IRU Comparasion IMO-CEN-rev CEN ver 2010-03-22 · • IMO/ILO/UN ECE Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s) with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB

Comparison of Cargo Securing according toComparison of Cargo Securing according to

Cargo SecuringCargo Securing

IMO/ILO/UN ECEIMO/ILO/UN ECE(2001)(2001)

EN 12195EN 12195--11(Dec 2003)(Dec 2003)

Rev Rev prENprEN 1219512195--1 1 (Jan 2009)(Jan 2009)


Different Different requirements in requirements in guidelines and guidelines and standardsstandards


•• IMO/ILO/UN ECEIMO/ILO/UN ECE

Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s)with IMO Model Course 3.18

Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing

•• Standard EN 12195Standard EN 12195--11

Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety –Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces

•• Updated version Standard Updated version Standard prENprEN 1219512195--1 (rev: 20091 (rev: 2009--1)1)

Load restraining on road vehicles – Safety – Part 1Calculation of securing forces


•• European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing

for Road Transportfor Road Transport


IMO/ILO/UN ECE2001

Rev prEN 12195-1Jan 2009

EN 12195-1Dec 2003

Cargo securing guidelines



Cargo SecuringCargo SecuringDifferences in the basic principles in the

guidelines and standards

fs = 1.0

fs = 1.0

cx = 0.8

cy = 0.5

cy = 0.7 (FT=LC)

cy = 0.7 (FT=STF)

EN 12195-1

fs = 1.25

fs = 1.1

fs = 1.0

fs = 1.0

Safety factor in calculations of frictional

(top over) lashings

- Forward

- Sideways and backward

cx = 0.8

cy = 0.5

cy = 0.6 (FT=LC)

cy = 0.5 (FT=STF) or

cy = 0.6 (FT=LC/2)

cx = 1.0

cy = 0.5

cy = 0.5 (FT=LC)

cy = 0.5 (FT=STF)

Acceleration coefficients

(road transport)

- Forward

- Sliding sideways

- Tipping sideways

+ Direct lashings

+ Frictional lashings

Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECEItem




fµ = µd/µs

0.75 < fµ < 1.0

fµ = 0,70fµ = 0,70Conversion factor fµ for

direct lashings

k = 2k =1.5k = 2Coefficient of transmission (k-factor)

IncludedNot includedIncludedInternal friction

Dynamic friction

µd = µs × 0.70

Dynamic friction

µd = µs × fµ

EN 12195-1

µ =µs × 0.925

µ × fµ

Static friction µs

Dynamic friction

µd = µs × fµ

Friction factor established by friction test

- Frictional lashings

- Direct lashings





IncludedNot includedIncludedLashing protocol

Calculations

Static inclining test

Dynamic driving test (road transport)

CalculationsCalculations

Static inclining test

Verification of the

efficiency of securing arrangement by

µ = 0.50

µ = 0.40

Not included

EN 12195-1

µ = 0.45

µ = 0.30

µ = 0.45

µ = 0.50

µ = 0.40

Not included

Some differences in table

of friction factors, e.g:- sawn wood against fabric base

laminate/plywood

- sawn wood against steel sheet

- steel crate against fabric base laminate/plywood



Cargo securing Cargo securing examplesexamples


Wooden boxes

L

B

H

Quantity = 8 piecesH × B × L = 2 × 2 × 1.7 m

Weight = 3 000 kg/boxTotal cargo weight: 24.0 tonnes

Length = 13.6 m

Height = 2.55 mBreadth = 2.48 m

Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kNSTF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN

Friction between floor and cargo µ = µstatic = 0.4

Cargo securing example 1Cargo securing example 1Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding

Curtain sided trailer, aluminium floor and strong headboard


Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE


where

m = 3 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 (table 2)

cz = 1.0 (table 2)

µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1)

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α = 84.3º

Answer

EN 12195-1

Td

zy

Fµk

gmµccn

⋅⋅⋅

⋅⋅−≥

αsin

)(s

T

zyf

Fµ

gmµccn ⋅

⋅⋅

⋅⋅−≥

αsin2

)(

n = 3.9

where

m = 3 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 (table 2)

cz = 1.0 (table 2)

µ = µest= 0.4 (table B.1)

α = 84.3º

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

fs = 1.1

n = 1.02n = 0.9

Equation (10)Equation (6)EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)


9 top over lashings9 top over lashings(with supporting beam)

• Friction factor µ = 0.4• Lashing force FT = STF

• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.1


8 top over lashings8 top over lashings(One lashing / section)


• Static friction µs = 0.4• Lashing force FT = STF


• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 × µs= 0.28• Lashing force FT = STF

• K-factor k = 1.5• Safety factor fs = 1.0

Reasons for the difference:

EN 12195-1

32 top over lashings32 top over lashings(Four lashings / section)

Rev prEN 12195-1

16 top over lashings16 top over lashings(Two lashing / section).



Quantity = 99 pcs in 11 sections

Cargo section dimensions:H × B × L = 2.4 × 2.4 × 1.2 mWeight = 2 000 kg/sectionTotal cargo weight: 22.0 tonnesH/B = (2.4/2.4) =1

Number of rows = 3

Length = 13.6 m Height = 2.55 mBreadth = 2.48 m

Steel crates

B

H

Side bottomblocking

Blocking

Cargo securing example 2Cargo securing example 2Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping

Curtain sided trailer with strong headboard




where

m = 2 tons/section

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.7 (table 2)

cz = 1.0 (table 2)

h = 2.4

w = 2.4

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kn

α = 90º

Answer

EN 12195-1

n = 5.4/section

where

m = 2 tons/section

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 or 0.6 (table 2)

cz = 1.0 (table 2)

d = 1.2

b = 0.4

w = 0.8

FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8kN

N = 3

fs = 1.1

α = 90º

n = 0.9/sectionn = 0.9/section


αα cos)2(sin)1(

)(

2

1

⋅−−⋅−

⋅−⋅⋅≥

hkwk

wchcgmnF

zy

T))1(25.0(sin

)(

−+⋅⋅

⋅−⋅⋅≥

NFw

bcdcgmfn

T

zy

sα


Cargo securing example 2Cargo securing example 2

IMO/ILO/UN ECE


Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping

EN 12195-1

• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5

• Lashing force FT = STF

• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.0• Internal friction considered

• Acceleration factor cy = 0.7

• Lashing force FT = STF

• K-factor k = 1.5• Safety factor fs = 1.0• No instructions for internal friction

66 top over lashings66 top over lashings(Six lashings / section)



Rev prEN 12195-1

• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or

cy = 0.6• Lashing force FT = STF or

FT = 0.5 × LC• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.1• Internal friction considered


Paper reels

• Quantity = 36 reels in 12 sections• H × B = 1.3 × 1.1 m / reel• Weight = 650 kg / reel• Total cargo weight: 23.4 tonnes

• H1/B1= (1.3/2.2) ≈ 0.6• H2/B2= (2.6/2.2) ≈ 1.2• Number of rows = 2• Static friction between floor and

reel and between reels, µstatic = 0.5• Friction factor = 0.46 (0.5 × 0.925)

Length = 13.6 m

Height = 2.55 mBreadth = 2.48 m


One layer

B1

H1

Two layers

B2

H2

Cargo securing example 3Cargo securing example 3Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping

Curtain sided trailer with strong headboard




where

m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)

m2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 g (table 2)

cz = 1.0 g (table 2)

µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.35 (section 6.1)

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α1 = 85.6º

α2 = 87.8º

EN 12195-1

Td

zy

Fµk

gmµccn

⋅⋅⋅

⋅⋅−≥

αsin

)(

s

T

zyf

Fµ

gmµccn ⋅

⋅⋅

⋅⋅−≥

αsin2

)(

n1 = 0.91/sectionn2 = 1.82/section

where

m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)

m 2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)

g = 9.81 m/s2



µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)

α1 = 85.6º

α2 = 87.8º

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

fs = 1.1

No sliding


n1 = 0.20/sectionn2 = 0.39/section

Answer



Cargo securing example 3Cargo securing example 3Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - one layer

where

m = 1.3 tons/section

g = 9.81 m/s2



h = 1.3

w = 1.1

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α = 85.6º

EN 12195-1

where


g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)


d = 0.65

b = 0.55

w = 1.1

FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN

N = 2

fs = 1.1

α =85.6º


αα cos)2(sin)1(

)(

2

1

⋅−−⋅−

⋅−⋅⋅≥

hkwk

wchcgmnF

zy

Ts

T

zyf

NFw

bcdcgmn ⋅

−+⋅⋅

⋅−⋅⋅≥

))1(25.0(sin

)(

α

No tipping No tipping No tipping

Answer



Cargo securing example 3Cargo securing example 3Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - two layers

where


g = 9.81 m/s2



h = 2.6

w = 1.1

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α = 87.8º

EN 12195-1

where


g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)


d = 1.3

b = 0.55

w = 1.1

FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN

N = 2

fs = 1.1

α = 87.8º


αα cos)2(sin)1(

)(

2

1

⋅−−⋅−

⋅−⋅⋅≥

hkwk

wchcgmnF

zy

T s

T

zyf

NFw

bcdcgmn ⋅

−+⋅⋅

⋅−⋅⋅≥

))1(25.0(sin

)(

α

n2 = 0.5/section n2 = 4.6/section n2 = 0.7/section

Answer


IMO/ILO/UN ECE

9 top over lashings9 top over lashings(One lashing / 4 tonnes of cargo to

prevent tipping and wandering)


• Static friction µs = 0.5• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5• Lashing force FT = STF

• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.0• Internal friction considered

EN 12195-1

• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7×µs= 0.35• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)

and cy = 0.7 (tipping)• Lashing force FT = STF

• K-factor k = 1.5• Safety factor fs = 1.0• No instructions for internal friction


36 top over lashings36 top over lashings(five lashings/section when loaded in

two layers to prevent sliding and tipping, and one lashing/section when loaded in one layer to prevent sliding)

Rev prEN 12195-1

• Friction factor µ = 0.45• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6

• Lashing force FT = STF or FT = 0.5 ×LC

• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs= 1.1• Internal friction considered

10 top over lashings10 top over lashings(five lashings / six sections loaded in two layers to prevent tipping, and one lashing / 1-2 sections of cargo loaded

in one layer to prevent sliding)


Truck with plyfa floor Heat exchanger with steel feet

• The heat exchanger is blocked in forward direction.

• H × B × L = 2.0 × 0.9 × 2.1 m• Centre of gravity: h × b × l =

1.35 × 0.45 × 1.05 m• Weight = 2000 kg = 2 tonnes • h/b= (1.35/0.45) = 3.0• Number of rows = 1• Static friction µstatic = 0.4 and friction factor

µ = 0.45

Length = 8. m

Height = 2.55 mBreadth = 2.48 mBreadth between lashing points = 2.36 m

Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1,6 tonnes = 16 kNSTF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN

H

L

h

l

b

B

H

L

h

l

b

B





where

m = 2 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2



µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1)

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α = 70º

EN 12195-1

Td

zy

Fµk

gmµccn

⋅⋅⋅

⋅⋅−≥

αsin

)(

s

T

zyf

Fµ

gmµccn ⋅

⋅⋅

⋅⋅−≥

αsin2

)(

n = 2.7

where

m = 2 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2



µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)

α = 70º

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

fs = 1.1


n = 0.6 n = 0.7

Answer




where

m = 2 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2



d = 1.35

b = 0.45

h = 2.0

w = 0.9

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton = 4 kN

α = 70º

Answer

EN 12195-1

where

m = 2 tons/section

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)


d = 1.35

b = 0.45

w = 0.9

FT = STF or LC/2 = 4 kN or 6.5kN

N = 2

fs = 1.1

α = 70º

Equation (16)Equation (11) modified for centre of gravity off centre

EU Best Practice Guidelines -Cargo Securing (p.108)

αα cos)2(sin)1(

)(

⋅−−⋅−

⋅−⋅⋅≥

hkwk

bcdcgmnF

zy

T s

T

zyf

NFw

bcdcgmn ⋅

−+⋅⋅

⋅−⋅⋅≥

))1(25.0(sin

)(

α

n = 1.25 n = 30.0 n = 1.9


IMO/ILO/UN ECE

2 top over lashings2 top over lashings


• Static friction µs = 0.4• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5• Lashing force FT = STF


EN 12195-1

• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 × µs= 0.28• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)

and cy = 0.7 (tipping)• Lashing force FT = STF

• K-factor 1.5• Safety factor fs = 1.0




Rev prEN 12195-1

• Friction factor µ = 0.45• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6• Lashing force FT = STF or

FT = 0.5 × LC• K-factor k = 2• Safety factor fs = 1.1


Cargo weight in ton prevented from

sliding by one Top-Over lashingSideways Forward Backwards

IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN

µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1

0,05 0,09 0,04 0,08 0,04 0,02 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,08

0,10 0,20 0,09 0,18 0,09 0,04 0,09 0,20 0,09 0,18

0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31 0,14 0,07 0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31

0,20 0,53 0,23 0,48 0,20 0,09 0,21 0,53 0,23 0,48

0,25 0,80 0,31 0,73 0,27 0,12 0,29 0,80 0,31 0,73

0,30 1,20 0,42 1,09 0,34 0,15 0,38 1,20 0,42 1,09

0,35 1,87 0,56 1,70 0,43 0,19 0,50 1,87 0,56 1,70

0,40 3,20 0,74 2,91 0,53 0,23 0,64 3,20 0,74 2,91

0,45 7,20 0,99 6,55 0,65 0,27 0,82 7,20 0,99 6,55

0,50 0,80 0,31 1,07

0,55 0,98 0,36 1,41

0,60 No sliding 1,20 0,42 1,92 No sliding

0,65 1,49 0,48 2,77

0,70 1,87 0,56 4,48

0,75 2,40 0,64 9,60

Cargo SecuringCargo SecuringComparison between the different guidelines for road transport


Number of Top-Over lashings to prevent slidingSideways Forward Backwards

IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN

µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1

0,05 100% 204% 110% 100% 200% 99% 100% 204% 110%

0,10 100% 212% 110% 100% 204% 97% 100% 212% 110%

0,15 100% 223% 110% 100% 208% 96% 100% 223% 110%

0,20 100% 237% 110% 100% 212% 94% 100% 237% 110%

0,25 100% 256% 110% 100% 217% 92% 100% 256% 110%

0,30 100% 286% 110% 100% 223% 89% 100% 286% 110%

0,35 100% 335% 110% 100% 229% 87% 100% 335% 110%

0,40 100% 434% 110% 100% 237% 83% 100% 434% 110%

0,45 100% 730% 110% 100% 246% 80% 100% 730% 110%

0,50 100% 256% 75%

0,55 100% 270% 69%

0,60 No sliding 100% 286% 63% No sliding

0,65 100% 307% 54%

0,70 100% 335% 42%

0,75 100% 375% 25%

Cargo SecuringCargo SecuringComparison between the different guidelines for road transport


SAFE IS ENOUGHSAFE IS ENOUGH!


SAFE ENOUGHSAFE ENOUGH!

IMO/ILO/UN ECEIMO/ILO/UN ECE(2001)(2001) EN 12195EN 12195--11

(Dec 2003)(Dec 2003)

Rev Rev prENprEN 1219512195--1 1 (Jan 2009)(Jan 2009)


Documents

IRU Comparasion IMO-CEN-rev CEN ver 2010-03-22 · • IMO/ILO/UN ECE Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s) with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards