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Introduction to TCP/IP
What is TCP/IPWhat is TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of networking protocols, developed for use on the Internet
TCP and IP are certainly two of the most important
TCP/IP CharacteristicsTCP/IP Characteristics
TCP/IP provides the services necessary to interconnect computers and to interconnect networks, creating the Internet
Independence from underlying network topology, physical network hardware, and OS
Unique IP Address Universal connectivity throughout the network Standardize high-level protocols
TCP/IP InternetworkingTCP/IP Internetworking
TokenRing
FDDI
Private Netsand Internet
Router
LAN and DevicesLAN and Devices
LANs are designed to :
Operate within a limited geographic area Allow multiaccess to high-bandwidth media Control the network privately under local administration Provide full-time connectivity to local services Connect physically adjacent devices
ATMSwitch
EthernetSwitchBridge Hub Router
Wide-Area Networks and DevicesWide-Area Networks and Devices
WANs are designed to :
Operate over geography of telecommunications carriers Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds Control the network subject to regulated public services Provide full-time and part-time connectivity Connect devices separated over wide, even global areas
ATMSwitchRouter
ModemCSU/DSUTA/NT1
S
X.25 orFrame Relay
Switch
Comm.Server Multiplexor
statmux
TCP/IP Networking SoftwareTCP/IP Networking Software
TCP/IP protocol suites define a set of universal communication services
Services can be implemented in a standardized manner in the networking software, normally bundled with OS
TCP/IP Comm. Software
InternetTCP/IP Comm. Software
TCP/IP and InternetTCP/IP and Internet
1957 USSR sputnik, USA established ARPA 1969 ARPA funded ARPANET 1971 Network with 15 nodes 1974 Cerf/Kahn Protocol 1973 Ethernet (Ph.D Dissertation Bob Metcalfe) 1982/83 TCP/IP as a core protocol 1983 4.2 BSD Unix with TCP/IP from UCB (univ. of
California @ Berkley)
Internet growthInternet growthYear #Hosts
69 4
84 1024
87 28174
90 313000
91 617000
92 1.1M
93 2.0M
94 3.8M
95 6.6M
96 12.8M
97 16M
Internet Technical BodiesInternet Technical Bodies
ISOC - Internet Society. Professional society to promote the use of Internet for research and scholar communication and collaboration
IAB - Internet Architecture Board. Technical
oversight and coordination, falls under ISOC IETF - Internet Engineering Task force. Current
protocols and specifications for standardization. Meets 3 times a year, organized in working groups
IRTF - Internet Research Task force. Research oriented for future.
Internet AdministrationsInternet Administrations DDN - the USA Defense Data Network is the government
organization that has overall responsibilty for administrating the Internet
DDN NIC (Network Information Center) assigns unique names and addresses collects and distributes information about TCP/IP protocols
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority assigns value for network parameters, name of services,
identifiers
NOC (Network Operations Center) manages communication links
IAB Standard TracksIAB Standard TracksRFC
Internet Draft
Proposed Standard
Draft Standard
Official Standard
Circulated technical documents call Request For Comments
Revision RFC
protocol specifications should be stable technically and should have no bugs or holes.
at least 2 independent and interoperable implementations that test all specification funcions
have had significant field use and clear community interest in production use.
Protocol Status LevelsProtocol Status Levels
All TCP/IP protocols have one of the following five status levels Required Recommended Elective Limited use Not recommended
Internet documentsInternet documents
RFC number with RFC XXXX, more than 1700 now updated RFCs are published with new RFC numbers not all RFCs describe protocols. not all RFCs are used ftp://ds.internic.net
STD (STandDard) official Internet standard
FYI (For Your Information) RFC series that do not contain protocol specifications
Sample DocumentsSample Documents
RFC 2030 I D. Mills, "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)
Version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI", 10/30/1996. (Pages=18) (Format=.txt) (Obsoletes RFC1769)
1879 I B. Manning, "Class A Subnet Experiment Results and Recommendations", 01/15/1996. (Pages=6) (Format=.txt)
FYI 0023 Guide to Network Resource Tool. EARN Staff. March 1994.
(Format:TXT=235112 bytes) (Also RFC1580) 0028 Netiquette Guidelines. S. Hambridge. October 1995.
(Format: TXT=46185 bytes) (Also RFC1855)
TCP/IP Architectural LayersTCP/IP Architectural Layers
ApplicationApplication
TransportTransport
InternetInternet
NetworkNetwork
PhysicalPhysical
NetworkApplications
End-to-endServices
Routing
Transmission
Network Interface
PhysicalPhysical
TCP/IP and OSITCP/IP and OSI
ApplicationApplication
PresentationPresentation
SessionSession
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
Data LinkData Link
PhysicalPhysical
ApplicationApplication
TransportTransport
InternetInternet
NetworkNetwork
TCP/IPOSI
TCP/IP majors protocolsTCP/IP majors protocols
PhysicalPhysical
ApplicationApplication
TransportTransport
InternetInternet
NetworkNetwork
FTP TELNET SMTP TFTP NFS NTP SNMP NNTPFTP TELNET SMTP TFTP NFS NTP SNMP NNTPDNS BOOTP DHCP HTTP X-windowsDNS BOOTP DHCP HTTP X-windows
TCP UDPTCP UDP
IPIP
Network Driver SoftwareNetwork Driver Software
Communications ProtocolsCommunications Protocols
A Communication protocol that provides a data transfer service can be either connection-oriented or connectionless
Connection-oriented --A connection is generated before the data is exchanged (e.g. TCP)
Connectionless -- Tries its best to delivery data, no need to establish connection (e.g. UDP)
FTP Server
Client-Server RelationshipsClient-Server Relationships One application component,
called Server, provides well- defined services for application components running, called client
Clients make a request for services by transmitting data to the server.
Servers reply by sending data back to the client
How the server knowns type of services ?
TELNET Server
TELNET Client
FTP Cleint
FTP Client
TELNET Server
TELNET Client
FTP Server
FTP Protocol
FTP Protocol
TELNET Protocol
TELNET Protocol
Port AssignmentsPort Assignments
Servers are known by ports number FTP 20, TELNET 23, SMTP 25, HTTP 80
Port numbers are generally allocated by 0 --not used 1-255 --Reserved ports for well-known services 256-1023 --Other reserved ports 1024-65535 --user-defined server ports
Unix stores general used ports in /etc/services directory
Applications
Transport
Network access
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