Tcp Ip Protocol and Ip Addressing

7/25/2019 Tcp Ip Protocol and Ip Addressing

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Module 9TCP/IP Protocol and

IP Addressing


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The TCP/IP model has for la$ers- The Application la$er

Transport la$er Internet la$er and et!or" Access la$er.

TCP/IP Model


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Application Layer

The application la$er of the TCP/IP model handles

highle#el protocols isses of representation

encoding and dialog control.

The Application la$er of the TCP/IP model has

protocols to spport file transfer email and remote

login and man$ other applications.


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Application Layer


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Application Layer

File Transfer Protocol FTP! Tri"ial File Transfer Protocol TFTP!0 T+TP is a connectionless ser#ice

that ses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

#et$or% File &yste' #F&!0 +S is a distribted file s$stem protocol

site de#eloped b$ Sn 1icros$stems that allo!s file access to a remote

storage de#ice sch as a hard dis" across a net!or". &i'ple Mail Transfer Protocol &MTP!0 S1TP administers the

transmission of email o#er compter net!or"s.

Ter'inal e'ulation Telnet!0 Telnet pro#ides the capabilit$ to remotel$

access another compter.

&i'ple #et$or% Mana(e'ent Protocol MP!0 S1P is a protocolthat pro#ides a !a$ to monitor and control net!or" de#ices and to manage

configrations statistics collection performance and secrit$.

)o'ain #a'e &yste' )#&!0 DS is a s$stem sed on the Internet for

translating names of domains and their pblicl$ ad#ertised net!or" nodes

into IP addresses.


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Transport Layer

The transport la$er pro#ides transport ser#ices from the sorce

host to the destination host.

The transport la$er constittes a logical connection bet!een the

endpoints of the net!or" the sending host and the recei#inghost.

*ndtoend control is the primar$ dt$ of the transport la$er

!hen sing TCP.


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Transport Layer


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Transport Layer

Transport ser"ices include all t*e follo$in( ser"ices+

TCP and ,)P

0 Segmenting pperla$er application data

0 Sending segments from one end de#ice to another endde#ice

TCP only

0 *stablishing endtoend operations

0 +lo! control pro#ided b$ sliding !indo!s0 2eliabilit$ pro#ided b$ se3ence nmbers and

ac"no!ledgments


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Internet Layer

The prpose of the Internet la$er is to select the best path

throgh the net!or" for pac"ets to tra#el.

The main protocol that fnctions at this la$er is the

Internet Protocol (IP).


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Internet Layer

The follo!ing protocols operate at the TCP/IP Internet la$er-

IP pro#ides connectionless besteffort deli#er$ roting of

pac"ets. IP is not concerned !ith the content of the

pac"ets bt loo"s for a path to the destination.

Internet Control 1essage Protocol (IC1P) pro#ides

control and messaging capabilities.

Address 2esoltion Protocol (A2P) determines the data

lin" la$er address 1AC address for "no!n IP addresses. 2e#erse Address 2esoltion Protocol (2A2P) determines

IP addresses !hen the 1AC address is "no!n.


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#et$or% Access Layer

The net!or" access la$er is also called the hostto

net!or" la$er.

It incldes the 4A and 5A technolog$ details


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Co'parin( -&I and TCP/IP

6oth ha#e application la$ersthogh the$ inclde #er$ differentser#ices

TCP/IP combines the presentationand session la$er into itsapplication la$er Combines theData 4in" and Ph$sical la$er intothe et!or" Access 4a$er

6oth ha#e comparable transportand net!or" la$ers

TCP/IP appears simpler becase ithas fe!er la$ers

Pac"ets!itched not circits!itched technolog$ is assmed

TCP/IP transport la$er sing UDPdoes not al!a$s garantee reliabledeli#er$ of pac"ets as the transportla$er in the 7SI model does


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Co'parin( -&I and TCP/IP

The 7SI model is sed as a gide for

nderstanding the commnication process.


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Addressin(

*ach compter in a TCP/IP net!or" mst be gi#en a

ni3e identifier or IP address.

0This address operates at 4a$er 8

All compters also ha#e a ni3e ph$sical address "no!n

as a 1AC address. These are assigned b$ the

manfactrer of the net!or" interface card.

0 1AC addresses operate at 4a$er ' of the 7SI model.


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IP" Addresses

An IP address is a 8'bit se3ence of %s and 9s

*#er$ IP address has t!o parts

0 The net!or" portion

0 The host portion

An IP address is an hierarchical address

IP addresses are di#ided into classes to define the large

medim and small net!or"s

0 Class A

0 Class 6

0 Class C


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IP Classes of Addresses


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eser"ed IP Addresses

Certain host addresses

are reser#ed and cannot

be assigned to de#ices on

a net!or"

0 #et$or% address0 Used

to identif$ the net!or" itself

0 roadcast address0 Used

for broadcasting pac"ets toall the de#ices on a net!or"


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Pri"ate Addresses

5ith the rapid gro!th of the Internet pblic IP addresses

!ere beginning to rn ot.

Soltions to e:pand the nmber of IP addresses a#ailable

for pblic se inclde-0 classless interdomain roting (CID2)

0 IP#,

0 Pri#ate IP addresses


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Pri"ate Addresses

Internet re3ires translation of the pri#ate addresses topblic addresses.

This translation process is referred to as et!or" Address

Translation (AT)


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&u1nettin(

To create a sbnet address a net!or" administrator

borro!s bits from the host field and designates them as

the sbnet field

The minimm nmber of bits that can be borro!ed is t!o

The ma:imm nmber of bits that can be borro!ed can be

an$ nmber that lea#es at least t!o bits remaining for the

host nmber


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IP" and IP"2

IP#, ses %'; bits rather

than the 8' bits

Pro#ides ,


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Assi(nin( IP Addresses

et!or" administrators se t!o methods to

assign IP addresses.

0 StaticAdministrati#el$ assigned

0 D$namicAtomaticall$ assigned


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&tatic IP Addresses

Static assignment !or"s best on small infre3entl$

changing net!or"s

=ood record"eeping is critical to pre#ent problems !hich

occr !ith dplicate IP addresses Ser#ers shold be assigned a static IP address so

!or"stations and other de#ices !ill al!a$s "no! ho! to

access needed ser#ices

7ther de#ices that shold be assigned static IP addresses

are net!or" printers application ser#ers and roters


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AP

2e#erse Address 2esoltion Protocol (2A2P) associates

a "no!n 1AC addresses !ith an IP addresses

A net!or" de#ice sch as a dis"less !or"station might

"no! its 1AC address bt not its IP address. 2A2P

allo!s the de#ice to ma"e a re3est to learn its IP address

De#ices sing 2A2P re3ire that a 2A2P ser#er be

present on the net!or" to ans!er 2A2P re3ests


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--TP

The bootstrap protocol (677TP) operates in a clientser#er

en#ironment

677TP pac"ets can inclde the IP address as !ell as the

address of a roter the address of a ser#er and #endor

specific information

7ne problem !ith 677TP is that it !as not designed to pro#ide

d$namic address assignment.

5ith 677TP a net!or" administrator manall$ creates aconfigration file for e#er$ host on the net!or" that contains a

677TP profile along !ith an IP address assignment in it


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)HCP

D$namic host configration protocol (D>CP) is the sccessor to

677TP

Unli"e 677TP D>CP allo!s a host to obtain an IP address

d$namicall$ !ithot the net!or" administrator ha#ing to set p

an indi#idal profile for each de#ice

A range of IP addresses mst be setp on a D>CP ser#er

As hosts come online the$ contact the D>CP ser#er and

re3est an address. The D>CP ser#er chooses an address and

leases it to that host

The ma?or ad#antage that D>CP has o#er 677TP is that it

allo!s sers to be mobile


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AP

Address 2esoltion Protocol (A2P)

0Atomaticall$ maps IP to n"no!n 1AC address

+or TCP/IP commnications a datagram on a localarea

net!or" mst contain both a destination 1AC address anda destination IP address. These addresses mst be

correct and match the destination 1AC and IP addresses

of the host de#ice

+or commnications bet!een t!o 4A segments TCP/IPhas a #ariation on A2P called Pro:$ A2P that !ill pro#ide

the 1AC address of an intermediate de#ice for

transmission otside the 4A to another net!or" segment


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AP

Some de#ices !ill "eep tablesthat contain 1AC addresses and

IP addresses of other de#ices that

are connected to the same 4A.

These are called Address

2esoltion Protocol (A2P) tables.A2P tables are stored in 2A1

memor$ !here the cached

information is maintained

atomaticall$ on each of the

de#ices

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Tcp Ip Protocol and Ip Addressing