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FACT IDEA LEARNING ISSUES ACTION
At the start
Jimmy’s heart rate was
85 beats per minute and
he was breathing 18
breathes per minute. He
felt nervous excitement.
His mouth dry and took
one last sip of water
1. In order for his body to
gain enough oxygen and
energy, Jimmy
stretching and warm up,
2. Since the temperature of
Jimmy’s body increase,
the sweat gland become
more active to release
sweat.
3. Jimmy try to adapt to
the new environment
from relax to stress and
that’s why at this
moment the autonomic
nervous system become
active
4. The urinary system is
not active because the
bladder is closed. The
digestive system also
not active because the
peristalsis decrease
5. His blood glucose level
starts to drop.
1. What is responsible for raising
Jimmy’s heart and respiratory
rate and stimulating sweating
just before the race?
2. Why is the sympathetic
division of the autonomic
nervous system active just
before the race?
3. What changes do you think are
occurring in the digestive and
urinary systems at this time?
4. What is happening to Jimmy's
blood glucose levels just before
the race?
5. Why is Jimmy's mouth dry?
6. The salivary glands
have started to reduce
its excretion of saliva.
One minute in
Jimmy heart rate was
201 beats per minute.
He was taking 2
breathes per stroke, fast
and forced. The stroke
rate was 34 strokes per
minute and his Body
temperature was 37.5°C.
he was sweating more
and jimmy feel burning
on muscles
1. The body need more
energy to perform.
Sugar in the form of
lactose is secreted by
muscle, and once lactose
is secreted, blood sugar
in blood will lower
2. When oxygen reduces,
the carbon dioxide will
increase. Jimmy need
more oxygen for aerobic
respiration. He breath
more rapidly than.
3. Jimmy’s muscles are
experiencing sensory
information from his
nervous and the muscle
cell is accumulated with
lactic acid.
1. Rowing full speed is putting
new demands on Jimmy's
body. What are these new
demands and how does the
body respond to them?
2. What changes in Jimmy's
muscles promote unloading of
O2 from hemoglobin for use by
the muscle cells?
3. Why do Jimmy's muscles feel
like they are burning?
4. What conflict is produced
between Jimmy's need to keep
his body cool and his need to
remove nitrogenous wastes
from his blood? What did he
do before the race to help
alleviate this conflict?
At the halfway mark
He still rowing at 34
strokes per minute, now
jimmy heart rate was
180 beats per minute
and his body
temperature was 38°C.
His respiratory rate
down slightly.
1. Jimmy had decreased the
demands his muscles
were making by the end
of the first minute, and
this can be explained by
the fact that the "fight
and flight" message from
the brain had slowed
down with less
production of adrenaline,
hence less energy
demand from the
muscles.
2. Jimmy’s nervous system
changes would include
"fight and flight"
response which is usually
activated in a stressful
situation.
3. His heart and lungs have
to work over harder so it
get with the respiratory
and cardiovascular
system with the physical
strain that he is enduring,.
His brain sends signals to
the lungs to breaath faster
and deeper and the heart
1. Since the end of the first
minute, Jimmy has decreased
the demands his muscles are
making. How has he done this?
And why has he done this?
2. What are the changes in his
conditions as a result?
to beat faster. Increase
amounts of blood gets
pumped to the muscles,
carrying oxygen and
removing carbon dioxide.
4. in order to withstand the
demand of Jimmy
pushing his body to the
very limits of its
capabilities, all body’s
systems work together
Homeostasis is
maintained by negative
feedback which response
to reduce Jimmy's body
back to its original state.
At the finish
His heart rate was 208
beats per minute. He
Breathe nearly 80 times
per minute. He felt like
his arms and legs were
on fire and sweats was
pouring out of every
pore of his body. He felt
light-headed and his
body temperature was
400C.
1. Jimmy reduces his heavy
breathing since his body
needs to cool down again
to pre exercise levels, and
like heart rate, it’s a lag
time involved, so after he
stops, his breathing rate
gradually or quickly falls
but still stays high, (but
depending on his
recovery ability which is
1. Jimmy has stopped rowing and
his muscles are now at rest.
Why are his heart and
breathing rates still so high?
2. What changes have occurred to
his blood chemistry since the
start of the race? Think about
glucose levels, pH, lactate
levels, and temperature.
3. Why is he sweating more now
dependent on his fitness)
2. The pumping of blood to
bring oxygen to muscle
and pumping of hot blood
from muscle to the skin
are overcome by
breathing rapidly where
the heat can be dissipated
more quickly. When he
finishes the race the heart
beat slow down and
pumps less blood to the
skin. The heat
accumulated in muscle
causing blood
temperature to rise
higher. So, it can sweat
more right after finish the
race then during the race.
3. Changes occur in glucose
when the glucose level in
blood increase. It is
because the body need
energy to race so the
body used the glucose
during performed. For the
changes in pH, when
increases the muscle
than during the race?
activity, it leads to
increase the CO2 and
Hydrogen level in blood.
These chemical are
produces cell metabolism
and they lower blood pH
or increase the acidity.
Then during perform,
blood level of lactate
rises because when
exercise stop the lactate
falls much more slowly
than during the build up.
For the temperature,
working muscle will
produce heat so the body
temperature rise the race
started.
Back at the dock
His heart rate and
respiratory back to
normal and his body
temperature 37.5°C. he
felt thirsty and take
small sips of water and
his weighed 76kg.
1. The changes occur in the
last ten minutes that
allow his heart and
respiratory rates to come
down caused by the
positive feedback loop.
This loop causes
everything to return to
normal causing his heart
and respiratory rates to
1. What change have occurred in
the last 10 minutes to allow
Jimmy’s haeart and respiratory
rates to come down.
2. Why is Jimmy four pounds
lighter than at the start of the
race?
return to normal.
2. Jimmy’s mass reduced
because of the
dehydration by excessive
loss of in his body fluids
so his mass getting
lighter at the end of the
race.
3. Anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH) from his
endocrine system is
increasing to overcome
water loss. It’s produced
by the hypothalamus and
released by the pituitary.
It will signal the kidneys
tubules to absorb more
water.
4. Jimmy was dehydrated
after the race and he lost
a lot of fluid. So if he
directly drinks the water,
his muscle will contract
and give him muscle
cramping. The small sips
also allowed his body to
3. What effect has this water loss
had on his endocrine system?
4. Why did Jimmy only take sips
of water after the race? What
could happen if he drank as
much as he wanted to?
adjust to his state of
dehydration.
STUDY QUESTIONS :
At the start :
1. What is responsible for raising Jimmy’s heart and respiratory rate and stimulating
sweating just before the race?
Before the race, the sympathetic division is responsible for raising Jimmy’s heart,respiratory
rate and simulating sweating. The system that involves in this action is somatic nervous
system. At the start, the sympathetic system is responsible to provide responses and energy
needed in the fear or extremes activity like rowing. In stress condition, the sympathetic
system respons to raise the blood pressure, heart rate and supplying blood to the kidneys,
skeletal muscle and skin.
2. Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the
race?
Before the race, Jimmy was in the stress condition. This condition will stimulate the
hormones of sympathetic nervous system, which are adrenaline and noradrenaline by adrenal
gland. These hormones are responsible to raise the heart rate and blood pressure of him. The
sympathetic division is activated during this condition. The sympathetic division of
autonomic nervous system mediates the fight-or-flight responses during stress condition.
3. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this
time?
When stress stimulated, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are
activated. This activation is associated with specific physiological actions in the system, both
directly and indirectly through the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and to a lesser extent
norepinephrine from the medulla of the adrenal glands. The releasing of these hormones are
triggered by acetylcholine, that released from preganglionic sympathetic nerves. The other
major factor in the acute stress response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This
situation stimulates inhibition of stomach and upper-intestinal action, which make the
digestion to slows down or stops and relaxation of bladder.
4. What is happening to Jimmy's blood glucose levels just before the race?
There is increasing of blood glucose level happen on jimmy’s body just before the race. This
is because, normally under stress condition, people always secreted more adrenaline hormone
in their body. This hormone cause general physiological changes that prepare the body for
physical activity. Other than blood glucose level, that hormone also cause general reaction of
the sympathetic nervous system and increases in blood pressure.
5. Why is Jimmy's mouth dry?
This happen due to the releasing of adrenaline hormone during stress condition. At that time,
adrenaline will inhibit off the lacrimal gland which is responsible for the producing of saliva.
Automatically saliva in jimmy’s mouth will also less produced.
One minute in
1. Rowing full speed is putting new demands on Jimmy's body. What are these new
demands and how does the body respond to them?
At full speed of rowing, the new demand need for Jimmy’s body was ATP. ATP is the type
of energy produce in mitochondria during respiration process. When Jimmy is rowing, his
mitochondria need to produce ATP at highest rate. This causes intake of oxygen in Jimmy’s
body also increase drastically. But oxygen cannot diffuse into the muscle fiber fast enough to
enable the mitochondria to produce the required ATP. At this level, Jimmy breathing and
heart rate increases in order to take a lot of oxygen to produce more ATP.
2. What changes in Jimmy's muscles promote unloading of O2 from hemoglobin for use by
the muscle cells?
The muscles need oxygen to make energy or ATP, therefore the oxygen will unloaded from
hemoglobin for used by the muscles to undergo aerobic reaction within his cells. Therefore,
his body could maintain its homeostasis.
3. Why do Jimmy's muscles feel like they are burning?
When the muscles cannot get all the oxygen, they need to convert food to energy via
glycolysis process during intense exercise. The lactic acid accumulates in muscles will makes
them more acidic, and the acidity causes a burning feeling. The body temperature also
increases.
4. What conflict is produced between Jimmy's need to keep his body cool and his need to
remove nitrogenous wastes from his blood? What did he do before the race to help
alleviate this conflict?
To keep Jimmy’s body cool, nerve impulses stimulates sweat glands in the skin to produce
sweat. In process to cool the body, the hair effector muscle relaxed and flat which the layer
of air between the hair and skin become thin. Arterioles dilate or enlarge, so that more blood
enters the skin capillaries and causing more heat loss. Sweat is lost from the skin by the
process of evaporation. In this situation, sweat gland is activated to produce more sweat. The
sweat evaporates from the skin, removing heat and cooling the body. this is important to
maintain fluids for blood flow and sweat production by drinking water. As we know, the
other way of the body to produces the nitrogenous wastes is by sweating during the exercise.
All the extra blood that is flowing to the muscles can take the nitrogenous wastes away from
the body via urinary system.
At the halfway mark
1. Since the end of the first minute, Jimmy has decreased the demands his muscles are
making. How has he done this? And why has he done this?
This situation can be explain by the fact the ‘fight and flight’ respon of the sympathetic
nervous system. Jimmy’s receive message from his brain to slow down the production rate of
adrenaline which participate in the fight and flight respon. In our body, adrenaline can effects
in increases in heart rate, constricts blood vessels and dilates air passangers. But from
Jimmy’s situation, this hormone will make his muscle to de less work. The changes in his
condition include his heart rate decreasing from 201 to 180 beats per minute. His respiratory
rate has also decreased slightly.
2. What are the changes in his conditions as a result?
When Jimmy’s respiratory rate decrease suddenly, the amount of oxygen intake will also
decrease in his body. Hence, there is less energy (ATP) will produces due to the lack of
oxygen. The changes in his condition will causes the muscle fatigue.
At the finish
1. Jimmy has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and
breathing rates still so high?
When Jimmy has stopped rowing, his muscles relaxed, but his breathing was still high due to
the fact that this is the recovery period( oxygen debt) for the body system. During the
recovery period, oxygen is readily available and the body's oxygen demand remains elevated
above normal resting levels. The recovery period is powered by the ATP that aerobic
metabolism generates. The more ATP required, the more oxygen will be needed. The oxygen
debt created during exercise is the amount of oxygen needed to restore normal. While the
oxygen debt is being repaid, the breathing rate and depth are increased. As a result, you
continue to breathe heavily long after you stop exercising. When the heart rate increases, the
blood pressure also increases before get to the normal.
2. Why is he sweating more now than during the race?
Jim is sweating more now at the finish line because the body temperature increases. As the
result, the sweat gland will stimulate to produce sweat. When more sweat are produced, the
hairs on the skin are flatten which the layer of air between the hair and skin become thin.
Arterioles dilate, so that more blood enters the skin capillaries and causing more heat loss.
Sweat is lost from the skin by the process of evaporation. That why during the race, more
sweat will be produced due to high body temperature. Therefore, the sweat glands increase
their secretory activity until normal body temperature is restored.
3. What changes have occurred to his blood chemistry since the start of the race? Think
about glucose levels, pH, lactate levels, and temperature.
The contraction of the muscles cause an increase in blood flow to the muscles. As a result
of increase in activity in the muscles, the glucose in the blood vessel will decreased
because the glucose converted to energy. Carbon dioxide level in the blood will increases
as it is produced with the use of glucose.
The PH of the blood will drop due to the formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of
carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, the blood is acidic.
When the more lactic acid are accumulated in the body, the more heat produces causes the
temperature increase. The lactic acid level of the blood will also increase as the end product
of glucose and glycogen metabolism.
Back at the dock
1. What changes have occurred in the last 10 minutes to allow Jimmy's heart and
respiratory rates to come down?
In the last 10 minute, the Jimmy’s condition will start back to normal. Thus, the
sympathetic nervous system does not active. Usually, sympathetic nervous system will
activate only during the stress condition. Therefore, as near to the end point, his heart and
respiratory rates are start back to normal.
After exercising for a while, the increased blood flow brings vasodilatory metabolites to
the blood vessels around the working muscles. The blood vessels dilate, there is more
blood flow and this decreases the blood pressure and initial heart rate. So now the heart is
working less and the respiratory rate decreases.
After just stopping exercise, our respiratory rate should be the same because our body has
compensated for the increased heart rate changes by dilating the blood vessels to increase
flow. If the person's respiration rate stayed very high during exercise, they could be obese,
diabetic, asthmatic, or have lung or heart problems. If the respiration rate stayed low after
exercise, this could be normal or low blood pressure. Normally, after exercise it is normal
for fast breathing or normal depending on how long we have been exercising. Besides, it is
probably cause of the intercostals muscles and the diaphragm become stronger. As our
lungs get stronger, they get more oxygen from each breath, so we need fewer breaths over
a given period of time.
2. Why is Jimmy four pounds lighter than at the start of the race?
Jimmy is four pounds lighter at the end of the race because of anaerobic exercise.
Anaerobic does not need or use oxygen to restore energy levels. It is focus attention on
one specific muscle at a time. The large amount of energy that the body needs to
complete anaerobic exercises cannot be provided by oxygen. Energy, instead, is
replenished by the natural chemistry of the body. Anaerobic exercises do not usually
cause the heart to beat particularly fast and do not leave people gasping for air. The
benefits of anaerobic exercise include increased muscle mass and decreased body fat.
Dehydration also one of the main reason why Jimmy’s body became lighter after the
race. The dehydration occurs during the rowing as well as more sweating process
happens. Jim’s body is starting to have multiple chemical reactions within his nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, muscular, respiratory and intergumentary systems during the
race.
3. What effect has this water loss had on his endocrine system?
Exocrine gland is a part of endocrine system. Examples of exocrine glands are salivary
glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract. During the period of the
rowing, Jimmy already loss a lot amount of sweat. As Jimmy‘s breath, heart rate and blood
flow are back to normal, the blood vessels relaxed and less amount of heat loss. Thus, the
producing of sweat decreased.
4. Why did Jimmy only take sips of water after the race? What could happen if he drank
as much as he wanted to?
If Jimmy is drinking too much water after his race, he can eventually cause his brain to
swell, stopping it regulating vital functions such as breathing, and causing death. It is
usually a combination of excessive fluid intake and increased secretion of antidiuretic
hormone. Produced by the hypothalamus and secreted into the bloodstream by the
posterior pituitary gland, antidiuretic hormone instructs the kidneys to conserve water
even if a person is drinking excessive quantities. Its secretion increases in periods of
physical stress.
Other than that, since Jim was dehydrated after the race, that is he had a loss of fluid and
electrolytes. If he drank as much as he wanted to, he has the probability to get muscle
cramp. This is because, his muscle would have contracted.