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IS 13358-2 (1992): Code of Practice for cultivation ofaromatic plants, Part 2: Lemongrass [PCD 18: Natural andSynthetic Fragrance Materials]

IS 13358 ( Part 2 ) : 1992

Indian Standard

CULTIVATION OF AROMATIC PLANTS- CODE OF PRACTICE

PART 2 LEMONGRASS

UDC 665~526.22

@ BIS 1992

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

June 1992 Price Group 1

Natural and Synthetic Perfumery Materials Sectional Committee, PCD 18

FOREWORD

was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft Synthetic Perfumery Materials Sectional Committee had been

approved by the Petroleum, Coal and Related Products Division Council.

This Indian Standard ( Part 2 ) finalized bv the Natural and

Natural perfumery materials, like essential oils, are known to vary in olfactory and other physico- chemical characteristics depending on different agro-climatic conditions. Working on this premise, the Committee had quite some time back published IS 6774 : 1972 Classification of essential oil bearing aromatic plants’. This standard covers information relating to botanical identity, habitat, economic stage of growth, harvesting season and part of the plant used for essential oil production. These factors have long been recognized to govern the quality of the natural essential oils.

Realizing the importance of endemic variations of these factors including fertilizer, irrigation, modern technology and appropriate agronomic practices developed through a process of evalua- tion trials at recognized cultivation centres for aromatic plants in the country, the committee decided to amplify these eflorts directionally and prepare specific codes for good cultivation prac- tices for individual aromatic plants used for essential oil production. This series of Indian Standards for specific aromatic plants is expected to provrde guidance to prospect’ve cultivators, producers and users of the essential oils to obtain the optimum yield of the essential oil of an acceptable quality for the perfumery industry.

Oil of lemongrass obtained from the leaves of Cymbopogon pexuosus is mainly used in soap perfumes. It is a source of citral, a chemical used in perfumery and flavor industries and also a raw material for the manufacture of vitamin A.

In the preparation of this standard, assistance has been derived from R & D work of ICAR and CSIR laboratories, Kerala Agricultural Universities besides State Directorates and Institutions for medicinal and aromatic plants.

IS 13358 ( Part 2 ) : 1992

Indian Standard

CULTIVATION OF AROMATIC PLANTS- CODE OF PRACTICE

PART 2 LEMONGRASS

1 SCOPE

1.1 This code prescribes cultural practices for cultivation of aromatic plant, for production of oil of lemongrass botanically known as CymbopogonJEexuosus Stapf, fam. Gramineae.

1.2 The requirements and methods of sampling and tests for oil of lemongrass have been separ- ately covered in IS 327 : 1991.

2 REFERENCES

The following Indian Standards are adjuncts to this standard:

IS No. Title

327 : 1991 Specification for oil

necessary

of lemon-

6597 : 1988

grass ( jirst revision )

Glossary of terms relating to natural and synthetic perfu- mery materials ( jirst revision )

The above mentioned standards contain provi- sions which, through reference in this text, cons- titute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the st,and- ards indicated above.

3 TERMINOLOGY

For the purpose of this standard, definitions given in IS 6597 : 1988 shall apply.

4 TYPES

4.1 The following three types of lemongrass exist in the world market, out of which Type 1 has been commercially cultivated in India.

Type I Oil of lemongrass ( East Indian ) pro&- ted by distillation of Cymbopogon

flexuosus Stapf, ( fam. Gramineae )

Type 2 Oil of lemongrass ( West Indian ) produ- ced from a different plant species Cymbopogon citratus Stapf., ( fam. Gramineae )

Type 3 Oil of lemongrass produced by distilla- tion of Cymbopogon pendulus. This is a relatively new variety of oil of lemon- grass. The cultivation practices of this variety in irrigated crop are similar to the above mentioned types.

4.2 The oil of lemongrass ( East Indian ) pro- duced largely in India has found favour in the world market particularly because of its uniformly high citral content and the solubility in 70 percent alcohol. This solubility in alcohol is regarded as synonymous with freshness and freedom from adulterants, though inve stiga- tions have disclosed that some specimens of freshly distilled oil are also found to be insolu- ble in alcohol if there is adventitious mixture, even in small proportions with a similar botani- cally different white stemmed grass locally known as Wella pooh found in the fields. The white stemmed grass has been identified as Cymbopogon jlexuosus Stapf var albescens.

The oil of lemongrass ( West Indian ) produced most notably in West Indies and to some extent in parts of Kerala in India also, is insoluble in 70 percent alcohol. The lower solubility of this oil makes it inferior to oil of lemongrass ( East Indian ). Its lower solubility has been attribu- ted to the presence of myrcene, an olefinic terpene in the foreruns which on exposure to air and light readily polymerizes.

4.3 VARIETIES/CULTURES

OD-19 ( Sungandhi ) is a variety developed through selection from natural population in the most popular culture grown all over India particularly in Kerala State. This is a drough hardy culture most suited for rainfed crops. Some other cultures like SD-68., RRL-16, CIMAP/LS-48 have also come in cultivation and have been accepted wherever the oil con- tains 70 to 90 percent of citral, soluble in 70 percent alcohol.

1

IS 13358 ( Part 2 ) : 1992

5 CHOICE AND PREPARATION OF LAND FOR CULTIVATION

The land should be very well prepared to a fine tilth, free of weeds. The land should’preferably be laid out into small plots having proper irri- gation channels. Ridges may be prepared to facilitate better irrigation of the crops. For sowing of seeds, raised beds may be prepared.

6 SUITABLE TIME FOR PLANTATION

Planting is done with the advent of monsoon rains through seed and split planting of tillers in Kerala. While with irrigation, it is carried out in Feb-March in North Indian Plains.

7 CLIMATE AND SOILS

Lemongrass is a tropical plant which has a very wide adaptability. It flourishes as well under irrigation in semi-arid tropics over poor or medium fertile soils. Usually warm and humid conditions with 250 to 280 cm rainfall/annum, uniformly distributed support rainfed cultiva- tion of producing 4 cuttings in a year.

8 PROPAGATION AND PLANTING

The crop is raised from seeds and splitting of clumps, though seed raised crop is less ex- pensive. A full grown clump yields 100 to 150 tillers for planting. A spacing of 30 x 20 cm or 40 x 15 cm is adopted in Kerala over very well prepared fields with fine tilth. Seed rate is 4 kg/ha and seed takes 3 to 9 days for germi- nation over moist soil.

fertilizers is suggested for irrigated lands in North India. In particular, high levels of up to 200 kg of nitrogen is recommended in 3-4 or splits, in North Indian plains.

10 WEEDING AND INTERCULTURE

The crop is given two weedings cum hoeing before taking first harvest after 75 to 90 days and thereafter one weeding when the crop is harvested after an interval of 65 days in the rainfed cultivation. February to mid April are dry months in Kerala when overground plants are cut at 10 cm height to escape damage from the draught.

11 IRRIGATION

In all 8 irrigation are recommended during summer months for lemongrass grown in North Indian plains. The Kerala crop is grown purely as rainfed crop, although irrigation dur- ing dry weather is found to favour high yields.

12 HARVESTING AND YIELD

In general, 4 harvests are taken per annum in rainfed areas. The crop is cut 10 cm over ground first before appearance of flowering shoots, the flowering reduces growth and yield considerably. The yield of herbage vary from 700 to 1 000 quintals/hectare per annum, pro- ducing 200 to 250 kg of oil per hectare per annum. A plantation is maintained for three years ( irrigated ) to 5 years ( rainfed crop ).

13 DISTILLATION

9 MANURES AND FERTILIZERS Steam or hydro-distillation process is followed for extraction of oil from pIants. In Kerala

This is a crop of medium fertile and marginal where age old technique of hydro-distillation is

lands in Kerala where 60 : 30 : 30 kg of nitro- followed, quite a sizeable amount of oil is lost

gen, phosphatic and potash fertilizers in general, the longer is the period of distilla-

are tion, the higher is the yield. recommended per annum. The phosphatic and potash as usual, is given at land-preparation or placed in rows before commencement of

I4 DISEASE AND PESTS

new growth in Iate March in Kerala that is No serious disease or pest is reported in the advent of monsoon in April. A higher level of crop.

2

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Dot : No PCD 18 ( 1021 )

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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