italian Basic Phrases

8/13/2019 Italian Basic Phrases

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Basic Phrases

English French Italian

Good day Bonjour BuongiornoGood evening Bonsoir Buona sera

Good night (going to bed) Bonne nuit Buona notteHello / Hi / Bye Salut CiaoGoodbye Au revoir Arrivederci

Thank you (very much) Merci (beaucoup) Grazie (mille)You're welcome De rien PregoPlease S'il vous plat Per !avore

How are you (!ormal) Comment allez"vous # Come sta#How are you (in!ormal) $a va# Come stai#"'m (really) good# %e vais (tr&s) bien Sto (abbastanza) bene

"'m ok# Comme ci comme a Cos* cos*Bad / not bad Mal + pas mal Male + ,on c'& male

$hat's your name (!)Comment vous appelez"vous #

Come si c-iama#

$hat's your name (in) .u t'appelles comment # Come ti c-iami#

%y name is& %e m'appelle/ Mi c-iamo/$here are you !rom (!) D'o0 venez"vous # Di dov'& 1ei#$here are you !rom (in) .u es d'o0 # Di dove sei#

"'m !rom %e suis de/ Sono di/How old are you 2uel 3ge avez"vous # 2uanti anni -a#How old are you .u as 4uel 3ge # 2uanti anni -ai#

"'m years old# %'ai 555 ans 6o 555 anniYes / o 7ui + ,on Si + ,oo you s*eak & (!) Parlez"vous / Parla/

o you s*eak & (in!) 8st"ce 4ue tu parles / Parli/" (don't) s*eak& %e (ne) parle (pas)/ (,on) parlo/" (don't) know %e (ne) sais (pas) (,on) lo so

o you understand (!) Comprenez"vous# Capisce#o you understand (in!) 8st"ce 4ue tu comprends # Capisci#" (don't) understand %e (ne) comprends (pas) (,on) capisco

+an you hel* me (!) Pouvez"vous m'aider # Pu9 aiutarmi#

+an you hel* me (in!)8st"ce 4ue tu peu:m'aider #

Puoi aiutarmi#

,! course# Bien s;r Certamente" would like& %e voudrais/


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"'m sorry %e suis d=sol=(e) Mi dispiace

ee you tomorrow A demain A domani

ee you later / soon A tout > l'-eure + A bient?t A pi0 tardi + A presto

%ister / %isses / %issMonsieur + Madame +

Mademoiselle

Signore + Signora +

SignorinaPleased to meet you# 8nc-ant=(e) Piacere + Molto lieto

Pardon Comment # Come#

How do you say & Comment dit"on / # Come se dice / #$hat's the matter 2u'est"ce 4u'il @ a # Cosa c'

$hat's ha**ening 2u'est"ce 4ui se passe # C-e succede#

There is / are& l @ a/ C'& + Ci sono/

$hat is it2u'est"ce 4ue c'est 4uea #

C-e cosa

0ight ,'est"ce pas #


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a man6 you would useje suis fatiguin 5rench and sono stancoin "talian !or " amtired# "! you are a woman6 you would useje suis fatiguein 5rench and sonostancain "talian# 7ocabulary words are generally given in the masculine !orm6 withthe !eminine ending in *arentheses#("n 5rench6 you generally add 8e to !orm the!eminine9 while in "talian6 you change 8o to 8a)# "! there is only one !orm o! an

ad4ective given6 then it is the same !or masculine and !eminine (such as maladein5rench)#

Pronunciation

The ma4or di!!erence in *ronunciation between the two languages is that 5renchhas several silent letters6 while every letter must be *ronounced in "talian# "naddition6 5rench contains !our distinctive nasal vowels that do not e.ist in "talian#


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The distinction between DaE and DE continues to disa**ear in modern 5rench6 sodon't worry about trying to distinguish these two sounds#

Pronouncing "talian vowels is rather easy# The only *roblems arise whendistinguishing the two e's and o's# "! the vowel is stressed6 then it is always closedDeE and DoE# "! the vowel is not stressed6 it is always o*en D E and DE# This can

change according to regional dialects in "taly6 o! course6 but this is the standardrule#

,asal mocratie6 nationday!moh!krah!see# nah!see!ohn

"talian consonant I vowel combinations

c a o u-e -i

kamica6 amico6amiche

ah!mee!kah# ah!mee!koh#ah!mee!keh

c ia io iue i

chbacio6 celebre6cinema

bah!cho# cheh!leh!breh#chee!neh!mah

g a o u-e -i

g gara6 gusto6s*aghetti

gah!rah# goo!stoh# spah!geh!tee


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g ia io iue i

d4Giotto6 gelato6magico

djoh!toh# djeh!lah!toh#mah!djee!koh

sc a o u-e -i

skscala6 scuola6scheda

skah!lah# skoo!oh!la#skeh!dah

sc ia io iue i sh

sciar*a6 sciu*ato6scemo

shar!pah# shoo!pah!toh#sheh!moh

"n both languages6 sis generally *ronounced the same as in -nglish6 e.ce*t whenit is between two vowels6 then it is *ronounced like z# 6is always silent#

ouble consonants in "talian must be *ronounced individually il nonno(eel nohn8noh) is *ronounced di!!erently than il nono(eel noh8noh)

2iaison in 5rench !orces a *receding consonant to be *ronounced be!ore the!ollowing vowel o! the ne.t word# ormally6 this consonant is silent6 but it must be*ronounced at the beginning o! the ne.t word trJs (treh) and heureu. (uh8ruh)becometreh "uh!ruhwhen *ronounced together# and . are *ronounced as =6 d

as t and ! as v in liaisons#Stress

"n general6 stress !alls on the last syllable in 5rench and the second8to8last syllablein "talian# "! stress !alls on the last syllable in "talian6 the vowel is written with anaccent mark (la cittK)# However6 it is also *ossible !or the stress in "talian to !all onthe third8to8last syllable (3merica6 tele!ono) and even the !ourth8to8last syllable(tele!onano) in third *erson *lural verb con4ugations#

3l*habet


3 a- a-B ba@ bee+ sa@ c-ee da@ dee

- u- e-5 e!! e!!"e-G z-a@ z-ee

H a-s- a-N"Na-" ee eeL s-ee ee loon"ga-

M Na- Na-p"pa-2 ell e-l"e-% emm e-m"e-

enn e-n"e-, o- o-P pa@ pee

N NeE Noo0 air e-r"re- ess e-s"se-


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T ta@ te-

O eE oo

7 va@ voo$ doo"bla-"va@ do-p"p@a- voo

eeNs eeNsY ee"greN ee gre-"Na-Q zed dze-"ta-

umbers

English French Italian English French Italian

=ero z=ro zero

one un uno !irst premier (&re) primo (a)

two deu: due second deu:i&me secondo (a)

three trois tre third troisi&me terzo (a)

!our 4uatre 4uattro !ourth 4uatri&me 4uarto (a)

!ive cin4 cin4ue !i!th cin4ui&me 4uinto (a)

si. si: sei si.th si:i&me sesto (a)

seven sept sette seventh septi&me settimo (a)

eight -uit otto eighth -uiti&me ottavo (a)

nine neu! nove ninth neuvi&me nono (a)ten di: dieci tenth di:i&me decimo (a)

eleven onze undici eleventh onzi&me undicesimo (a)

twelve douze dodici twel!th douzi&me dodicesimo (a)

thirteen treize tredici thirteenth treizi&me tredicesimo (a)

!ourteen 4uatorze 4uattordici !ourteenth 4uatorzi&me4uattordicesimo(a)

!i!teen 4uinze 4uindici !i!teenth 4uinzi&me 4uindicesimo (a)

si.teen seize sedici si.teenth seizi&me sedicesimo (a)

seventeen di:"sept diciassette seventeenth di:"septi&mediciassettesimo(a)

eighteen di:"-uit diciotto eighteenth di:"-uiti&me diciottesimo (a)

nineteen di:"neu! diciannove nineteenthdi:"neuvi&me

diciannovesimo(a)

twenty vingt venti twentieth vingti&me ventesimo (a)

twenty8one vingt et un ventuno twenty8!irstvingt et

uni&me

ventunesimo (a)

twenty8two vingt"deu: ventidue twenty8 vingt" ventiduesimo (a)


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second deu:i&me

twenty8three

vingt"trois ventitre twenty8thirdvingt"troisi&me

ventitreesimo (a)

thirty trente trentatwenty8

!ourth

vingt"

4uatri&me

venti4uattresimo

(a)

!orty 4uarante 4uaranta twenty8!i!thvingt"cin4ui&me

venticin4uesimo(a)

!i!ty cin4uante cin4uanta

si.ty soi:ante sessanta one8hal! une moiti= un mezzo

seventysoi:ante"di:

settanta one8third un tiers un terzo

eighty4uatre"vingts

ottanta one8!ourth un 4uart un 4uarto

ninety4uatre"vingt"di:

novanta

hundred cent cento once une !ois una volta

hundredone

cent un centuno twice deu: !ois due volte

twohundred

deu:cents

duecento three times trois !ois tre volte

thousand mille mille

million un million un milione

$hen writing numbers6 switch the use o! commas and *eriods# 5or e.am*le6 R#Sin -nglish would be written as R6S in 5rench and "talian# "n 5rench6 centhas a

*lural !orm cents6 but milleis invariable (there is no *lural !orm)9 while in "talian6centois invariable and millehas a *lural !orm mila#

5rench tele*hone numbers are ten digits6 beginning with =ero6 and the countrycode is UU (Belgium U;6 wit=erland R:6 +anada :)# "talian tele*hone numbers

are between V and :: digits6 most beginning with =ero6 and the country code is UW#

3rticles X emonstratives

De!inite and nde!inite Articles

$efiniteArticle %the&

French ItalianIndefiniteArticle %a#an&

French Italian

masculinesingular

le ilmasculinesingular

un un

begins withvowel

l' l'begins withvowel

un un

begins with

s cons

lobegins with

s cons

uno

masculine les i masculine des dei


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*lural *lural

plural of l'and lo

gliplural( di gli

degli

!emininesingular la la !emininesingular une una

begins withvowel

l' l'begins withvowel

une un'

!eminine*lural

les le!eminine*lural

des delle

3rticles are slightly more com*licated in "talian# The rows in italics only concern"talian and not 5rench# "! a masculine"talian noun begins with s consonant zgn ps : or i voEel6 you must use loas the de!inite article (instead o! il)#However6 lais still used !or all feminine"talian nouns that begin with those same

letters# ,nly ilchanges to iin the *lural6 whilel' and lo change to gli# 5emininearticles are more sim*le laand l'change to lein the *lural# The *lural inde!initearticle can be e.*ressed as somein -nglish6 but it is not always used#

Demonstrative Adjectivesthis ) these noun

French Italianthat ) those noun

French Italian

masculinesingular

ce 4uestomasculinesingular

ce 4uel

begins withvowel

cet 4uest'begins withvowel

cet 4uell'

begins withs cons

4uesto begins withs cons

4uello

masculine*lural

ces 4uestimasculine*lural

ces 4uei

plural of l'and lo

4uestiplural( di gli

4uegli

!emininesingular

cette 4uesta!emininesingular

cette 4uella

begins withvowel cette 4uest'

begins withvowel cette 4uell'

!eminine*lural

ces 4ueste!eminine*lural

ces 4uelle

"n 5rench6 ce cet andcettecan be translated as this or that6 while cescan betranslated as these or those# "! you would like to be *recise6 you can add "cito theend o! the noun to s*eci!y this/these (!or what is close to you)6 and "l>to the end o!the noun to s*eci!y that/those (!or what is !urther away !rom you)# 5or e.am*le6cette c-aise"cimeans this chairwhile cette c-aise"l>meansthat chair# "n "talian6two distinct !orms e.ist to distinguish between what is close and what is !ar away4uest"!or close6 and 4uel"!or !ar away#


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"n "talian6 demonstrative ad4ectives (which *recede nouns) and demonstrative*ronouns (which take the *lace o! nouns) have very similar !orms# "n 5rench6 thedemonstrative *ronouns have di!!erent !orms# You can add "ciand "l> to the5rench demonstrative *ronouns to s*eci!y what is close (this/these) and what is !araway (that/those) celui"cimeans this one6 while celui"l>means that one#

Demonstrative Pronounsthis ) these verb

French Italianthat ) those verb

French Italian

masculinesingular

celui 4uestomasculinesingular

celui 4uello

masculine*lural

ceu: 4uestimasculine*lural

ceu: 4uelli

!emininesingular

celle 4uesta!emininesingular

celle 4uella

!eminine*lural

celles 4ueste!eminine*lural

celles 4uelle

ouns Gender X umber

There are two genders o! nouns in both languages6 masculine and !eminine6 andtwo numbers6 singular and *lural# 3d4ectives agree in gender and number withnouns6 so you must learn the gender with each noun in order to !orm grammaticallycorrect *hrases# Osually the last letter o! the noun will tell you which gender it is#

Gender"n 5rench6 masculine singular nouns generally end with a consonant6 8 age or

8ment# 5eminine singular nouns generally end with 8ure6 8sion6 8tion6 8ence6 8ance68t>6 and 8ette#

"n "talian6 masculine singular nouns generally end with 8o or 8ore# 5eminine singularnouns generally end with 8a or 8=ione# ouns ending with 8e and 8ista can be eithergender6 so you must learn those individually# 3 !ew masculine nouns end with 8a il*roblema6 il tema6 il teorema6 il *oeta6 il cinema6 il *rogramma9 and a !ew !emininenouns end with 8o la mano6 la radio6 la !oto6 la moto#

"n most cases6 the gender o! a noun is the same in 5rench and "talian# But thereare some cases in which the genders are reversed# (5or e.am*le6 names o! cities

and letters o! the al*habet are masculine in 5rench6 but !eminine in "talian#)Masculine in renc- + eminine

in talianeminine in renc- +Masculine in talian


air l'air l'ariaa!!air6case

l'a!!aire l'a!!are

art l'art l'arte tooth la dent il dente

calm le calme la calma oil l'huile l'olio

number/digit le chi!!re la ci!ra limit la limite il limite

cou*le le cou*le la co**ia sea la mer il mareunday le la method la il


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dimanche domenica m>thode metodo

summer l'>t> l'estate minutelaminute

il minuto

!orehead le !ront la !ronte *anicla*ani?ue

il *anico

guide le guide la guida *eriodla*>riode

il*eriodo

s*ringle*rintem*s

la*rimavera

*lanetla*lanJte

il*ianeta

sand le sable la sabbia secondlaseconde

ilsecondo

evening le soir la sera attem*tlatentative

iltentativo

,umber"n 5rench6 singular nouns generally add 8s (unless the noun already ends in 8s6 8=6or 8.6 then they change nothing !or the *lural)6 though nouns ending in 8au6 8eau6and 8eu add 8. instead (or change 8al/8ail to 8au.) to !orm the *lural# (-.ce*tions!estival carnaval bal pneu bleu landau d=tail c-andailall add 8s) There arealso seven nouns ending in 8ou that add 8. instead o! 8s bijou caillou c-ougenou pou joujou -ibou

5rench "rregular Plurals l'Iil " les @eu:(eye8eyes)9 le ciel " les cieu:(sky8skies)9le jeune -omme " les jeunes gens(young man8young men)9 and three nouns aremasculine in the singular6 but !eminine in the *lural amour d=lice orgue

"n "talian6 singular nouns that end with 8o or 8e6 whether masculine or !eminine6change to 8i in the *lural# 5eminine nouns change 8a to 8e in the *lural#%onosyllabic nouns6 nouns that end with an accented letter6 with a consonant6 andwith 8i do not change in the *lural# ouns ending in 8ca6 8go6 8ca6 and 8ga add an 8hbe!ore the *lural ending (as a rule o! *ronunciation)# ouns that end with 8io caneither change to 8ii in the *lural (i! the i o! 8io is stressed)6 or to 8i (i! the i o! 8io is notstressed)#

"talian "rregular Plurals l'uomo " gli uomini(man8men)9il dio " gli dei(god8gods)9il bue " i buoi (bee!)9 il centinaio " le centinaia(century8centuries)9 il dito " le dita

(!inger8!ingers)9 il riso " le risa(laughter)9 l'uovo " le uova(egg8eggs)9 l'ala " le ali(wing8wings)9 l'arma " le armi(wea*on8wea*ons)9 la mano " le mani(hand8hands)

Personal Pronouns

Subject PronounsDirect 7bject

Pronounsndirect 7bject

PronounsDisjunctivePronouns

English French Italian English French Italian English French Italian English French Italian

" je io me me mi me me mi me moi me

you (s6in!)

tu tuyou (s6in!)

te tiyou (s6in!)

te tiyou (s6in!)

toi te

you (s6!)

vous 1ei you (s6!)

vous 1a you (s6!)

vous 1e you (s6!)

vous 1ei


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he / she il + ellelui +lei

him /her

le + la lo + lahim /her

luigli +le

him /her

lui+elle

lui +lei

one /we

on si

we nous noi us nous ci us nous ci us nous noiyou (*l6in!/!)

vous voiyou (*l6in!)

vous viyou (*l6in!)

vous viyou (*l6in!)

vous voi

they(m/!em)

ils +elles

loro them les li them leur loro themeu: +elles

loro

s singular6 *l *lural6 in! in!ormal6 ! !ormal6 m masculine6 !em !eminine

There is more than one youin both languages6 de*ending on how many *eo*leyou are s*eaking to and how in!ormal or !ormal you are being# "n 5rench6 tuissingular and in!ormal (when s*eaking to one *erson6 such as a !amily member)9while vousis *lural6 whether in!ormal or !ormal (when s*eaking to more than one

*erson) 3 singular and !ormal (when s*eaking to one *erson6 whom you do notknow well or to whom you'd like to show res*ect)# "n "talian6 tuis in!ormal andsingular6 while 1eiis !ormal and singular and voiis *lural6 whether in!ormal or!ormal# Mee* in mind that 1eitakes a third *erson singular !orm when con4ugatingverbs (same as !or he/she 8 lui/lei)#

7nand siare used as an abstract sub4ect meaning one6 they6 you6 we6 *eo*le ingeneral6 etc# There are several translations o! this into -nglish where the sub4ectdoesn't re!er to any *erson already mentioned *heysay it's going to rain today#How are yousu**osed to do this $hat should onedo with Z: million "naddition6 the 5rench onis very commonly used to mean weinstead o! nousin

everyday conversation# "t always take a third *erson singular !orm whencon4ugating verbs6 even though it re!ers to more than one *erson#

"n both languages6 i! you want to useitto re!er to a noun6 you must know thegender# 5or e.am*le6 ilin 5rench can mean -eorit6 de*ending on what noun the*ronoun re!ers to# l est petit le garon +e is small# the boy l est petit le litItis small# the bed otice that theycan also be translated in two ways in 5rench (ilsand elles)6 de*ending on the gender o! the noun#

7erbs Be6 Have6 o

Present *ense Past *ense Future *ense

Otre + essere8to be

suis sono =tais ero serai sar9es sei =tais eri seras saraiest & =tait era sera sar>

sommes siamo =tions eravamo serons saremoOtes siete =tiez eravate serez saretesont sono =taient erano seront saranno

avoir + avere8to have

ai -o avais avevo aurai avr9as -ai avais avevi auras avrai

a -a avait aveva aura avr>avons abbiamo avions avevamo aurons avremo


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avez avete aviez avevate aurez avreteont -anno avaient avevano auront avranno

!aire + !are8to do6 make

!ais !accio !aisais !acevo !erai !ar9

!ais !ai !aisais !acevi !eras !arai!ait !a !aisait !aceva !era !ar>!aisons !acciamo !aisions !acevamo !erons !aremo!aites !ate !aisiez !acevate !erez !arete

!ont !anno !aisaient !acevano !eront !aranno

Past tense here refers to the imperfect# not preterite

"n 5rench6 the sub4ect *ronoun must always be used be!ore the verb con4ugations#$hen the verb begins with a vowel6jebecomesj'and is connected to the verb(4'ai)# "n in!ormal s*eech6 the same ha**ens with tu6 it becomest' and is connected

to the !ollowing verb (t'as)# "n "talian6 you do not have to use the sub4ect *ronouns6unless you want to em*hasi=e the sub4ect or to avoid ambiguity#

There are several common and idiomatic e.*ressions with the verbs avoir andavere6 which translate to bein -nglish

to be hungry avoir !aim avere !ameto be thirsty avoir soi! avere seteto be warm avoir c-aud avere caldo

to be cold avoir !roid avere !reddoto be right avoir raison avere ragione

to be wrong avoir tort avere tortoto be slee*y avoir sommeil avere sonnoto be a!raid (o!) avoir peur (de) avere paura (di)to be [ years old avoir ans avere anni

to need avoir besoin de avere bisogno dito want6 !eel like avoir envie de avere voglia di

There is another verb in "talian that means to be6 stare# But this verb is only used ine.*ressions relating to health and !eelings and when e.*ressing the *rogressive

!orm (be I gerund in -nglish)# Present *ense Past *ense Future *ense

stare8to be

sto stavo star9stai stavi staraista stava star>

stiamo stavamo staremostate stavate staretestanno starano staranno

"nterrogatives / +on4unctions / 3dverbsEnglish French Italian English French Italian


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who 4ui c-i because parce 4ue perc-=

whose de 4ui di c-i and et e

what 4u'est"ce 4ue + 4uoi c-e cosa or ou owhere o0 dove but mais ma

where !rom d'o0 di dove i! si sewhy pour4uoi perc-= not pas nonwhen 4uand 4uando very tr&s molto

how comment come also aussi anc-e

how much combien 4uanto while pendant mentrewhich 4uel(le) 4uale since depuis da

that 4ue c-e although bien 4ue benc-=

ays / %onths / easonsEnglish French Italian English French Italian

%onday lundi lunedQ Lanuary janvier gennaio

Tuesday mardi martedQ 5ebruary !=vrier !ebbraio

$ednesday mercredi mercoledQ %arch mars marzo

Thursday jeudi giovedQ 3*ril avril aprile

5riday vendredi venerdQ %ay mai maggio

aturday samedi sabato Lune juin giugno

unday dimanc-e domenica Luly juillet luglio

3ugust ao;t agosto

s*ring le printemps la primavera e*tember septembre settembre

summer l'=t= (m) l'estate (!) ,ctober octobre ottobre

autumn l'automne (m) l'autunno ovember novembre novembre

winter l'-iver (m) l'inverno ecember d=cembre dicembre

The days o! the week and months o! the year are all masculine in both languages

(e.ce*t domenicain "talian)# "! you want to e.*ress an action that ha**enshabitually on a certain day6 use the de!inite article be!ore the day le lundi + illunedQ(on %ondays)# Ina season or a month is translated as enin 5rench (e.ce*t!or in spring6 which isau printemps) and inin "talian# $hen writing the date6 usethe de!inite article (le or il) *lus the number and then the month le R mai + il Rmaggio# 5or the !irst day o! a month6 you must use premier or primoinstead o!the number#

Time / $eather / irections

$hat time

is it

2uelle-eure est"

il #

C-e ora +

C-e ore sono#

$hat's theweather

like

2uel temps

!ait"il #

C-e tempo

!a#


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3t whattime

A 4uelle-eure #

A c-e ora# "t's nice l !ait bona tempobuono

:l est une-eure

l'una"t'sbeauti!ul

l !ait beau a bel tempo

; l est deu:-eures Sono le due"t's hot l !aitc-aud a caldo

U:l est trois-eures di:

Sono le tre edieci

"t's cold l !ait !roid a !reddo

:WSl est vingt-euresmoins di:

Sono le ventimeno dieci

"t's sunnyl !ait dusoleil

C'& il sole

:V:Sl est di:"-uit -eureset 4uart

Sono le diciottoe un cuarto

"t's windyl !ait duvent

.ira vento


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jour giorno

duskla tomb=e dela nuit

il !ar della notte week la semainelasettimana

evening le soir la sera year l'an (m) l'anno

!ortnight la 4uinzaine la 4uindicina yesterday -ier ieriholiday la !Ote la !esta

last6*revious

dernier (&re) ultimo

hour l'-eure (!) l'ora ne.t proc-ain(e) prossimo

hal! hourune demi"-eure

una mezz'ora north nord nord

?uarterhour

un 4uartd'-eure

un 4uarto d'ora south sud sud

hour andhal!

une -eure etdemi

un'ora e mezzo east est est

lea* year l'ann=ebisse:tile

l'anno bisestile west ouest ovest

midnight la minuit la mezzanotte northeast nord"est nord"est

minute la minute il minuto northwest nord"ouest nord"ovest

month le mois il mese southeast sud"est sud"estmorning la matin la mattina southwest sud"ouest sud"ovest

night la nuit la notteto/on thele!t

> gauc-e a sinistra

noon le midi il mezzogiornoto/on the

right

> droite a destra

season la saison la stagione straight tout droitsemprediritto

second la seconde il secondo

+olors X ha*es


red rouge rosso s?uare le carr= il 4uadrato

*ink rose rosa circle le cercle il cerc-io

orange orange arancione triangle letriangle il triangolo

yellow jaune giallo rectanglelerectangle

ilrettangolo

green vert verde oval l'ovale l'ovale

blue bleu azzurro bo. la bote la scatola

*ur*lelila +violet

viola s*here la sp-&re la s!era

brown

brun +marron marrone cube le cube il cubo


16/57

black noir nero *yramidlap@ramide

lapiramide

white blanc(-e) bianco cone le c?ne il cono

gray gris grigio cylinderle

c@lindreil cilindro

silver argent argento heart le cIur il cuore

gold or oro star l'=toile la stella

diamondlediamant

il diamante

crescentlecroissant

lamezzaluna

5amily

!amily la !amille la!amiglia

ste*son le beau"!ils il !igliastro

mother la m&re la madre ste*sisterla belle"sIur

la sorellastra

mom maman mamma ste*brotherle beau"!r&re

il !ratellastro

!ather le p&re il padre hal!8sisterla demi"sIur

la sorellastra

dad papa pap> hal!8brother

le demi"

!r&re il !ratellastro

*arents les parents i genitorimother8in8law

la belle"m&re

la suocera

daughter la !ille la !iglia !ather8in8lawle beau"p&re

il suocero

son le !ils il !igliodaughter8in8law

la belle"!ille la nuora

children les en!ants i !igli son8in8law le gendre il genero

sister la sIur la sorella sister8in8law la belle"sIur la cognata

brother le !r&re il !ratellobrother8in8law

le beau"!r&re

il cognato

wi!ela !emme +l'=pouse

la sposa godmother la marraine la madrina

husbandle mari +l'=pou:

lo sposo god!ather le parrain il padrino

grandmotherla grand"

m&re

la nonna girlla jeune

!ille

la ragazza

grand!ather le grand" il nonno boy le garon il ragazzo


17/57

p&re

grand*arentsles grands"parents

i nonni baby le b=b= il bambino

granddaughter la petite"!ille la nipote woman la !emme la donna

grandson le petit"!ils il nipote man l'-omme l'uomo

grandchildrenles petits"en!ants

i nipoti adult l'adulte l'adulto

cousin (!) la cousine la cugina relatives les parents i parenti

cousin (m) le cousin il cugino twinslesjumeau:

i gemelli

aunt la tante la zia birthlanaissance

la nascita

uncle l'oncle lo zio death la mort la morteniece la ni&ce la nipote marriage le mariage il matrimonio

ne*hew le neveu il nipote divorce le divorce il divorzio

ste*mother la belle"m&relamatrigna

single c=libataire celibe+nubile

ste*!ather le beau"p&reilpatrigno

married mari=(e) sposato (a)

ste*daughter la belle"!illela!igliastra

divorced divorc=(e) divorziato (a)

Possessive 3d4ectives X Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives French Italian French Italian French Italian French Italian

adjective noun masculine singular masculine plural feminine singular feminine plural

my mon il mio mes i miei ma la mia mes le mie

your (s) ton il tuo tes i tuoi ta la tua tes le tuehis / her son il suo ses i suoi sa la sua ses le sueour notre il nostro nos i nostri notre la nostra nos le nostre

your (*l) votre il vostro vos i vostri votre la vostra vos le vostretheir leur il loro leurs i loro leur la loro leurs le loro

"n "talian6 you must always use the de!inite article be!ore the *ossessive ad4ective6e.ce*t with singular !amily members that are not modi!ied by an ad4ective#However6 lorois invariable and always *receded by the de!inite article# "n bothlanguages6 you generally use the de!inite article instead o! a *ossessive ad4ectivewhen re!erring to *arts o! the body (because it is obvious who they belong to)#

"n "talian6 *ossessive ad4ectives (which *recede nouns) and *ossessive *ronouns(which take the *lace o! nouns) have the same !orm# However6 in 5rench6 there aredi!!erent words !or the *ossessive *ronouns#

Possessive Pronouns


18/57

French Italian French Italian French Italian French Italian

erb pronoun masculine singular masculine plural feminine singular feminine plural

ine le mien il mio les miens i miei la mienne la mia les miennes le mieours (s) le tien il tuo les tiens i tuoi la tienne la tua les tiennes le tue

s / hers le sien il suo les siens i suoi la sienne la sua les siennes le sueurs le n?tre il nostro les n?tres i nostri la n?tre la nostra les n?tres le nostreours (*l) le v?tre il vostro les v?tres i vostri la v?tre la vostra les v?tres le vostre

eirs le leur il loro les leurs i loro la leur la loro les leurs le loro

0emember that the !orms !or her)hersin "talian can also be ca*itali=ed and use !orthe singular !ormal your)yours il Suo + i Suoi + la Sua + le Sue

3d4ectives Gender X umber

3d4ectives are *laced afterthe noun they describe in 5rench and "talian6 thoughthere are a !ew common ad4ectives that are *laced be!ore the noun (ad4ectives o!beauty6 age6 goodness and si=e)# They also must agree in gender and number withthe noun# %ost o! the rules !or changing gender and number in both languages arethe same !or ad4ectives as they are !or nouns#

Gender"n 5rench6 add 8e to the masculine ad4ective to !orm the !eminine# "! the masculinead4ective already ends in 8e6 then add nothing (the masculine and !eminine !ormsare the same)# There are several other rules !or !orming !eminine ad4ectives in5rench 8. changes to 8se6 8il6 8el6 and 8eil change to 8ille6 8elle6 and 8eille6 8etchanges to 8Jte6 8en and 8on change to 8enne and 8onne6 8er changes to 8Jre6 8!

changes to 8ve6 8c changes to 8che6 8g changes to 8gue6 8eur changes to 8euse i!ad4ective is derived !rom verb6 8eur changes to 8rice i! ad4ective is not same asverb6 8eur changes to 8eure with ad4ectives o! com*arison# Three commonad4ectives are irregular6 and generally *recede the noun beau 8 belle (beauti!ul)9nouveau 8 nouvelle (new)9 vieu. 8 vieille (old)# These three ad4ectives also have analernate !orm that is used be!ore masculine ad4ectives that begin with a vowel bel6nouvel6 vieil#"n "talian6 masculine ad4ectives change 8o to 8a !or the !eminine# 3d4ectives that endin 8e can be masculine or !eminine#

,umber"n 5rench6 add 8s to a singular ad4ective to !orm the *lural6 unless it already ends in8s6 8.6 or 8= (ad4ectives ending in these letters are the same in the singular and*lural)#"n "talian6 singular masculine ad4ectives change 8o to 8i and singular !emininead4ectives change 8a to 8e to !orm the *lural# 3d4ectives ending in 8e (regardless o!gender) change to 8i !or the *lural# ame as !or nouns6 ad4ectives ending in 8ca68go6 8ca6 and 8ga add an 8h be!ore the *lural ending# 3d4ectives that end with 8iocan either change to 8ii in the *lural (i! the i o! 8io is stressed)6 or to 8i (i! the i o! 8io isnot stressed)#

"n both languages6 when an ad4ective describes more than one noun o! di!!erentgenders6 the ad4ective will be masculine *lural# Mes amis et mes amies sont tous

italiens + miei amici e le mie amic-e sono tutti italiani# ,y male friends and


19/57

my female friends are all Italian However6 in "talian6 the ad4ective can also agreewith the noun that is closest to it#

nice gentil + gentille gentile ugly laid+e brutto+a

mean m=c-ant+e mesc-ino+a o*en ouvert+e aperto+a

great / large grand+e grande closed !erm=+e c-iuso+asmall petit+e piccolo+a wide large largo+a

long long+ue lungo+a narrow =troit+e stretto+ashort (length) court+e corto+a hot c-aud+e caldo+atall grand+e alto+a cold !roid+e !reddo+a

short (height) petit+e basso+a dirty sale sporco+anew nouveau + nouvelle nuovo+a clean propre pulito+ayoung jeune giovane ?uiet tran4uille zitto+a

old vieu: + vieille vecc-io+a loud bru@ant+e rumoroso+a

!irst premier + premi&re primo+a thin maigre magro+ane.t proc-ain+e prossimo+a big / !at gros + grosse grasso+a

last dernier + derni&re ultimo+a em*ty vide vuoto+asame mOme stesso+a !ull plein+e pieno+adi!!erent di!!=rent+e di!!erente slow lent+e lento+a

good bon + bonne buono+a !ast vide velocebad mauvais+e cattivo+a ha**y content+e !elicebeauti!ul beau + belle bello+a sad triste triste

0emember !or ad4ectives6 you add8e to !orm the !eminine in 5rench9 while in

"talian6 you change8o to 8a#

7erbs +ome6 Go


venir +venire8to come

viens vengo venais venivo viendrai verr9viens vieni venais venivi viendras verraivient viene venait veniva viendra verr>

venons veniamo venions venivamo viendrons verremovenez venite veniez venivate viendrez verrete

viennent vengono venaient venivano viendront verranno

aller +andare8to go

vais vado allais andavo irai andr9vas vai allais andavi iras andrai

va va allait andava ira andr>allons andiamo allions andavamo irons andremoallez andate alliez andavate irez andrete

vont vanno allaient andavono iront andranno

Allerand andarecan both be used to indicate the !uture6 as does go in -nglish tobe going to I in!initive# "n 5rench6 aller is !ollowed directly by the in!initive6 but in"talian6 the *re*osition ais *laced between andare and the in!initive#


20/57

%e vais partir +


21/57

nobody nepersonne nonnessuno

neither###nor nenini nonn&n&

$ork X chool


actor l'acteur l'attore lawyer l'avocat l'avvocato

actress l'actrice l'attrice mechanic le m=canicienilmeccanico

author l'=crivain l'autore musician le musicienil+ lamusicista

baker le boulanger il !ornaio nurse l'in!irmi&re l'in!ermierabookseller le libraire il libraio o*tician l'opticien l'ottico

businessmanlecommerant

ilcommerciante

*ainter le peintre il pittore

butcher le bouc-er il macellaio *harmacist le c-imiste il c-imico

clerk le vendeur il commesso *hotogra*herlep-otograp-e

il !otogra!o

cook le cuisinier il cuoco *olicemanl'agent depolice

la guardia

customer le client il cliente *ostman le !acteurilportalettere

dentist le dentiste il dentista *riest le cur= il prete

doctorle m=decin +docteur

il medico +dottore

*ublisher l'=diteur l'editore

em*loyee l'emplo@= l'impiegato shoemaker le cordonnier il calzolaioengineer l'ing=nieur l'ingegnere singer le c-anteur il cantante

!isherman le pOc-eur il pescatore soldier le soldat il soldatogardener le jardinier il giardiniere student l'=tudiant lo studentehairdresser le coi!!eur il parrucc-iere surgeon le c-irurgien il c-irurgo

4eweler le bijoutier il gioielliere teacher l'instituteur il maestro

4ournalistlejournaliste

il giornalista ty*istledact@lograp-e

ildattilogra!o

4udge le juge il giudice workman l'ouvrier l'operaioEnglish French Italian English French Italian

accountinglecomptabilit=

la ragioneria history l'-istoire (!) la storia

architecture l'arc-itecture l'arc-itettura law le droitlagiurisprudenza

art l'art l'arte (!) linguistics le linguisti4ue la linguistica

astronomy l'astronomie l'astronomia literature la litt=rature le lettere

biology la biologie la biologia mathematicslesmat-=mati4ues

la matematica

business lescommerces

ilcommercio

medicine la m=decine la medicina


22/57

chemistry la c-imie la c-imica music la musi4ue la musica

com*uterscience

l'in!ormati4ue l'in!ormatica *hiloso*hy la p-ilosop-ie la !iloso!ia

earthscience

la science dela terra

la scienzadella terra

*hysicaleducation

l'=ducationp-@si4ue

l'educazione!isica

economics l'=conomie l'economia *hysics la p-@si4ue la !isica

engineering l'ing=nieur l'ingegneria*oliticalscience

la sciencepoliti4ue

le scienzepolitic-e

!oreignlanguages

les langues=trang&res

la linguastraniera

*sychology la p@sc-ologie la psicologia

geogra*hy la g=ograp-ie la geogra!ia science la science la scienzageometry la g=om=trie la geometria sociology la sociologie la sociologia

"n the 5rench school system6 foreign languagesis re!erred to as les languesvivantes(living languages)#

+ountries X ationalities


3!rica l'A!ri4ue (!) l'A!rica "ndonesia l'ndon=sie (!) l'ndonesia

3!rican a!ricain+e a!ricano+a "ndonesian indon=sien+ne indonesiano+a

3lbania l'Albanie l'Albania "reland l'rlande (!) l'rlanda3lbanian albanais+e albanese "rishman irlandais+e irlandese

3merica l'Am=ri4ue (!) l'America "srael l'sral l'sraele

3merican am=ricain+e americano+a "sraeli isra=lien israeliano+a

3rgentina l'Argentine(!)

l'Argentina "taly l'talie (!) l'talia

3rgentine argentin+e argentino+a "talian italien+ne italiano+a

3sia l'Asie (!) l'Asia La*an le %apon il Giappone

3sian asiati4ue asiatico+a La*anese japonais+e giapponese3ustralia l'Australie (!) l'Australia 2atvia la 1ettonie la 1ettonia

3ustralian australien+ne australiano+a 2atvian letton+ne lettone

3ustria l'Autric-e (!) l'Austria 2ithuania la 1ituanie la 1ituania3ustrian autric-ien+ne austriano+a 2ithuanian lituanien+ne lituano+a

Belgium la Belgi4ue il Belgio 2u.embourg le 1u:embourg il 1ussemburgoBelgian belge belga 2u.embourger lu:embourgeois+e lussemburg-eseBosnia la Bosnie la Bosnia %alta Malte (!) Malta (!)

Bosnian bosnia4ue bosniaco+a %altese maltais+e maltese

Bra=il le Br=sil il Brasile etherlands Pa@s Bas i Paesi BassiBra=ilian br=silien+ne brasiliano+a utch n=erlandais+e olandese

Bulgaria la Bulgarie la Bulgaria ew Qealandla ,ouvelle"U=lande

la ,uovaUelanda

Bulgarian bulgare bulgaro+a

ew

Qealander n=o"z=landais+e neozelandese+anada le Canada il Canada orway la ,orv&ge la ,orvegia


23/57

+anadian canadien+ne canadese orwegian norv=gien+ne norvegese

+hina la C-ine la Cina %acedonia la Mac=doine la Macedonia

+hinese c-inois+e cinese %acedonian mac=donien+ne macedone+roatia la Croatie la Croazia Poland la Pologne la Polonia

+roatian croate croato+a Polish polonais+e polacco+a+=ech0e*ublic

laV=publi4ue.c-&4ue

laVepubblicaCeca

Portugal le Portugal il Portogallo

+=ech tc-&4ue ceco+a Portuguese portugais+e portog-ese

enmark le DanemarN la Danimarca 0omania la Voumanie la Vomaniaanish danois+e danese 0omanian roumain+e romeno+a-gy*t l'8g@pte (!) l'8gitto 0ussia la Vussie la Vussia

-gy*tian =g@ptien+e egiziano+a 0ussian russe russo+a

-ngland l'Angleterre(!) l'ng-ilterra cotland l'8cosse la Scozia

-nglish anglais+e inglese cottish =cossais+e scozzese-stonia l'8stonie l'8stonia erbia la Serbie la Serbia

-stonian estonien+ne estone erbian serbe serbo+a-uro*e l'8urope (!) l'8uropa lovakia la Slova4uie la Slovacc-ia-uro*ean europ=en+ne europeo+a lovak slova4ue slovacco+a

5inland la inlande la inlandia lovenia la Slov=nie la Slovenia5innish !innois+e !inlandese lovene slov&ne sloveno+a

5rance la rance la rancia *ain l'8spagne (!) la Spagna5rench !ranais+e !rancese *anish espagnol+e spagnolo+a

Germanyl'Allemagne(!)

la Germania weden la Su&de la Svezia

German allemand+e tedesco+a wedish su=dois+e svedeseGreatBritain

la Grande"Bretagne

la GranBretagna

wit=erland la Suisse la Svizzera

British brittani4ue britannico+a wiss suisse svizzero+a

Greece la Gr&ce la Grecia Turkey la .ur4uie la .urc-iaGreek grec+grec4ue greco+a Turk turc+turc4ue turco+aHungary la 6ongrie l'Wng-eria Okraine l'WNraine l'Wcraina

Hungarian -ongrois+e ung-erese Okrainian uNrainien+ne ucraino+a

"celand l'slande l'slandaOnitedMingdom

la Vo@aume"Wni il Vegno Wnito

"celandic islandais+e islandese Onited tates les 8tats"Wnis gli Stati Wniti"ndia l'nde l'ndia $ales le Pa@s"de"Galles Galles

"ndian indien+ne indiano+a $elsh gallois+e gallese

The article is not used with %alta in either language#

Pre*ositions X +ontractions


24/57

Pre*ositions are highly idiomatic in any language6 so it is always better to learnthem in common *hrases# evertheless6 here are the most common *re*ositions


to6 in6 at > a

in6 to en + dans inon sur su

with avec conwithout sans senza!or pour per

!rom6 by de dao! de diover / above au"dessus sopra

under / below au"dessous sotto

in !ront o! devant dietrobehind derri&re di !ronte a

near *rJs de vicino a

!ar loin de lontano a

"n both languages6 *ossession is shown by using deor di(o!) rather than the 8 's in-nglish le c-at de 1uca + il gatto di 1uca/uca's cat %or the cat of /uca&

In French and de combine with the definite articles: + le = au, + les = aux, de + le =

du, de + les = des.Italian has several more contractions involving prepositions and articles:

il lo l' la i gli le

a al allo all' alla ai agli alle

da dal dallo dall' dalla dai dagli dalle

di del dello dell' della dei degli delle

in nel nello nell' nella nei negli nelle

su sul sullo sull' sulla sui sugli sulle

con col collo coll' colla coi cogli colle

Osually no article is used withinbe!ore words denoting rooms in a house or

buildings in a city# The contractions with conare rarely used nowadays6 but you willsee them in older writings#

7erbs Mnow


savoir +sapere8to know!acts

sais so savais sapevo saurai sapr9

sais sai savais sapevi sauras sapraisait sa savait sapeva saura sapr>savons sappiamo savions sapevamo saurons sapremo

savez sapete saviez sapevate saurez sapretesavent sanno savaient sapevano sauront sapranno


25/57

connatre +conoscere8to know

*eo*le6*laces9to beac?uaintedwith

connais conosco connaissais conoscevo connatrai conoscer9

connais conosci connaissais conoscevi connatras conosceraiconnat conosce connaissait conosceva connatra conoscer>

connaissons conosciamo connaissions conoscevamo connatrons conosceremoconnaissez conoscete connaissiez conoscevate connatrez conoscerete

connaissent conoscono connaissaient conoscevano connatront conosceranno

5ood X %eals


bacon le bacon il lardo lunch le d=jeuner il pranzo

bee! le bIu! il manzo meal le repas il pasto

beer la bi&re la birra meat la viande la carnebeverage la boisson la bevanda milk le lait il latte

biscuit le biscuit il biscotto mustardlamoutarde

la mostarda

bread le pain il pane mutton le moutonla carne dimontone

break!astle petitd=jeuner

la colazione oil l'-uile (!) l'olio

butter le beurre il burro omeletl'omelette(!)

la !rittata

cake la g3teau la torta *e**er le poivre il pepecandy le bonbon la caramella *ie la tarte la tortacheese le !romage il !ormaggio *ork le porc il maiale

chicken le poulet il pollo rice le riz il risochocolate le c-ocolat il cioccolato roast le r?ti l'arrosto

co!!ee le ca!= il ca!!& rollle petitpain

il panino

cookie le biscuit il biscotto salad la salade l'insalata

cottagecheese

le !romageblanc la ricotta salami le salami il salame

cotton candyla barbe >papa

lo zucc-ero!ilato

salt le sel il sale

cream la cr&me la panna sauce la sauce la salsa

dessert le dessert la !rutta sausage la saucisse la salsicciadinner le dner la cena sou* la soupe la minestra

egg l'Iu! (m) l'uovo steak le bi!tecN la bistecca

!at la graisse il grasso stew la rago;t lo stu!ato!lour la !arine la !arina sugar le sucre lo zucc-ero

ham le jambon il prosciutto su**er le souper la cena


26/57

hamburger le -amburger l'-amburger tea le t-= il t&

honey le miel il miele toastle paingrill=

il pane tostato

hot dog le -ot"dog l'-ot dog veal la veaula carne divitello

ice la glace il g-iaccio vegetables le l=gume il legume

ice cream la glace il gelato vinegar le vinaigre l'aceto4am la con!iture la marmellata water l'eau l'ac4ua4uice le jus il succo wine le vin il vino

lolli*o* la sucette il leccalecca yogurt le @aourt lo @ogurt

7erbs +an6 $ant6 %ust


pouvoir +potere8to be ableto6 can

peu: posso pouvais potevo pourrai potr9

peu: puoi pouvais potevi pourras potraipeut pu9 pouvait poteva pourra potr>pouvons possiamo pouvions potevamo pourrons potremopouvez potete pouviez potevate pourrez potrete

peuvent possono pouvaient potevano pourront potranno

vouloir +

volere8to want

veu: voglio voulais volevo voudrai vorr9

veu: vuoi voulais volevi voudras vorraiveut vuole voulait voleva voudra vorr>

voulons vogliamo voulions volevamo voudrons vorremovoulez volete vouliez volevate voudrez vorreteveulent vogliono voulaient volevano voudront vorranno

devoir +dovere8to haveto6 must

dois devo devais dovevo devrai dovr9dois devi devais dovevi devras dovraidoit deve devait doveva devra dovr>

devons dobbiamo devions dovevamo devrons dovremodevez dovete deviez dovevate devrez dovretedoivent devono devaient dovevano devront dovranno

5ruits X 7egetables


almond l'amande (!)lamandorla

lemon le citron il limone

a**le la pomme la mela lentil la lentille la lenticc-iaa*ricot l'abricot (m) l'albicocca lettuce la laitue la lattuga

artichoke l'artic-aut (m) il carcio!o lime le citron vert la limetta

as*aragus l'asperge (!) l'asparago melon le melon il meloneavocado l'avocat l'avocado mint la ment-e la menta


27/57

banana le banane la banana mushroomlec-ampignon

il !ungo

barley l'orge (!) l'orzo oats l'avoine (!) l'avenabean(broad)

la !&ve la !ava olive l'olive (!) l'oliva

bean(kidney)

le -aricot il !agiolo onion l'oignon (m) la cipolla

berry la baie la bacca orange l'orange (!) l'arancia

broccoli le brocoli i broccoli *arsley le persililprezzemolo

cabbage le c-ou: il cavolo *ea le pois il pisellocarrot la carotte la carota *each la pOc-e la pescacauli!lower le c-ou"!leur il cavol!iore *ear la poire la pera

celery le c=leri il sedano *ine le pin il pino

cherry la cerise la ciliegia *inea**le l'ananas (m) l'ananasso

chestnutla c-3taigne lemarron

la castagna *lum la prune la susina

chives la ciboulette la cipollina *otatola pomme deterre

la patata

corn la maXsilgranoturco

*um*kin le potiron la zucca

cucumber le concombre il cetriolo radish le radis il ravanello

currant la groseille il ribes ras*berry la !ramboise il lampone

cy*ress le c@pr&s il cipresso rice le riz il risodate la datte il dattero rye le seigle la segale

egg*lant l'aubergine (!)lamelanzana

sage la sauge la salvia

!ig la !igue il !ico seed la graine il seme

!ruit le !ruit la !rutta s*inachles =pinards(m)

gli spinaci

garlic l'ail (m) l'aglio strawberry la !raise la !ragola

gra*e!ruitlepamplemousse

ilpompelmo

tomato la tomate il pomodoro

gra*es le raisin l'uva turni* le navet la rapaha=elnut la noisette la nocciola vine la vigne la vite

herb l'-erbe (!) l'erba walnut la noi: la nocehorse8radish

le rai!ortlabarba!orte

watermelon la past&4ue l'anguria

lea! la !euille la !oglia wheat le !roment il !rumento

To s*eci!y the ty*e o! tree that a certain !ruit grows on6 4ust make the nounmasculine and add 8ier to the 5rench !ruit / change the last letter o! the "talian !ruitto 8o (sometimes the !ruit and the tree will be the same)# la pomme + la mela8a**le9 le pommier + il melo8 a**le tree


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There is6 are "l y a / +'e6 ci sono

l @ ais the 5rench e.*ression !or there is or are# C'& is "talian !or there is6 whilecisonomeans there are#

il @ a une c-aise + c'& una sediathere is a chair

il @ a trois c-ats + ci sono tre gattithere are three catsl @ aalso means agoin 5rench when it *recedes a time *eriod# "n "talian6 you add!aa!ter the time *eriod#

il @ a un mois + un mese !aone month ago

ecessity "l !aut / Bisogna6 ,ccorre6 +i vuole

To e.*ress necessity6 such as must6 have to6 need (to)6 re?uire6 it's necessary to6etc# 5rench usesil !autI verb or a noun (whether singular or *lural)# "talian hasseveral more e.*ressionsbisognaI verb9 or occorreI verb9 occorreI singularnoun / occorronoI *lural noun9 or ci vuoleI singular noun / ci voglionoI *lural

noun# The verbs will always be in the in!initive#l !aut !aire des courses + Bisogna !are la spesaYou must / "t's necessary to gogrocery sho**ing#l !aut ac-eter du pain + 7ccorre comprare pane You must buy bread#l !aut du lait + 7ccorre il latte$e need milk#l !aut des biscuits + Ci vogliono i biscotti$e need cookies#

Partitive

"n 5rench6 you must always e.*ress some6 es*ecially when s*eaking about !ood6even though you do not have to do this in -nglish# Partitives are !ormed by using

de(o!) I de!inite article du de l' de laand desin the *ositive9 but in the negative6only deor d'are used# The *artitive (contractions with di) is not re?uired in "talian#You may use it in *ositive sentences6 but never in negative sentences#

8st"ce 4ue tu prends du vin ou de l'eau # + Prendi (del) vino o (dell') ac4ua#3re you having (some) wine or (some) water%'ai ac-et= des livres interresants + 6o comprato (dei) libri interessanti "bought (some) interesting books#%e n'ai pas pass= de bonnes vacances + ,on -o passato buone vacanze"didn't have a good vacation#

7erbs Present X Past Tenses"n both languages6 there are three ty*es o! verbs grou*ed according to the lastletters o! the in!initive# "n 5rench6 there are 8er6 8re6 and 8ir verbs9 while in "talian6there are 8are6 8ere6 and 8ire verbs# The !ollowing chart uses aimer+amare(to love)9vendre+vendere(to sell)9 and !inir+!inire(to !inish) as e.am*les !or all regularverbs in the *resent and im*er!ect tenses# %*here is another simple past tense# thepreterite# but it is rarely used in modern spoken French or Italian&

5rench "talian

aimer vendre finir amare vendere finire

PresentTense

aime vends !inis amo vendo !iniscoaimes vends !inis ami vendi !inisci


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aime vend !init ama vende !inisceaimons vendons !inissons amiamo vendiamo !iniamo

aimez vendez !inissez amate vendete !initeaiment vendent !inissent amano vendono !iniscono

"m*er!ectTense

aimais vendais !inissais amavo vendevo !inivoaimais vendais !inissais amavi vendevi !iniviaimait vendait !inissait amava vendeva !iniva

aimions vendions !inissions amavamo vendevamo !inivamoaimiez vendiez !inissiez amavate vendevate !inivateaimaient vendaient !inissaient amavano vendevano !inivano

ot all 5rench verbs that end in 8ir or all "talian verbs that end in 8ire use the aboveendings# ome 8ir / 8ire verbs have slightly di!!erent endings in the *resent tense# "n

5rench6 verbs such as partir dormir sortir(to leave6 to slee*6 to go out) arecon4ugated thus !or the singular !orms6 take o!! the last three letters6 and add "s"s "t9 !or the *lural !orms6 take o!! the last two letters6 and add "ons "ez "ent# 5ore.am*le6je pars tu pars il part nous partons vous partez ils partent# "n"talian6 verbs such as partire dormire aprire(to leave6 to slee*6 to o*en) areconugated without the 8isc8 be!ore the regular endings# 5or e.am*le6 parto partiparte partiamo partite partono

to like6 love aimer amare to sell vendre vendere

to sing c-anter cantare to wait !or attendre aspettare

to look !or c-erc-er cercare to listen =couter ascoltare

to begin commencer cominciare to lose perdre perdereto study =tudier studiare to answer r=pondre (>) rispondere (a)

to close !ermer c-iudere to go down descendre scendereto live -abiter abitare to live vivre vivere

to *lay jouer giocare to understand comprendre capire

to eat manger mangiare to !inish !inir !inireto show montrer mostrare to choose c-oisir scegliere

to s*eak parler parlare to *unish punir punire

to think penser pensare to !ill remplir riempire

to work travailler lavorare to obey ob=ir (>) ubbidire (a)to !ind trouver trovare to succeed r=ussir riuscire

to 4um* sauter saltare to cure6 heal gu=rir guarire

*elling +hanges in the Present Tense

There are a !ew s*elling changes in regular verbs in the *resent tense# Thesechanges are usually made to re!lect the *ronunciation o! the con4ugated verb#

"n 5rench6 verbs that end in 8ger will use 8geons as the !irst *erson singular !orm(nous mangeons)9 while verbs that end in 8cer will use 8\ons as the !irst *ersonsingular !orm (nous commen\ons)# 7erbs that end in 8yer change the y to i in all!orms e.ce*t nous and vous (4'essaie6 tu essaies6 nous essayons)# ome verbs addan accent grave to the letter e to all !orms e.ce*t nous and vous (4'achJte6 il


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achJte6 vous achete=)# ome verbs double the consonant be!ore the verb endingsin all !orms e.ce*t nous and vous (tu a**elle6 elle a**elle6 vous a**ele=)#

"n "talian6 verbs ending in 8care and 8gare add an h be!ore the 8i o! the second*erson singular and !irst *erson *lural !orms (tu and noi)# 7erbs ending in 8ciareand 8giare do not add an e.tra 8i be!ore the tu and noi !orms#

"rregular "m*er!ect 7erbs

"n 5rench6 there is only one verb in the im*er!ect that is irregular6 Ctre# "t uses thestem =t"and the regular im*er!ect endings#

Otre

>tais >tions

>tais >tie=

>tait >taient

"n "talian6 the stem o! essere becomes er"!or io# tu# lui)lei and loro6 and it does nottake the v6 while the stem !or noi and voiis era" and it does take the v# The stems!or bere6 dire and !are are derived !rom the old 2atin in!initives6 and are beve"6dice"and !ace"# They also take the regular endings o! the im*er!ect#

essere bere dire !areero eravamo bevevo bevevamo dicevo dicevamo !acevo !acevamoeri eravate bevevi bevevate dicevi dicevate !acevi !acevateera erano beveva bevevano diceva dicevano !aceva !acevano

Pronominal 7erbs

Pronominal verbs are con4ugated like regular verbs6 but have an e.tra *ronounbe!ore them that agrees with the sub4ect o! the verb# %ost o! these verbs indicate are!le.ive action 8 that re!lects back on the sub4ect# You can translate the *ronounsas myself# yourself6 etc# but we rarely use these words in -nglish# ome otherverbs indicate a reci*rocal action6 translated by each otherin -nglish#

mysel! me mi

yoursel! te ti

himsel!/hersel!/itsel!se siourselves nous ci

yourselves vous vi

themselves se si

Ve!le:ive verbs

to break (arm6leg6 etc#)

se casser rompersito !allaslee*

s'endormir addormentarsi

to hurry se d=pOc-er sbrigarsito getdressed

s'-abiller vestirsi

to rela. se d=tendre rilassarsito getmarried

se marier sposarsi

to rest se reposer riposarsi to get u* se lever alzarsi

to get along s'entendreavec

intendersicon

to have agood time

s'amuser divertirsi


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totrain/*ractice

s'entraner allenarsitorememberto

se souvenirde

ricordarsi di

to beinterested in

s'int=resser>

interessarsidi

to shave(the !ace)

se raser !arsi la barba

to be bored s'ennu@er annoiarsi to sto*(onesel!)

s'arrOter !ermarsi

to be called s'appeler c-iamarsi to wake u* se r=veiller svegliarsi

to com*lainabout

se plaindrelamentarsidi

to wash u* se laver lavarsi

otice in 5rench that the re!le.ive *ronoun *recedes the in!initive6 whereas in"talian6 it is connected to the end o! the in!initive# $hen con4ugating verbs6 there!le.ive *ronoun is always *laced be!ore the con4ugated verb in both languages#However6 in sentences where the *ronominal verb remains in the in!initive6 the

re!le.ive *ronoun must agree with the sub4ect o! the main verb in the sentence#,ous nous levons > Y- c-a4ue matin + Ci alziamo alla Y ogni mattina $e getu* at V am every morning#l s'appelle Mic-ael + Si c-iama Mic-aelHe's called %ichael#


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normally used with *ronominal verbs# But this should not cause many *roblems asyou rarely use the sub4ect *ronouns in "talian anyway# The sub4ect !or the "taliane.*ression is *laced a!ter the verb and the verb agrees with it 8 singular or *lural#

8n rance on boit beaucoup de ca!= + n rancia si beve molto ca!!& "n5rance6 they drink a lot o! co!!ee# / "n 5rance6 a lot o! co!!ee is drunk#

8n talie on mange beaucoup de glaces + n talia si mangiano molti gelati"n"taly6 they eat a lot o! ice cream# / "n "taly6 a lot o! ice cream is eaten#

5rench uses this same construction (re!le.ive *ronoun I Urd *erson con4ugation)!or the im*ersonal !orm and as a subsitute !or the *assive mood# 5or e.am*le6inthe 5rench 1e pain s'ac-&te > la boulangeriethe verb is constructed the same asin the "talian Al pani!icio si compra il pane# "t's 4ust the word order that is slightlydi!!erent# Both sentences mean 0read is bought at the bakery6 but the 5renchconstruction is not used as o!ten because active e.*ressions with onare morecommon 7n ac-&te le pain > la boulangerie

Plaire / PiacereBecause the verbs aimer and amare means to like andto love6 it would be better touse the verbs *laire and *iacere when talking about things that you like# Theconstruction o! these verbs can be con!using though because the word order isdi!!erent !rom -nglish# "n 5rench6 the word order is sub4ect I indirect *ronoun I*laire# "n "talian6 the word order is indirect *ronoun I *iacere I sub4ect# You canthink o! these verbs as meaning to pleaserather than to like# ote that the verbsare only con4ugated !or third *erson singular and *lural6 because they agree withthe sub4ects6 and not the indirect *ronouns#

1e !ootball me plat Mi piace il calcio " like soccer#

1e sNi te plat .i piace lo sci You like skiing#1es pommes lui plaisent Gli + 1e piacciono le mele He / she likes a**les#1e sport nous plat Ci piace lo sport $e like s*orts#1es !ilms vous plaisent tay there#inis ton travail5inish your work#


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8coutez le pro!esseur 2isten to the teacher#Commenons2et's begin#,e !ume pason't smoke#,e parlez pason't s*eak#D=pOc-e"toiHurry#

,e vous levez pason't get u*#"talian im*eratives are not ?uite as similar to the *resent tense con4ugations# Theyou singular!orm is "a!or 8are verbs and "i!or 8ere/8ire verbs# The you singularformal (the 2ei !orm) is the o**osite"i!or 8are verbs and "a!or 8ere/8ire verbs# Theyou pluraland we!orms are identical to the voi and noicon4ugations (4ust as in5rench)# To make a command negative6 4ust add nonbe!ore the verb9 e1cept foryou singularim*eratives6 where you use non t-e in!initive# Pronominal verbs!orm the im*erative by *lacing the re!le.ive *ronoun a!ter the verb6 and they arewritten together as one word# egative im*eratives !or *ronominal verbs 4ust addnonbe!ore the verb9 e1cept for you singular *ronominal verbs6 which use non t-e in!initive# However6 the re!le.ive *ronoun attached to this in!initive must stillagree with the sub4ect6 so it will be "tiand not "si#

Vesta lQ# tay there#inisci il tuo lavoro5inish your work#Ascoltate il pro!essore# 2isten to the teacher#Cominciamo# 2et's begin#,on !umare# on't smoke#,on parlateon't s*eak#SbrigatiHurry#,on alzatevion't get u*#

5rench "rregular"m*eratives "talian "rregular "m*eratives

2tre avoir savoir andare venire fare dare dire essere avere stare

oungular

sois aie sac-e va' vieni !a' da' di' sii abbi sta'

oung#rmal

so@ez a@ez sac-ez vada venga !accia dia dica sia abbia stia

ouural

so@ez a@ez sac-ez andate venite !ate date dite siate abbiate state

et's& so@ons a@ons sac-ons andiamo veniamo !acciamo diamo diciamo siamo abbiamo stiamoIn Italian# dare is to give and dire is to tell

7erbs Present Per!ect / Past Per!ect Tenses

The *er!ect tenses in 5rench and "talian are !ormed with to have orto beasau.iliary verbs and a *ast *artici*le# ("n -nglish6 to have is always the au.iliaryverb#) To have or to be are in the *resent tense !or the *resent *er!ect6 and in theim*er!ect tense !or the *ast *er!ect# The ma4ority o! verbs will use to haveas theau.iliary verb9 however6 all *rononimal/re!le.ive verbs in both languages use to beas the au.iliary# To !orm the *ast *artici*le o! a verb6 use the !ollowing endings

French Italian


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8er /8are

"= "ato

8ir /8ire

"i "ito

8re /8ere "u "uto


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venir"venu devenir"devenu revenir"revenu mourir"mort andnatre"n=# 3nd!ive o! these verbs (monter descendre sortir rentrer andpasser) cansometimes be con4ugated with avoiri! they are !ollowed by a direct ob4ect#

The verbs that re?uire to be(essere) as an au.iliary in "talian are arrivare8toarrive6 andare8to go6 uscire8to go out6 entrare8to enter6 costare8to cost6 venire8tocome6essere8to be6 partire8to leave6 stare8to stay/be6 sparire8to disa**ear6tornare8to come back6 nascere8to be born6 morire8to die# 5ive o! these verbs haveirregular *ast *artici*les venire"venuto essere"stato stare"stato nascere"nato6and morire"morto#

ote that avoir and Otre bot- use avoir as an au:iliar@in 5rench6 but that avereuses avere and essere uses essere as an au:iliar@in "talian1 3nd rememberthat the *ast *artici*le agrees with a *receding direct ob4ect when the au.iliary is tohave9 but the *ast *artici*le agrees with the sub4ect when the au.iliary is to be#

7enir de / 3**ena

To e.*ress that something has 4ust ha**ened6 use a !orm o!venir deI in!initivein 5rench6 and a !orm o! the correct au.iliary verb IappenaI *ast *artici*le in"talian#

1e train vient de partir + l treno & appena partitoThe train 4ust le!t#

House X 5urniture


alarmclock

le r=veil la sveglia hook le croc-et l'uncino

armchair le !auteuil la poltrona house la maison la casa

ashtray le cendrier il portacenere iron (!lat)le !er [repasser

il !erro da stiro

attic le grenier la so!!itta kerosene le p=trole il petroliobalcony le balcon il balcone key la cle! la c-iavebasement le sous"sol il sottosuolo kitchen la cuisine la cucina

basket la corbeille la cesta ladder l'=c-elle (!) la scalabathroom le bain il bagno lam* la lampe la lampada

bathtub la baignoirela vasca dabagno

lawn la pelouse il prato

batteries la pile le pile light bulb l'ampoule la lampadinabed le lit il letto living room le living il soggiornobedroom la c-ambre la camera lock la serrure la serratura

bell (door) la sonnette il campanello mailbo.la bote [lettres

la cassettapostale

blanket la couverture la coperta matches les allumettes i !iammi!eri

blinds le store la persiana mattress le matelas il materasso

bookcaselebibliot-&4ue

la libreriamicrowaveoven

le !our [micro"ondes

il !ornomicroonde

bo. la botre la scatola mirror le miroir lo specc-iobroom le balai la scopa oven le !our il !ornello


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bucket le seau il secc-io *antryle garde"manger

la dispensa

camcorder la cam=ra la telecamera *icture le tableau il 4uadro

cameral'appareil"p-oto (m)

la macc-ina!otogra!ica

*illow l'oreiller (m) il cuscino

candle la bougie la candela *i*e la pipe la pipa

car*et le tapis il tappeto*i*e(water)

le tu@au il condotto

cassette la cassette la cassetta *oker le tisonnier l'attizzatoio

+ *layerla lecteur deCD

il lettore CD radio le radio la radio

ceiling le pla!ond il so!!ito record le dis4ue il discochair la c-aise la sedia re!rigeratorle r=!rigerateur il !rigori!ero

chimney la c-emin=e il camino roo! le toit il tetto

cigar le cigare il sigaro room la pi&ce la stanzacigarette la cigarette la sigaretta rug le tapis il tappeto

clock la pendule l'orologio sheet le drap il lenzuolocloset le placard l'armadio shel! l'=tag&re lo sca!!alecom*actdisc

le CD il compact disc shovel la pelle la pala

com*uterl'ordinateur(m)

il computer shower la douc-e la doccia

corner le coin l'angolo sideboard le bu!!et la credenza

cu*board l'armoire (!) l'armadio sink l'=vier il lavandino

curtain le rideaula cortina +tenda

sink(bathroom)

le lavabo il lavandino

cushion le coussin il cuscinosittingroom

le salon il salotto

desk le bureau la scrivania smoke la !um=e il !umodiningroom

la salle [manger

la sala dapranzo

so!a le canap= il so!>

door la porte la porta stairs l'escalier (m) la scala

drawer le tiroir il cassetto ste*s les marc-es lo scalinodresser la commode il com9 story l'=tage (m) il piano

driveway l'all=eil vialed'accesso

stove le poOle la stu!a

7*layer

le lecteur deD


37/57

!lashlightla lampe depoc-e

la pilatascabile

television la t=l=vision il televisore

!latl'appartement(m)

l'appartamento toaster le grille"pain il tostapane

!loor la planc-er il pavimento toilet ($+) le cabinet il gabinetto!loor(levels)

l'=tage (m) il piano towel la serviette la salvietta

!lower la !leur il !iorevacuumcleaner

l'aspirateur(m)

l'aspiratore (m)

!ree=erlacong=lateur

il congelatore vase le vase il vaso

!ront walk la promenade la passeggiata 7+0lamagn=toscope

ilvideoregistratore

!urnitureles meubles

(m)

i mobiliwall

(house)

le mur il muro

garage le garage il garage wall (room) la paroi la paretegarden le jardin il giardino window la !enOtre la !inestra

ground!loor

le rez"de"c-auss=e

il pianterreno yard le jardin il giardino

hearth la c-emin=e il caminetto

Buildings X %aterials


air*ort l'a=roport l'aeroporto *ort le port il porto

bakery la boulangerie la panetteria *rison la prison la prigionebank le banc la banca restaurant le restaurant il ristorante

bar le bar il bar road(highway)

le c-emin + laroute

il cammino +la via

barn le grange il granaio school l'=cole la scuola

barracks la caserne la caserma sidewalk le trottoirilmarciapiede

bench le banc la panc-ina s?uare la place la piazza

bridge le pont il ponte stable l'=table la stalla

bookstore le librairie la libreria stadium le stade lo stadio

building le b3timent l'edi!icio sto* signle signed'arrOte

lo stop

butcher's la bouc-erie la macelleria store le magasin il negozio

castle le c-3teau il castello street la rue la strada

cathedral la cat-=drale il duomo suburb la banlieue il sobborgocemetery le cimeti&re il cimitero theater le t-=3tre il teatro

church l'=glise la c-iesa tower la tour la torre

cinema le cin=ma il cinema town la ville la citt>

consulate le consulat il consolato town hall la mairie il municipiocorner le coin l'angolo tra!!ic light le !eu de il sema!oro


38/57


39/57

than de 4ue di

less ###than

moins 4ue +moins de 4ue

meno c-e +meno di

as ### asaussi 4ue +autant de 4ue

cosQ come +tanto 4uanto

5rench com*aratives are less com*licated than "talian com*aratives# Plus### ?ue6moins### ?ue6 and aussi### ?ue are used with ad4ectives6 while *lus de### ?ue6 moinsde### ?ue and autant de### ?ue are used with nouns# "n "talian6 *i]###che and meno###che are used when com*aring two ?ualities o! the same thing6 and with ad4ectives6

verbs or adverbs9 while *i]### di and meno### di are used when com*aring twodi!!erent things# +os^### come and tanto### ?uanto are used interchangeably with

ad4ectives6 but tanto###?uanto can also com*are two ?uantities (in which case6 thewords agree in gender and number with the noun they describe)#

Marc a plus d'amis 4ui d'amies + Marco -a pi0 amici c-e amic-e# %ark hasmore male !riends than !emale !riends#

Paul est plus grand 4ue ranco + Paolo & pi0 alto di rancoPaul is taller than5rank#

Paris est aussi belle 4ue Vome + Parigi & cosQ bella come VomaParis is asbeauti!ul as 0ome#

Superlatives

Ose the correct !orm o! the de!inite article i! using an ad4ective6 or 4ust themasculine singular !orm i! using an adverb6 and plus / moinsorpi0 + meno# "! the

ad4ective !ollows the noun6 you must re*eat the de!inite article be!ore thesu*erlative !orm in 5rench6 but not in "talian# The *re*osition de + di (*lus

contractions6 i! needed) meansinwith all su*erlatives#

C'est la ville la plus ric-e d'talie + la citt> pi0 ricca d'talia"t's the richest cityin "taly#

rregular orms


ad4ective 8 com*arative 8 su*erlative

good 8 better 8 bestbon " meilleur+e " le+lameilleur+e

buono " migliore " il+lamigliore

bad 8 worse 8 worst mauvais " pire " le+la pirecattivo " peggio " il+la

peggiorelittle 8 less 8 least petit " moindre " le+la moindre

piccolo " minore " il+laminimo

adverb 8 com*arative 8 su*erlative

well 8 better 8 best bien " mieu: " le mieu: bene " meglio " il megliobadly 8 worse 8worst

mal " pis " le pis male " peggio " il peggio

little 8 less 8 least peu " moins " le moins poco " meno " il menomuch 8 more 8 most beaucoup " plus " le plus molto " pi0 " il pi0

+lothing X Toiletries


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a*ron le tablier il grembiale silk la soie la seta

barrette la barrette il !ermaglio skirt la jupe la gonnabathrobe le peignoir l'accappatoio sleeve la manc-e la manica

belt la ceinture la cintura sli**ers lespantou!les la panto!ola

blouse le c-emisier la camicetta soa* le savon il sapone

boot la botte lo stivale socklesc-aussettes

il calzino

brale soutien"gorge

il reggiseno stocking le bas la calza

bracelet le bracelet il braccialetto suitle costume +le tailleur

l'abito + ilvestito

brush la brosse

la spazzola

per capelli sunglasses

les lunettes

de soleil

gli occ-iali da

solebuckle la boucie la !ibbia sus*enders les bretelles le bretelle

button le bouton il bottone sweater le pull"over il maglione

ca* la cas4uette il berretto swimsuitle maillot debain

il costume dabagno

clothes les vOtements gli abiti thread le !il il !ilo

coat le manteau il cappotto tie la cravate la cravatta

collar le col il colletto T8shirt le t"s-irt la magliettacomb le peigne il pettine umbrella le parapluie l'ombrello

contact lens les lentilles (!) le lenti acontatto

underwear les sous"vOtements

le mutandine

cotton le coton il cotone waistcoat le gilet il panciotto

dress la robe il vestito watch la montre l'orologio

earmu!!sle cac-e"oreilles

ilparaorecc-ie

wool la laine la lana

earringsla boucled'oreille

l'orecc-ino toothbrushla brosse >dents

lo spazzolino

!ashion la mode la moda tooth*aste le denti!rice il denti!ricio

glasses les lunettes gli occ-iali makeu* lema4uillage il trucco

glove les gants il guanto li*stick le rouge il rossetto

handbag le sac > main la borsa nail *olishle vernis >ongles

lo smalto perung-ie

handkerchie! le mouc-oir il !azzolettonail *olishremover

le dissolvant l'acetone (m)

hat le c-apeau il cappello mascara le mascara il mascara

4acketla veste + leblouson

la giacca blush le blus- il !ard

4eans le jean jeans eyeliner l'e@eliner lo spazzolinoper ung-ie


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mittens les mou!les le manopole eyeshadowl'ombre >paupi&re

l'ombretto

necklace le collier la collana !oundationle !ond deteint

il !ondotinta

needle l'aiguille (!) l'ago lotion la lotion la lozione

nightgownla c-emise denuit

la camicia danotte

sham*ooles-ampooing

lo sciampo

out!it l'ensemble il corredo conditionerl'apr&s"s-ampooing

il balsamo

overcoat le pardessus il soprabitoshavingcream

la mousse >raser

la crema dabarba

*a4amas le p@jama il pigiama ra=or le rasoir il rasoio

*ants le pantalon i pantaloni twee=ersles pinces >=piler

le pinzette

*in l'=pingle (!) lo spillo nail cli**ers le coupe"ongles le !orbicine

*ocket la poc-e la tasca nail !ile la lime la lima

*urse la bourse la borsetta !lossle !ildentaire

il !ilointerdentale

raincoat l'imperm=able l'impermeable curling iron le !er > !riseril !erroarricciacapelli

ribbon le ruban il nastrostraighteningiron

le lisseurla piastrastiracapelli

ring la bague l'anello hairs*ray la la4ue la lacca

sandals les sandales i sandali hairdryerle s&c-e"c-eveu:

l'asciugacapelli

scar! l'=c-arpe la sciarpa *owder la poudre la polvereshirt la c-emise la maglia *er!ume le par!um il pro!umo

shoe la c-aussure la scarpa cologne le cologne la colonia

shoelace le lacet il laccio suntan lotionla lotionsolaire

l'emulsionesolare

shorts le s-ort i pantaloncini s*onge l'=ponge (!) la spugna

7erbs ,ther common irregular verbs

,ther irregular verbs to memori=e in 5rench in the *resent tense

mettre ! to wear vivre ! to live lire ! to read dire ! to say voir ! to see

mets vis lis dis vois

mets vis lis dis voismet vit lit dit voitmettons vivons lisons disons vo@ons

mettez vivez lisez dites vo@ezmettent vivent lisent disent voient

croire ! to believe crire ! to write recevoir ! to suivre ! to mourir ! to die


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receive follow

crois =cris reois suis meurs

crois =cris reois suis meurscroit =crit reoit suit meurt

cro@ons =crivons recevons suivons mouronscro@ez =crivez recevez suivez mourezcroient =crivent reoivent suivent meurent

,ther irregular verbs to memori=e in "talian in the *resent tense

dare ! to give bere ! to drink dire ! to say# tell salire ! to go up uscire ! to go out

do bevo dico salgo esco

dai bevi dici sali escid> beve dice sale escediamo beviamo diciamo saliamo usciamo

date bevete dite salite uscitedanno bevono dicono salgono escono

Human Body


ankle la c-eville la caviglia mouth la bouc-e la bocca

arm le bras il braccio muscle le muscle il muscolo

artery l'art&re l'arteria nail l'ongle (m) l'ung-iaback le dos il dorso neck le cou il collo

beard la barbe la barba nerve le ner! il nervobelly le ventre il ventre *ain la douleur il dolorebladder la vessie la vescica nose le nez il naso

blood le sang il sangue *alm la paume la palma

body le corps il corpo *ulse le pouls il polsobone l'os (m) l'osso rib la c?te la costola

brain la cervelle il cervelloshin /tibia

le tibia la tibia

breast le sein il seno shoulder l'=paule (!) la spalla

breath la -aleine l'alito skeleton le s4uelette lo sc-eletrocal! le mollet il polpaccio skin la peau la pelle

cheek la joue la guancia skull le cr3ne il cranio

chest la poitrine il petto sole la plante la pianta

chin le menton il mento s*inel'=pinedorsale (!)

la spinadorsale

coccy. le cocc@: il coccige stomach l'estomac (m) lo stomaco

cold le r-ume il ra!!reddore tear la larme la lacrima

com*le.ion le teint la carnagione tem*le la tempe la tempia

cough la tou: la tosse thigh la cuisse la cosciadisease la maladie la malattia throat la gorge la gola


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ear l'oreille (!) l'orecc-io thumb le pouce il pollice

elbow la coude il gomito toe l'orteil (m)il dito delpiede

eye l'Iil l'occ-io tongue la langue la lingua

eyebrow le sourcil il sopracciglio tooth la dent il denteeyelid la paupi&re la palpebra vein la veine la vena

!acele visage + la!igure

la !accia + ilviso

wound la blessure la !erita

!ever la !i&vre la !ebbre waist la taille la vita

!inger le doigt il dito wrist le poignet il polso!ist le poing il pugno !lesh la c-air la carne see voir vedere

!oot le pied il piede hear entendre udire

!orehead le !ront la !ronte smell sentir annusaregum la gencive la gengiva taste go;ter assaggiare

hair les c-eveu: i capelli touch touc-er toccarehand la main la mano

head la tOte la testa enamel l'=mail lo smalto

headache le mal de tOte il mal di testa !illing le plombage l'otturazionehealth la sant= la salute crown la couronne la corona

heart le cIur il cuore gum la gencive la gengiva

heel le talon il tallone bone l'os l'osso

hi* la -anc-e l'anca root la racine la radiceintestine l'intestin (m) il intestino nerve la ner! il nervo

4aw la m3c-oire la mascella iris l'iris l'iridekidney le rein il rene cornea la corn=e la cornea

knee le genou il ginocc-io *u*il la pupille la pupilla

leg la jambe la gamba retina la r=tine la retina

li* la l&vre il labbroo*ticnerve

le ner!opti4ue

il nervo ottico

liver la !oie il !egato lens le cristallin la lente

lung le poumon il polmone moustache la moustac-e i ba!!i

7erbs 5uture / +onditional Tenses

0ather than using au.iliary verbs be!ore the in!initive to !orm the !uture andconditional tenses (will and would in -nglish)6 5rench and "talian add di!!erentendings to the in!initives# There are several irregular stems6 but these stems areused to !orm both the !uture and conditional tenses#

You must dro* 8e !rom 8re verbs in 5rench and dro* 8e !rom all in!initives in "talian6as well as change 8ar to 8er6 be!ore adding the endings# 5or e.am*le6 you add the

endings to *arler86 *artir86 and *rendr8 in 5rench and to *arler86 *artir86 and *render8in "talian#


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8ndings !or uture and Conditional .enses !or all verbs

uture ConditionalFrench Italian French Italian

"ai "9 "ais "ei

"as "ai "ais "esti"a "> "ait "ebbe"ons "emo "ions "emmo

"ez "ete "iez "este

"ont "anno "aient"ebbero

rregular Stems !or uture and Conditional

French 3tems Italian 3tems

aller ir" avere avr"avoir aur" andare andr"courir courr" bere berr"

devoir devr" dare dar"envoyer enverr" dovere dovr"Ctre ser" essere sar"

!aire !er" !are !ar"!alloir !audr" *otere potr"

mourir mourr" sa*ere sapr"

*leuvoir pleuvr" stare star"*ouvoir pourr" vedere vedr"

recevoir recevr" venire verr"

savoir saur" volere vorr"tenir tiendr"

valoir vaudr" venir viendr" voir verr"

vouloir voudr"

5or the past !uture and past conditionaltenses6 you use the !uture or conditionalo! the au.iliary verb (to have or to be) I *ast *artici*le#

Future *ense 4onditional *ense Future *ense 4onditional *ense

avoir avere avoir avere 2tre essere 2tre essere

aurai avr9 aurais avrei serai sar9 serais sarei

auras avrai aurais avresti seras sarai serais sarestiaura avr> aurait avrebbe sera sar> serait sarebbeaurons avremo aurions avremmo serons saremo serions saremmo

aurez avrete auriez avreste serez sarete seriez sareste

auront avranno auraient avrebbero seront saranno seraient sarebbero


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Agreement o! .enses\ 6@pot-etical Sentences

+lauses beginning withi! (si / se) re?uire di!!erent tenses in 5rench and "talian# "n5rench6 si is !ollowed by the *resent tense6 and the verb in the !ollowing clause is inthe !uture tense# "n "talian6 both verbs must be in the !uture tense#

Si j'ai le temps je viendrai c-ez toi + Se avr9 il tempo verr9 a casa tua"! "have the time6 " will go to your *lace#

Y X en / +i X ne

Tandciare *ronouns used to re*lace a *re*ositional *hrase beginning with any*re*osition e.ce*t de / di6 and they translate as it or there in -nglish#

%'@ pense + Ci penso"'m thinking about it#%'@ suis all= + Ci sono andato" went there#,'@ pense pas + ,on pensarcion't think about it#

8nand neare *ronouns used to re*lace a *re*ositional *hrase beginning with de /

di6 da or to re*lace the noun !ollowing a number6 and they translate as aboutit/them or o! it/them in -nglish#

%'en ai 4uatre + ,e -o 4uattro" have !our (o! them)#Parles"en + ParlaneTalk about it#%e n'en doute pas + ,on ne dubito" don't doubt it#

"n 5rench6 y and en are *laced be!ore a con4ugated verb and between a con4ugatedverb and in!initive6 but a!ter an im*erative (and connected to it by a hy*en)# "n"talian6 ci and ne are *laced be!ore a con4ugated verb6 but a!ter an im*erative6in!initive or gerund (and they are written together as one word)#

7erbs ub4unctive %oodPresent Subjunctive o! Vegular


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sois aies !asses aillessoit ait !asse aille

so@ons a@ons !assions allionsso@ez a@ez !assiez alliez

soient aient !assent aillent

savoir ! to know vouloir ! to want pouvoir ! to be able to pleuvoir ! to rain

sac-e veuille puisse

sac-es veuilles puisses sac-e veuille puisse pleuvesac-ions voulions puissions sac-iez vouliez puissiez sac-ent veuillent puissent

%ost irregular verbs in the "talian sub4unctive are !ormed !rom the io !orm o! the*resent indicative6 and add the 8ere / 8ire endings to this stem#

essere avere andare bere dare dire dovere

sia abbia vada beva dia dica debbasia abbia vada beva dia dica debbasia abbia vada beva dia dica debba

siamo abbiamo andiamo beviamo diamo diciamo dobbiamosiate abbiate andiate beviate diate diciate dobbiate

siano abbiano vadano bevano diano dicano debbanofare potere sapere stare uscire venire volere

!accia possa sappia stia esca venga voglia

!accia possa sappia stia esca venga voglia!accia possa sappia stia esca venga voglia!acciamo possiamo sappiamo stiamo usciamo veniamo vogliamo

!acciate possiate sappiate stiate usciate veniate vogliate!acciano possano sappiano stiano escano vengano vogliano

The sub4unctive mood must be used in subordinate clauses when the verb in thede*endent clause e.*resses want6 wish6 doubt6 !ear6 necessity6 !eelings6 etc# !orboth 5rench and "talian# "talian also re?uires the sub4unctive a!ter verbs o! ho*eand o*inion6 while 5rench uses the indicative a!ter these verbs (however6 verbs o!o*inion in the negative or interrogative do in !act use the sub4unctive in 5rench)#

%e veu: 4ue Paul me r=ponde +


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The sub4unctive must also be used a!ter certain im*ersonal *hrases andcon4unctions

il est (im)possible 4ue + & (im)possibile c-eit's (im)*ossible thatil est probable 4ue + & probabile c-eit's *robable thatil est utile 4ue + & utile c-e it's use!ul that

il est juste 4ue + & giusto c-e it's right thatil su!!it 4ue + basta c-e it's enough thatbien 4ue + benc-= sebbene nonostante althoughpourvu 4ue > condition 4ue + purc-= a condizione c-e a patto c-e *rovidedthata!in 4ue + a!!inc-= so thatpour 4ue + perc-=in order that> moins 4ue + a meno c-eunlesssans 4ue + senza c-e withoutavant 4ue + prima c-ebe!ore

The im*er!ect sub4unctive is rarely used nowadays in 5rench6 but it is still verycommon in "talian#

mper!ect Subjunctive o! Vegular


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tense# 5urthermore6 the im*er!ect sub4unctive is re?uired in "talian a!ter come se(as i!) and se(i!) in hy*othetical sentences9 whereas the im*er!ect indicative isused in 5rench#

l parle comme s'il =tait italien + Parla come se !osse italianoHe s*eaks as i!he were "talian#

Si j'=tais ric-e j'ac-&terais un palais + Se !ossi ricco comprerei un palazzo"!" were rich6 " would buy a *alace#

3nimals X "nsects


animal l'animal (m)l'animale(m)

lark l'alouette (!) l'allodola

ant la !ourmi la !ormica lion le lion il leoneantelo*e l'antilope l'antilope (!) li=ard le l=zard la lucertola

antenna l'antenne l'antenna lobster(s*iny) la langouste l'aragosta

antler la ramure le corna louse le pou il pidocc-iobadger le badger il tasso mackerel la ma4uereau lo sgombro

batla c-auve"souris

il pipistrello mole la taupe la talpa

beak le bec il becco monkey le singe la scimmia

bear l'ours (m) l'orso mos?uito la mousti4ue la zanzara

bee l'abeille (!) l'ape (!) mothle papillon denuit

la !alena

beetle la scarab=e lo scarabeo mouse la souris il topobird l'oiseau (m) l'uccello mule le mulet il mulo

blackbird le merle il merlo mussel la moule il pidocc-io

bull le taureau il toro nest le nid il nidobutter!ly le papillon la !ar!alla nightingale le rossignol l'usignolo

cal! le veau il vitello octo*us la pieuvre il polpo

car* la carpe la carpa ostrich l'autruc-e lo struzzocat le c-at il gatto owl le -ibou il gu!o

cater*illar le c-enille il bruco o. le bIu! il bue

cheetah le gu=pard il g-epardo oyster l'-utre (!) l'ostricachicken le poulet il pollo *arrot le perro4uet il pappagallo

chim*an=eelec-impanz=

loscimpanz=

*artridge la perdri: la pernice

claw la gri!!e l'artiglio *aw la patte la zampa

cockroach le ca!ardloscara!aggio

*enguin le pingouin il pinguino

cod la morue il merluzzo *ig le coc-on il porcococoon le cocon il bozzolo *igeon le pigeon il piccione

cow la vac-e la vacca *ike le broc-et il

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Italian Basic Phrases