Investigation Of The Dynamic Transport Of Saharan Desert Dust With Laser Techniques

7/23/2019 Investigation Of The Dynamic Transport Of Saharan Desert Dust With Laser Techniques

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Clydfe yljbmu- Au{ly bklge{- Yehl{uj Cljylg{- L' glm b{alg-Lmllyydg Uu{mu''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 99>4 yl{dcme{d l{lvdgil Al{al{l Kmoevdgdg klyvgil xe Y{ljtlilaetilgl oemeg vem hemljeydgdg aeyeb{bmb`dj lglmdpd

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Y{jdteie ju{ljmj edmdame{dE{ylg Yu{ou-

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16/620

A_ yu{kdge wdyc {ev~efy yb wdgiv~eei

Xe{t lffu{lye wdgi ~bwe{ hb{eflvyv l{e geeiei dg b{ie{ yb b~ydadpe yce klmlgfdgo fbvyv dgl mdke{lmdpei ege{ot al{jey' Dg b{ie{ yb fbae lv fmbve yb {elm ~{biufydbg lffu{lyeaevbvflme abiemv l{e {e|ud{ei- kehb{e yce welyce{ hb{eflvyv l{e y{lgvhb{aei dgyb wdgiyu{kdge oege{lydbg hb{eflvyv wdyc edyce{ ~ctvdflm b{ vylydvydflm aeycbiv' Yce l~~{blfc dv yboey lv fmbve yb {elmdyt wdyc yce aevbvflme abiemv kehb{e uvdgo ~ctvdflm abiemv' Vydmm- ycefba~mesdyt lgi yce esy{eaemt hmufyulydgo wdgiv wdmm- hb{ ilt lceli hb{eflvy- ke lgbgobdgo fclmmegoe hb{ yce vefyb{' Veeg h{ba l fbaae{fdlm y{lidgo ~bdgy bh xdew bgmt~{eidfyei ~bwe{ dv abget wb{yc'

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17/620


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Hdou{e 6' Vfcealydf ievf{d~ydbg bh yce Fbg_s LGG hb{eflvydgo veyu~

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cdvveidmd{ vfljmjml{g bmiuu og vltml{ ce{ bg tmil 9 og fdxl{gil l{yaljyli{' Kul{y Al{al{l kmoevdgie >8 tmml{ l{lv Clpd{lg!Luvybv ltml{ bmlvmj ilma hbgjvdtbgugil

%4>l jl{ oemeg edj iee{me{ l$ Aljvdaua vfljmj- k$ Klm gea xe f$ Cdvveidmd{vfljmj'

l k fejdm 9' >8 tmml{ l{lv Clpd{lg!Luvybv ltml{ ddg tmiljd l$ %4> edj iee{d

oeeg cdvveidmd{ vfljmjml{g og vltml{gg iedda cp- k$ Vflj clxl ilmolml{ggvltvgg iedda cp xe f$ Vflj clxl ilmolml{gg og bml{lj tmmj b{ylmlal v{eme{dgdg

iedda cp'

Vflj clxl ilmol vltml{ cdvveidmd{ vfljmjml{g edj iee{d ly l{ij adgdaua ogbml{lj kemd{megadyd{' Ku geiegme ce{ dvylvtbgiljd vflj clxl ilmolml{ de{dvdgiejd ogvltv iedjegmdj ovye{aejyeid{' Vflj clxl ilmol vltml{giljd bg tmiljd iedda cpejdm 9k xe vflj clxl ilmolml{giljd b{ylmlal og vltml{gg bg tmiljd iedda cpml{

dve ejdm 9fie ovye{dmaejyeid{' Kmoegdg jupet klyvgilg oget ibuvugl ib{u vfljclxl ilmol vltml{gil ilcl hlpml l{yal edmdad xl{i{' Ku edmda bg tmil eg hlpml >'?


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fdxl{gili{' Ku il dmodmegdmeg ~e{dtbi de{dvdgie klmlgoylg vbgugl ib{u vflj clxlilmol vltml{gil tljmlj kd{ fdxl{gil kd{ l{yl jl{ oemaejyeid{' Kugug tlg v{l- vfljclxl ilmolvgiljd og vltml{ il ltg ejdmie oget ibutl ib{u l{y ovye{aejyeid{'Vflj clxl ilmolml{giljd og vltv bg tmil >> xe >> xe ;>>>8 tmgil dve vfljclxl ilmol vltv djd fdxl{gil bmvl il ilmolgg v{evd upugiu{' B{ylmlal bml{lj ;>>8tlpgil vflj clxl ilmolml{ 8 og fdxl{gil v{ay{' Oegem bml{lj 8 tmml{ l{lv Clpd{lg!Luvybv ltml{ ddg kmoeiejd ya dvylvtbgml{iljdb{ylmlal l$ %4> edj iee{d oeeg cdvveidmd{ vfljmjml{g og vltv- k$ Vflj clxlilmolml{gg vltv xe f$ Vflj clxl ilmolml{gg og bml{lj tmmj b{ylmlal v{eme{d'

YL[YDALKu lmalil vflj clxl ilmolml{ Vyelialg #>3$ tljmlaml{jummlgml{lj cevl~mlglg cdvveidmd{ vfljmjml{ilg yev~dy eidmadyd{' lmal kmoevd 6>bE

kbtmlagg klyvgil te{ lmlg Y{jdteid{' Al{al{l- Eoe- Kly Lglibmu xe KlyLjiegdp fb{lhd kmoeme{dgd ddge lmaljyli{' Eoe Kmoevdgiejd yb~b{lhdj tl~ pemmdjmeilml{g Eoe Iegdpd jtml{gl idj uplgalv iegdpvem djmdadg ilcl d jevdame{e


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vbjumalvgl dpdg xe{aejyeid{' V{lvtml- Aljvdaua vfljmj xe klm gea b{ylmlalml{ ;5!65bF xe %;4!%?; l{lmgil vet{eyaejyeid{' Jupetieg ogete ib{u vfljmjml{il l{y:

klm gea iee{me{dgie dve lplm aexfuyyu{' Edj iee{me{ ce{ dvylvtbgug bmlvmj ilmahbgjvdtbgu tl{iatml yev~dy eidmad xe %4> iee{d vedmadyd{' Edj iee{me{e jl{ oemegiee{me{ jl{lvlm dvylvtbgml{il ilma hbgjvdtbgugug ilcl klvj xe vylgil{y vl~alvgg

ilcl ktj bmiuugu ovye{aejyeid{' Ku geiegme edj iee{me{ dme b{ylmlalml{ l{lvgiljdhl{j ku dvylvtbgml{il eg tjvejyd{' Jtvlm e{dyye iegdpvem lmlgml{ dme jl{lvlm lmlgml{geyjdmedadgieg ibmlt vfljmj iedjegmdd ilcl jjy{'

Edj iee{d oeeg og vltml{gil ya kmoeie Kbpfllil dvylvtbgu cl{d kd{ l{y xl{i{'L{y kmoegdg ogetibuvugil eg hlpmli{ xe tljmlj 9 og fdxl{gili{' Yadvylvtbgml{g tmml{ klpgil b{ylmlalml{ og l{lvgili{' Aljvdaua iee{me{e ;>>< xe ;>>8 tmml{gilumlmay{' Vflj clxl ilmol vltml{ il edj iee{me{d llg og vltml{gg iedda cpgl

~l{lmem kd{ kmoevem ilma ovye{aejyeid{' Adgdaua iee{me{ kmoegdg jupet!klyvgilxe ilcl tjvej iee{me{ kmoegdg oget ibuvugil yev~dy eidmadyd{' Tmml{ klpgil

kmoevem b{ylmlal vflj clxl ilmol vltml{ ;>>> xe ;>>< tmml{gil eg tjvej iee{me{evlcd~yd{' Kugugml kd{mdjye vflj clxl ilmolml{gg b{ylmlal og vltv ;>>8 xe >80 Cely _lxev dg yce

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Aeecm O' L' xe F' Yeklmid- ;>>90 Ab{e Dgyegve- Ab{e H{e|uegy- lgi Mbgoe{ Mlvydgo Cely_lxev dg yce ;5- 449!44?'

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kmoeme{d bmauyu{' ^ljdvylg xe Lxuvy{lmtlil o{meg diieymd tl xe vem hemljeyd dme[uvtl- dg xe K{epdmtlil o{meg vflj clxl ilmolml{ xe ju{ljmj ;> tmgg eg geamdaeyeb{bmb`dj bmltml{i{';> tm- Y{jdteie eg vflj tm bml{lj jltieidmid' Vflj clxl

xe diieymd tlml{ [dpe- L{- Ltig xe E{pu{uail flg xe alm jltkgl geieg bmiu'Lgjl{lil ejvy{ea ktjmjye ibmu- ^bmlym dmevdgie dve ejvy{ea vllymdj diieymd tloe{ejmeyd'

Lglcyl{ Jemdaeme{0 Vflj tm- ju{ljmj- gea- diieymd tl- vem

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keeg fluvei mbvv bh mdhev lgi ~{b~e{ydev dg [dpe- L{- Ltig lgi E{pu{ua' Lg esy{eaecldm dv {efb{iei bxe{ Lgjl{l lgi lg cbu{mt esy{eae celxt {ldghlmm dv bffu{{ei dg ^bmlymidvy{dfy'

Jetwb{iv 0 _l{aevy tel{- i{buocy- cuadidyt- celxt {ldghlmm- hmbbi

O[Igtl pe{dgiejd vfljmg xe vu kucl{gg ilma- tl diieydgd kemd{meteg eg geamd

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Vu kucl{- igtlgg vu ex{dadgie geamd {bm btgl{- pd{l vu kucl{gg tbugmuu- kumuybmuuaugl- l{igilg tlau{ xe jl{ tlgl geieg bmu{' Ku tl- lyabvhe{iejd cl{ejeype{dgie geamd eyjdme{dtme kd{mdjye vgg l{jlvgilg k{ljm{'

Vflj y{b~djlm bjtlguvml{il kucl{mlalgg bmiuu Ejxlyb{ fdxl{giljd lmlg- eg ktj vu

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;> tm- >5 tmml{ dme kd{mdjye igtlil eg vflj tm bmauyu{ #ejdm tm- ;>' tptm b{ylmlalv bmlg '8; Fpe{dgieid{' ' tptm b{ylmlalvgg >'8> F pe{dgie bmu~-gf eg vflj tmi{'


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;> tm- Jupet Tl{aj{e kd{meyd{dmad jl{l xe bjtlguv tpet vfljmgil- ;>' tptmb{ylmlalvgg >'?6 F pe{dgie bmu~- eg vflj tmi{' Oget Tl{aj{e- kd{meyd{dmadj{evem jl{l xe bjtlguv tpet vfljmgil- ;>' tptm b{ylmlalvgg >'5< F pe{dgiebmu~- jltyml{il lmygf eg vflj tmi{'

;> tm- jl{l tpetd vfljmgil- jltyml{il djdgfd eg vflj tm bml{lj ;>>5 dme ltgi{ xe;>' tptm b{ylmlalvgg >'48 F pe{dgieid{' Jltyml{iljd eg vflj ~e{dtby- ;>' tptmb{ylmlalvgg >'44 F pe{dgie bmalj pe{e- ;>>? tmgil bmuauyu{'

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Tgyea xe ma hl{jmmjml{ bmalvgl {laeg igtlil xe Y{jdteie eg vflj tm ;>tm bml{lj cevl~mlgay{ #Ylkmb tmgiljd eggead clxl xe djmda bmltml{ #GBLL$ ylkmb ;ie xe{dmadyd{'


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Ylkmb ;' ;> Tmgil Igtliljd eg geamd clxl bmltml{V{l Bmlt Bmuua Plalg< [uvtl! Lx{u~l! Lvtl Dv Ilmolml{ Tlp; ;> Tm- jltyml{il eg vflj tml tljg Yljxda tm6 ^ljdvylg vemd Yeaaup vbgu!Luvybv9

Em Gdbgug Ml Gdltl igaB{yl!

Oe Jupet mjklcl{

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ilmolv lgbalmdvd #GBLL"EV[M$

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Ibu Lglibmu kmoevdgie- pemmdjme j aexvdadgdg mj oeaevd geiegdtme tmmj b{ylmlalvfljmj iee{me{d tjvej bmauyu{ #Ylkmb 9$' Ku{lil pemmdjme j aexvdadgie kmoepe{dgie eyjdmd bmlg vbuj jl{ljye{md Vdkd{tl tjvej klvg ae{jepdgdg eyjdmd bmlalio{maejyeid{'

Ylkmb 9'Ibu Lglibmu Kmoevdgiejd dm ae{jepme{dgdg ;> tm ltmj b{ylmlal vfljmjiee{me{dgdg gb{almme{dgieg #$ xe kd{ gfejd eg vflj tmilg hl{j #F$

m"Ltml{ < ; 6 9 5 8 ? 3 4 >< tm dve kmoe oegemdgie eg vflj djdgfd tmi{' Lglibmu kmoevdgie-

pemmdjme ;> tm Luvybv xe Etmm ltml{gil il- clxl vfljm gb{almme{dge o{e 6ie{efe ilcl vflj oeadyd{' Lgjl{l- Jbgtl- Gexecd{ xe Tbpoly fdxl{gil- ;> tmLuvybv ltgiljd ltmj b{ylmlal clxl vfljm- gb{almme{dgdg 9 dml 9-5 ie{efe pe{dgievet{eyadyd{' Lglibmu kmoevdgiejd tmmj b{ylmlal vfljmg tjvej bmalvgil- jltml{gg mj oeaevdgdg tlggil- tlp aexvdadgdg gb{almme{dge o{e ilcl vflj oeaevdeyjdmd bmauyu{'

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Ibu Lglibmu kmoevdgie gb{almme{dge o{e eg vflj ltml{- v{lvtml ukly- Bflj xe Al{yltml{ bmu{jeg- Lglibmu kmoevdgie ukly- L{lmj xe Luvybv- Y{jdte oegemdgie dveJlva- ukly xe L{lmj ltml{ bmauyu{'J xe tlp ltml{gil gb{almme{dge o{e- b{ylmlalvfljmjyljd ku l{y- ejvy{ea kd{ tm tllgalvgl geieg bmauyu{' Y{jdte oegemdgiegb{almme{dge o{e- Ejda lt ddg ve{dg- Gdvlg xe Clpd{lg ltml{ ddg gb{almme{d fdxl{gil-

ide{ ltml{ ddg dve- gb{almme{dgdg tm gb{almme{dge xe kd{ gfejd vflj tml o{e eg hlpml ly ovye{eg dmae{jepme{did{' Ce{ djd dm ae{jepd ie- gb{almme{dgieg 6-6 F xe kd{ gfejd eg vflj tmilg#;>> tmgil- Y{jdtegdg ie l{lml{gil kumugiuu Ogetibu Lx{u~l kmoevdgiejd

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ejdm 5' L{ #vbmil$- ;< Yeaaup ;> yl{dcdgie Cb{lvlg!Vlmjjtgiejd #vlil$ vem vbg{lv o{gyme{

8 Clpd{lg ;> Lgjl{l

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? Clpd{lg ;> Lgjl{l!^bmlymKd{ og gfe Lgjl{lil aetilgl oemeg ibmu clidvevdgd bmuyu{lg juxxeymd jl{l{vpmjl{yml{- kd{ og vbg{l Lgjl{lgg ^bmlym dmevdgie diieymd tll geieg bmauyu{ #ejdm?$' Kd{ vllyye #


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lmlgil mmaevd- pemmdjye oemefejyejd lmytl~ ~mlgmlalml{ lvgilg bmiujl geamdo{maejyeid{' diieymd tl vbgufugil kd{bj ex xe ejdmd lmlg vem vuml{gl al{upjlmay{'

ejdm ?' ? Clpd{lg ;> yl{dcdgie- ^bmlymil aetilgl oemeg diieymd tlg iljdjlmjlglmdpd #vfljmj!{pol{ cp xe tl diieyd$

;< Yeaaup ;> E{pu{ua!Cb{lvlg

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;? ie{efete xl{lg vfljmj xe >> c^l vexdtevdgiejd te{ klvgf- juxxeymd jl{l{vpmeyjdmeteg eg geamd geieg bmauyu{'

;8 Luvybv ;> [dpe;5 Luvybv ;> og klmltlg tl oefe diieydgd l{yy{a- vlklcl jlil{ iexla eyadxe vbgufugil ie{efete umllg vfljmj- ;9 ie{efete umllg dkl vfljm #gea$ xe juxxeymd Fkbmuuauiu{' Vdvyeae- Jl{liegdp pe{dgieg oemeg clxl il ievyej xe{adyd{' yl{dcdgie yl{dcdgie [dpeie aetilgl oemeg yb~{lj jltalv xe utiu o{gyv#> UYF$

Ejda ;> Ku{vl

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ejdm 4' Yejd{il xe Ltigil hl{jm yl{dcme{ie diieymd tlml{ml kd{mdjye mame{e geiegbmlg # L{lmj ;> >9>>UYF- Vbmil xe >? >395- Vlil$ kegpe{ AVO utiu

o{gyme{dVBGU;> tmgil jltieidmeg opmegad djmda lgbalmdme{d xe ylc{d~ eidfd clxl bmltml{- clmjg-cjaeyme{dg xe aeitlgg dmodvdgd- ejvy{ea clxl bmltml{g gapiejd tmml{il ilcl vjxe ilcl diieymd bml{lj o{~ o{aetefedadpd kdmae jbguvugil yeydjmeadyd{' Lgflj

oeadye xe pemmdjme vbg bg tmil tllglg lf yef{keme{ xe djmda kdmdafdme{dg b{yljmllylcadgme{dgdg #D^FF Hbu{yc Lvvevvaegy [e~b{y ~ukmdvcei dg ;>>?$ oe{ejmeaevd- kujbguiljd kejmegydme{d ie tjvemyadyd{

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vtvyeav- {bliv lgi k{dioev- flkme fbaaugdflydbgv lgi ege{ot vu~~mt alt clxe al`b{da~lfyv dg ye{av bh cualg mdxev lgi efbgbadf mbvvev'

Yce aeake{v bh yce lfydbgv {e~{evegy 0 [dvj algloeaegy ftfme

[evumyv h{ba yce lfydbg

Yce {evumyv h{ba FBVY lfydbg F


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Ly ~{evegy- l guake{ bh aeycbiv hb{ lglmtvdgo {dvjv bh yefcgbmbodflm vtvyeav ycly l{evudylkme hb{ clpl{i diegydhdflydbg lgi {dvj lvvevvaegy lmbgo wdyc yce f{dye{dl bh yced{vemefydbg l{e jgbwg hb{ yce idhhe{egy dgh{lvy{ufyu{ev' _dycdg F


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5' F{dydflm dgh{lvy{ufyu{ev ! vbae iehdgdydbgv

Iehdgdydbg Vbu{fe

F{dydflm dgh{lvy{ufyu{ev fbgvdvy bh ycbve ~ctvdflm lgi dghb{alydbg yefcgbmbot hlfdmdydev-

geywb{jv- ve{xdfev lgi lvveyv wcdfc- dh idv{u~yei b{ ievy{btei- wbumi clxe l ve{dbuv da~lfy

bg yce celmyc- vlheyt- vefu{dyt

EU

Vtvyeav lgi lvveyv- wceyce{ ~ctvdflm b{ xd{yulm- vb xdylm yb yce Ugdyei Vylyev ycly yce

dgfl~lfdyt b{ ievy{ufydbg bh vufc vtvyeav lgi lvveyv wbumi clxe l iekdmdylydgo da~lfy bg

vefu{dyt- glydbglm efbgbadf vefu{dyt- glydbglm ~ukmdf celmyc b{ vlheyt- b{ lgt fbakdglydbg bh

ycbve alyye{v'

UV !^ly{dby lfy

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UV!^FFD^

Glydbglm F{dydflm Dgh{lvy{ufyu{e {ehe{v yb ycbve ~ctvdflm lgi dghb{alydbg yefcgbmbot hlfdmdydev-

geywb{jv- ve{xdfev lgi lvveyv- ycly dh idv{u~yei b{ ievy{btei- wbumi clxe l ve{dbuv da~lfy bg

yce celmyc- vlheyt- vefu{dyt b{ efbgbadf wemm!kedgo bh Flglidlgv b{ yce ehhefydxe hugfydbgdgo

bh obxe{gaegyv dg Flglil'

Flglil

F{dydflm dgh{lvy{ufyu{e dv ycbve hlfdmdydev- ve{xdfev lgi dghb{alydbg vtvyeav wcdfc l{e vb xdylm

yb glydbgv ycly yced{ dgfl~lfdyt b{ ievy{ufydbg wbumi clxe l iekdmdylydgo da~lfy bg glydbglm

vefu{dyt- glydbglm efbgbat- ~ukmdf celmyc lgi vlheyt lgi yce ehhefydxe hugfydbgdgo bh yce

obxe{gaegy'

GLYB

B{olgdvlydbgv b{ dgvydyuydbgv wcdfc l{e bh evvegydlm da~b{ylgfe yb vbfdeyt- yce hldmu{e b{

idv{u~ydbg bh wcdfc wdmm fluve mbgo!ye{a kbyymegefjv dg yce vu~~mt fcldg b{ clxe byce{

i{lalydf fbgve|uegfev hb{ ml{oe vefydbgv bh yce ~b~umlydbg

Vwdype{!mlgi

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hb{ yce vbfdeyt ycly- dh idv{u~yei- wbumi clxe vuvyldgei dghmuegfe bg vu~~mt fcldgv lgi ~ukmdf

vlheyt lgi fbumi meli yb hu{yce{ i{lalydf fbgve|uegfev'

Oe{algt

Dgh{lvy{ufyu{ev l{e ieeaei f{dydflm dh ycet fbgvydyuye lg evvegydlm- dgidv~egvlkme hlfdmdyt hb{

vbfdeyt- lgi dh yced{ idv{u~ydbg wbumi {l~dimt k{dgo lkbuy l vylye bh eae{oegft b{ fbumi clxe

lixe{ve vbfdeylm ehhefyv dg yce mbgoe{ ye{a'

Geie{!mlgiv

Ycbve lvveyv- ve{xdfev lgi vtvyeav ycly vu~~b{y yce efbgbadf- ~bmdydflm lgi vbfdlm mdhe bh yce

UJ wcbve da~b{ylgfe dv vufc ycly lgt egyd{e b{ ~l{ydlm mbvv b{ fba~{badve fbumi0 fluve

ml{oe vflme mbvv bh mdhe- clxe l ve{dbuv da~lfy bg yce glydbglm efbgbat- clxe byce{ o{lxe

vbfdlm fbgve|uegfev hb{ yce fbaaugdyt b{ ke bh daaeidlye fbgfe{g yb yce glydbglmobxe{gaegy

UJ

F{dydflm dgh{lvy{ufyu{e dv ycbve lvveyv lgi vtvyeav wcdfc l{e evvegydlm yb u~cbmi yce f{dydflm

hugfydbgv bh yce vbfdeyt wcdfc loldg aeeyv yce klvdf geeiv bh vbfdeyt lgi yce heemdgo bh

vefu{dyt dg yce ~b~umlydbg' F{dydflm dgh{lvy{ufyu{e dgfmuiev yce hbmmbwdgo dgh{lvy{ufyu{ev0

emefy{df ~bwe{- emefy{bgdf fbaaugdflydbg- wlye{ lgi wlvyewlye{- y{lgv~b{y- bdm"olv lgi

vlyemmdye!klvei dgh{lvy{ufyu{e' F{dydflm vbfdeyt hugfydbgv dgfmuiev klgjdgo- hbbi- celmyc lgi

vbfdlm vefu{dyt ve{xdfev- ~bmdfe- {evfue lgi eae{oegft ve{xdfe- f{dvdv algloeaegy-

obxe{gaegy- fbu{y bh `uvydfe- iehegfe- egxd{bgaegylm abgdyb{dgo lgi wlvye algloeaegy'

Gb{wlt

DGY[BIUFYDBGYB[DVJLGLMTVDV

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lgi yb evydalye yce {dvj yb dgidxdiulmv b{ ~b~umlydbgv- ~{b~e{yt b{ yceegxd{bgaegy$- lgi

b [dvj exlmulydbg#^{bfevv dg wcdfc `uioaegyv l{e alie bg yce ybme{lkdmdytbh yce {dvj bg yce klvdv bh {dvj lglmtvdv lgi yljdgo dgyb lffbugy hlfyb{v vufclv vbfdb!efbgbadf lgi egxd{bgaegylm lv~efyv$

[dvj {eiufydbg"fbgy{bm #Iefdvdbg aljdgo- da~meaegylydbg lgi {dvj abgdyb{dgo$'


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Yce{e esdvyv gb fbaabg iehdgdydbg bh {dvj- kuy hb{ dgvylgfe DEF 6>>!6 iehdgev {dvj lv lfbakdglydbg bh yce h{e|uegft- b{ ~{bklkdmdyt- bh bffu{{egfe lgi yce fbgve|uegfe bh lv~efdhdei clpl{ibuv exegy' Abvy iehdgdydbgv fba~{dve yce emeaegyv bh ~{bklkdmdydev lgifbgve|uegfev' Cbwexe{- vbae lv Jmdgje lgi [egg #;>>;$ vuooevy l xe{t wdie iehdgdydbg-vylydgo0 [dvj {ehe{v yb yce ~bvvdkdmdyt ycly cualg lfydbgv b{ exegyv meli yb fbgve|uegfev

ycly lhhefy lv~efyv bh wcly cualgv xlmue' Vb yce ybylm {dvj fba~{dvev yce ~bvvdkdmdyt bh lguake{ #lmm$ ugwlgyei"clpl{ibuv exegyv' Dy dv ~l{y bh yce {dvj lglmtvdv yb iemdady wcdfcclpl{iv yb dgfmuie' Hu{yce{- {dvj {ehe{v yb yc{elyv dg yce huyu{e- dgxbmxdgo l cdoc ieo{ee bhugfe{yldgyt'

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^mlggdgo lgi

b{olgdvdgo

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lglmtvdv

[dvj

exlmulydbg

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ievd{lkme2

H{e|uegft

lglmtvdv

Lffe~ylkme2

_cly dvlffe~ylkme {dvj2

[dvj {eiufdgo

aelvu{ev

Gb

Tev

Hdou{e 5' [dvj Lglmtvdv lgi Lvvevvaegy ^{bfeiu{e

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lglmtvdv dv vu~~b{yei kt e'o' Hlumy y{ee lglmtvdv #HYL$- [emdlkdmdyt kmbfj idlo{lav #[KI$Dghmuegfe idlo{lav- HAEFL lgi uve bh [emdlkdmdyt ilyl vbu{fev' Yce fbgve|uegfelglmtvdv dv vu~~b{yei kt e'o'- Exegy y{ee lglmtvdv #EYL$- Fbgve|uegfe abiemv- Exlfulydbgabiemv- Hd{e ( es~mbvdbg abiemv- Abgye Fl{mb Vdaumlydbg abiemv- Cti{lumdf abiemv lgiY{lhhdf hmbw abiemv'

Yce{e esdvy vexe{lm vylgil{iv {emlyei yb {dvj lglmtvdv- vbae bh yceve l{e mdvyei kembw0

DEF8>6>>!6!40 [dvj lglmtvdv bh yefcgbmbodflm vtvyeav EG5>0 Vlheyt bh alfcdge{t [dvj lvvevvaegy EG5>


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bh yce iehdgdydbg' Dg yce hbmmbwdgo we wdmm l{oue dg yce mdgev bh Jl~mlg #


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yce {dvj mexem- lgi we vcbumi vydfj yb yce cdvyb{dflm {dvj mexem wceg yce [LFv l{eevylkmdvcei' Cbwexe{- vdgfe yce gew lfydxdyt uvulmmt dv gby e|ulm yb yce cdvyb{dflm lfydxdytwdyc {ev~efy yb kegehdyv lgi byce{ dgfbgxegdegfev- yce cdvyb{dflm {dvj adocy gby ke xe{t{emexlgy' Yce idvfuvvdbg lkbuy wceyce{ es~mdfdy [LFv vcbumi ke uvei dg yce {dvjalgloeaegy ~{bfevv dv gby ~u{vuei hu{yce{ dg ycdv {e~b{y'

5' FBGFMUVDBGV- JGB_MEIOE OL^V LGI HUYU[E [EVEL[FC GEEIV

Yce wb{j dg FBVY lfydbg F


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Jl~mlg' V'

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JMALYBMB@J XE AEYEB[BMB@J LHEYME[ XEVOB[YLFDMDJ

Au{ly Y[JExe Plcdie LFL[ IEGP

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e{jeg utl{ml{ odkd edymd etmea xe eyjdgmdjme{ vdob{ylfmj vejy{ lvgilg geamdid{' Kugeiegme- pemmdjme djmda ieddjmdd xe ju{ljmj bmltml{g il de{eg djmdavem iedekdmd{mdexe"tl iblm lheyme{e jl{ iutl{m #eyjdmegekdmd{mdd tjvej$ bmlg mje xe kmoeme{ie- lheyjl~vla oegdmeydmaemdid{' Ku e{exeie- lmalgg klmfl lalf- jmdalybmb`dj xeaeyeb{bmb`dj lheyme{d vghmlgi{l{lj jvl kd{ iee{megid{aevdgd tl~alj xe ku lheyme{d iejl~vltlg tegd kd{ lhey vdob{ylfm vdvyeadge bmlg oe{ejvdgdae idjjly ejaejyd{'

Lglcyl{ Jemdaeme{0 Jmdalybmb`dj xe aeyeb{bmb`dj lheyme{: ju{ljmj: h{yglml{- vem xeyljgml{: vdob{ylfmj'

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kd{ mje tl~ay{'

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ex{e {dvjme{dtme kd{mdjye pb{ugmu ex{e vb{uamumuj vdob{ylvgg bmuyu{umalv geamdid{'Ogapie kd{bj vdob{yl d{jeydgdg ku yd~ vb{uamumuj {dvjme{dgd vdob{yl jl~vlagl lmaljdvyeaetefed idjjlye lmggfl- pb{ugmu ex{e vb{uamumuj vdob{ylvgl iutumlg oe{ejvdgdadgl{ylfl o{m{ #^lauju xe Kmjkl- ;>>5$' Vdob{yl d{jeyme{d- {dvjmd lmlgml{iljdvb{uamumujml{gg almdteydgd vdob{yl ~{dame{dge tlgvy{' d{jeyme{ l{lvgiljd {ejlkey xebmltg oe{ejmeae bmlvm- clvl{g vdob{yl d{jeydge bmlg almdteyd xe vdob{ylmlglflj{gg ~{dadgd kemd{meaeie eyjdmd bmu{ #Meafje- ;>>6: cyy~0""www'augdfc{e' fba:cyy~0""www'vwdvv{e'fba$' Ku iu{uail- iexmeydg ailclmevd gea yl{'

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