Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer

Introduction to the Microprocessorand ComputerHISTORY OF MICROPROCESSORSNAMEDATETRANSISTORSMICRONSCLOCK SPEED DATA WIDTHMIPS808019746,00062Mhz8 bits0.648088197929,00035Mhz16 bits8-bit bus0.33802861982134,0001.56Mhz16 bits1803861985275,0001.516Mhz32 bits58048619891,200,000125Mhz32 bits20Pentium19933,1000,0000.860Mhz32 bits64-bit bus100Pentium II19977,500,0000.35233Mhz32 bits64-bit bus

~300Pentium III19999,500,0000.25450Mhz32 bits64-bit bus~510Pentium 4200042,000,0000.181.5Ghz32 bits64-bit bus~1,700Pentium 4 Prescott2004125,000,0000.093.6Ghz32 bits64-bit bus~7,000The Memory and I/O SystemI/O SYTEMMICROPROCESSORMEMORY SYSTEMDynamic RAM (DRAM)Static RAM (SRAM)CacheRead-only (ROM)Flash Memory (EEPROM)808680888018680188802868038680486PentiumPentium IIPentium IIIPentium IVPrinterSerial CommunicationFloppy disk driveHard Disk DriveMouse CD-ROM DriveKeyboardPlotter MonitorTape BackupScannerDVDCameraBUSESThe Memory Map of a Personal Computer15M bytes in the 80286 or 80386SX

31M bytes in the 80386SL/SLC

63M bytes in the 80386EX

4095M bytes in the 80386DX, 80486, and Pentium

64G bytes in the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III,Pentium 4, and Core2 5 Mbytes in1 Mbytes of Real Memory(Conventional Memory)

The Memory Map of the TPA9FFFFMSDOS program9FFF0Free TPA...08E30COMMAND.COM08490

Device driverssuch as MOUSE.SYS02530MSDOS program01160

IO.SYS program00700

DOS communications area00500BIOS communications area00400Interrupt vectors00000TPA consists of

The Microprocessorsometimes referred to as the CPU (central processing unit)

controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses.

Memory and I/O are controlled through instructions that are stored in the memory and executed by the microprocessor.The block diagram showing the address, data, and control bus structure.

Address BusData BusPrinterKeyboardRAMROMp

MRDCMWTCIORCIOWCThe Intel Family of Microprocessor Bus and Memory sizesMicroprocessorData Bus WidthAddre64ss Bus WidthMemory Size808616201M80888201M8018616201M801888201M80286162416M80386 SX162416M80386 DX32324G80386 EX162664M8048632324GPentium64324GPentium Overdrive32324GPentium Pro64324GPentium Pro643664GPentium II64324GPentium II643664GMemory InterfaceMemory Pin Connections:

Pin connections common to all memory devices are the address inputs, data outputs or input/outputs, some type of selection input, and at least one control input used to select a read or writeoperation.

AddressO/IWriteSelectRead

PIN CONFIGURATIONPIN NAMES

The timing diagram of AC characteristics of the 2716 EPROM:

ADDRESSData Out ValidCSAddress multiplexer for the TMS4464 DRAM.

RAS

74157741571A1B2A2B3A3B4A4B1A1B2A2B3A3B4A4B1Y2Y3Y4Y1Y2Y3Y4YSS

Memory sizesSample SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module)

8088Data Bus

8088Address BusIO/M

CSOERD2716

A simple NAND gate decoder that selects a 2716 EPROM for memory location FF800HFFFFFH.The 74LS138 3-to-8 line decoder and function table.

A circuit that uses eight 2764 EPROMs for a 64K 8 section of memory in an 8088 microprocessor-based system. The addresses selected in this circuit are F0000HFFFFFH.

The pin-out of the 74LS139, dual 2-to-4 line decoder.OutputsSelection InputsOutputsEnable InputSelection InputsEnable Input1A1B

1E2A2B

2E1Y01Y11Y21Y32Y02Y12Y22Y3Truth table of the 74LS139,dual 2-to-4 line decoder.INPUTSOUTPUTSABY0Y1Y2Y300001110011011010110101111101XX1111