General pharmacology

Introduction of General pharmacology

D.Raju M.pharm. ,Lecturer

PHL‐358‐PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS‐I

CoNTENTS

• 1) INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY• 2)PHARMACOKINETIC• •ABSORPTON• •DISTRIBUTION• •BIOTRANSFORMATION• •ELIMINATION• •CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETIC• 3) PHARMACODYNAMIC• 4) DRUG INTERACTIONS• 5) CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY• 6) DRUG TOXICOLOGY

• • PARMACOLOGY = Pharmacon + Logos• Drug Scıence• = Drug Science• = The science that deals with the interaction of living• systems with chemicals (endogenous or exogenous)• • SUBDIVISION OF PHARMACOLOGY:• 1) MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY:• Deals with materials used to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases.• 2) PHARMACOTHERAPY:• �� Employment of drugs for the prevention and treatment of• diseases.• �� Its scope: -Indications• -Contraindications• -Drug interactions• -Rational therapy design (art of therapy planning)• -Good prescribing• �� THERAPY: i) Radical (full healing)• ii) Symptomatic(treatment of symptoms only)• iii)Prophylactic (eg. contraception, vaccine)

• CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:• Deals with: ‐the discovery and development of new drug 

molecules• ‐evaluation of these on healthy and diseased human being• after enough experimentation on animals• ‐should not be mixed with pharmacothotherapy and• art of prescription writings• CHEMOTHEREAPY:• Deals with the treatment of infectious and neoplastic

disorderserapy and• art of prescription writings

• PHARMACOKINETICS:• Deals with how the body handles a drug.• Its scope: ‐ Absorption• ‐ Distribution• ‐ Biotransformation (metabolism)• ‐ Elimination• 5• PHARMACODYNAMICS:• ‐Deals with how drug handles the body• ‐Deals with the biochemical and physiological effects• (beneficial or toxic) of drugs and their mechanism of action• in human being.

• IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY• Deals with drugs that can bring about an effect by acting on immune

• System: ‐ Immunosuppressive agents used in organ transplantation

• and in autoimmune disorders• ‐ Immunomodulators like immunostimulantsused in

• immune deficiencies

• 7)TOXİCOLOGY:Deals with undesirable or adverse effects of chemicals in

• biological systems.• Drug Effects• Desirable Undesirable• (therapeutic)• Non‐deleterious Deleterious• (side effects) (toxic effects)• ‐Pharmacologic• ‐Pathologic• ‐Genotoxic• (nitrogen mustard)• Liver: Acetaminophene• Lung: Paraquat (herbesite)• Phototoxicity: Sulfonamides, tetracyclines

• DRUG• �� The main concern of pharmacology.• �� Definitions: 1) Drugs are active chemical principles used in medicine• 2) WHO: Drug is a compound used to change the• physiological functions or pathophysiological condiditions• for the benefit of human being.• 3) MORE GENERAL: Any substance that bring about• changes in biological functions through its chemical• action.• 4) OR: Drug is any small molecule that alter body• functions by interaction at the molecular level.• • Drug actions are mediated by 3 ways:• 1) By acting on somatic or psychic processes or• functions.• 2) By correction of deficiencies• 3) By toxic action on pathogenic microorganism• • Drug effects: - Should be -selective• -temporary• -dose-related (controllable)• - And show close relationship with bioavailability

• HOW ARE DRUGS RESPONSES PRODUCED?• �� By interaction with active binding sites called 

RECEPTORS• ‐ Inert binding sites (plasma & tissue proteins) do not• bring about a biological response• ‐ Drug may be agonist or antagonist for the receptors• ‐ Interaction wit receptors may be covalent, electrostatic..• ‐ For best fitting, drug size, shape, electrical charges and• atomic composition are important• ‐Majority of drug size fall in 100 to 1000• ‐Small molecules are more selective in its action• ‐Large molecules move more slowly (mw 1000)

THANK YOU