Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

Chapter 1 – Chapter 1 –

Powell et al.Powell et al.

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

I. What is learning? A definition:I. What is learning? A definition:A relatively permanent change in A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.behavior that results from experience.

A. Behavior? A. Behavior? 1. Unlearned1. Unlearned2. Learned2. Learned

B. Relatively permanent?B. Relatively permanent?

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

II. Types of learningII. Types of learning

A. Classical conditioning – reflexive A. Classical conditioning – reflexive behaviorbehavior

B. Operant conditioning – consequences B. Operant conditioning – consequences of behavior.of behavior.

C. Observational learningC. Observational learning

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

III. Associative learningIII. Associative learning

A. Nature or Nurture A. Nature or Nurture

1. Nativism1. Nativism

2. Empiricism2. Empiricism

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

A demonstration:A demonstration:1. 1. AppleApple2. 2. NightNight3. 3. ThunderThunder4. 4. BreadBread5. 5. ChairChair6. 6. BatBat7. 7. GirlGirl8. 8. DentistDentist9. 9. QuietQuiet10. 10. SunsetSunset11. 11. ElephantElephant12. 12. BlueBlue

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

III. B. Aristotle’s Laws of AssociationIII. B. Aristotle’s Laws of Association

1. Law of Similarity1. Law of Similarity

2. Law of Contrast2. Law of Contrast

3. Law of Contiguity3. Law of Contiguity

a. Spatial contiguitya. Spatial contiguity

b. Temporal contiguityb. Temporal contiguity

4. Law of Frequency4. Law of Frequency

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

IV. Early influencesIV. Early influences

A. Rene’ DescartesA. Rene’ Descartes

1. Reflex1. Reflex

2. Non-human behavior2. Non-human behavior

3. Human behavior3. Human behavior

a. Mind-bodya. Mind-body

b. Dualismb. Dualism

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

IV. Early influencesIV. Early influencesB. British Empiricist - ExperienceB. British Empiricist - Experience

1. John Locke1. John Locke2. Tabula rasa2. Tabula rasa3. Sensations 3. Sensations simple ideas simple ideas4. Association 4. Association complex ideas (e.g., brick) complex ideas (e.g., brick)5. Association 5. Association duplex ideas (e.g., house) duplex ideas (e.g., house)

C. Structuralism – Structure of mindC. Structuralism – Structure of mind1. Wundt1. Wundt2. Introspection2. Introspection

D. Functionalism – Adaptive processesD. Functionalism – Adaptive processes1. Darwin1. Darwin2. James2. James

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

V. BehaviorismV. Behaviorism

A. John B. WatsonA. John B. Watson

1. First behaviorist1. First behaviorist

2. Science of behavior2. Science of behavior

3. Only observable behavior (emulate 3. Only observable behavior (emulate physics)physics)

4. A little biographical info4. A little biographical info

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

V. Behaviorism (continued)V. Behaviorism (continued)

B. Types of behaviorismB. Types of behaviorism

1. Methodological behaviorism (Watson)1. Methodological behaviorism (Watson)

a. S-R learning (molecular)a. S-R learning (molecular)

b. Observable behavior onlyb. Observable behavior only

c. Emphasized the environmental c. Emphasized the environmental influencesinfluences

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

V. Behaviorism (continued)V. Behaviorism (continued)

B. Types of behaviorism (continued)B. Types of behaviorism (continued)

2. Neobehaviorism (Clark Hull)2. Neobehaviorism (Clark Hull)

a. Intervening variablesa. Intervening variables

b. Habit strengthb. Habit strength

c. Drivesc. Drives

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

V. Behaviorism (continued)V. Behaviorism (continued)B. Types of behaviorism (continued)B. Types of behaviorism (continued)

3. Cognitive behaviorism (Tolman)3. Cognitive behaviorism (Tolman)a. Intervening cognitive processesa. Intervening cognitive processesb. Purpose and expectancyb. Purpose and expectancyc. Molar (not molecular)c. Molar (not molecular)d. Latent learningd. Latent learning

1) Cognitive map1) Cognitive map2) Learning vs performance2) Learning vs performance

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

V. Behaviorism (continued)V. Behaviorism (continued)B. Types of behaviorism (continued)B. Types of behaviorism (continued)

4. Social learning theory (Bandura)4. Social learning theory (Bandura)1. Observational learning1. Observational learning2. Reciprocal determinism2. Reciprocal determinism

a. Environmental eventsa. Environmental eventsb. Observable behaviorsb. Observable behaviorsc. Internal eventsc. Internal events

Introduction to LearningIntroduction to Learning

V. Behaviorism (continued)V. Behaviorism (continued)B. Types of behaviorism (continued)B. Types of behaviorism (continued)

5. Radical behaviorism (Skinner)5. Radical behaviorism (Skinner)a. Covert behaviors, unlike Watsona. Covert behaviors, unlike Watsonb. Causes of both in environmentb. Causes of both in environmentc. Molar, but unlike Tolmanc. Molar, but unlike Tolmand. Not extreme empiricist, genetics d. Not extreme empiricist, genetics

important (selection parallels) important (selection parallels) e. EABe. EABf. ABAf. ABA