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Introduction to ANALYSIS

Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

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Page 1: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Introduction to ANALYSIS

Page 2: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Why a person should not fear

Statistics

Page 3: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Even babies can love statistics…..

Page 4: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

And even professors lovebabies…

Page 5: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Statistics is a way to get INFORMATION from data.

Page 6: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

It may look complicated….

Page 7: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics
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Page 11: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

London Heathrow Airport

Page 12: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics
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http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=^DJI

Page 17: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

http://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/

http://www.x-rates.com/d/CAD/CNY/graph120.html

Some other statistics….

Page 18: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

Let’s take a look at what statistics are and what they do.

Page 19: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Charles Darwin1809-1882

Francis Galton1822-1911

Charles Spearman1863-1945

Karl Pearson1857-1936

History

Page 20: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Statistics:Getting information from data.

Who (what) are we studying?Population 1. Census 2. Sample

Page 21: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Statistics:Getting information from data.

Who (what) are we studying?Population 1. Census 2. Sample

a. Describeb. Infer

Page 22: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Statistics:Getting information from data.

Who (what) are we studying?Population Sample

Two types of analysis 1. Descriptive 2. Inferential

Probability

Page 23: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Statistics:Getting information from data.

Inferential The Probability that what we find in the Sample will apply to the whole Population.

Page 24: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Statistics:Getting information from data. Inferential Whenever a sample is utilized, there will always be a “sampling error.”

Page 25: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Statistics:Getting information from data. Inferential Whenever a sample is utilized, there will always be a “sampling error.”

That “sampling error” will increase as thevariability of the measure increases.

That “sampling error” will decrease as thesize of the sample increases.

Page 26: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Statistics:Getting information from data. Inferential The “sampling error.”

SE nx /

Page 27: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Most inferential statistics are simply the number of sampling errors a finding is from what was expected.

TestF ind ing Expecta tion

Sam plingE rror

Page 28: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

THIS is the universal statistic….

TestF ind ing Expecta tion

Sam plingE rror

Page 29: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

The universal statistic….

For example, the t-test is:

Page 30: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

tx

n

0

0

Or:

TestF ind ing Expecta tion

Sam plingE rror

Page 31: Introduction to ANALYSIS. Why a person should not fear Statistics

Ferguson’s Epitaph for a Statistician

With no applause from saint or devilHe was significant at the .05 level.He squeezed life’s data, but when doneHe failed to reach the .01.

Fergusons, G. A. (1981). Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education(5th Ed.). McGraw Hill: New York.