Intro,Obj,Ana Physio FINAL

8/2/2019 Intro,Obj,Ana Physio FINAL

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RATIONALE

For all individuals, mental, physical and social healths are vital and interwoven strands of

life. As our understanding of this relationship grows, it becomes ever more apparent that mental

health is crucial to the overall well-being of individuals, societies and countries. The

leukodystrophies are rare diseases that affect the cells of the brain. Specifically, the diseases

affect the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects nerve cells. Damage to this

sheath slows down or blocks messages between the brain and the rest of the body. This leads

to problems with movement, speaking, vision, hearing, mental and physical development. Acute

Gastroenteritis is common in children and in developing countries. It is marked by inflammation

of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and small intestine resulting in

diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. In the pediatric population acute gastroenteritis

remains a significant cause of pediatric patient morbidity and mortality. For these patients, oral

rehydration therapy is an intervention that should be initiated with the first signs and symptoms.

Hand washing is the most basic practice in preventing infection. Gastrointestinal infections are

infectious diseases that can spread from one person to another by contaminated hands.

Washing hands properly after using the toilet, handling animals and before and after handling

food helps prevent a range of diseases, including various forms of gastroenteritis. Some forms

of gastroenteritis can cause serious complications, especially for young children, the elderly, or

those with a weakened immune system.

Our group has been exposed to Holy Child Ward for our Pediatric rotation. In our three

weeks duty we are expected to have a client as a subject for case study. We chose our client

V.C. because he was having a condition that is new to us. He was diagnosed with

leukodystrophy, acute gastroenteritis with mild dehydration. Our group wants to have a case

that is not common to challenge us and to learn new things. We want to have a case that will

practice our research abilities. Our patients parents were very cooperative and they permitted

us that their child will be the subject of our case study.

Mental and neurological disorders are highly prevalent worldwide. The Global

Burden of Disease report drew the attention of the international health community to the fact

that the burden of mental and neurological disorders has been seriously underestimated by

traditional epidemiological methods that took into account only mortality, but not disability
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting


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rates. This report specifically showed that while the mental and neurological disorders are

responsible for about one per cent of deaths, they account for almost 11 per cent of disease

burden the world over. (www.who.int) In the Philippines there is an extrapolated prevalence

of 862 all in the estimated population used which is 86,241,697. (www.rightdiagnosis.com)

Worldwide, Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) provokes an estimated 125 million physician visits, 9

million hospital admissions and 1.8 million annual deaths in children less than 5 years of age.

Although worldwide mortality from this illness remains a significant challenge, pediatric death

rates from diarrheal illnesses have recently been substantially reduced, largely secondary to

worldwide campaigns for treatment of affected children with oral rehydration therapy.

(www.medscape.com) In the Philippines there are 562 cases of AGE in male and 449 in female,

there is a total of 1,038 in both sexes having Acute gastroenteritis in 100,000 population and a

percentage of 12.18 in the year 2006. (www.doh.gov.ph) Diarrhea and Gastroenteritis are one

of the leading causes of morbidity in all ages here in Davao City. There are 4,205 reported

cases in 100,000 populations with a rate of 310.7 last 2010 according to the City Health

Office. (www.davaohealth.brinkster.net)

In the context of nursing education this study can contribute new learning regarding

patients having leukodystrophy and acute gastroenteritis. This study is significant in nursing

research because it trains us to become better researchers whose study could be of good use

at present and future studies. Furthermore this study enables us to know and learn newinformation that will be of help to us in the future. This case study can be used as a data for

research and future reference. By having this case study it practices our ability in doing

research and it also gains us new learning.
http://www.who.int/http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/http://www.medscape.com/http://www.doh.gov.ph/http://www.who.int/http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/http://www.medscape.com/http://www.doh.gov.ph/


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OBJECTIVES

General objectives

After a 3-week span of pediatric rotation; our group the BSN 2a group3 subgroup1 of

San Pedro College starting to learn more about pediatric patients by finishing our case study

that will also improve our knowledge, skills, and attitude.

Specific objectives

1. Formulate specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bounded goals andobjectives for this study;

2. select a suitable client for our pediatric concept;

3. establish an environment with good working and therapeutic relationship as well as trust

with the patient and with his significant others;

4. gather necessary data about the patients recent condition as well as his health history;

5. trace the clients family history up to the 3rd generation;

6. discuss the patients developmental data according to Erik Erikson and Robert

Havighursts theories;7. define the diagnosis of the patients condition;

8. perform a cephalocaudal and neurological assessment to determine the patients current

condition;

9. present the Anatomy and Physiology of the systems involved in the condition of the

patient;

10. list down the actual diagnostic examinations of our client;

11.present all the medications given and administered to the patient;

12. enumerate the medical management rendered to the patient upon hospitalization13. identify specific needs of the patient and provide specific nursing interventions;

14.present recommendations and further health teachings pertinent to the patient and

family;

15.evaluate the prognosis with its justification regarding the clients health condition in

relation with compliance, age, environment and family support and;


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16. list the references used in the completion of this case study.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYOverview of the Digestive System

Overall, the digestive system performs six basic

processes.

1. Ingestion. This process involves taking liquids and

foods into the mouth.

2. Secretion. Process of producing a substance from the

cells and discharging it. Each day, cells within the walls

of the GI tract and accessory digestive organs secrete a

total of about 7 liters of water, acid, buffers and enzymes

into the lumen of the tract.

3. Mixing and propulsion. Alternating contractions and relaxations of the smooth muscle in the

walls of the GI tract mix food and secretions and propel them towards the anus. This capability

of the GI tract to mix and move material along its length is called motility.

4. Digestion. Mechanical and chemical processes break down ingested food into small

molecules. In mechanical digestion the teeth cut and grind food before it is swallowed, and then

smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestine churn the food. As a result, food molecules

become dissolved and thoroughly mixed with digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion the large

carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic acid molecules in food are split into smaller molecules

by hydrolysis. Digestive enzymes produce by the salivary glands, toungue, stomach, pancreas

and small intestine catalyze these catabolic reactions. A few substances in food can be

absorbed without chemical digestion. These include vitamins, ions, cholesterol and water.


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5. Absorption. The entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and the products of digestion

into the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract is called absorption. The absorbed

substances pass into blood or lymph and circulate to cells throughout the body.

6. Defecation. Wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, cells sloughed from the lining of the

GI tract, and digested materials that were not absorbed in their journey through the digestive

tract leave the body through the anus in a process call defecation. The eliminated material is

termed feces.

THE MOUTH

The mouth is the reservoir for the chewing and mixing of food with saliva. As food

particles become smaller and move around in the mouth, the taste

buds and olfactory nerves are continuously stimulated, adding to

the satisfaction of eating. The tongues surface contains thousands

of chemoreceptors, or taste buds, which can distinguish salty,

sour, bitter and sweet tastes. Tastes and food odors help to

initiate salivation and the secretion of gastric juice in the stomach.

There are 32 permanent teeth in the adult mouth, and they are

important for speech and mastication.

THE TONGUE

The tongue is an accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with

mucous membrane. On the upper surface of the tongue are small projections called papillae,

many of which contain taste buds. Together with its associated muscles, it forms the floor of the

oral cavity. The tongue is divided into symmetrical lateral halves by a median septum that

extends its entire length, and it is attached inferiorly to the hyoid bone, styloid process of the

temporal bone and mandible.


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THE TEETH

The teeth or dentes are accessory digestive organs located in sockets of the alveolar

processes of the mandible and maxillae. The alveolar processes are covered by the gingivae or

gums which extend slightly into each socket. The sockets are lined by the periodontal ligament

or membrane, which consists of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the teeth to the

socket walls.

SALIVATION

The three pairs of salivary glands, the submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands

secrete about 1 L of saliva per day. Saliva consists mostly of water with mucus, sodium,

bicarbonate, chloride, potassium, and salivary a-amylase (ptyalin), and enzyme that initiates

carbohydrate digestion in the mouth and stomach.

SWALLOWING

The esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube approximately 25cm long that conducts

substances from the oropharynx to the stomach. Swallowed food is moved to the stomach by

peristalsis, the sequential contraction and relaxation of outer longitudinal and inner circular

layers of muscles.

Each end of the esophagus is opened and

closed by a sphincter. The upper esophageal

sphincter keeps air from entering the esophagus

during respiration. The lower esophageal

sphincter (cardiac sphincter) prevents

regurgitation from the stomach.

ESOPHAGUS

The esophagus is a muscular tube that

takes food from the pharynx to the stomach; no


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digestion takes place here. Peristalsis of the esophagus propels food in one direction and

ensures that food gets to the stomach even if the body is horizontal or upside down. The

esophagus is a collapsible muscular tube, about 25cm long, that lies posterior to the trachea.

The esophagus begins at the inferior end of the laryngopharynx and passes through the

mediastinum anterior to the vertebral column, then it pierces the diaphragm through and

opening called the esophageal hiatus, and ends in the superior portion of the stomach protrudes

above the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus.

STOMACH

The stomach is a J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly inferior to the diaphragm

in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen. The stomach

connects the esophagus to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Because a meal

can e eaten much more quickly than the intestines can digest and absorb it.

The stomach has four main regions: the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus. The cardia

surrounds the superior opening of the stomach. The rounded portion superior to and to the left

of the cardia is the fundus. Inferior to the fundus is the large central portion of the stomach

called the body. The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum is the pylorus; it has

two parts, the pyloric antrum which connects to the body of the stomach, and the pyloric canal,

which leads into the duodenum. When the stomach is

empty, the mucosa lies in large folds called rugae.

The pylorus communicates with the duodenum of the small

intestine via a sphincter called the pyloric sphincter. The

concave medial border of the stomach is called the lesser

curvature and the convex lateral border is called the greater

curvature.

PANCREAS


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The pancreas is located in the upper left abdominal quadrant between the curve of the

duodenum and the spleen and is about 6 inches (15 cm) in length. The exocrine glands of the

pancreas

are called acini. They produce enzymes that are involved in the digestion of all three types of

complex food molecules. The pancreatic enzyme amylase digests starch to maltose. Lipase

converts emulsified fats to fatty acids and glycerol. Trypsinogen is an inactive enzyme that is

changed to active trypsin in the duodenum. Trypsin digests polypeptides to shorter chains of

amino acids.

SMALL INTESTINE

The major events of digestion and absortion occur

in a long tube called small intestine. Its length alone

provides a large surface area for digestion and

absorption and that area is further increased by

circular folds, villi and microvilli. The small intestine ifs

dived into 3 regions. It is composed of duodenum,

jejunum and ileum.

LARGE INTESTINE

The large intestine is the terminal portion of the GI tract. The overall functions of the

large intestine are the completion of absortion, the

production of certain vitamins, the formation of feces, and

the expulsion of feces from the body.

It is about 1.5m long and 6.5cm in diameter,

extends form ileum to anus. It is attached to the posterior

abdominal wall by its mesocolon, which is a double layer

of a peritoneum. Structurally the four major regions of the

large intestine are the cecum, colon, rectum and anal

canal.


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Summary

The processes of the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients enable the body to

use complex food molecules for many purposes. Much of the food we eat literally becomes part

of us. The body synthesizes proteins and lipids for the growth and repair of tissues and

produces enzymes to catalyze all of the reactions that contribute to homeostasis. Some of our

food provides the energy required for growth, repair, movement, sensation, and thinking. In the

next chapter we will discuss the chemical basis of energy production from food and consider the

relationship of energy production to the maintenance of body temperature.

Overview of the Nervous System

The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells

called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different

parts of its body.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal


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Nerve Cells

Neurons

Neurons can be distinguished from other cells in a

number of ways, but their most fundamental property is that

they communicate with other cells via synapses, which are

membrane-to-membrane junctions containing molecular

machinery that allows rapid transmission of signals, either

electrical or chemical Many types of neuron possess

an axon, a protoplasmic protrusion that can extend to

distant parts of the body and make thousands of synaptic contacts. Axons frequently travel

through the body in bundles called nerves.

a. Dendrites- are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical

stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, orsoma, of the neuron from which

the dendrites project.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_(biology)


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b. Soma- is the central part of the neuron. It contains the nucleus of the cell, and therefore is

where most protein synthesis occurs. The nucleus ranges from 3 to 18 micrometers in diameter.

c. Axon- is a finer, cable-like projection that can extend tens, hundreds, or even tens of

thousands of times the diameter of the soma in length. The axon carries nerve signals away

from the soma (and also carries some types of information back to it).

d. Axon terminal- contains synapses, specialized structures where neurotransmitterchemicals

are released to communicate with target neurons.

Glial Cells

are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintainhomeostasis,

form myelin, and participate in signal

transmission in the nervous system.[9]In

the human brain, it is estimated that the

total number of glia roughly equals the

number of neurons, although the

proportions vary in different brain areas.

A very important type of glial cell

(oligodendrocytesin the central nervous

system, and Schwann cells in the

peripheral nervous system) generates layers of a fatty substance calledmyelinthat wraps

around axons and provides electrical insulation which allows them to transmit action potentials

much more rapidly and efficiently.

2 Parts of the Nervous System

1. Central Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part, and includes the brain andspinal

cord. The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord, while the head contains the brain. The CNS is

enclosed and protected by meninges, a three-layered system of membranes, including a tough,

leathery outer layer called the dura mater. The brain is also protected by the skull, and the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system#cite_note-Allen2009-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura_materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system#cite_note-Allen2009-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura_mater


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spinal cord by the vertebrae.Its main job is to get the information from the body and send out

instructions.

Brain

The brain keeps the body in order. It helps to control all of the body systems and organs,

keeping them working like they should. The brain also allows us to think, feel, remember and

imagine. In general, the brain is what makes us behave as human beings. The brain

communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord and the nerves. They tell the

brain what is going on in the body at all times. This system also gives instructions to all parts of

the body about what to do and when to do it.

The brain is made of three main parts: the

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The

forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus,

and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system).

The midbrain consists of the tectum and

tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the

cerebellum, pons and medulla. Often the

midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to

together as the brainstem.

a. Ventricles- The ventricles are four cavities within the brain: two lateral ventricles, the third

ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. Each ventricle contains a capillary network called a choroid

plexus, which forms cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from blood plasma. Cerebrospinal fluid is the

tissue fluid of the central nervous system.

b. Medulla- The medulla extends from the spinal cord to the pons and is anterior to the

cerebellum. Its functions arethose we think of as vital (as in vital signs). Themedulla contains

cardiac centers that regulate heartrate, vasomotor centers that regulate the diameter ofblood

vessels and, thereby, blood pressure, and respiratorycenters that regulate breathing.

e. Pons- bulges anteriorly from the upper part of the medulla. Within the pons are two

respiratory centers that work with those in the medulla to produce a normal breathing rhythm.

d. Midbrain- extends from the pons to the hypothalamus and encloses the cerebral aqueduct, a

tunnel that connects the third and fourth ventricles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra


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e. Cerebellum- separated from the medulla and pons by the fourth ventricle and is inferior to

the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. Many of the functions of the cerebellum are concerned with

movement.

f. Hypothalamus- Located superior to the pituitary gland and inferior to the thalamus, the

hypothalamus is a small area of the brain. It produces the growth hormone releasing hormone

(GHRH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. It regulates the body temperature and

stimulates the visceral responses during emotional situations. It regulates the body rhythms

such as secretion ofhormones, sleep cycles, changes in mood, or mental alertness.

g. Thalamus- It is superior to the hypothalamus and inferior to the cerebrum. Many of the

functions of the thalamus are concerned with sensation.

h. Cerebrum- The largest part of the human brain is the cerebrum, which consists of two

hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure. Cerebral cortex is the gray matter surface

of the cerebrum.

Frontal Lobes- are the motor areas that generate

the impulses for voluntary movement.

Parietal Lobes- The general sensory areas in the

parietal lobesreceive impulses from receptors in the

skin and feeland interpret the cutaneous sensations.

Temporal Lobes- The olfactory areas in the

temporal lobes receive impulses from receptors in

the nasal cavities for thesense of smell.

Occipital Lobes- Impulses from the retinas of the

eyes travel along theoptic nerves to the visual areas in the occipital lobes.

Basal Ganglia- are paired masses of gray matter within the

white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. Their functions are

certain subconsciousaspects of voluntary movement, and they

workwith the cerebellum.Corpus Callosum- is aband of nerve fibers that connects the

left and rightcerebral hemispheres.

Spinal cord


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Nerves divide many times as they leave the spinal cord so that they may reach all parts of

the body. The thickest nerve is 1 inch thick and the thinnest is thinner than a human hair. Each

nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of neurons (nerve cells). The spinal cord runs down

a tunnel of holes in your backbone or spine. The bones protect it from damage. The cord is a

thick bundle of nerves, connecting your brain to the rest of your body.

Spinal Nerves

There are 31 pairs ofspinal nerves, those that emerge from the spinal cord. The nerves are

named according to their respective vertebrae: 8 cervical pairs, 12 thoracic pairs, 5 lumbar

pairs, 5 sacral pairs, and 1 very small coccygeal pair.

Nerve Spinal Nerves That

Contribute

Distribution

Phrenic C3C5 Diaphragm

Radial C5C8, T1 Skin and muscles of posterior arm, forearm, and hand;

thumb and first 2 fingers

Median C5C8, T1 Skin and muscles of anterior arm, forearm, and hand

Ulnar C8, T1 Skin and muscles of anterior arm, forearm, and hand

Intercostal T2T12 Intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles; skin of trunk

Femoral L2L4 Skin and muscles of anterior thigh, medial leg, and foot

Sciatic L4S3 Skin and muscles of posterior thigh, leg and foot

Table 83 MAJOR PERIPHERAL NERVES

2. Peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a

collective term for the nervous system structures

that do not lie within the CNS. The large majority

of the axon bundles called nerves are considered

to belong to the PNS, even when the cell bodies of

the

neurons to

which they

belong
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system


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Cranial Nerves

The 12 pairs ofcranial nerves emerge from the

brain stem or other parts of the brain. The name cranial

indicates their origin, and many of them do carry

impulses for functions involving the head. Some,

however, have more far-reaching destinations.

Number and Name Function(s)

I Olfactory Sense of smell

II Optic Sense of sight

III Oculomotor Movement of the eyeball; constriction of pupil in bright light or for near

vision

IV Trochlear Movement of eyeball

V Trigeminal Sensation in face, scalp, and teeth; contraction of chewing muscles

VI Abducens Movement of the eyeball

VII Facial Sense of taste; contraction of facial muscles; secretion of saliva

VIII Acoustic

(vestibulocochlear)

Sense of hearing; sense of equilibrium

IX Glossopharyngeal Sense of taste; sensory for cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure

reflexes;

contraction of pharynx; secretion of saliva

X Vagus Sensory in cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes; sensory

and motor

to larynx (speaking); decreases heart rate; contraction of alimentary tube

(peristalsis); increases digestive secretions

XI Accessory Contraction of neck and shoulder muscles; motor to larynx (speaking)


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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Intestinal Flora

Antibiotic Harmful Bacteria and

Causes damage andinflammation through

invading and destroying

Releases

Stimulates mucosal linin of

Greater secretion of water

and electrolytes in the

Active secretion of

sodium carbonate and

Inhibits reabsor tion of

Large amounts of protein

rich fluids are secreted into

Bleedin and


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REFERENCES

Ackley, Betty J. (2009); Medical-Surgical Nursing: Clinical Management for Positive

Outcomes; 8th edition; St. Louis, Missouri; Elsevier Inc.

Black, Joyce M. (2008); Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to

Planning Care; St. Louis Missouri; Mosby Inc.

Scanlon, Valerie (2007); Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology; 5th edition; Arch Street

Philadelphia; F.A. Davis Company

Woolley, Wendy L. (2009); retrieve on February 28, 2012 from www.medscape.com

Balance excess

Overwhelming of large

bowels ability to

Diarrhe

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Intro,Obj,Ana Physio FINAL