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Introduction To Woodworking 1920: Woodwork Tools And How To Use Them & Woodwork Joints: How They Are Set Out, How Made And Where Used The Woodworker Series by William Fairham Originally published as two titles by Evans Bros. London c1920

II

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in an electronic retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by an means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, photographic or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher.

Excerpts of one page or less for the purposes of review and comment are permissible.

Copyright © 2019 The Toolemera Press All rights reserved.

Internationa l Standard Book Number ISBN: 9781095931967 (Trade Paperback)

Published by The T oolemera Press Wi lmington, North Carolina U.S.A. 28401

https://toolemera.com Manufactured in the United States of America

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Contextual Int .. oduction by Ga .. y Robe .. ts

"To most of ll S the ll se of a saw or a plane or a chisel is obvious . We know what each can do and we have seen each do it. But to know just how to handle and manipulate the saw 0 )' the plane 01' the chisel to effect the desired ),esult with a minimum of effort and without injury to either tool 01' material - that is knowledge worth having, and the earlier it is acquired the better,"

Editol'ial Forww'd: Woodwo)'k Tools; J, C, S, Bl'ough, 1920

The Woodwo),ke), Series of books, firs t publis hed by Eva ns Bros , of London during the early years

of the 20th Century, were intended for both ins tructors a nd stud ents of Ma nual Arts Education classes . In ma ny cases derived from articles first printed in Th e Woodworker, a monthly j ournal of craft published by Evans

Bros" The Woodwo)'kel' Se),ies of books ex pand ed upo n the mate ria l of the journa l to produce a classic series that rema ins relevant today,

William Fairham authored the majority of Th e Woodworker Series titles, a s well as articles for The Woodworker. Who Fairha m was, from wha t town or city he came a nd where he worked is not

yet known. Joseph C. S. Brough, editor of Th e Woodworker, COlllments on Fairham in his foreward:

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"The Author of this volume is a man not only of wide experience in practical woodwork, but who has for many years been an Ins trllctor at Technical Schools, and has also the additional advantage of having an intimate knowledg e of all kinds of woodworking tools and machinery. "

William Fairham authored two popular and influential books for The Woodworker series: Woodwork Tools And How To Use Th em and Woodwork Joints: How Th ey Are Set Out, How Made, And Where Used. Fairham also drew many of the illustrations for both books, with assis tance from a Mr. Edgar Newton .

Woodwork Tools And How To Use Th em . Fairham discusses the use, sharpening and adjustment of hand saws, ha nd planes, boring tools, chisels, scrapers and a ll manner of miscellaneous shop tools.

Woodwork Joints: How Th ey Are Set Out, How Made, And Wh ere Used, Revised Edition. Fairham authored both the firs t and revised editions of Woodwork Joints. Included in this republication is the revised edition.

Comprehensively updated by Fairham, the revised edition features line drawings and explanatory text for all of the major woodworking joints as well as those that are exotic or specific to a particular need.

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Fairham provides those illus tration s that are necessary for the s tudent or instructor to understand what is intended. His text explains

the reasoning behind the use or application of a given tool , technique or mate rial with the understanding that the practitione r will benefit from the educational process of interpreting the content of the books rather than adhering to a strict set of guidelines. Each book guides the reader in the use the tools and techniques as the basis from which to create and lea rn.

Following William Fairham in writing for Evans Bros. came Charles HaY'vard, who continued The Woodworker jo urnal articles and The Woodworker' Series books. Given the nearly 20 years between the publication dates of the books by each author, it's quite likely that Fairham had passed by the time Evans Bros. chose to re- issue

various titles of The Woodworker Series.

I prefe r the original The Woodworker Series of books by William Fairhalll to those of Charles

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Hayward. In comparing the two authors, it's apparent the Hayward revis ions were meant to update tbe Fairbarn books to meet tbe mid-20th Century ex pectations of both avocational and vocational woodworkers . Hayward can be unnecessarily complex in his descriptions and illustrations, an approach I attribute to the influence of the mid-20th Century Machine Age

society on the manual arts. The more complex a process was, the more important it must be . Fairham adhered to the precepts of the Manual Arts Education system of learning by problem solving, deductive reasoning and hands-on practice.

William Fairham's turn of the 19th - 20th centuries knowledge of hand tools, wood joinery and woodworking machinery as used in Manual Arts Eduction school shops is an inva luable resource for both the beginning and tbe advanced woodworker of today.

The Manual Arts Education MoveUlcnt

The Manual Arts Education movement was an adaptation of the Sloyd, or Slojd system of education introduced by Otto Salomon during the later part of the 19th century. The Manual Arts Education system considered handcraft to

be a necessary element in the educational and social development of young men and women. The Manual Arts classes of the day used

handcrafts to instruct the s tudent in the development of concentration, physical coordination , imagination, dexterity, mathematics, s patial perception and intuitive reasoning. By the 1940'S such coursework

became known as vocational ed ucation and by the 1960'S, was on the wane in both U.S. and European ed ucational systems .

Toolclnera Press Reprints

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The Toolemera Press reprints classic books and ephemera on early tools, trades and ind llstries. We will only reprint items he ld in our personal library. We wilillever use a source document from any online document depository. The Toolemera Press manages every aspect of the

publishing process. All im aging is accomplished either in-house 01' by contract with respected document im aging services. We use Print-O n-Demand to keep pricing affordable.

WWW.tooICI11cra.COI11

VII I

Combined Table Of Contents

Wood work Tools And How To Use Them

Forward 5

Contents 6

The Saw 8

Ripping And Cross Cutting 16

The Tenon Saw 28

The Bow Saw 45

Sharpening Saws 52

Circular Saws 61

Band Saws And Power Fretsaws 80

Planes 95

Using The Plane 107

Hints On Planing 118

The Spokeshave 130

The Chise l 137

The Brace And Bori ng Bits 157

The Steel Scraper 166

Glasspaper 174

Woodwork Tools And How To Use Them

Miscel laneous Tools & Applia nces 182

Cramping Framed Work 198

The Wood Trimmer And It 's Uses 210

Index 215

Woodwork Joints: How They Are Set Out, How Made And Where Used

Forward 230

Conlents 232

Glued Joints 234

Halved Joinls 246

Bridle Joints 268

Tongue And Groove Joints 28 1

Mortise And Tenon Joinls 297

Dowelled Joints 326

Scarf Joints 336

IX

X

Woodwork Joints : How They Are Set Out, How Made And Where Used

Hinged Joints 342

Shutting Joints 360

Dovetail Joints 365

Dovetail Grooving 393

Mitred Joints 396

Curved Work 405

Miscel laneous Jo ints 409

Puzzle Joints 422

Index 442

2

WOODWORK

TOOLS AND HOW TO USE THEM

" WILL IAM FAIRHAM

LONDON

EVANS BROTHER S LIM I TED MONTAGUE HOUSE, RUSSELL SQUARE, w.e. I

3

108

U si"g the Pla"e

Dipping.- One of rthe first difficulties which the beginner has to overcome when planing is to prevent t he plane dipping. Dipping at the end of the stroke (Fig.

FIC. II I.

~- ;-- -~ FIG. 112. F IG . 1 1 1 .-D1 PPING AT FINISII OF' STROKE.

FIG. 1 12.-DIPP ING AT COMMENCEMENT OF STROKE.

FIG. I I3.-ARROW INDICATES PRESSUR E AT DEGINNING OF STROKE

I

FIG. I '4.-AR1:OII"$ IN D ICATE PRESSURE AT FINISH OF STROKE.

II I) and dipping at the beginning (Fig. 112) are due to an ill-balanced pressure of the hands. To overcome t hese faults care, watchfulness and practice are required.

lOI

228

WOODWORK JOINTS

HOW THEY ARE SET OUT, HOW MADE AND WHERE USED; WITH FOUR HUNDRED

ILLUSTRATIONS AND INDEX

REVISED EDIT /ON

LONDON

EVANS BROTHERS, LIMITED MONTAGUE HOUSE, RUSSELL SQUARE. w.e. 1

288 The Tongued and Grooved Joint

Fig. no is a sketch showing one-quarter of a barred or tracery cabinet door. An enlarged section of the astragaJ mould which is grooved to fit on the bar which forms the rebate is also shown.

Fig. III is a " Combing or corner locking" joint, a method of making boxes by means of a continuous use of tongues and grooves instead of dovetails. This type of joint is generally machine made. The amateur,

Fig.~ IIo.-Comer Fig. III.~mbing or of Barred Door.. Locking Joint.

Fig. U2.-Single Loose Tongue and ~ouble

tongue JOint.

however, who is not proficient to undertake a dove-tailed box frequently uses this method.

Corner loiDtI.-Fig. II2 shows both a single loose tongue and a double solid tongue. Both are methods used to connect circular cornered work, such as a counter end, to the front framing.

Fig. II3 indicates a tongued and grooved joint suit-able for edge or eud jointing, such as fitting match-boarding round a chimney breast, making small jewel drawers, etc.

Fig. II4 is a tongued and grooved joint with a bead worked on same to hide the joint, sometimes called a staff-bead. It would be used · in positions such as

55

295 Joints in W oodwark

~he .. olid. The method of holding and using the plane IS sunllar to the directIons given for using the plough. The part lettered F (in front) represents the fence, which in this case is not adjustable.

In description Fig. I25 is similar to Fig. I24. The

Fig. 124. Fig. 125. End Views of Tongueing and Grooving Planes.

steel skate runs in the groove and supports the cutting blade similar to that in the plough plane, and provided a grooving plane of this type is of suitable width it may be used for making grooves for loose tongues. There is on the market a metal plane which is specially

62

357 Joints in Woodwork

table leg to the framing, where it is necessary for the table leg and rail.to swing outwards and support a drop leaf. The pivot is formed by a piece of i -in. or t-in. round iron rod running through the centre of the joint.

L~ '--.....j.--"~=WI:~ __ , , , , ,

,

.' , : " . : ..... - - - - .'. -or - . ... , • ,

Fig. 248~--Clearing the Architrave Mould.

Open Joint Hingeing.-The next three illustrations apply more particularly to the hanging of the ordinary household door.

Fig. 247 is termed" open joint hanging," from the

-- - -. , - _, J - - -'- - - ---~

Fig. 249.- Close Joint Hingeing.

fact that when the door is open a certain amount of open space exists between the edge of the door and the doorpost. This open space varies according to the position in which the butt hinge is fixed. A section is shown at which the pin of the hinge is let in level with

124

367 Joints in Woodwork

tail. As the most general use of the dovetail is for this and similar purposes. we shall therefore deal fully with the methods of marking out and the making of this class of joint.

Angles.-A most important point in the construction of a dovetail is to avoid having the angles of the pins and tails too acute. An inclination of one in eight is considered correct; no hard and fast rule need be

c .. "-

) '

{ .., I .. I .., I '" I ,

A -{ D B

Fig. z7I.-How to obtain Correct Angles for Dove-

tail Template.

s

Fig. 272.-Squaring and use of Template.

obeyed. but the variation should on no account be less than one in six.

Fig. 27I shows a simple method to obtain the correct angle. Take a piece of timber and plane up the face edge (A. B) true and straight; mark out a line (C. D) at right angles to the face edge and space off 8 ins. as shown; now measure a distance of I in. (D, E), and join E to point eight. This will give the correct angle for the dovetails. and it may then be transferred to the

I34

Introduction To Woodworking 1920

by William Fait'ham

Combines his two essential books:

Woodwork(lJ)ols How To OJ'"'''

"The Author of this volume is a man not only of wide n]lerience in practical

woodwork, but who has for manyyears becn an Instructor in Technical

Schools ... "

Toolclllcr>t Prcss I-lislOry Prcscrvcd www.l.Oolclllcra.colll

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