ISIKHOKELO KUBAZALI

NGONYANGO LOMLEBE OCANDEKILEYONENKALAKAHLA EVULEKILEYO

Singathansa ukwenza umbulelo ongazenzisiyo kwaba bantu balandelayongenkxaso yabo, nethe yanegalelo ekubeni ukuveliswa kwale ncwadanakube yimpumelelo:

Nkosk P MaharajNkosk S Ackerman BermanNkosk C Hannay-RobertsonMillners Dental CompanyThe Ackerman FoundationNikita MontlakeNabo bonke abanye abazali ababe negalelo ekuvelisweni kwale ncwadana.

Umhleli: Haydn BellardieIqela ebelongamele: The Cleft Lip and Palate Unit, Red Cross Childrens’ War Memorial Hospital,

Inguqulelo: Pamela Museka (Xhosa), Anthea Adams (Afrikaans)

Imifanekiso: Giulia Dal Co

Uyilo/ulungiselelo: IMAGO-Visual

© Haydn Bellardie 2006

Isiqulatho:

Ulwazi malunga nokucandeka komlebe

nenkalakahla zivuleke 2

Zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili zokucandeka

kwenkalakahla nomlebe? 6

Ukutyisa usana olusandula ukuzalwa 9

Lindlela Zonyango 10

Iqela elikunye nomntwana wakho 25

Itshathi yonyango 29

Ulwazi malunga nokucandeka komlebe nenkalakahla zivuleke

Ukuzalwa kosana olunomlebe nenkalakahla ezivulekileyo lixesha elibi kubazali balo olo sana, nakusapho lwalo. Le ncwadana ibonelela abazali ngolwazi malunga neentlobo ezahlukileyo zomlebe nenkalakahla evulekileyo, nonyango olufumanekayo. Ikwabonisa nokuba usana lunako ukufumana unyango ngazo zonke izinto ezinxulumene noko, nokuba usana oluselucinci, njengaye nawuphi na umntwana, luya kukhula lufi kelele ebudaleni obububo, lube nempilo

Ukucandeka komlebe kunye/okanye nenkalakahla zivuleke kwenzeka kusana olunye kwangama-700 azalwayo.Oku kwenzeka kuzo zonke iintlanga, kubantwana abangamakhwenkwe nabangamantombazana.

Ibangwa yintoni le meko?

Ubuso bosana budaleka kwiinyanga zokuqala zokukhulelwa, kwixesha elimalunga neeveki ezili-9. Imilebe idalwa zizinto ezintathu, nenkalakahla kwangokunjalo. Zithi zakungahlangani ezi zinto, kudaleke izikhewu. Akukho zinto zingekhoyo.

Ayikabikho ingcaciso eyiyiyo malunga nokudaleka kwemilebe okanye inkalakahla engavalekanga, ngaphandle kokuba umntwana ufuze umntu othile kusapho lwakhe. Isengumnqa ke kodwa amaxesha amaninzi. Kodwa ke nangona kunjalo, ugqirha olungisa okonakeleyo emzimbeni wabantu, iplasticsurgeon, anganako ukunika ingcaciso yokuba kutheni na ukuze yenzeke.

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Beva njani abazali xa befumene umntwana ocandeke wavuleka inkalakahla okanye umlebe?

Ngamanye amaxesha ukucandeka komlebe okanye kwenkalakahla kuyabonalaka kwiscan ngexesha unina womntwana esakhulelwe. Ukuba iyenzeka into enje, abazali bomntwana baba nethuba lokwazi oko mabakulindele. Kodwa ke nokuba bayazi okanye abazi, ukuzalwa komntwana lixesha elinzima. Amaxesha amaninzi abazali abakwazi ukuzilungiselela malunga noko mabakulindele kwaye ke ukuzalwa komntwana ocandeke wavuleka umlebe kuya kuba nento eyenzayo kusapho lomntwana nakwizihlobo.

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Abazalibenzaizintoezahlukeneyo, kwaye beva ngokwahlukileyo ngomntwana ozelwe enomlebe ocandekileyo. Ezi zimvo zabo zingaziveza njengomothuko, inkxwaleko nomsindo, okanye ibe ludano neentloni. Abazali amaxesha amaninzi ibangathi balahlekelwe, babe lusizi kuba umntwana abamfumeneyo ingengomntwana ebebelindele ukumfumana, okanye bazive benesazela okungathi kukho into engatshongo khona abayenzileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha abazali baba buhlungu kakhulu bafumane kunzima ukwamkela ukuba lowo ngumntwana wabo.

Zonke ezi ezi zinto zizizinto ekunzima ukuba abazali bazicinge ngomntwana wabo osandula ukuzalwa, zizinto eziqhelekileyo.

Amaxesha amaninzi yinto entle ukuba abazali bathethe nomntu ongumcebisi okwiqela labantu abasebenza nabantwana abazelwe nemilebe okanye inkalakahla ecandekileyo. Lo mntu angakunceda ujongane nezi zinto: • Ukuqonda imeko yakho yokudideka ingqondo, nokungaziva mnandi ngomntwana wakho, umzekelo xa usithi, “Ikhona into engatshongo khona endiyenzileyo?” “Kutheni umntwana wam engafani nabanye?” “Izizalwane zam ziza kuthini, okanye ziza kucinga ntoni?” “Ndiza kumbonisa njani lo mntwana kubantwana bakowabo?” • Ukwabelana nomntu nobunzima ongathi ubufumane xa kufuneka wakhe unxibelelwano nomntwana wakho, “Ingaba ndakuze ndikwazi ukumthanda lo mntwana ngendlela endibathanda ngayo abanye abantwana bam?” • Ukufumana inkxaso malunga nendlela omawuzilungiselele ngayo kwimibuzo engathi ibuzwe ngabanye abantwana bakho, lusapho lwakho, zizihlobo, nabanye abantwana.

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Ezi zezinye nje zezinto ezixhalabisa abazali, abanokuthi babelane ngazo nalo mntu ungumcebisi. Abanye abazali kufuneka belufumene uncedo ngokukhawuleza, kanti abanye baludinga emva kwexeshana. Iimeko zabazali azifani. Kuxhomekeka emzalini.

Umntwana ocandeke wavuleka umlebe nenkalakahla kufuneka enziwe uqhaqho amaxesha amaninzi ngoko ke anganeengxaki zokuva, zokuthetha, okanye zamazinyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umzali kufuneka ahambe isibhedlele amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kungakubi.

Kubalulekile ukuba uzive ukhululekile ukucela iingcebiso, ufumane inkxaso kubacebisi abasebenza ngale meko ukuba uyayidinga.

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Zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili zokucandeka kwenkalakahla nomlebe?

Le mizobo ingentla ibonisa impumlo, imilebe, iinkalakahla kwakunye neentsini. Imiqolo esemacaleni “ephiltrum” ibonisa apho ezi ndawo zintathu zomlebe zihlangene kuyo. Umqolo ophakathi kwinkalakahla ubonisa apho inkalakahla ihlangene khona.

Zintathu iintlobo eziphambili zocandeko oluthi kwenzeko. Uhlobo ngalunye lufuna unyango, amaxesha amaninzi.

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incam yempumlo

incam yempumlo

umlebe

icala lephiltrumisifotho sephiltrum

iTubercle

icolumellai-alar baseicupids bow

umlebeinkalakahlaeqinileyoinkalakahlaethambileyoulwimi

Alveolus (gum)

ukudibana kwenkalahlaeqinileyo nethambileyo

incakra-ncakra

Ukucandeka komlebe:

Umlebe ungacandeka ngokupheleleyo, okanye ungacandeki ngokupheleleyo, kwaye oku kungezeka ecaleni elinye lomlebe, okanye emacaleni omabini. Olu uhlobo ngamanye amaxesha lubandakanya nentsini yangentla emlonyeni, kwakunye nempumlo.

Ukucandeka kwenkalakahla:

Inkalakahla ecandekileyo ingathatha inxenye okanye yonke inkalakahla ukuya kutsho ngemva emlonyeni. Ngamanye amaxesha abantwana banganayo nencakra-ncakra ecandekileyo (bifi d); apha kulapho izihlunu ezingaphantsi konwebu yomlomo kunye nomlomo (mucosa) zithi zingahlangani.

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Umlebe nenkalakahla ezicandekileyo:

Xa kuthethwa ngomlebe nenkalakahla ezicandekileyo kuthethwa ngokucandeka kwecala elinye okanye omabini omlebe, amazantsi empumlo, intsini kunye nenkalakahla. Ngamanye amaxesha imilebe kunye nenkalakahla ziye zicandeke, kodwa ishiyeke impumlo kunye nentsini zivaleke ngci.

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Ukutyisa usana olusandula ukuzalwa

Ubisi okanye amanzi luyahamba xa umntwana esitya ngenxa yotshintsho kwindlela acinezela ngayo umntwana xa etsala. Imilebe yakhe ibamba ivale ingono yebele okanye ititi. Ingono okanye ititi ibanjwa phakathi kolwimi nenkalakahla engaphambili. Ulwimi lucudisa ingono/ititi ze “lutyhale” ubisi ukuba luphume. Inkalakahla yona iyaphakama ukuvala impumlo, ze kudaleke isithuba, ze kuthi ngenxa yoku “kutsaleke” ubisi luphume engonweni/etitini.

Ukuhlangana kokucudisa (ucinezelo) kunye nokutsala (isithuba) zizo ezibanga ukuba kuphume ubisi xa umntwana encanca.

Bona ke abantwana abazelwe becandeke umlebe kunye/okanye inkalakahla bafumana kunzima ukuncanca ibele okanye ibhotile.

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Kuqhelekile ukuba kuthathe ixesha elide ukutyisa umntwana onale meko. Kuyenzeka ukuba abantwana basebenze nzima kakhulu bade badinwe. Ukuhlolwa komntwana ngononophelo, nokusoloko ekhangelwa inkqubo yakhe kungakunqanda oku, ze kusetyenziswe indlela efanelekileyo yokumtyisa.

Zininzi iindlela zokutyisa umntwana onomlebe okanye inkalakahla ecandekileyo. Abazali bayakhuthazwa ukuba bafumanise ngeyona ndlela ingcono nelungileyo yokutyisa umntwana wabo.

Abantwana abacandeke umlebe kuphela

Abantwana amaxesha amaninzi bayakwazi ukuncanca ngokuyimpumelelo. Xa usingatha umntwana, kodwa athi nkqo, le ndawo ivulekileyo umama wakhe ayivale ngomnwe okanye ngesiziba esenzelwe oku kunganceda ukuba kuvaleke, ungabi mninzi umoya ongenayo. Imfi hlo kukuba udale isivingco ekungenakugqitha moya kuso.

Xa umlebe ucandekile, ngaphezu kwesentimitha enye ububanzi, okanye ucandeke amacala omabini, kunganzima kakhulu ukuba umntwana atye xa engancedwa ukuvala le ndawo ivulekileyo.

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Abantwana abacandeke inkalakahla kuphela

Amaxesha athile abantwana abacandeke inkalakahla yangaphambili kunye/okanye yangasemva banako ukuncanca ukuba umfanta awukho mkhulu. Amaxesha amaninzi ababi nako “ukutsala” ingono/ititi ze ke ngenxa yoko bangabi nako ukuncanca ngendlela. Bathatha ixesha elide ukutya, ze ke badinwe emva kwexesha. Nanjengoko inkalakahla ingavalekanga kakuhle, usana amaxesha amaninzi luginya umoya omninzi nto ke leyo ithetha ukuba kufuneka “lubhodlisiwe” amaxesha amaninzi.

Kuyanceda nokunika umntwana ubisi ngebhotile ethambileyo, ekwazekayo ukucofeka icudiseke. Njengokuba umntwana etsala, umntu omncancisayo yena makacudise ibhotile, abeke ititi emlonyeni womntwana ukuze umntwana aginye. Nokutyisa ngekomityi okanye ngecephe kuyanceda, nangona kuye kuchitheke nje, ngoko ke yithi rhoqo ulongeze ubisi!

Abantwana abacandeke umlebe nenkalakahla

Aba bantwana bafumana ubunzima ukubamba ingono nokuncanca ngoko ke kufanele batyiswe ngebhotile eza kumane icudiswa, okanye ngecephe. Kwamanye amazwe kuye kufakelwe icwecwe elithile emlonyeni womntwana. Eli cwecwe livala umfanta ovulekileyo kwinkalakahla. Kodwa ke umntwana usaya kuqhubeka afumane ubunzima “ekutsaleni” ubisi etitini/kwingono. Kwimeko enje, sebenzisa ibhotile onokuyicudisa, okanye ikomityi okanye icephe. Umngxuma etitini yebhoile ungenziwa mkhulu ukwenzela ukuba ubisi “lutyhalelwe” kweli cwecwe ngolwimi.

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Iindlela Zonyango

Ukulungiswa komlebe ngokwenza uqhaqho

Umlebe udla ngokulungiswa kwiinyanga ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-6 emva kokuzalwa.

Uqhaqho lulo kuphela olunokulungisa umlebe ocandekileyo. Ugqirha owenza lo msebenzi, iplastic surgeon, ulwenza olu qhaqho umntwana elaliswe ngamayeza. Inxenye yolu qhaqho ibandakanya ukuthunga ufele lolwimi ludityaniswe. Olu qhaqho lungabandakanya nokwenza ngcono impumlo yomntwana. Ukuba umntwana ukwacandeke inkalakahla, abanye oogqirha, nabo ababakhona xa kwenziwa olu qhaqho, bangadibanisa le ndawo ingaphambili kwinkalakahla.

Kuye kwenziwe uvavanyo lwegazi nolwezinye izinto ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ukulungele ukulwenza olu qhaqho. Ngemini yoqhaqho, umntwana wakho kufuneka angatyi nto konke kwiiyure ezimbalwa phambi koqhaqho ukwenzela ukunciphisa amathuba okuba agule (ukugabha). Ngamanye amaxesha umntwana uye anikwe iyeza lokumenza

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ukuba azole phambi koqhaqho. Eli yeza ulinikwa ngesitofu okanye alisezwe ngomlomo.

Emva koqhaqho kungakho ukopha okuthile emlonyeni. Uza kubona nemithungo, kubekho nokudumba kubekho nokhokho esilondeni esisemilebeni. Kungakho intwana yerabha esetyenziswayo ukuxhasa impumlo ukuba ihlale isesimeni sayo esitsha. Ungafumanisa nokuba umntwana wakho ubotshwe iingalo ukwenzela ukuba angawuphathi umthungo wakhe. Kuqhelekile ukufumanisa ukuba izilonda zomntwana ziba bomvu, zidumbe emva koqhaqho kodwa iyaphela yonke loo nto emva kwexesha.

Zilungiselele, umntwana wakho angakhangeleka ngenye indlela emva kolu qhaqho.

Idami (ilibazisa) yokuthuthuzela umntwana yisebenzise kuphela xa kuyimfuneko kuba abanye oogqirha banexhala 14

mcele ukuba ugqirha amnike iyeza ngenye indlela. Abantwana abasebenzisa iyeza elingamanzi ixesha elide banamathuba amaninzi okubolelwa ngamazinyo.

Iziselo ezenziwe ngeziqhamo, oku kuquka nezi ntlobo zingongezwanga swekile, zineswekile yeziqhamo kunye nobumuncu obuvela kwiziqhamo, ziyawonakalisa amazinyo. Xa uza kunika umntwana ezi ntlobo zesiselo, zixube namanzi, umnike kuphela ngamaxesha okutya.

Ukutya izinto eziswiti phakathi kwamaxesha okutya kuko okubanga owona monakalo mninzi.

Qalisa ukufundisa umntwana ukuba axukuxe amazinyo ngebhrashi emva nje kokuphuma kwakhe amazinyo okuqala.

Sicebisa ukuba usebenzise amaqabaza okanye iipilisi zefl uoride kwezinye iindawo. Ziyanceda ukomeleza umphandle wamazinyo, zenze ukuba amazinyo amelane nokubola. Cela iingcebiso kwiqela elisebenza ngocandeko lwemilebe nenkalakahla.

Kunzima ukunyanga ukubola kwamazinyo kubantwana abancinci. Kuye kufuneke ukuba umntwana eze esibhedlele amaxesha angamanye, ngaphezu kwalawo kufuneka eze ngawo xa eze kubona ugqirha woqhaqho okanye abanye oogqirha abaziingcaphephe, nto leyo ithi yongezelele ixesha elilelinye ngaphezu kwelo lokunyangelwa ukucandeka. Ukuba ukubola kwamazinyo kuba kubi kakhulu, kungafuneka umntwana alaliswe ngamayeza ngaphambi kokuba alungiswe amazinyo.

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I-Orthodontics. Ukulungiswa kokuma kwamazinyo.

Kuqhelekile ukuba abantwana abazelwe becandeke umlebe okanye inkalakahla babe namazinyo agoso, okanye azizixhobo. Amazinyo okuqala omntwana akachatshazelwa kangako njengamazinyo aphuma emva kokukhumka. Amazinyo okuqala omntwana kufuneka agcinwe ngendlela eyiyo nanjengoko athi axhase amazinyo athi aphume emva kokukhumka, amazinyo akhula emihlathini phantsi kwala mazinyo athi akhumke. Ukuphuma kwamazinyo okuqala omntwana lingekafi ki ixesha kungabanga iingxaki emazinyweni akhe.

Ukucandeka kungabanga umfanta entsinini nasemathanjeni omhlathi ongentla. Amazinyo kumacala omabini omfanta angajijeka okanye angemi endaweni yawo. Kungade kubekho namazinyo amaninzi kunafanelekileyo, okanye kubekho amazinyo angekhoyo kuwo omabini amacala omfanta.

Abantwana abazelwe becandeke umlebe kuphela, okanye becandeke inkalakahla kuphela amaxesha amaninzi akudingi 20

ukuba balungiswe amazinyo.

Ukulungiswa kwamazinyo kwenziwa ngamanqanaba amabini okanye amathathu kuphela.

Inqanaba lokuqala: • Xa amazinyo angaphambili athe aphuma emva kokukhumka angalumi ngandlela, ngesiNgesi kuthiwa enza i-‘cross bite’, (xa amazinyo angentla engena ngaphakathi kumazinyo angezantsi), kungaqaliswa unyango olufutshane ukolula amazinyo, kulungiswe icross bite leyo.

Inqanaba lesibini: Aliyomfuneko kuzo zonke iimeko. • Xa umntwana emalunga neminyaka elithoba ubudala, abe ecandeke inkalakahla, kungathathwa isuntswana lethambo kuvalwe isikhewu eso. Kungayimfuneko kwesi sithuba ukuba ugqirha wamazinyo enze banzi igophe elingentla lamazinyo ukwenzela ukuba lime ngendlela eyiyo phambi kokulungisa ngethambo.

Inqanaba lesithathu:• Xa uninzi lwamazinyo aphuma emva kokukhumka sele ephumile, lungaqalisa unyango lokugqibela. Eli nqanaba lidla ngokuthatha ubuncinane iminyaka emibini kwaye umntwana kufuneka abone ugqirha wamazinyo phantse qho ngenyanga. Unyango alukhawuleziswa, amazinyo apha ashukunyiswa ngokuthi abanjwe ngamacingo neerekeni ezincanyatheliswa emazinyweni, ze aqiniswe ngobunono.

Asicebisi ukuba abantwana abangekakhumki balungiswe amazinyo kuba abantwana abakwazi ukumelana namacingo abambe amazinyo kwaye akuloncedo ukulungisa amazinyo ngeli xesha.

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Ibandela lethambo (Bone graft)

Ukuba ukucandeka kubandakanya intsini, kungacetyiswa ukuba umntwana enze utyando ngebandela lethambo xa ekwiminyaka emalunga nethoba. Kuya kuthathwa ifoto yamazinyo akhe umntwana ukukhangela indlela akhula ngayo amazinyo akhe ezintsinini. Kwezi foto ugqirha wamazinyo angakwazi ukubona ukuba izinyo elilibamba lidinga ithambo elongezelelweyo ukuze liphume kusini na.

Olu tyando lwenziwa ngokuthatha intwana yethambo lenyonga (ihleza) lize lifakwe kulo mfanta. Phambi kolu tyando umntwana kufuneka ebonene nogqirha wamazinyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazinyo akhe akulungele ukuba enziwe olu tyando. Naluphi na usulelo ngenxa yamazinyo adumbileyo okanye abolileyo luya kuchaphazela impumelelo yotyando. Kufuneka umntwana asebenzise into yokuxukuxa enqanda intsholongwane (antiseptic) iintsuku ezimbalwa phambi nasemva kotyando. Kuye kuthi ngamaxesha amaninzi emva kotyando kubekho amasuntswana amathambo aphumayo. Le

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nto iqhelekile.

Olu tyando luya kunceda ukomeleza intsini engentla, ze ludala nethambo eliza kukhulela kulo izinyo. Aluyomfuneko kuye nawuphi na umntwana onomfanta.

Intetho nolwimi

Abantwana kufuneka bahlale beqwalwaselwe besebancinci, kuqatshelwe izandi zabo zokuqala, ukubhibhidla namagama abo okuqala.

Kufanele ukuba kubekho isivingco esifanelekileyo phakathi komlomo nempumlo ukuze umntu akwazi ukuthetha kakuhle. Ukushukuma kogovane kwakunye nezihlunu emqaleni zizo ezibanga esi sivingco. Ugovane kufuneka adibane nomva womqala. Abantwana abazele becandeke inkalakahla, nokuba ucandekile okanye awucandekanga umlebe wabo, banganengxaki yokuthetha. Izandi ezifana no-bh, t, d, k, g, tsh, no-s kunganzima ukuzibiza. Ngamanye amaxesha xa kubizwa ezi zandi umoya uye uphume ngeempumlo ze umntwana abe ngathi uthetha ngeempumlo. Igcisa elisebenza ngentetho,

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ispeech therapist, kufanele libahlole aba bantwana rhoqo ukuqondisisa ingxaki yabo ze libancede bathethe ngcono. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, eli gcisa liqulunqa indlela yokunceda abantwana ukuba bazibize ngokufanelekileyo izandi.

Ngamanye amaxesha kuyafuneka ukuba kujongwe indlela ezisebenza ngayo izihlunu xa umntu esenza intetho. Le nto inako ukwenziwa ngex-ray eshukumayo ebizwa ngokuba yifl uoroscopy/video fl uoroscopy, okanye yenziwe ngenasophryngoscopy, yona ebandakanya ukufakwa komsontwana obona ngaphakathi nothi ufakwe ngempumlo ukwenzela ukuba ugqirha ajonge inkalakahla kunye namacala omqala xa esebenza. Ukuba iziphumo zolu vavanyo zibonisa ukuba izihlunu aziyivali ngokufanelekileyo impumlo xa umntwana ethetha, kungadingeka ukuba umntwana enziwe utyando eliza kumnceda ukuba athethe ngcono, kupheliswe nento eyenza abe ngathi uthetha ngeempumlo. Olu qhaqho lubizwa ngokuba yipharyngoplasty.

Uya kuthi uyibone ispeech therapist qho xa uhambele ekliniki. Ngale ndlela indlela akhula ngayo ekuthetheni umntwana, nendlela ephuhla ngayo intetho yakhe iya kuhlala ibekwe esweni kwaye kuphuhliswe iinkqubo ezithile ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomntwana wakho.

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Iqela elikunye nomntwana wakho

Xa umntwana wakho ezalwa, nanjengokuba ekhula lindela ukubona iqela labantu abaninzi, esingabala kubo:

Ipaediatrician / Ugqirha oyingcaphephe ebantwaneni

Iplastic surgeon/ulungisa imifanta nocandeko lwabantwana

Unesi oyingcaphephe ekutyisweni komntwana /

unika ingcebiso ahlole nendlela atyiswa ngayo umntwana

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Ingcaphephe yentetho nolwimi / uhlola ukukhula kwentetho nolwimi

Ugqirha wamazinyo abantwana /

unika iingcebiso malunga nokuthintelwa kwezifo

zamazinyo abantwana, anike noncedo malunga nendlela

yokukhathalela amazinyo

Ingcaphephe yokulungisa amazinyo /uhlola uku-khula kwamazinyo, afake amacingo emazinyweni ngenjongo yokuwalungi-sa.

Ugqirha weendlebe / ukhangela ukuba uyeva

kakuhle na umntwana

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I-otologist/Ugqirha wendlebe, iimpumlo nomqala (ENT)/ unyanga iingxaki zokungeva ngeendlebe.

Ugqirha oyinzululwazi ngemfuzo / yena

unika ulwazi malunga nokuba lube ucandeko

lwemilebe okanye inkalakahla lubangwa

yimfuzo kusini na.

Ugqirha wengqondo /umcebisi/ ubonelela ngeengcebiso.

Ugqirha olungisa imihlathi nobuso / wenza uqhaqho

ukulungisa iingxaki ezinxulumene nokukhula

kwemihlathi.27

Eli qela loogqirha lisebenza kunye ukunika eyona nkathalo kumntwana wakho ukulungisa ukucandeka nezinye izinto ezi-bangwa koku. Lindela ukuba uza kuhamba esibhedlele amaxe-sha amaninzi, uze uhambele neli qela loogqirha xa umntwana esiya ekhula. Kanti nawe kufuneka ucele ukuzibona ezi ng-caphephe zoogqirha xa ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho ku-funeka zimjongile. Ngoncedo nenkxaso yabo kungakwazeka ukuba umntwana wakho akhule njengaye nawuphi na um-ntwana, engenangxaki kakhulu ngezi zinto, ingakumbi eziya kumkhathaza ekukhuleni kwakhe. Umntwana wakho unako ukukhula abe ngumntu ophumeleleyo, ozithembileyo.

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Abantu ongaqhagamshelana nabo:

Iqela eninikana kulo inkxaso engingqini……………………………………………………

Ugqirha oyingcaphephe yabantwana ………………………………………………………

Ingcaphephe ekulungiseni imifanta nocandeko ………………………………………

Ingcapephe yentetho nolwimi……………………………………………………………………

Unesi oyingcaphephe/ingcaphephe ngokutya……………………………………………

Ingcaphephe yokulungisa amazinyo…………………………………………………………

Ugqirha wamazinyo……………………………………………………………………………………

Umcebisi……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ugqirha weendlebe………………………………………………………………………………………

Ugqirha wendlebe, impumlo nomqala (ENT)………………………………………………

Ugqirha oyinzuluwazi ngemfuzo…………………………………………………………………