INTRODUCTION TO LAW INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICECRIMINAL JUSTICE

Ms. Autumn PettitMs. Autumn Pettit

InstructorInstructor

Section I: The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Section I: The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice

A Brief History:A Brief History:

Laws: A body of rules that Laws: A body of rules that govern govern conduct with penalties for conduct with penalties for violationsviolations

Historically, in other countries, the ruler Historically, in other countries, the ruler created the law and enforced it.created the law and enforced it.

In the US laws are not enforced by the In the US laws are not enforced by the creators but by law enforcement officialscreators but by law enforcement officials

Primitive and Ancient LawPrimitive and Ancient Law

Law enforcement can be traced back Law enforcement can be traced back to cave dwellers.to cave dwellers.

Tribes and clansTribes and clans Justice was retaliatory: punish the Justice was retaliatory: punish the

offender.offender. Punishment delivered by victim or Punishment delivered by victim or

victims family.victims family.

Common Punishments:Common Punishments:

FlayingFlaying ImpalementImpalement Burning at stakeBurning at stake StoningStoning BrandingBranding MutilationMutilation Crucifixion Crucifixion

EgyptEgypt Developing Court SystemDeveloping Court System Judges were appointed by PharaohJudges were appointed by Pharaoh Public officers performed police Public officers performed police

functionsfunctionsGreeceGreece

EphoriEphori Investigator, judge, jury & executionerInvestigator, judge, jury & executioner Presided over Senate and AssemblyPresided over Senate and Assembly

RomeRome Twelve TablesTwelve Tables

11stst written laws written laws Urban Cohort, Praetorian GuardUrban Cohort, Praetorian Guard

Used to protect the palace and patrol the cityUsed to protect the palace and patrol the city VigilesVigiles

11stst civilian police force civilian police forceWhere word vigilante was derivedWhere word vigilante was derived

Justinian CodeJustinian CodeCorpus Juris Civilis: Body of LawCorpus Juris Civilis: Body of Law

English Law and Law EnforcementEnglish Law and Law Enforcement

Anglo-Saxons and the Tithing SystemAnglo-Saxons and the Tithing System Tithing systemTithing system

-Group of 10 families-Group of 10 families-Responsible for maintaining order-Responsible for maintaining order-Enforced two laws: Murder & Theft-Enforced two laws: Murder & Theft-Hue & Cry-Hue & Cry

HundredsHundreds-Group of 10 Tithing-Group of 10 Tithing-Top official: reeve-Top official: reeve-Elected a constable, 1-Elected a constable, 1stst English police officer English police officer

Hundreds were consolidated into Shires Hundreds were consolidated into Shires or Countiesor Counties

The head of the shire was the shire-The head of the shire was the shire-reevereeve

-Forerunner to our county sheriff-Forerunner to our county sheriff

-Both police officer and judge-Both police officer and judge

-Power of -Power of posse comitatus posse comitatus (later (later known as posse)known as posse)

Norman Frankpledge SystemNorman Frankpledge System

1066 William the Conqueror invaded 1066 William the Conqueror invaded EnglandEngland

Modified tithing system into Modified tithing system into Frankpledge SystemFrankpledge System

Required loyalty to the king’s law Required loyalty to the king’s law and responsibility of free Englishmen and responsibility of free Englishmen to maintain peaceto maintain peace

Twelfth CenturyTwelfth Century

Henry I: 1100-1135Henry I: 1100-1135 Leges HenriciLeges Henrici

-Made law enforcement a public matter -Made law enforcement a public matter and separated offenses into felonies and and separated offenses into felonies and misdemeanors.misdemeanors.

Henry II: 1154-1198Henry II: 1154-1198

-Established the jury system-Established the jury system

Magna CartaMagna Carta

-Signed by King John-Signed by King John

-Precedent for democratic government-Precedent for democratic government

-Required rulers uphold the law-Required rulers uphold the law

-forbade taxation without representation-forbade taxation without representation

-required due process, including trial by -required due process, including trial by jury, jury, and safeguards against unfair and safeguards against unfair imprisonmentimprisonment

Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Henry Fielding and the Bow Street RunnersRunners

Henry Fielding fought for social and Henry Fielding fought for social and criminal reformcriminal reform

Established the Bow Street RunnersEstablished the Bow Street Runners 11stst detective unit in London detective unit in London Volunteer forceVolunteer force Foot and horse patrolsFoot and horse patrols

Peelian ReformPeelian Reform Sir Robert (Bobbie) PeelSir Robert (Bobbie) Peel ““father of modern policing”father of modern policing” Proposed community responsibility Proposed community responsibility

for preserving law and orderfor preserving law and order Lead to the organization of the Lead to the organization of the

Metropolitan Police of London in Metropolitan Police of London in 18291829

London Metropolitan PoliceLondon Metropolitan Police

““Bobbies”Bobbies” Uniformed Uniformed Primary function was crime Primary function was crime

prevention through patrolprevention through patrol Were not popularWere not popular 1883 appointed two women to 1883 appointed two women to

supervise women convictssupervise women convicts 1905 women conducted inquiries in 1905 women conducted inquiries in

cases involving women and childrencases involving women and children

Early Law Enforcement in the Early Law Enforcement in the United StatesUnited States

BostonBoston16311631

Six man force Six man force

Primary function was to ring bell in case of firePrimary function was to ring bell in case of fire

In effect for more than 200 hundred yearsIn effect for more than 200 hundred years

1735 required to call out time and weather1735 required to call out time and weather

New YorkNew YorkNew AmsterdamNew Amsterdam

1643 “burgher guard” formed to protect 1643 “burgher guard” formed to protect colonycolony

1653 changed to “rattle watch”1653 changed to “rattle watch”

1844 paid round clock police force1844 paid round clock police force

First uniform police forceFirst uniform police force

Slave PatrolsSlave PatrolsEnforce CurfewsEnforce Curfews

Catch runawaysCatch runaways

Suppress rebellionSuppress rebellion

Vigilante MovementVigilante MovementRefers to the absence of law enforcementRefers to the absence of law enforcement

Settlers taking law into their own handsSettlers taking law into their own hands

Federal AgenciesFederal Agencies

Department of JusticeDepartment of Justice FBIFBI FDEAFDEA US MarshalsUS Marshals INS (now Dept of Homeland Security)INS (now Dept of Homeland Security) BOPBOP

Department of TreasuryDepartment of Treasury Bureau of CustomsBureau of Customs IRSIRS Secret Service (Dept of Homeland Secret Service (Dept of Homeland

Security)Security) BATFBATF

Department of Homeland SecurityDepartment of Homeland Security-Created after 9/11-Created after 9/11

-Oversees Secret Service, Bureau of -Oversees Secret Service, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, Bureau Customs and Border Protection, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services of Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly INS), and U.S. Coast Guard.(formerly INS), and U.S. Coast Guard.

State AgenciesState Agencies-State highway patrol-State highway patrol

-Texas Rangers-Texas Rangers County AgenciesCounty Agencies

-Sheriff-Sheriff

-County Police-County Police

-Coroner or Medical Examiner-Coroner or Medical Examiner

Local AgenciesLocal Agencies

-Constable-Constable

-Marshall-Marshall

-Municipal Police-Municipal Police OverlapOverlap

-five levels of government-five levels of government

Three Eras of PolicingThree Eras of Policing

Political Era (1840-1930)Political Era (1840-1930)

-decentralized organization-decentralized organization

-intimate relationship with -intimate relationship with communitycommunity

-foot patrol-foot patrol

-police corruption-police corruption

-Pendleton Act (can not fire or -Pendleton Act (can not fire or promote promote for political reasons)for political reasons)

MinoritiesMinorities

-segregated and discriminated against-segregated and discriminated against WomenWomen

-1883: First police officer: Marie Owen-1883: First police officer: Marie Owen Wickersham CommissionWickersham Commission

-Herbert Hoover-Herbert Hoover

-police brutality-police brutality

-called for higher professional -called for higher professional standardsstandards

Reform or Professional Era (1930-1980)Reform or Professional Era (1930-1980)

-crime control-crime control

-centralized & efficient organization-centralized & efficient organization

-professional remoteness from -professional remoteness from communitycommunity

-motorized patrol-motorized patrol

-emphasized importance of college -emphasized importance of college educated officers.educated officers.

Women and MinoritiesWomen and Minorities -Griggs v. Duke Power Company-Griggs v. Duke Power Company

-Equal Employment Opportunity -Equal Employment Opportunity ActAct

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment:Experiment:

-Questioned preventative Patrol-Questioned preventative Patrol

Community Era (1980-Present)Community Era (1980-Present)

-Community Support-Community Support

-Professionalism-Professionalism

-Broad range of services-Broad range of services

-Problem solving approach-Problem solving approach

-Proactive-Proactive

Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice SystemSystem

Puritan EmphasisPuritan Emphasis-Children were basically evil-Children were basically evil

-Children who broke the law were dealt -Children who broke the law were dealt with with severelyseverely

-1820’s laws were passed to protect -1820’s laws were passed to protect children children from punishment from punishment associated with associated with criminal criminal lawlaw

-New York’s House of Refuge-New York’s House of Refuge

Juvenile CourtJuvenile Court-1-1stst juvenile court: Cook County Illinois juvenile court: Cook County Illinois

-Regulated treatment and control of -Regulated treatment and control of dependent, neglected and delinquent dependent, neglected and delinquent childrenchildren

-purpose was to save the child -purpose was to save the child