-
Inha University, KOREA ()Chul-Un Ro ( )
-
Characterization of various airborne aerosol particles
Development of single particle analytical techniquesOur
worksCOMBINED APPLICATION OF SINGLE PARTICLE ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES
-
Why aerosol characterization?*Atmospheric aerosol particles
influence ecosystems, global climate change, human health, cultural
heritage,
-
Ambient aerosols = complex heterogeneous mixtures of natural and
anthropogenic particlesProduction, growth, reaction, and removal of
atmospheric aerosols individually* better to apply single particle
analytical techniques for the characterization of physicochemical
properties of atmospheric aerosol particlesSingle particle
characterization
-
Combined use of single particle analytical techniques for
characterization of the same particle ensemble
-
Long range transport of Asian dust(ex) Asian dust event occurred
on Apr. 15, 1998
-
Chemical modification of Asian dust during long range
transport1. Single-Particle Characterization of Four Asian Dust
Samples Collected in Korea, Using Low-Z Particle EPMA, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 39, 1409-1419 (2005)
2. Single-particle characterization of four aerosol samples
collected in ChunCheon, Korea, during Asian Dust Storm events in
2002, J. Geophys. Res.,110, D23201 (2005)
3. Direct observation of nitrate and sulfate formations from
mineral dust and sea-salts using low-Z particle EPMA, Atmos.
Environ., 40, 3869-3880 (2006)
4. Single-particle characterization of aerosol samples collected
before and during an Asian dust storm in Chuncheon, Korea, Atmos.
Environ., 42, 87388746 (2008)
5. Elevated nitrogen-containing particles observed in Asian dust
aerosol samples collected at the marine boundary layer of the Bohai
Sea and the Yellow Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6933-6947 (2009)
6. Investigation of the Chemical Mixing State of Individual
Asian Dust Particles by the Combined Use of EPMA and Raman
Microspectrometry, Anal. Chem., 84, 3145-3154 (2012)
7. Investigation of aged Asian dust particles by the combined
use of quantitative ED-EPMA and ATR-FTIR imaging, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 13, 3463-3480 (2013)
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Single Particle Analytical Techniques low-Z particle EPMA
(Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis) Single particle analysis of
(sub)micrometer particles with high resolution images and elemental
X-ray analysis Size, shapefrom secondaryelectron
imageSEM/EDX(scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray
detector)Chemical compositionsfrom X-ray spectrum
-
Illustrative Example of Single Particle Analysis Using Low-Z
particle EPMANa : N : O = 1 : 1 : 3 NaNO3 particle from NaCl + HNO3
NaNO3 + HClNitrate-type particleSea-salt-type particleNa : Cl = 1 :
1 genuine sea-salt particle atomic conc. (%) N 17.2 O 56.8 Na 19.4
S 2.3 Cl 2.8 K 0.4 Ca 0.9atomic conc. (%) O 5.3 Na 45.5 Cl 49.2
1 (m
Salt
75
5255
1744
1
1
158
71
41
53
61
70
56
45
51
34
37
22
22
34
34
49
38
53
80
137
192
166
137
87
61
24
34
45
48
35
46
43
42
53
61
78
51
88
99
99
125
187
288
680
1047
1664
1761
1524
945
459
190
83
41
51
42
41
52
52
42
36
40
41
41
41
44
62
65
58
80
53
53
38
26
32
38
26
27
28
29
35
35
39
39
27
24
41
34
30
24
30
23
18
13
28
28
26
24
25
35
25
29
19
23
24
27
29
17
23
28
40
31
46
38
58
51
49
65
68
97
175
310
485
772
1048
1116
986
730
465
249
128
70
83
96
114
139
119
77
45
33
22
18
18
13
11
14
7
15
10
18
16
12
6
14
8
9
9
16
20
10
16
10
14
14
14
14
11
6
11
15
16
10
11
12
16
13
14
12
13
12
19
9
7
9
11
7
7
11
9
13
11
8
10
6
7
8
9
10
10
6
4
6
2
5
6
4
8
7
5
13
12
8
8
5
5
2
10
4
5
7
12
8
4
7
6
5
4
4
5
7
6
5
2
7
8
5
6
4
10
5
8
7
10
2
3
10
7
7
9
6
2
6
6
4
3
6
5
4
9
5
5
5
7
4
5
6
1
8
3
5
5
9
6
4
6
4
3
2
7
5
3
5
3
1
3
4
5
2
2
6
2
5
6
4
4
4
2
7
5
3
4
1
6
3
2
3
2
7
5
4
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
1
1
2
1
1
5
3
5
3
1
4
3
2
3
1
3
5
1
2
3
4
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
6
3
4
1
1
1
3
2
3
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
&A
Page &P
Cl
C
O
Na
Al
Energy (keV)
Intensity
Nitrate
5371
1618
1
1
165
71
24
24
24
31
32
39
48
44
43
69
108
128
168
185
206
249
545
891
1214
1248
901
453
176
51
35
28
19
18
41
28
28
39
29
25
30
41
50
63
64
114
184
417
699
981
1096
918
577
274
99
51
27
25
33
36
34
40
30
30
23
27
37
54
68
104
163
205
199
193
131
73
42
36
22
22
23
22
27
31
23
19
24
24
19
17
18
20
22
30
21
12
19
14
15
11
17
24
22
19
24
28
23
24
26
50
73
98
89
102
95
54
31
33
33
16
28
18
34
25
33
63
85
112
101
101
75
52
23
27
13
13
14
20
21
23
16
21
7
13
15
7
8
8
6
7
5
13
12
7
12
15
13
13
10
18
8
26
23
19
18
8
11
12
8
11
4
6
3
6
6
5
7
15
16
17
22
23
39
23
16
20
13
10
9
11
1
6
9
5
14
4
6
13
6
14
8
8
7
6
7
7
5
5
10
5
2
8
6
2
1
7
3
3
6
9
4
5
3
6
3
5
1
2
1
4
5
9
6
4
6
5
4
2
6
3
4
8
6
2
3
2
4
2
6
2
9
3
2
6
4
5
2
6
4
3
3
4
1
1
5
4
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
1
1
1
3
7
3
1
4
1
1
2
4
4
3
3
5
4
1
6
3
1
4
3
3
6
4
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
4
3
4
1
1
7
2
1
5
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
7
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
3
1
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
4
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
&A
Page &P
Cl
N
O
Na
Al
Ca
K
S
76
Energy (keV)
Intensity
Data
0.018750.01876
0.03952550.0395371
0.05917440.0591618
0.07910.0791
0.09910.0991
0.1191580.119165
0.14710.1471
0.16410.1624
0.18530.1824
0.2610.224
0.22700.2231
0.241560.24132
0.261450.26139
0.281510.28148
0.301340.30144
0.322370.32243
0.342220.34269
0.362220.362108
0.382340.382128
0.402340.402168
0.423490.423185
0.443380.443206
0.463530.463249
0.483800.483545
0.5031370.503891
0.5241920.5241214
0.5441660.5441248
0.5641370.564901
0.584870.584453
0.604610.604176
0.625240.62551
0.645340.64535
0.665450.66528
0.685480.68519
0.705350.70518
0.726460.72641
0.746430.74628
0.766420.76628
0.786530.78639
0.806610.80629
0.827780.82725
0.847510.84730
0.867880.86741
0.887990.88750
0.908990.90863
0.9281250.92864
0.9481870.948114
0.9682880.968184
0.9886800.988417
1.00910471.009699
1.02916641.029981
1.04917611.0491096
1.06915241.069918
1.0899451.089577
1.114591.11274
1.131901.1399
1.15831.1551
1.17411.1727
1.19511.1925
1.211421.21133
1.231411.23136
1.251521.25134
1.271521.27140
1.291421.29130
1.312361.31230
1.332401.33223
1.352411.35227
1.372411.37237
1.393411.39354
1.413441.41368
1.433621.433104
1.453651.453163
1.473581.473205
1.494801.494199
1.514531.514193
1.534531.534131
1.554381.55473
1.574261.57442
1.595321.59536
1.615381.61522
1.635261.63522
1.655271.65523
1.675281.67522
1.696291.69627
1.716351.71631
1.736351.73623
1.756391.75619
1.776391.77624
1.797271.79724
1.817241.81719
1.837411.83717
1.857341.85718
1.877301.87720
1.898241.89822
1.918301.91830
1.938231.93821
1.958181.95812
1.979131.97919
1.999281.99914
2.019282.01915
2.039262.03911
2.059242.05917
2.08252.0824
2.1352.122
2.12252.1219
2.14292.1424
2.16192.1628
2.181232.18123
2.201242.20124
2.221272.22126
2.241292.24150
2.261172.26173
2.282232.28298
2.302282.30289
2.322402.322102
2.342312.34295
2.362462.36254
2.383382.38331
2.403582.40333
2.423512.42333
2.443492.44316
2.464652.46428
2.484682.48418
2.504972.50434
2.5241752.52425
2.5443102.54433
2.5654852.56563
2.5857722.58585
2.60510482.605112
2.62511162.625101
2.6459862.645101
2.6667302.66675
2.6864652.68652
2.7062492.70623
2.7261282.72627
2.746702.74613
2.767832.76713
2.787962.78714
2.8071142.80720
2.8271392.82721
2.8471192.84723
2.868772.86816
2.888452.88821
2.908332.9087
2.928222.92813
2.948182.94815
2.969182.9697
2.989132.9898
3.009113.0098
3.029143.0296
3.0573.057
3.07153.075
3.09103.0913
3.11183.1112
3.13163.137
3.151123.15112
3.17163.17115
3.191143.19113
3.21183.21113
3.23193.23110
3.25293.25218
3.272163.2728
3.292203.29226
3.312103.31223
3.332163.33219
3.353103.35318
3.373143.3738
3.393143.39311
3.413143.41312
3.433143.4338
3.454113.45411
3.47463.4744
3.494113.4946
3.514153.5143
3.535163.5356
3.555103.5556
3.575113.5755
3.595123.5957
3.615163.61515
3.636133.63616
3.656143.65617
3.676123.67622
3.696133.69623
3.716123.71639
3.737193.73723
3.75793.75716
3.77773.77720
3.79793.79713
3.817113.81710
3.83873.8389
3.85873.85811
3.878113.8781
3.89893.8986
3.918133.9189
3.939113.9395
3.95983.95914
3.979103.9794
3.99963.9996
4.01974.01913
4.0484.046
4.0694.0614
4.08104.088
4.1104.18
4.12164.1217
4.14144.1416
4.16164.1617
4.18124.1817
4.20154.2015
4.22264.2225
4.24244.24210
4.26284.2625
4.28274.2822
4.30254.3028
4.323134.3236
4.343124.3432
4.36384.3631
4.38384.3837
4.40354.4033
4.42454.4243
4.44424.4446
4.464104.4649
4.48444.4844
4.50454.5045
4.52574.5253
4.545124.5456
4.56584.5653
4.58544.5855
4.60674.6061
4.62664.6262
4.64654.6461
4.66644.6664
4.68644.6865
4.70754.7079
4.72774.7276
4.74764.7474
4.76754.7676
4.78724.7875
4.80874.8084
4.82884.8282
4.84854.8486
4.86864.8683
4.88844.8884
4.909104.9098
4.92954.9296
4.94984.9492
4.96974.9693
4.989104.9892
5.0125.014
5.0335.032
5.05105.056
5.0775.072
5.0975.099
5.11195.1113
5.13165.1312
5.15125.1516
5.17165.1714
5.19265.1925
5.21245.2122
5.23235.2326
5.25265.2524
5.27255.2723
5.29345.2933
5.31395.3134
5.33355.3331
5.35355.3531
5.37355.3735
5.39475.3944
5.41445.4142
5.43455.4344
5.45465.4542
5.47415.4742
5.49585.4952
5.51535.5153
5.53555.5352
5.55555.5552
5.57595.5754
5.59665.5962
5.61645.6161
5.63665.6361
5.65645.6561
5.67735.6773
5.69725.6977
5.71775.7173
5.73755.7371
5.75735.7574
5.77855.7781
5.79835.7981
5.81815.8182
5.83835.8384
5.85845.8584
5.87955.8793
5.89925.8993
5.91925.9195
5.93965.9394
5.95925.9591
5.9855.986
6663
6.0246.021
6.0446.044
6.0646.063
6.08126.0813
6.10176.1016
6.12156.1214
6.14136.1411
6.16246.1622
6.18216.1822
6.20266.2022
6.22236.2223
6.24226.2421
6.26336.2632
6.28326.2834
6.30376.3033
6.32356.3234
6.34346.3431
6.36426.3641
6.38436.3847
6.40416.4042
6.42436.4241
6.44416.4445
6.46546.4651
6.48546.4851
6.50516.5052
6.52516.5251
6.54526.5451
6.56616.5663
6.58616.5861
6.60656.6063
6.62636.6262
6.64656.6461
6.66736.6672
6.68716.6871
6.70746.7071
6.72736.7271
6.74826.7481
6.76836.7681
6.78816.7887
6.80836.8082
6.82856.8282
6.84916.8491
6.86926.8692
6.88936.8891
6.90946.9091
6.92936.9292
6.9516.951
6.9736.971
6.9926.991
7.0137.014
7.0327.031
7.05137.0511
7.07127.0713
7.09127.0911
7.11167.1115
7.13137.1311
7.15247.1521
7.17217.1721
7.19217.1921
7.21217.2123
7.23337.2331
7.25327.2532
7.27337.2731
7.29317.2931
7.31317.3132
7.33427.3341
7.35437.3542
7.37437.3742
7.39427.3943
7.41417.4141
7.43517.4354
7.45517.4551
7.47517.4751
7.49517.4952
7.51527.5151
7.53617.5363
7.55617.5561
7.57637.5762
7.59627.5961
7.61617.6163
7.63717.6371
7.65727.6574
7.67717.6771
7.69717.6971
7.71717.7171
7.73817.7381
7.75817.7581
7.77847.7781
7.79817.7981
7.81927.8191
7.83917.8391
7.85937.8591
7.87917.8793
7.89917.8992
7.9237.921
7.9417.941
7.9617.961
7.9817.982
8181
8.02118.0211
8.04118.0411
8.06158.0611
8.08128.0811
8.10118.1011
8.12218.1221
8.14218.1421
8.16218.1622
8.18218.1821
8.20218.2021
8.22318.2231
8.24318.2431
8.26318.2631
8.28318.2831
8.30418.3041
8.32418.3241
8.34428.3441
8.36448.3642
8.38428.3841
8.40538.4052
8.42518.4251
8.44518.4451
8.46528.4651
8.48518.4852
8.50618.5061
8.52618.5261
8.54618.5461
8.56618.5661
8.58618.5861
8.60718.6072
8.62718.6271
8.64718.6471
8.66718.6671
8.68718.6871
8.70818.7081
8.72818.7281
8.74818.7482
8.76818.7681
8.78818.7881
8.80918.8092
8.82918.8291
8.84918.8491
8.86918.8691
8.8918.891
8.9118.912
8.9318.931
8.9518.953
8.9718.971
8.99118.9911
9.01119.0112
9.03119.0313
9.05119.0511
9.07119.0711
9.09219.0921
9.11219.1121
9.13219.1321
9.15219.1521
9.17219.1721
9.19319.1931
9.21319.2131
9.23319.2331
9.25319.2531
9.27319.2731
9.29419.2941
9.31419.3141
9.33419.3341
9.35419.3541
9.37519.3751
9.39519.3951
9.41519.4151
9.43519.4351
9.45519.4551
9.47619.4761
9.49629.4961
9.51619.5161
9.53619.5361
9.55629.5561
9.57719.5771
9.59719.5971
9.61729.6171
9.63719.6371
9.65719.6571
9.67819.6781
9.69819.6981
9.71819.7181
9.73819.7381
9.75819.7581
9.77919.7791
9.79919.7991
9.81919.8191
9.83919.8391
9.85919.8591
9.8819.881
9.919.91
9.9219.921
9.9419.941
9.96119.9611
9.98119.9811
10.001110.0011
10.021110.0211
10.041110.0411
10.062110.0621
10.082110.0821
10.102110.1021
10.122110.1221
10.142110.1421
10.163110.1631
10.183110.1831
10.203110.2031
10.223110.2231
10.243110.2431
10.264110.2641
10.284110.2841
10.304110.3041
10.324110.3241
11
&A
Page &P
Salt
75
5255
1744
1
1
158
71
41
53
61
70
56
45
51
34
37
22
22
34
34
49
38
53
80
137
192
166
137
87
61
24
34
45
48
35
46
43
42
53
61
78
51
88
99
99
125
187
288
680
1047
1664
1761
1524
945
459
190
83
41
51
42
41
52
52
42
36
40
41
41
41
44
62
65
58
80
53
53
38
26
32
38
26
27
28
29
35
35
39
39
27
24
41
34
30
24
30
23
18
13
28
28
26
24
25
35
25
29
19
23
24
27
29
17
23
28
40
31
46
38
58
51
49
65
68
97
175
310
485
772
1048
1116
986
730
465
249
128
70
83
96
114
139
119
77
45
33
22
18
18
13
11
14
7
15
10
18
16
12
6
14
8
9
9
16
20
10
16
10
14
14
14
14
11
6
11
15
16
10
11
12
16
13
14
12
13
12
19
9
7
9
11
7
7
11
9
13
11
8
10
6
7
8
9
10
10
6
4
6
2
5
6
4
8
7
5
13
12
8
8
5
5
2
10
4
5
7
12
8
4
7
6
5
4
4
5
7
6
5
2
7
8
5
6
4
10
5
8
7
10
2
3
10
7
7
9
6
2
6
6
4
3
6
5
4
9
5
5
5
7
4
5
6
1
8
3
5
5
9
6
4
6
4
3
2
7
5
3
5
3
1
3
4
5
2
2
6
2
5
6
4
4
4
2
7
5
3
4
1
6
3
2
3
2
7
5
4
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
1
1
2
1
1
5
3
5
3
1
4
3
2
3
1
3
5
1
2
3
4
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
6
3
4
1
1
1
3
2
3
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
&A
Page &P
Cl
C
O
Na
Al
Energy (keV)
Intensity
Nitrate
5371
1618
1
1
165
71
24
24
24
31
32
39
48
44
43
69
108
128
168
185
206
249
545
891
1214
1248
901
453
176
51
35
28
19
18
41
28
28
39
29
25
30
41
50
63
64
114
184
417
699
981
1096
918
577
274
99
51
27
25
33
36
34
40
30
30
23
27
37
54
68
104
163
205
199
193
131
73
42
36
22
22
23
22
27
31
23
19
24
24
19
17
18
20
22
30
21
12
19
14
15
11
17
24
22
19
24
28
23
24
26
50
73
98
89
102
95
54
31
33
33
16
28
18
34
25
33
63
85
112
101
101
75
52
23
27
13
13
14
20
21
23
16
21
7
13
15
7
8
8
6
7
5
13
12
7
12
15
13
13
10
18
8
26
23
19
18
8
11
12
8
11
4
6
3
6
6
5
7
15
16
17
22
23
39
23
16
20
13
10
9
11
1
6
9
5
14
4
6
13
6
14
8
8
7
6
7
7
5
5
10
5
2
8
6
2
1
7
3
3
6
9
4
5
3
6
3
5
1
2
1
4
5
9
6
4
6
5
4
2
6
3
4
8
6
2
3
2
4
2
6
2
9
3
2
6
4
5
2
6
4
3
3
4
1
1
5
4
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
1
1
1
3
7
3
1
4
1
1
2
4
4
3
3
5
4
1
6
3
1
4
3
3
6
4
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
4
3
4
1
1
7
2
1
5
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
7
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
3
1
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
4
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
&A
Page &P
Cl
N
O
Na
Al
Ca
K
S
76
Energy (keV)
Intensity
Data
0.018750.01876
0.03952550.0395371
0.05917440.0591618
0.07910.0791
0.09910.0991
0.1191580.119165
0.14710.1471
0.16410.1624
0.18530.1824
0.2610.224
0.22700.2231
0.241560.24132
0.261450.26139
0.281510.28148
0.301340.30144
0.322370.32243
0.342220.34269
0.362220.362108
0.382340.382128
0.402340.402168
0.423490.423185
0.443380.443206
0.463530.463249
0.483800.483545
0.5031370.503891
0.5241920.5241214
0.5441660.5441248
0.5641370.564901
0.584870.584453
0.604610.604176
0.625240.62551
0.645340.64535
0.665450.66528
0.685480.68519
0.705350.70518
0.726460.72641
0.746430.74628
0.766420.76628
0.786530.78639
0.806610.80629
0.827780.82725
0.847510.84730
0.867880.86741
0.887990.88750
0.908990.90863
0.9281250.92864
0.9481870.948114
0.9682880.968184
0.9886800.988417
1.00910471.009699
1.02916641.029981
1.04917611.0491096
1.06915241.069918
1.0899451.089577
1.114591.11274
1.131901.1399
1.15831.1551
1.17411.1727
1.19511.1925
1.211421.21133
1.231411.23136
1.251521.25134
1.271521.27140
1.291421.29130
1.312361.31230
1.332401.33223
1.352411.35227
1.372411.37237
1.393411.39354
1.413441.41368
1.433621.433104
1.453651.453163
1.473581.473205
1.494801.494199
1.514531.514193
1.534531.534131
1.554381.55473
1.574261.57442
1.595321.59536
1.615381.61522
1.635261.63522
1.655271.65523
1.675281.67522
1.696291.69627
1.716351.71631
1.736351.73623
1.756391.75619
1.776391.77624
1.797271.79724
1.817241.81719
1.837411.83717
1.857341.85718
1.877301.87720
1.898241.89822
1.918301.91830
1.938231.93821
1.958181.95812
1.979131.97919
1.999281.99914
2.019282.01915
2.039262.03911
2.059242.05917
2.08252.0824
2.1352.122
2.12252.1219
2.14292.1424
2.16192.1628
2.181232.18123
2.201242.20124
2.221272.22126
2.241292.24150
2.261172.26173
2.282232.28298
2.302282.30289
2.322402.322102
2.342312.34295
2.362462.36254
2.383382.38331
2.403582.40333
2.423512.42333
2.443492.44316
2.464652.46428
2.484682.48418
2.504972.50434
2.5241752.52425
2.5443102.54433
2.5654852.56563
2.5857722.58585
2.60510482.605112
2.62511162.625101
2.6459862.645101
2.6667302.66675
2.6864652.68652
2.7062492.70623
2.7261282.72627
2.746702.74613
2.767832.76713
2.787962.78714
2.8071142.80720
2.8271392.82721
2.8471192.84723
2.868772.86816
2.888452.88821
2.908332.9087
2.928222.92813
2.948182.94815
2.969182.9697
2.989132.9898
3.009113.0098
3.029143.0296
3.0573.057
3.07153.075
3.09103.0913
3.11183.1112
3.13163.137
3.151123.15112
3.17163.17115
3.191143.19113
3.21183.21113
3.23193.23110
3.25293.25218
3.272163.2728
3.292203.29226
3.312103.31223
3.332163.33219
3.353103.35318
3.373143.3738
3.393143.39311
3.413143.41312
3.433143.4338
3.454113.45411
3.47463.4744
3.494113.4946
3.514153.5143
3.535163.5356
3.555103.5556
3.575113.5755
3.595123.5957
3.615163.61515
3.636133.63616
3.656143.65617
3.676123.67622
3.696133.69623
3.716123.71639
3.737193.73723
3.75793.75716
3.77773.77720
3.79793.79713
3.817113.81710
3.83873.8389
3.85873.85811
3.878113.8781
3.89893.8986
3.918133.9189
3.939113.9395
3.95983.95914
3.979103.9794
3.99963.9996
4.01974.01913
4.0484.046
4.0694.0614
4.08104.088
4.1104.18
4.12164.1217
4.14144.1416
4.16164.1617
4.18124.1817
4.20154.2015
4.22264.2225
4.24244.24210
4.26284.2625
4.28274.2822
4.30254.3028
4.323134.3236
4.343124.3432
4.36384.3631
4.38384.3837
4.40354.4033
4.42454.4243
4.44424.4446
4.464104.4649
4.48444.4844
4.50454.5045
4.52574.5253
4.545124.5456
4.56584.5653
4.58544.5855
4.60674.6061
4.62664.6262
4.64654.6461
4.66644.6664
4.68644.6865
4.70754.7079
4.72774.7276
4.74764.7474
4.76754.7676
4.78724.7875
4.80874.8084
4.82884.8282
4.84854.8486
4.86864.8683
4.88844.8884
4.909104.9098
4.92954.9296
4.94984.9492
4.96974.9693
4.989104.9892
5.0125.014
5.0335.032
5.05105.056
5.0775.072
5.0975.099
5.11195.1113
5.13165.1312
5.15125.1516
5.17165.1714
5.19265.1925
5.21245.2122
5.23235.2326
5.25265.2524
5.27255.2723
5.29345.2933
5.31395.3134
5.33355.3331
5.35355.3531
5.37355.3735
5.39475.3944
5.41445.4142
5.43455.4344
5.45465.4542
5.47415.4742
5.49585.4952
5.51535.5153
5.53555.5352
5.55555.5552
5.57595.5754
5.59665.5962
5.61645.6161
5.63665.6361
5.65645.6561
5.67735.6773
5.69725.6977
5.71775.7173
5.73755.7371
5.75735.7574
5.77855.7781
5.79835.7981
5.81815.8182
5.83835.8384
5.85845.8584
5.87955.8793
5.89925.8993
5.91925.9195
5.93965.9394
5.95925.9591
5.9855.986
6663
6.0246.021
6.0446.044
6.0646.063
6.08126.0813
6.10176.1016
6.12156.1214
6.14136.1411
6.16246.1622
6.18216.1822
6.20266.2022
6.22236.2223
6.24226.2421
6.26336.2632
6.28326.2834
6.30376.3033
6.32356.3234
6.34346.3431
6.36426.3641
6.38436.3847
6.40416.4042
6.42436.4241
6.44416.4445
6.46546.4651
6.48546.4851
6.50516.5052
6.52516.5251
6.54526.5451
6.56616.5663
6.58616.5861
6.60656.6063
6.62636.6262
6.64656.6461
6.66736.6672
6.68716.6871
6.70746.7071
6.72736.7271
6.74826.7481
6.76836.7681
6.78816.7887
6.80836.8082
6.82856.8282
6.84916.8491
6.86926.8692
6.88936.8891
6.90946.9091
6.92936.9292
6.9516.951
6.9736.971
6.9926.991
7.0137.014
7.0327.031
7.05137.0511
7.07127.0713
7.09127.0911
7.11167.1115
7.13137.1311
7.15247.1521
7.17217.1721
7.19217.1921
7.21217.2123
7.23337.2331
7.25327.2532
7.27337.2731
7.29317.2931
7.31317.3132
7.33427.3341
7.35437.3542
7.37437.3742
7.39427.3943
7.41417.4141
7.43517.4354
7.45517.4551
7.47517.4751
7.49517.4952
7.51527.5151
7.53617.5363
7.55617.5561
7.57637.5762
7.59627.5961
7.61617.6163
7.63717.6371
7.65727.6574
7.67717.6771
7.69717.6971
7.71717.7171
7.73817.7381
7.75817.7581
7.77847.7781
7.79817.7981
7.81927.8191
7.83917.8391
7.85937.8591
7.87917.8793
7.89917.8992
7.9237.921
7.9417.941
7.9617.961
7.9817.982
8181
8.02118.0211
8.04118.0411
8.06158.0611
8.08128.0811
8.10118.1011
8.12218.1221
8.14218.1421
8.16218.1622
8.18218.1821
8.20218.2021
8.22318.2231
8.24318.2431
8.26318.2631
8.28318.2831
8.30418.3041
8.32418.3241
8.34428.3441
8.36448.3642
8.38428.3841
8.40538.4052
8.42518.4251
8.44518.4451
8.46528.4651
8.48518.4852
8.50618.5061
8.52618.5261
8.54618.5461
8.56618.5661
8.58618.5861
8.60718.6072
8.62718.6271
8.64718.6471
8.66718.6671
8.68718.6871
8.70818.7081
8.72818.7281
8.74818.7482
8.76818.7681
8.78818.7881
8.80918.8092
8.82918.8291
8.84918.8491
8.86918.8691
8.8918.891
8.9118.912
8.9318.931
8.9518.953
8.9718.971
8.99118.9911
9.01119.0112
9.03119.0313
9.05119.0511
9.07119.0711
9.09219.0921
9.11219.1121
9.13219.1321
9.15219.1521
9.17219.1721
9.19319.1931
9.21319.2131
9.23319.2331
9.25319.2531
9.27319.2731
9.29419.2941
9.31419.3141
9.33419.3341
9.35419.3541
9.37519.3751
9.39519.3951
9.41519.4151
9.43519.4351
9.45519.4551
9.47619.4761
9.49629.4961
9.51619.5161
9.53619.5361
9.55629.5561
9.57719.5771
9.59719.5971
9.61729.6171
9.63719.6371
9.65719.6571
9.67819.6781
9.69819.6981
9.71819.7181
9.73819.7381
9.75819.7581
9.77919.7791
9.79919.7991
9.81919.8191
9.83919.8391
9.85919.8591
9.8819.881
9.919.91
9.9219.921
9.9419.941
9.96119.9611
9.98119.9811
10.001110.0011
10.021110.0211
10.041110.0411
10.062110.0621
10.082110.0821
10.102110.1021
10.122110.1221
10.142110.1421
10.163110.1631
10.183110.1831
10.203110.2031
10.223110.2231
10.243110.2431
10.264110.2641
10.284110.2841
10.304110.3041
10.324110.3241
11
&A
Page &P
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Exemplar secondary electron image of individual Asian Dust
particlesAsian dust* Chemical speciation of individual Asian dust
particles based on their morphology and chemical compositions *
Direct observation of their chemical modification during long range
transportLow-Z particle EPMA
-
Characterization of Asian DustOverall relative abundances of
significantly encountered particle types * Samplings (During Asian
Dust Storms) - 2000: (A) March 7, (B) April 7 - 2001: (C) March 22,
(D) May 17 - 2002: (E) March 21, (F) April 9, (G) April 17, (H)
November 11 Source Region(D) May 17, 2001(H) Nov. 11, 2002(F) April
9, 2002(E) Mar. 21, 2002(ES&T, 2005; JGR, 2005; AE, 2006)
-
Number of particles containing sulfate or nitrate due to
atmospheric reactions of CaCO3, sea-salts, and K2CO3for samples
collected during Asian Dust storm events(Environ. Sci. Technol.,
2005: J. Geophys. Res., 2005)* nitrate formation : more favorable
than sulfate formation* sea-salts : more reactive than CaCO3
particles* Understanding of heterogeneous reactions and their
reactivityLow-Z particle EPMA
SampleUnreacted CaCO3Reacted CaCO3Unreacted Sea-saltsReacted
Sea-saltsReacted K
speciesCaSO4-containingCa(NO3)2-containingNa2SO4-containingNaNO3-containingK2SO4-containingKNO3-containingMar.
7, 2000119-------April 7, 200041--163813--March 22,
200113176-115--May 17, 20016436128-18553413March 21,
200256366-716--April 9, 200254126181153--April 17,
200272417121321--November 11, 2002411103507712751625
-
Single Particle Analytical Techniques ATR-FT-IR (Attenuated
Total Reflectance FT-IR Spectrometry) imaging the combination of
microscopy with IR spectroscopy Individual Particle Analysis *
location : optical image* mineral type, functional groups, and
crystal structure : IR spectrum Perkin-Elmer Spotlight 400 FT-IR
microscopePerkin-Elmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometerX-Y stage
-
Single Particle Analytical Techniques The combined use of EPMA
and ATR-FT-IR imaging for the same individual particles of
micrometer size low-Z particle EPMA : size, shape, quantitative
elemental concentrations ATR-FT-IR imaging : mineral type,
functional groups, molecular species, phase (ES&T, 2011)
Antarctica aerosols
(1) Genuine sea-salts(2) nss-sulfates by the oxidation of DMS
emitted from phytoplanktons
-
Asian Dust - Nov. 11, 2002(A) Secondary electron image (SEI)
before ATR-FT-IR imaging measurement; (B) visible light optical
image; (C) ATR-FT-IR image; (D) SEI after ATR-FT-IR imaging
measurement of the same 109 individual Asian Dust particles on Ag
foil
-
Asian Dust : morphology and chemical species
-
AAsian Dust : morphology and chemical species
-
Asian Dust : Ca-containing[1] Particle #89 - (A) and (D)
CaCO3/montmollinolite/sulfate/elemental carbon; [2] Particle #62 -
(B) and (E) amorphous CaCO3/ sulfate/nitrate/H2O; [3] Particle #50
- (C) and (F) Ca(SO4,NO3)/CaCO3/organic/chloride/H2O
-
Asian Dust : NaNO3-containing[1] Particle #79 - (A) and (D)
crystalline NaNO3; [2] Particle #33 - (B) and (E) crystalline
NaNO3/sulfate/ organic/H2O; [3] Particle #54 - (C) and (F)
crystalline NaNO3/CaCO3/sulfate/montmorillonite/H2O
-
Asian Dust : silicates[1] Particle #24 - (A) and (D) crystalline
muscovite/carbonate/organic; [2] Particle #40 - (B) and (E)
montmorillonite/ carbonate/nitrate/ organic/H2O; [3] Particle #45 -
(C) and (F) K-feldspar/carbonate/nitrate/organic/H2O(D)(E)
-
Asian Dust : miscellaneous[1] Particle #6 - (A) and (D) water
soluble secondary organic/(NH4)2SO4/H2O; [2] Particle #31 - (B) and
(E) humic substance/H2O; [3] Particle #71 - (C) and (F) fly ash
-
Chemical speciation by low-Z particle EPMA and ATR-FT-IR
imaging
Chemical species# of particles Relative abundances (A)
Ca-containingcalcite(CaCO3)22%amorphous CaCO3 (ACC)44%secondary
nitrate/sulfate3229%mixed with sea-salts33%(B)
NaNO3-containingcrystalline NaNO396%mixed with organic1917%mixed
with minerals66%(C) Silicates (montmorillonite(9), quartz(8),
feldspars(3), cristobalite(2), vermiculite(1), kaolinite(1),
muscovite(1))primary minerals1514%mixed with
nitrate/sulfate/organic/water109%(D)
Miscellaneousorganic22%carbonaceous22%fly-ash22%Fe-containing22%
-
Summary and conclusions Extensive chemical modification observed
for an Asian Dust sample Among 41 Ca-containing particles, just 2
are calcite and 39 are the reaction products. First observation of
ACC and in-land CaCl2 particles All 34 NaNO3-containing particles
are from chemical reactions between sea-salts and nitrogen oxides.
(e.g., NaCl + HNO3 NaNO3 + HCl). Majority is mixed with organic and
minerals. Among 25 silicates, 10 silicates, including both swelling
and non-swelling ones, experienced chemical modifications. Calcite
plays a important role for aging of silicate minerals. The combined
use of low-Z particle EPMA and ATR-FT-IR imaging techniques for the
study of complicated chemical modification of Asian Dust
particles
-
http://iws.inha.ac.kr/~curoThank you for your attention !
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