Iodine Why you need it (presentation)

8/18/2019 Iodine Why you need it (presentation)

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―Don’t Take Iodine!


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Medical Iodophobia

“Medical iodophobia is the unwarranted

fear of using and recommending

inorganic, non-radioactive iodine/iodidewithin the range known from the

collective experience of three generations

of clinicians to be the safest and mosteffective amounts for treating symptoms

and signs of iodine/iodide deficiency

(12.5-50mg/day).”

Dr. G. Abraham, 2004


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Edgar Cayce

“There are only four elements in the body:

water, salt, soda and iodine.”

―If we have adequate amounts of these four

elements in balance, the body is fully capable ofcreating all other elements in the universe.‖


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• Both benign and malignant thyroid

nodules have significantly less iodine than

normal thyroid tissue

Thyroid Nodules and Iodine

Analyst. March 1995, Vol. 12

Benign thyroid nodules contain 56% of the iodine content as

compared to normal thyroid tissue

Malignant thyroid nodules contain 3% of the iodine content

as compared to normal thyroid tissue


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Periodic TablePeriodic Table


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Periodic TablePeriodic Table


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History of Iodine

• Discovered in 1811

• First used by Dr. William Prout (1816) inLondon

for a patient with goiter

J. Royal Soc. Of Med.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prout_William_painting.jpg


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History of Iodine

• In 1820, Coindet (Geneva) reported efficacy

in treating goiter

•

Recommended iodine preoperatively to diminishgoiter size and vascularity

• He encountered stiff opposition with opponents

claiming iodine was poisonous

•

Coindet would not leave his house for fear of beingstoned in the street!

J. Royal Soc. Of Med.


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History of Iodine

• Birth of western medicine

• Boussingault (1824) observed that goiter did

not occur at many silver mining sites

• The use of iodine for treating goiter was the

first time that a single item (iodine) was used

to treat a specific illness (goiter)


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Life Stage RDA

Adult Male 150 g/d

Adult Female 150 g/d

Pregnancy 220 g/d

Lactation 290 g/d

RDA for Iodine


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National Health and Nutrition

Survey

• 1971-2000 NHANES

showed iodine levels

declined 50% in theUnited States

U r

i n a r y i o d i n e l e v e l s µ g / d l

1970 2000

CDC


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Survey

• 1971-2000 NHANES showed iodine levelsdeclined 50% in the United States

• During this time, increased incidence of:• Thyroid illnesses (hypo, autoimmune,

cancer)

• Cancers of the breast, prostate,

endometrium and ovaries

• All of the above conditions can be causedby iodine deficiency.


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Survey (2)

• The proportion of the U.S. population

with moderate to severe iodine deficiency

(


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Severe Iodine Deficiency in

U.S. From 1970-2006

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

1970 1990 2005 2006 2011???

% Population Severely Iodine Deficient

NHANES CDC

Thyroid 2011. Vol. 21. Number 4, 2011


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FP News.

11.13.08

―More than

70% of women

with access to

dietary iodine

may remain at

risk for

unrecognizediodine

deficiency

during

pregnancy.‖


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Pregnancy and Iodine

• 16.8% of U.S. women of childbearing age

had urinary iodine concentrations


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The Importance of Ensuring

Optimal Prenatal Iodine Intake(1)

• Three groups of children

• Group 1: Supplemented with KI (200ug/day) at 4-6

weeks gestational age.• Group 2: Supplemented with KI (200ug/day)at 12-

14 weeks gestational age

• Group 3: No iodine supplementation during

gestation. Supplemented with 200ug/day afterdelivery

Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519

All children given a neurocognitive evaluation at 18 months

of age

All groups supplemented with KI until end of lactation.



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P e r c e n t i l e o f F T 4 a t t

e r m

Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519



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e r m

Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519



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e r m

Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519


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Mean IQ

Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519

Delayed neurobehavioral performance was observed in 36% of children in

group 3 and 25% of children in group 2 and none in group 1. ―A delay in

6-10 weeks in iodine supplementation of hypothyroxinemic mothers at the

beginning of gestation increases the risk of neurodevelopmental delay in

the progeny.‖

I

Q


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Iodine and IQ

• Meta-analysis of 18 studies

• Children and adolescents

• Found iodine deficiency associated with a

13.5 point lower IQ score in children and

adolescents

In Stanbury, JB (ed). The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency. N.Y. 1994pp. 195-2000


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Iodine and Immunity

• Iodine:

• Has been shown to increase the movement of

granulocytes into areas of inflammation

• Improves the phagocytosis of bacteria by

granuloyctes

• Improves ability of granulocytes to kill bacteria

Med Hyppothesis. 1988;25:125-9

Iodine has a major physiologic role in the inflammatory

process


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Iodine and Immunity

• Iodine has been used in various infectious

illnesses including:• Leprosy

• Sporotrichosis

• Syphilis

• Mycosis

• Tubercular granulomatious

Minerva Med. 198677:805-9

The positive effect of iodine is not related to a direct effect onthe microorganism.


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Iodine and Immunity

• Type 3 Deiodinase

• Catalyzes inactivation of T4 into rT3

• Releases an atom of I

• Expressed in granulocytes and

monocarboxylate transporter-8

•

Found at sites of inflammation

Endocrin. 2005;146:5128-34

J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278:40:128-35


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Why Iodine?

• Iodine deficiency is a worldwide problem

• Mental impairment, reduced intellectual

ability, ADD, autism• Goiter

• Infertility

•Increased risk of breast, prostate,endometrial, ovarian and other cancers


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Newborn Thyroid Gland

• Only holds a 24 hour reserve of iodine

• Fresh sources must be supplied in diet

Biochimie 1999, 81, 563-570

J. Pediat. Endocrin. Metabl. 2003, 16,521-28


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Breast Milk Iodine

• 47% of women sampled may be

providing insufficient iodine to meet

infants‟ requirements

J. Clin. Endocr. And Metab. 92: 1673-77


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Breast Milk and Iodine

• 13 breast feeding women

• Milk

• 12/13 (92%) had inadequate iodine inbreast milk

• 9/13 (69%) samples high in perchlorate

Env. Sci. and Tech. Vol. 42. No. 21. 2008

―…we were…dismayed to note that while little of the maternal

iodine (21%) finds its way to milk, the bulk of the perchlorate

intake ends up in milk.‖


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Milk and Iodine

• Between 1965 and 1980, U.S. milk iodine

content increased by 300-500%

• Changes in cattle feeds

• 1986, amount of organic iodine

ethylenediamine dihydroiodine (EDDI) in

cattle limited to 10mg/cow/day

J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 176:1119-1121


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Iodine Content of U.S. Dairy

Whole Milk

• 1978: 602µg/L

• 1990: 155µg/L

• Recent Measurements:


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Rapeseed and iodine

• When rapeseed fed to cows resulted in an

increased thiocyanite level

• Milk iodine reduced by 17%

• Similar results have been shown in pigs

Br. J. of Nutr. 85:659-70. 2001

Nat. Inst. of Animal Science. Foulum, Denmark. 19


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Why Iodine?

• 1.9 billion individuals world-wide estimated to have inadquateiodine nutrition

• WHO claims iodine deficiency is the world‟s greatest single causeof preventable mental retardation

• WHO estimates that there are 300,000,000 school-aged childrenworldwide who are iodine deficient (36% of school aged children)

• Over half of the population of Europe live in areas of iodinedeficiency

• 1/3 of the world‟s population live in an iodine deficient area

• 129 countries• Decreased childhood survival rate in iodine deficient areas

• Neonatal mortality declines over 50% when iodine deficiency is rectified

• 72% of world‟s population is affected by iodinedeficiency Lancet. 2003;362:1859-60

WHO

J. Clin. Endocrinand Metabl. 2007;92:437-442Anderson, M. 2007 Iodine deficiency in

Europe: a continuing public health problem.


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Why Iodine?

• 100 consecutive healthy pregnant

Bostonians

• 50% found to be below the RDA 220 µg/day

• 9% below 50 µg/day

• WHO recognizes as severe iodine deficiency

Thyroid 2004;14:327-


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Iodine and Autism

• As similar to the U.S., a pattern of iodine

decline in a population and a

concomitant increase in autism has beenseen in other countries

• England, New Zealand, Australia, Italy

BMJ. 2004;328:227

Arch. Des. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004. Sep;89(5):F436-9Med. J. Aust. 2003;178(4):159-162

Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003;12. Suppl. S15

BMJ Letters. 10.13.04. http://bmj.com/cgi/eletters/328/7433/226-c


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Iodine and ADD

• 16 women from iodine-deficient area of

Italy compared to 7 women from higher

iodine area• Pregnancy

• Women from iodine deficient area had:

• Reduced T4, decrease of FT4 with elevatedTSH in 50% of pregnant women

Clin. Endocr. 1995 APrl.;42(4):40


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“It is hypothesized that the imbalance of

maternal thyroid hormone homeostasis during

pregnancy as a consequence of endemic iodinedeficiency may be responsible for the impaired

psychoneurological development observed in

children from that area. Appropriate iodine

and/or thyroxine prophylaxis to women in thatregion may prevent the neurobehavioral,

cognitive and motor compromise of that

population.”

Iodine and ADD

Clin. Endocr. 1995 APrl.;42(4):40


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Iodine and ADD

• 16 Women living in a iodine-deficientarea versus 11 women living in an iodine-

sufficient area• 10 years follow-up

• ADHD diagnosed in 11/16 in iodine-deficient area versus 0/11 in iodine-sufficient area

• IQ lower in iodine-deficient area-- 88versus IQ of 99 in iodine-sufficient area

J. Clin. Endocr. 12/0


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CRETIN


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Iodine

Sufficient


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Iodine

Sufficient

Y th ANA


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Iodine Why you need it (presentation)