Introduction and History Introduction and History of Anatomy/Levels of of Anatomy/Levels of

OrganizationOrganization

DefinitionsDefinitions►Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”

Study of the structure of the body, either Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematicallyregionally or systematically

►Physiology – branch of biological Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of science dealing with the function of organs and organ systemsorgans and organ systems

HippocratesHippocrates► Greek physician who Greek physician who

studied anatomy, studied anatomy, and speculated and speculated physiology physiology

► ““Father of Anatomy”Father of Anatomy”► Much of his work Much of his work

remains todayremains today► Hippocratic oath Hippocratic oath

taken by doctors at taken by doctors at graduationgraduation

Hippocrates’ BeliefsHippocrates’ Beliefs► Sickness was not a Sickness was not a

divine punishmentdivine punishment

►Medicine should be Medicine should be ethical (Hippocratic ethical (Hippocratic oath)oath)

► Patient Patient confidentialityconfidentiality

► I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: I will I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.

► I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilismtherapeutic nihilism..

► I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.chemist's drug.

► I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.

► I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given to me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be of life and death. If it is given to me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.God.

► I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.adequately for the sick.

► I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.► I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all

my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.► If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and

remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.who seek my help.

Modern AnatomyModern Anatomy► Use of new Use of new

technology provided technology provided further further understanding of understanding of both structure and both structure and function of organs function of organs and organ systemsand organ systems

► CAT scans, X-rays, CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRIGenetic tests, MRI

Future of AnatomyFuture of Anatomy►Health related Health related

studies are now studies are now centered around centered around molecular biologymolecular biology

► Looking for genetic Looking for genetic and molecular and molecular indicators of disease indicators of disease

►New assays New assays conducted more in conducted more in vitro vs. in vivovitro vs. in vivo

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

AtomAtom►Most basic that Most basic that

anything can be anything can be broken down into broken down into and still exhibit and still exhibit characteristics of characteristics of itselfitself

► Ie. Nitrogen, Ie. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbonoxygen, carbon

MoleculeMolecule►Work collectively to Work collectively to

form a cellform a cell

► Ie. Protein, Ie. Protein, carbohydrate, lipidcarbohydrate, lipid

CellCell►Work together to Work together to

form a tissueform a tissue

► Ie. RBC, WBC, Ie. RBC, WBC, cardiac muscle cellcardiac muscle cell

TissueTissue► Cells which work Cells which work

together to form an together to form an organorgan

► Ie. Cardiac muscle Ie. Cardiac muscle tissue, elastic tissue tissue, elastic tissue surrounding veins surrounding veins and arteriesand arteries

OrganOrgan► Collection of tissues Collection of tissues

that work together that work together to form an organ to form an organ systemsystem

► ie. Heart, blood, ie. Heart, blood, vein, capillary, etc.vein, capillary, etc.

Organ systemOrgan system►Organs which work Organs which work

together to perform together to perform a certain functiona certain function

► Ie. Circulatory Ie. Circulatory systemsystem

OrganismOrganism►Organism (in this Organism (in this

case humans)case humans)

► Collection of organ Collection of organ systems which systems which function togetherfunction together