Introduction to the Modern Middle East Study Guide

7/31/2019 Introduction to the Modern Middle East Study Guide

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What is Histadrut?

Histadrut (General Federation of Laborers in the Land of Israel) is Israel's organization of trade unions.Est. 1920 / one of the most powerful institutions of the State of Israel / Labour Zionist movement /economic branch: Hevrat HaOvdim / Ben-Gurion

What is Nakba?Nakba is the Arabic name for the Palestinian Exodus of 1948 / 715,000 Palestinian Arabs left, fled, orwere expelled from their homes during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the Civil War that preceded it /large case of ill-will between Arabs and Israelis /

What persuasion (Arab, non-Arab, Muslim, non-Muslim, Sunni or not) are the Copts and theArmenians?

Copts are the native Egyptian Christians / before and after the 7th century Muslim conquest of Egypt /spoke coptic in the past, now speak Arabic / now largest Christian community in the Middle East /largest religious minority in the region / 10% of Egyptian population. / according to trad. Started by St.Mark in Alexandria / started monasticism / Council of Nicaea, Chalcedon /

Armenians are an ethnic group / one of the first to accept Christianity / own language and alphabet /885 reestablished under Ashot I / subject to ethnic cleansing from 1894 to 1916, 1.5 mil dead /

What sparked Nasser to nationalize the Suez Canal?

When the U.S. And U.K. Did not finance the construction of the Aswan High Dam, Nasser announcedin retaliation that he denounced western influence in the Arab world and announced the nationalizationof the Suez Canal Company, in breach of his earlier agreement. This was received with enthusiasm bythe Arab world. The official reason given was that the funds from the Suez Canal would be used for theconstruction of the dam in Aswan.

What is the "Sultanate of the Women"?

The Sultanate of Women was the near 130-year period during the 16th and 17th centuries when thewomen of the Imperial Harem of the Ottoman Empire exerted extraordinary political influence. Manyof the Sultans during this time were minors and it was their mothers, leaders of the Harem, whoeffectively ruled the Empire.

Which work is considered the epitome of the Arab novel?

One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) It is a collection of Mid Eastern and south asianstories and folk tales

Which Middle Eastern leader was most responsible for the Ottomans joining the Central Powers inWWI?

Said Halim Pasha / grandson of Muhammad Ali /

Who is Huda Shaarawi? Why/where did she removed her veil?


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Hoda Shaarawi (1879-1947) was a pioneer Egyptian Feminist leader and nationalist. Muslim women atthe time were expected to wear a veil called a hijab for modesty. She was greatly involved withtrying to expose Muslim women to more of the world. She opened Girl Schools. She was the wife ofAli Shaarawi who was a political activist. She served as right hand of him in a public way even thoughmost muslim women were kept at home or at the harem. After he died, she made the decision to stop

wearing her veil in public in 1923, at first public defiance for the Arab culture. After that, a prominentArab feminist.

Which countries contributed to the overthrow of Reza Shah?

Reza Shah was the Shah of the Imperial State of Iran from '25 to '41. He was forced to abdicate by theAnglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran in '41. Tried to modernize Iran very quickly. Britain and the SovietUnion invaded and occupied Iran in '41, causing him to abdicate in favour of his son. The invasion wasa response to his declaration of Neutrality and refusal to help Russia against Germany. Also, someGerman nationals were residing in Iran.

What are the Tanzimat and the Young Turks?

The Tanzimat (reorganization) was a period of reformation in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. / tried to modernize the empire / Started byMahmud II and Abdulmecid I /

The Young Turks were a Turkish nationalist reform party in the early twentieth century, favoringreformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire. Officially known as the Committee ofUnion and Progress, their leaders led a rebellion against Sultan Abdul Hamid II. They ruled the formerOttoman empire from '08 to '18.

Who is Ibn Saud?

Ibn Saud (1876-1953) was the first monarch of Saudi Arabia, the third Saudi State. He conqueredalmost all of central Arabia and then united them into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Hepresided over the discovery of Oil in '38 and the exploitation thereof.

Who is Amir Faisal?

Faisal I was for a short time King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria or Greater Syria in 1920, and wasKing of the Kingdom of Iraq from '21 to '33. He was a member of the Hashemite Dynasty. He wantedto bring Sunni and Shiite closer together and promote Pan-Arabism across the Fertile Crescent. Gotpower from the British.

What was the Coup detat of 1952?

The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 was a coup by the Free Officers Movement led by MuhammadNaguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. Abolished constitutional monarchy and established a republic, endedbritish occupation, and make sudan independent.

What was the Bath (Resurrection) Party?


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The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party was a political party founded in Syria by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and associates of Zaki al-Arsuzi. The party espoused Ba'athism, an ideology mixing Arabnationalist, pan-Arabism, Arab socialist and anti-imperialist interests. Ba'athism calls for therenaissance or resurrection and unification of the Arab world into a single state. Its motto"Unity,Liberty, Socialism"refers to Arab unity, and freedom from non-Arab control and interference. TheArab Socialist Ba'ath Party was merged with the Arab Socialist Party led by Akram al-Hawrani in 1952

to form the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.What are the Sufis?

Sufism is defined by its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. / asceticism / personalrelationship '

Who is Saad Zaghloul?

Saad Zaghloul ('1859-1927) was an Egyptian revolutionary and statesman. Prime Minister of Egyptfrom Jan. '24 to Nov '24.

What are the Wafdist (Vanguard)?

The Wafd Party was a nationalist liberal politicla party in Egypt. It was said to be Egypt's most popularand inflential political party for a period in the 1920s and 30s. / developed the 1923 Constitution /constitutional monarchy / dissolved in '52 after the 1952 Egyptian Revolution

What is the Aswan High Dam?

The Aswan Dam is a dam across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt / Construction of which became a keyobjective of the Egyptian Gov. of the revolution of '52 / it could control floods, provide water forirrigation, and generate hydroelectricity / constructed between '60 and '70 / large impact on economy

What was the Suez War/Canal?

The Suez Crisis/War was a diplomatic and military confrontation in late '56 between Egypt andBritain/France/Israel / U.S. U.S.S.R. And U.N. Helped force the Britain group to withdraw / attack ledby Israel after Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal / West wanted control of the Canal / British withdrewafter pressure from U.N. And U.S.

What were the Free Officers?

The Free Officers Movement was comprise on young army officers in Egypt who were committed tooverthrowing the Egyptian Monarchy and British advisors / founded by Gamal Abdel Nasser afterEgypt's defeat in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War /

Who was Gamal abd al-Nasser?

Nasser was the colonel in the Egyptian Army who led the revolution of '52 / after the revolutionMuhammad Naguib was the 1st president / After Naguib, Nasser was the second president from '56until '70/ pan-arab nationalism / short union with Syria / nationalized the Suez Canal / defeated byIsraelis in the Six-Day War / Arab symbol of nationalism


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Who was Midhat Pasha?

Midhat Pasha (1822-1884) was a dynamic, pro-Western, reformer and statesman of the OttomanEmpire / made vizier and pasha in 1860 / over the government of Nis / governor of Baghdad /sympathized with the Young Ottomans

Who was Abdulhamid II?

Abdulhamid II was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire / deposed by the Young Turk Revolution /

What was the Millet System?

The Millet System was the term for the separate legal courts in the Ottoman Empire pertaining topersonal law under which different religions were allowed to rule themselves under their ownsystem.

What was the Intifada?

The First Intifada was a Palestinian uprising against the israqeli occupation of the palestinian Terrtorieswhich lasted from '87 to '93 / began in the Jabalia refugee camp / spred through Gaza, West Bank, andEast Jerusalem / civil disobedience, nonviolent, resistance / escalated / total 1100 Pal. Deaths and 164Israeli deaths /

Who were the Zionists?

Zionism is a form of nationalism of Jews and Jewish culture that supports a Jewish nation state interritory defined as the Land of Israel

What happened during the 1967 Arab-Israeli War?

Also known as the Six-Day War / between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Syria / Israel bombed Egyptian air-fields / Israel won a decisive land war and gained control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsul fromEgypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria

Who was Nahda?

The Nahda was a renaissance in Arabic culture, which brought with it a move towards modernizationand political reform in many countries.

Who was Sharif Husayn?

Sayyid Hussein bin Ali was the Sharif of Mecca, and Emir of Mecc, from 1908 to 1917, when heproclaimed himself king of the Hejaz, which received international recognition / initiated the ArabRevolt in '16 against the Ottoman Empire during WWI / supported by Britain / proclaimed himselfcaliph of all muslims after ottoman caliphate was abolished / defeated by Abdul Aziz al Saud /abdicated to his son Ali

What were the Capitulations?


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The Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and Europeanpowers (France mainly) / they confferred rights and privileges in favor of their subjects resident ortrading in the Ottoman dominions /

What was the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt?

It is an Islamist religious, political, and social movement. Its credo is, "God is our objective; the Quranis our constitution, the Prophet is our leader; Jihad is our way; and death for the sake of God is thehighest of our aspirations." Founded in Egypt by Hassan al-Banna in March 1928, the group spread toother Muslim countries but has its largest, or one of its largest, organizations in Egypt.

Who was Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and what is Kemalism?

Ataturk 1881-1938 was an ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and thefirst President of Turkey / founder of the Republic of Turkey (1923) / led the Turkish nationalistmovement / The principles of Atatrk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, arereferred to as Kemalism.

What was the Balfour Declaration?

The Balfour Declaration (1917) was a letter from the U.K. Foreign Secretary Balfour to BaronRothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for the Zionist Federation of Great Britain andIreland. It stated that the U.K. Wanted to establish a national state of Israel in Palestine.

What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

The SykesPicot Agreement, officially known as the Asia Minor Agreement, was a secret agreementbetween the governments of the United Kingdom and France, with the assent of Russia, defining theirproposed spheres of influence and control in Western Asia should the Triple Entente succeed indefeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I. / May 1916 /

Who were the Islamic Modernists?

Islamic Modernism is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response" tothe cultural challenges which attempts to reconcile Islamic faith with modern values regardingnationalism, democracy, civil rights, rationality, equality and progress.

What is Islamic Nationalism?

Also known as Pan-Islamisn, Islamic Nationalism is a political movement advocating the unity ofMuslims under one Islamic state often a Caliphate.

What was the Baghdad Pact?

Also known as the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), this pact was formed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq,Pakistan, Turkey, and the U.K./ dissolved in 1979 / not very successful / made for mutual cooperationand protection and non-intervention / goal was to contain the USSR / known as Northern Tier


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What effect did Oil have on the middle East?

What was the Civil Engineering Design?

Who was Ayatollah Khomeini?

He was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saythe overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran / was Supreme leader until his death /human rights abuser / Islamic revival leader /

What was the Pahlavi dynasty?

The pahlavi dynasty was the rule of Iran from 1925-1979 by father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi andMohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi / overthrown by Khomeini in '79 during the Islamic revolution.

Who was Muhammad Mossadegh?

Muhammad Mossadegh was the Prime minister of Iran for the period from '51-'52 under the Pahlavidynasty. He was removed from power by the coup of 1953 (CIA) /

What nations worked with the Soviet Union?

What nation had always been independent?

Saudi Arabia / never been occupied by foreign power

Which nations had been occupied by which European powers?

Who was Muhammed Ali ?

What province in Iraq was fought over and why?

The Mosul province was fought over between the Turks under Ataturk and The British who controlledIraq. Under the Sykes-Picot Agreement, the Mosul province was to be under French rule. The Frenchtraded this in 1920 for German oil shares. The case was brought before the league of nations whodecided for the British. The turks protested and it was brought before the international court of justice,who also decided for the British.

When, where and why Iraq tried to expand?


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What was the Ottoman Empire Sultans, trade, relations with provinces, other countries?

Sultans:

Mehmed IISelim ISuleiman IAbdul-Hamid II

Who were the Janissaries?

Elite Bodyguard of the Ottoman Empire / rebelled because they wanted higher wages

What was the Coup detat of 1941 (Anglo-Iraqi War)?

What was the Yemen Civil War?

What was the Saaljuq Empire?

What was the United Arab Republic?

What was the Russo/Turk War ?

What was the Kingdom of Saud?

What was Greater Syria?

What were the Camp David Accords?

The Camp David Accords were two agreements which were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadatand Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, at the White House, and werewitnessed by American president Jimmy Carter. The first agreement dealt with the future of the SinaiPeninsula and peace between Israel and Egypt. This was concluded six months later with the signing of


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the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.

Who are the Islamic Modernists?

What impact did Arab Nationalization have in politics?

What were the Ottoman Empire contributions?

What was Middle Eastern feminism ?

Started in Egypt /

What was the Soviet Influence in the Middle East?

What role did Marxism have in the Middle East?

What was the Arab Socialist party?

Which Nations were occupied by European powers ?

What is the history of Egypt from 1850s to present?

What was the 1919 revolution?

What was the Soviet Involvement in Egypt?

What were the Agragrian Reforms in Egypt?


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What was the History of Kuwait?

What was the Primary language of Islam ?

Arabic is the primary language of IslamWhat was the Peel Commission ?

What were the 1936-39 Arab revolts ?

What is the Definition of Modern Middle East?

What was Modern Middle East city planning ?

What was European Influence?


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Suggestions for study:1. Study a LOT. I put in 30-40 hours.2. IC is helpful but is NOT enough. I could only answer about a 30-40% of the questions based on myknowledge from IC.3. I used the book "A History of the Modern Middle East" by William L. Cleveland for details. It is

very thorough and covers a LOT of details. It gave me a lot of background to be able to make a numberof educated guesses on questions I didn't know the answer to. I would definitely recommend it.4. Use the DSST outline The DSST Program : Students&Adult Learners to see the breakdown of whatis on the test. I took the outline and made my own notes, culling from IC, the Cleveland book and theinternet. This helped me keep track of what was going on.5. Search the internet for timelines. I had a lot of trouble keeping track of what was happening when, soprinting off some timelines on the Ottoman empire, Iran, and Israel helped quite a bit.

Also, know what and where Syria is. When I took my test, I kept blanking on it! You don't really needto know exact dates or to identify places on maps. However, knowing when and geographically wherethings happened will help you figure out answers you don't know.

Spend a lot of time on oil, the Ottoman Empire, and events in the 20th century including the variouscountries' relations to each other, the USSR, France, UK, Germany, and USA.

. FOCUS MAJORLY on the reforms of the Tanzimat, Muhammad Ali, Reza Shaw, Ataturk, and Nassereras. Definitely focus on the ideas of nationalism as they pertain to each of the countries in the middleeast. Know the history and facts surrounding the Arab/Palestinian vs. Israel conflict. And finally knowabout all of the Great Powers(Great Britain, France, US, and Russia) interferences in the middle east,especially as it pertains to oil and Egypt's Suez Canal, as well as the US wanting to stop the spread ofcommunism.

Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt
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Introduction to the Modern Middle East Study Guide