•It provides support (framework) to which soft tissues attach & gives our body shape.* It creates movement where the muscles pull on the bones.* It protects vital organs. Eg. The ribs protect the lungs & heart.* Blood cell formation. Long bones contain bone marrow which produces new red blood cells.* It stores minerals, such as calcium and phosphurus stored in the form of collagen.

Distal

epiphysis

Proximal

epiphysis

diaphysis

yellow marrow

epiphyseal line

periosteum

compact bone

spongy bone

Endosteum

hyaline cartilage

Sharpey’s fibers

* DEVELOPING BONES: A baby’s bones contain cartilage. It is more flexible and tends to flex without breaking. As a child grows the cartilage turns to bone. The periosteum lays down new bone cells on the outside of the bone. Bone cells are constantly being replaced. During growth spurts form formation occurs faster than bone loss. During adulthood rate of growth and loss are similar. During old age bones become brittle and dont re-form as effectively.

  *EXERCISE & BONES: Exercise plays a critical role in achieving PEAK BONE MASS during childhood and adolescent years. During these years, activities that are weight bearing and high impact are the most beneficial in helping the bones being thicker and stronger. This helps reduce the risk of bone fractures and osteoporosis later in life. Resistance training is also beneficial. Peak Bone Mass is attained at about 30yrs of age and without regular exercise can decline as you get older.

* Long Bones- Longer in shape than they are wide. Light but strong.Have a hollow shaft containing yellow bone marrow, ends of bone contain red marrow Eg. Femur, Radius, Humerus.

 *Short Bones- Chunky, compact bones. Strong and think. Same width & length. Contain spongy bone Eg. Phalanges (fingers/toes), carpals (wrist) & tarsals (ankle).

 *Flat Bones- Provide flat areas for attachment of muscles. Protect organs. Two strong layers of compact bone joined by layer of spongy bone.

Eg. Scapula, Ribs (protect heart & lungs), Skull (protects brain). 

*Irregular Bones- No regular shape characteristics. Made of thin layer of compact bone containing a mass of spongy bone. Eg. Vertebrae (spinal cord), Pelvis.

 * Sesamoid Bones- Small bones developed in tendons around some joints. Eg. Patella (kneecap).

Cervical Vertebrae (7)Thoracic Vertebrae (12)Lumbar Vertberae (5)

Sacrum (5)Coccyx (4)

Each vertebra has a hollow centre for the Spinal cord to travel thru.As they descend down the spine, they increase in size to support the body.Movement between each vertebra is minimal, but as a whole it is slightly flexible.

Cervical Vertebrae (7)Thoracic Vertebrae (12)Lumbar Vertberae (5)

Sacrum (5)Coccyx (4)

Each vertebra has a hollow centre for the Spinal cord to travel thru.As they descend down the spine, they increase in size to support the body.Movement between each vertebra is minimal, but as a whole it is slightly flexible.

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

Cervical Vertebrae

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

The Thoracic CageThe Thoracic Cage

Sacrum & CoccyxSacrum & Coccyx

Bones of the Pectoral GirdleBones of the Pectoral Girdle

HumerusUlna

RadiusCarpals

MetacarpalsPhalanges

HumerusUlna

RadiusCarpals

MetacarpalsPhalanges

The Upper Limb (Forelimb)

The Upper Limb (Forelimb)

Pelvis

Ischium

Ilium

Acetabulum

Pubis

Ischium

Obturator foramen

Pelvis (lateral view)

FemurPatellaTibia

FibulaTarsals

MetatarsalsPhalanges

FemurPatellaTibia

FibulaTarsals

MetatarsalsPhalanges

The Lower Limb (Legs)

The Lower Limb (Legs)

metatarsals

phalangies

tarsals

metatarsals

phalangies

tarsals

Immovable Joints

suturesuture

pubis symphisispubis symphisis

Slightly Movable Joint

femur

ligaments

pelvis

freely moveable

femur

pelvis

hyaline cartilage synovial

cavity

joint capsule

Abduction

Extension

RotationFlexion

Adduction

Synovial Joint Movement

Diseases of the Skeletal System:

Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier

Factors: • age, gender (more in women)• estrogen and testosterone decrease• insufficient exercise (or too much)• diet poor in Ca++ and protein• abnormal vitamin D receptors• smoking

Osteoporosis

2929 4040 8484 9292

Rickets- vitamin D deficiency

Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D

Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling

Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction

Diseases of the Skeletal System:

1. Discuss the importance of the skeletal system. Provide details of the functions of this system.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Discuss how particular bones are used for protective purposes. Choose a bone and organ to explain your answer._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SKELETAL QUESTIONS

2. Name the five types of bone and give an example of each. 

1) ________________________________________________________

2) ________________________________________________________

3) ________________________________________________________

4) ________________________________________________________

5) ________________________________________________________

SKELETAL QUESTIONS

3. What is meant by “Peak Bone Mass” and how is it achieved? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the difference between the Axial and Appendicular skeletons? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SKELETAL QUESTIONS

5. Give the common name for each of the following bones Patella ____________________________Tibia ____________________________Clavicle ____________________________Phalanges ____________________________Sternum ____________________________Humerus ____________________________Vertebrae ____________________________Pelvis ____________________________Femur ____________________________Carpals ____________________________

SKELETAL QUESTIONS

6. True or false ________ The femur is the longest bone in the body________ The vertebrae is an irregular shaped bone________ The spine is the longest bone in the body________ The cranium is made up of plates of bone that fuse together________ Toes and fingers are both called phalanges________ Slightly moveable joints allow movement in all directions________ An example of a freely moveable joint is the lumbar vertebrae________ The carpals are in both the ankle and wrist________ Flat bones are generally used for protection of internal organs________ The periosteum is the outer layer of a bone________ Spongy bone has a honeycomb appearance________ Spongy bone is heavy________ The scientific name of the kneecap is the radius________ The breast bone, or sternum, protects the heart and lungs________ The skeleton gives the muscles a structure to attach to________ Compact bone is strong and dense and hard.

________ The clavicle (collar bone) is the most frequently broken bone

SKELETAL QUESTIONS