Organization of the Organization of the Human BodyHuman Body

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Learning GoalsLearning Goals Distinguishes between the terms Distinguishes between the terms anatomyanatomy and and

physiologyphysiology Describes the levels of body organization Describes the levels of body organization Define homeostasis and explain its importanceDefine homeostasis and explain its importance Describe anatomical positions and body regions Describe anatomical positions and body regions

when comparing the relationships of body organs when comparing the relationships of body organs and structuresand structures

Describe the components of a feedback system Describe the components of a feedback system and compare negative & positive feedbackand compare negative & positive feedback

Define the directional terms and the anatomical Define the directional terms and the anatomical planes and section used to locate parts of the planes and section used to locate parts of the human bodyhuman body

Anatomy vs. PhysiologyAnatomy vs. Physiology

AnatomyAnatomy is the science of structure is the science of structure and the relationships among and the relationships among structures.structures.

PhysiologyPhysiology is the science of body is the science of body functions… how the body parts work.functions… how the body parts work.

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study

Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy– Large structuresLarge structures– Easily observableEasily observable

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study

Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy– Very small Very small

structuresstructures– Can only be Can only be

viewed with viewed with a microscopea microscope

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization1.The chemical level= atoms (smallest unit of matter)-> forms molecules

2.Molecules combine to form the cellular level

What are cells?

3. Groups of similar cells= tissue level

4. Different types of tissues join together= organ level; have 2 or more diff tissue & have specific functions

5. Groups of related organs that have a common function= organ system

6. All systems of body combines to form=organismal level

How Body Systems Work TogetherHow Body Systems Work Together

The 11 body systems work together to maintain The 11 body systems work together to maintain health, protect one from disease, and allow for health, protect one from disease, and allow for the reproduction of the speciesthe reproduction of the species– integumentary integumentary nervousnervous skeletalskeletal– endocrineendocrine muscularmuscular cardiovascularcardiovascular– lymphatic & immunelymphatic & immune digestivedigestive respiratoryrespiratory– urinaryurinary reproductivereproductive

The integumentary system, for example protects The integumentary system, for example protects all systems by serving as a barrier between he all systems by serving as a barrier between he outside environment and internal tissues and outside environment and internal tissues and organsorgans

Organ System Overview: ExampleOrgan System Overview: Example

SkeletalSkeletal– Protects and supportsProtects and supports

body organsbody organs– Provides muscleProvides muscle

attachment for movementattachment for movement– Site of blood cellSite of blood cell

formationformation– Stores mineralStores mineral

List 3 functions of each system below.List 3 functions of each system below.

Integumentary systemIntegumentary system Muscular systemMuscular system Nervous systemNervous system Endocrine systemEndocrine system Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system Lymphatic systemLymphatic system Respiratory systemRespiratory system Digestive systemDigestive system Urinary systemUrinary system Reproductive systemReproductive system

Necessary Life Functions & Survival NeedsNecessary Life Functions & Survival Needs

MetabolismMetabolism – chemical reactions within – chemical reactions within the bodythe body– Production of energyProduction of energy– Making body structuresMaking body structures

NutrientsNutrients– Chemicals for energy and cell buildingChemicals for energy and cell building– Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

vitamins, and mineralsvitamins, and minerals OxygenOxygen

– Required for chemical reactionsRequired for chemical reactions

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Defined as a condition in which the Defined as a condition in which the body’s internal environment remains body’s internal environment remains steady despite changes inside & steady despite changes inside & outside the body.outside the body.– Homeostasis ensures that our body Homeostasis ensures that our body

temperature remains at a proper 98.6temperature remains at a proper 98.6˚̊F F and our cells contain adequate nutrients and our cells contain adequate nutrients & oxygen to flourish& oxygen to flourish

Homeostasis is controlled mainly by Homeostasis is controlled mainly by the nervous and endocrine system.the nervous and endocrine system.

Stress and HomeostasisStress and Homeostasis A stress is any stimulus that attempts to disrupt A stress is any stimulus that attempts to disrupt

homeostasis, thus creating an imbalance in the homeostasis, thus creating an imbalance in the internal environment.internal environment.

Stress may originate from either internal or Stress may originate from either internal or external stimuli.external stimuli.– Ex. of external: intense heat or lack of oxygenEx. of external: intense heat or lack of oxygen– Ex. of internal: too low blood glucoseEx. of internal: too low blood glucose– Ex. When body temp rises, nerve impulses cause sweat glands Ex. When body temp rises, nerve impulses cause sweat glands

to release more sweat, which cools the body as it evaporates. to release more sweat, which cools the body as it evaporates. Stress is counteracted by the regulating of Stress is counteracted by the regulating of

homeostatic devices that bring the internal homeostatic devices that bring the internal environment back into balance environment back into balance (nervous/endocrine systems)(nervous/endocrine systems)

Homeostasis is maintained through the use of Homeostasis is maintained through the use of feedback mechanismsfeedback mechanisms

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

A feedback system involves a cycle of A feedback system involves a cycle of events in which the information about events in which the information about body conditions is continually monitored body conditions is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region.and fed back to a central control region.– Ex. Of controlled/monitored conditions: body Ex. Of controlled/monitored conditions: body

temp, blood pressure or blood glucose level temp, blood pressure or blood glucose level There are 2 types of FB systems: negative There are 2 types of FB systems: negative

and positiveand positive Most FB systems are negativeMost FB systems are negative

Overview of Homeostasis:Feedback LoopOverview of Homeostasis:Feedback Loop

Components of a feedback system

A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition: ex. Skin

The receptor sends input= nerve impulses to control center

The control center usually the Brain has the range (set point) of values within a controlled condition; it receives input & generates commands=output to the effector.

The effector receives the output and produces a response=effect that changes the controlled condition. Ex. Nearly every organ

Negative vs. Positive FeedbackNegative vs. Positive Feedback A A negative feedbacknegative feedback system reverses a system reverses a

change in a controlled condition in order to change in a controlled condition in order to maintain homeostasis.maintain homeostasis.

A A positive feedbackpositive feedback system system reinforces/increases the initial change in reinforces/increases the initial change in the controlled condition.the controlled condition.– This occurs in blood clotting and birth of a babyThis occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

Ex. The release of oxytocin ( a hormone) that Ex. The release of oxytocin ( a hormone) that intensifies the contractions that take place during intensifies the contractions that take place during childbirthchildbirth

The components of a FB system are a The components of a FB system are a control center, a receptor, and a effectorcontrol center, a receptor, and a effector

Blood pressure and negative feedback

Blood pressure is the force of blood as it passes through the vessels. BP depends on the rate and strength of the heartbeat. If the heart beats faster, more blood pushes into the arteries & elevates pressure.

If the heart beats faster, more blood pushes into the arteries &elevates pressure.

1. Stimulus causes an increase in BP

2. Receptors in the walls of certain blood vessels detect the BP↑ and sends nerve impulses to brain

3. The brain (control center) interprets inputs and sends nerve impulses to the heart

4. The heart (effector) decreases heart rate and thus ↓BP

More Negative FeedbackMore Negative Feedback

In negative FB the body responds to a In negative FB the body responds to a change in such a way as to reverse the change in such a way as to reverse the direction of the changedirection of the change– Ex. Your home heating systemEx. Your home heating system1.Thermostat (receptor) senses when the 1.Thermostat (receptor) senses when the

temperature is too lowtemperature is too low2. The control center (also housed in thermostat) 2. The control center (also housed in thermostat)

responds and sends a message to the effectorresponds and sends a message to the effector3. The furnace (effector) then produces heat, 3. The furnace (effector) then produces heat,

which warms the house until it returns to which warms the house until it returns to target temperaturetarget temperature

Homeostasis and DiseaseHomeostasis and Disease If one or more components of the body If one or more components of the body

lose their ability to contribute to lose their ability to contribute to homeostasis, normal balance may homeostasis, normal balance may disturbeddisturbed– Imbalance can lead to disorder or disease; Imbalance can lead to disorder or disease;

if severe, deathif severe, death– A A disorderdisorder is any derangement or is any derangement or

abnormality of functionabnormality of functionEx. Thyroid gland not releasing the correct Ex. Thyroid gland not releasing the correct

amount of hormone.amount of hormone.- A A diseasedisease is a more specific term for an is a more specific term for an

illness characterized by a recognizable set illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptomsof signs and symptoms

- Ex. Headaches, nausea, bleeding, swellingEx. Headaches, nausea, bleeding, swelling

DiseaseDisease

There are four major categories of disease.There are four major categories of disease.

1. Congenital1. Congenital

2. Immunological2. Immunological

3. Metabolic3. Metabolic

4. Neoplastic4. Neoplastic

Congenital DiseaseCongenital Disease

• Congenital diseases are diseases that exist prior to Congenital diseases are diseases that exist prior to or at birth.or at birth. They can be due to genetic disorders They can be due to genetic disorders (Hemophilia), chromosomal disorders (Down’s (Hemophilia), chromosomal disorders (Down’s syndrome), or the failure of the fetus to develop syndrome), or the failure of the fetus to develop properly (Spina bifida, cleft palate). properly (Spina bifida, cleft palate).

The individuals shown suffer from agenetic disorder known as Xerodermapigmentosum. This disease affects the skin and renders the individuals withoutany protection from UV light. Their skinliterally burns when exposed to anylight source that emits UV radiation, even from light bulbs.

Immunological DiseaseImmunological Disease• Immunological diseases are caused Immunological diseases are caused

by foreign organisms (pathogens) or by foreign organisms (pathogens) or agents (allergens, poisons) that enter agents (allergens, poisons) that enter the body and cause disease. the body and cause disease.

• They typically invoke a response by They typically invoke a response by the body’s immune system. Chicken the body’s immune system. Chicken pox, measles, mumps, strept-throat, pox, measles, mumps, strept-throat, AIDS, and allergies are all examples AIDS, and allergies are all examples of this type of disease. of this type of disease.

• In some cases the body’s own In some cases the body’s own immune system turns on itself and immune system turns on itself and begins to attack its own tissues. begins to attack its own tissues. These type of diseases are called These type of diseases are called autoimmune diseases . Lupus is an autoimmune diseases . Lupus is an example of such a disease.example of such a disease.

The individual above is suffering from the viral disease small pox. Small pox scars, blinds, maims, and often kills those it infects. It has been eradicated from the human population by vaccination. However, scientists are worried that it may re-emerge due to globalization, war, and terrorism.

Metabolic DiseaseMetabolic Disease Metabolic diseases are Metabolic diseases are

those that interfere or those that interfere or inhibit normal metabolic inhibit normal metabolic processes of the body. processes of the body. Grave’s disease Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism), (hyperthyroidism), diabetes, PKU, and diabetes, PKU, and Cushing’s disease are all Cushing’s disease are all examples of metabolic examples of metabolic diseases. diseases.

Injuries are also classified Injuries are also classified as metabolic disease as metabolic disease because they also interfere because they also interfere with thewith the normal metabolic normal metabolic processes of the body.processes of the body.

The British actor Marty Feldman’s “unique” eyes were due to the fact he suffered from Grave’s disease. Unfortunately this disease also led to his death at an early age from a heart attack.

Neoplastic DiseaseNeoplastic Disease Neoplastic diseases are Neoplastic diseases are

the result of abnormal the result of abnormal cell or uncontrolled cell cell or uncontrolled cell growth.growth.

The abnormal cells grow The abnormal cells grow and divide in other and divide in other normal tissues and normal tissues and disrupt their normal disrupt their normal function and starve them function and starve them of nutrients that they of nutrients that they need to survive.need to survive.

Cancers are all examples Cancers are all examples of this type of disease.of this type of disease.

In England during 1800’s there lived a man by the name of Joseph Merrick who suffered from a disease called Proteus syndrome. This disease resulted in the abnormal growth of theconnective tissues (cartilage and bone) on the right side of his body. He was so grotesquely disfigured by the disease, that his appearance frightened the public. He often wore a hood over his head when in public and was referred to as the “Elephant Man”.

The Language of The Language of AnatomyAnatomy

The Anatomical Position The Anatomical Position Directional terms or descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that the body is in a specific stance called: The Anatomical Position

The subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward.

The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward

Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

Body RegionsBody Regions– HeadHead- skull & face- skull & face– NeckNeck- supports head & attaches to trunk- supports head & attaches to trunk– TrunkTrunk- chests, abdomen and pelvis- chests, abdomen and pelvis– Upper Limb-Upper Limb- attached to trunk; consists attached to trunk; consists

of shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist of shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist and handand hand

– Lower Limb-Lower Limb- attached to trunk; consists attached to trunk; consists of buttock, thigh, leg, ankle and footof buttock, thigh, leg, ankle and foot

More Directional TermsMore Directional TermsProximal- nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Distal-farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Superficial- toward or on the body surface

Deep- away from the surface of the body

Directional TermsDirectional TermsDT are used to indicate the relationship of one body part to another.

Superior-towards the head, or upper part of a structure

Inferior-towards the feet, lower part of structure

Anterior(ventral)-nearer to or at the front of the body

Posterior(dorsal)-nearer to or at back of body

Medial-nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane

Lateral- farther from body midline

Intermediate-between two structures

Regional Terms: Body LandmarksRegional Terms: Body Landmarks•Abdominal- anterior body trunk inferior to ribs

•Acromial- point of shoulder

•Antebrachial- forearm

•Antecubital-anterior surface of elbow

•Axillary- armpit

Regional Terms: Body LandmarksRegional Terms: Body Landmarks

•Cephalic- head

•Calcaneal- heel of foot

•Femoral- thigh

•Gluteal- buttock

Body Planes and Sections

Def. imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.

Sagittal Plane-vertical plane that divides body into left &right sides

Midsagittal Plane-divides into = right & left sides (passes through midline)

Parasagittal Plane-not = R&L sides

Frontal Plane(coronal)-divides body or organ into anterior& posterior portions

Transverse Plane-divides body into superior& inferior portions

Body Planes

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Cavities are spaces in the body that Cavities are spaces in the body that contain, protect, separate, and contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs.support internal organs.

The two principal cavities are the The two principal cavities are the Dorsal and Ventral cavities.Dorsal and Ventral cavities.

Body Cavities

Body CavitiesBody Cavities The dorsal body cavity has two The dorsal body cavity has two

subdivisions: _______ & ________.subdivisions: _______ & ________. The ____ cavity contains the brain.The ____ cavity contains the brain. The ____ cavity contains the spinal cord.The ____ cavity contains the spinal cord. The ventral body cavity is subdivided into The ventral body cavity is subdivided into

the _____& the ________ cavity. the _____& the ________ cavity. The mediastinum separates __________.The mediastinum separates __________. The _______ cavity is further divided into The _______ cavity is further divided into

abdominal and pelvic cavities.abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

What are the 4 quadrants?What are the 4 quadrants?

What cavity is subdivided into What cavity is subdivided into quadrants?quadrants?

Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

List and describe the 9 regions of the List and describe the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.abdominopelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.8b

Body CavitiesBody Cavities